151
|
Delezie J, Handschin C. Endocrine Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and the Brain. Front Neurol 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 30197620 PMCID: PMC6117390 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is an essential regulator of energy homeostasis and a potent coordinator of exercise-induced adaptations in other organs including the liver, fat or the brain. Skeletal muscle-initiated crosstalk with other tissues is accomplished though the secretion of myokines, protein hormones which can exert autocrine, paracrine and long-distance endocrine effects. In addition, the enhanced release or uptake of metabolites from and into contracting muscle cells, respectively, likewise can act as a powerful mediator of tissue interactions, in particular in regard to the central nervous system. The present review will discuss the current stage of knowledge regarding how exercise and the muscle secretome improve a broad range of brain functions related to vascularization, neuroplasticity, memory, sleep and mood. Even though the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the communication between muscle and brain is still poorly understood, physical activity represents one of the most effective strategies to reduce the prevalence and incidence of depression, cognitive, metabolic or degenerative neuronal disorders, and thus warrants further study.
Collapse
|
152
|
Zhou CN, Chao FL, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Zhang L, Luo YM, Xiao Q, Chen LM, Tang Y. Sex Differences in the White Matter and Myelinated Fibers of APP/PS1 Mice and the Effects of Running Exercise on the Sex Differences of AD Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:243. [PMID: 30174598 PMCID: PMC6107833 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that changes in the white matter might play an important role in the pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no study has investigated sex differences in these changes. Previous studies found that running exercise could delay both the decline in spatial learning and memory abilities as well as the changes in the white matter during early AD in male mice. However, whether exercise also has an effect on the changes in the white matter in female AD mice remains unknown. To address these questions, 6- and 10-month-old male and female APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice were used. The 6-month-old male and female APP/PS1 double transgenic AD mice underwent a 4-month running exercise regime. The white matter volume and parameters of the myelinated fibers in the white matter of the 10-month-old exercised and non-exercised male and female AD mice were investigated using electron microscopy and stereological methods. There were no significant differences in the mean escape latencies between the male and female AD mice in the non-exercised groups, but after 4 months of treadmill exercise, the mean escape latencies of the female exercised AD mice had significantly shortened compared with those of the male exercised AD mice. The total white matter volume and most of the parameters of the myelinated fibers of the white matter in the female AD mice were significantly lower than those of the male AD mice. The total length of the myelinated fibers with diameters ranging from 0.6 to 0.7 μm, the axonal diameter of the myelinated fibers and the g-ratio of the myelinated fibers in the white matter of the exercised female AD mice were significantly increased compared with those of the non-exercised female AD mice. There were sex-specific differences in the white matter and myelinated fibers of white matter in the AD mice. Running exercise more effectively delayed the decline in spatial learning and memory abilities and delayed the changes in the myelinated fibers of the white matter in female transgenic mice with early AD than in male transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ni Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng-Lei Chao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Min Luo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin-Mu Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Frederiksen KS, Gjerum L, Waldemar G, Hasselbalch SG. Effects of Physical Exercise on Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 61:359-372. [PMID: 29154278 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise may be an important adjunct to pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Animal studies indicate that exercise may be disease modifying through several mechanisms including reduction of AD pathology. We carried out a systematic review of intervention studies of physical exercise with hippocampal volume (on MRI), amyloid-β, total tau, phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 18F-FDG-PET or amyloid PET as outcome measures in healthy subjects, patients with subjective memory complaints, mild cognitive impairment, or AD. We identified a total of 8 studies of which 6 investigated the effects of exercise on hippocampal volume in healthy subjects and 1 on CSF biomarkers and 1 on hippocampal volume in AD, and none investigating the remaining outcome measures or patient groups. Methodological quality of identified studies was generally low. One study found a detrimental effect on hippocampal volume and one found a positive effect, whereas the remaining studies did not find an effect of exercise on outcome measures. The present systematic study identified a relatively small number of studies, which did not support an effect of exercise on hippocampal volume. Methodological issues such small to moderate sample sizes and inadequate ramdomization procedures further limits conclusions. Our findings highlight the difficulties in conducting high quality studies of exercise and further studies are needed before definite conclusions may be reached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Steen Frederiksen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Le Gjerum
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gregers Hasselbalch
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Wilkins HM, Morris JK. New Therapeutics to Modulate Mitochondrial Function in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:731-752. [PMID: 28034353 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161230144517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial function and energy metabolism are impaired in neurodegenerative diseases. There is evidence for these functional declines both within the brain and systemically in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Due to these observations, therapeutics targeted to alter mitochondrial function and energy pathways are increasingly studied in pre-clinical and clinical settings. METHODS The goal of this article was to review therapies with specific implications on mitochondrial energy metabolism published through May 2016 that have been tested for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. RESULTS We discuss implications for mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and how this drives new therapeutic initiatives. CONCLUSION Thus far, treatments have achieved varying degrees of success. Further investigation into the mechanisms driving mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetic failure in neurodegenerative diseases is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jill K Morris
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center MS 6002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160. United States
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Spatial Learning and Memory Deficits Through Improving the Clearance of Peripheral and Central Amyloid-Beta Levels. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1561-1574. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
156
|
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating disease influencing a multitude of outcomes, including memory function. Recent work suggests that memory may be influenced by exercise ('memorcise'), even among those with AD. The present narrative review details (1) the underlying mechanisms of AD; (2) whether exercise has a protective effect in preventing AD; (3) the mechanisms through which exercise may help to prevent AD; (4) the mechanisms through which exercise may help attenuate the progression of AD severity among those with existing AD; (5) the effects and mechanisms through which exercise is associated with memory among those with existing AD; and (6) exercise recommendations for those with existing AD. Such an understanding will aid clinicians in their ability to use exercise as a potential behavioral strategy to help prevent and treat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- a Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Emily Frith
- a Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Pamela Ponce
- a Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management , The University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, Sorrentino G. Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits. Front Psychol 2018; 9:509. [PMID: 29755380 PMCID: PMC5934999 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Much evidence shows that physical exercise (PE) is a strong gene modulator that induces structural and functional changes in the brain, determining enormous benefit on both cognitive functioning and wellbeing. PE is also a protective factor for neurodegeneration. However, it is unclear if such protection is granted through modifications to the biological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration or through better compensation against attacks. This concise review addresses the biological and psychological positive effects of PE describing the results obtained on brain plasticity and epigenetic mechanisms in animal and human studies, in order to clarify how to maximize the positive effects of PE while avoiding negative consequences, as in the case of exercise addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Polverino
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Montuori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Foti
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ferraioli
- Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sorrentino
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Schelke MW, Attia P, Palenchar DJ, Kaplan B, Mureb M, Ganzer CA, Scheyer O, Rahman A, Kachko R, Krikorian R, Mosconi L, Isaacson RS. Mechanisms of Risk Reduction in the Clinical Practice of Alzheimer's Disease Prevention. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:96. [PMID: 29706884 PMCID: PMC5907312 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative dementia that affects nearly 50 million people worldwide and is a major source of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. While there have been many attempts to develop disease-modifying therapies for late-onset AD, none have so far shown efficacy in humans. However, the long latency between the initial neuronal changes and onset of symptoms, the ability to identify patients at risk based on family history and genetic markers, and the emergence of AD biomarkers for preclinical disease suggests that early risk-reducing interventions may be able to decrease the incidence of, delay or prevent AD. In this review, we discuss six mechanisms—dysregulation of glucose metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, trophic factor release, amyloid burden, and calcium toxicity—involved in AD pathogenesis that offer promising targets for risk-reducing interventions. In addition, we offer a blueprint for a multi-modality AD risk reduction program that can be clinically implemented with the current state of knowledge. Focused risk reduction aimed at particular pathological factors may transform AD to a preventable disorder in select cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Schelke
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Attia
- Attia Medical, PC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Bob Kaplan
- Attia Medical, PC, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Monica Mureb
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christine A Ganzer
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Olivia Scheyer
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aneela Rahman
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Robert Krikorian
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
Accumulating research in rodents and humans indicates that exercise benefits brain function and may prevent or delay onset of neurodegenerative conditions. In particular, exercise modifies the structure and function of the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. This review addresses the central and peripheral mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on the hippocampus. We focus on running-induced changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, neural circuitry, neurotrophins, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitters, and vasculature. The role of peripheral factors in hippocampal plasticity is also highlighted. We discuss recent evidence that systemic factors released from peripheral organs such as muscle (myokines), liver (hepatokines), and adipose tissue (adipokines) during exercise contribute to hippocampal neurotrophin and neurogenesis levels, and memory function. A comprehensive understanding of the body-brain axis is needed to elucidate how exercise improves hippocampal plasticity and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C'iana Cooper
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroplasticity and Behavior Unit, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Exercise Intervention Associated with Cognitive Improvement in Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9234105. [PMID: 29713339 PMCID: PMC5866875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9234105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with the syndrome of cognitive and functional decline. Pharmacotherapy has always been in a dominant position for the treatment of AD. However, in most cases, drug therapy is accompanied with clinical delays when older adults have suffered from cognitive decline in episodic memory, working memory, and executive function. On the other hand, accumulating evidence suggests that exercise intervention may ameliorate the progression of cognitive impairment in aging ones while the standard strategy is lacking based on different levels of cognitive decline especially in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. MCI is the preclinical stage of AD in which neurodegeneration may be reversed via neuroplasticity. Therefore, taking exercise intervention in the early stage of MCI and healthy aging at the risk of AD could slow down the process of cognitive impairment and provide a promising cost-effective nonpharmacological therapy to dementia.
Collapse
|
161
|
Yuede CM, Timson BF, Hettinger JC, Yuede KM, Edwards HM, Lawson JE, Zimmerman SD, Cirrito JR. Interactions between stress and physical activity on Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 8:158-171. [PMID: 29888311 PMCID: PMC5991353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and stress are both environmental modifiers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Animal studies of physical activity in AD models have largely reported positive results, however benefits are not always observed in either cognitive or pathological outcomes and inconsistencies among findings remain. Studies using forced exercise may increase stress and mitigate some of the benefit of physical activity in AD models, while voluntary exercise regimens may not achieve optimal intensity to provide robust benefit. We evaluated the findings of studies of voluntary and forced exercise regimens in AD mouse models to determine the influence of stress, or the intensity of exercise needed to outweigh the negative effects of stress on AD measures. In addition, we show that chronic physical activity in a mouse model of AD can prevent the effects of acute restraint stress on Aβ levels in the hippocampus. Stress and physical activity have many overlapping and divergent effects on the body and some of the possible mechanisms through which physical activity may protect against stress-induced risk factors for AD are discussed. While the physiological effects of acute stress and acute exercise overlap, chronic effects of physical activity appear to directly oppose the effects of chronic stress on risk factors for AD. Further study is needed to identify optimal parameters for intensity, duration and frequency of physical activity to counterbalance effects of stress on the development and progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin F Timson
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Jane C Hettinger
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kayla M Yuede
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah M Edwards
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin E Lawson
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Scott D Zimmerman
- Biomedical Science Department, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to review my current understanding of the concepts of cognitive reserve (CR), brain reserve and brain maintenance, and to describe our group's approach to using imaging to study their neural basis. I present a working model for utilizing data regarding brain integrity, clinical status, cognitive activation and CR proxies to develop analyses that can explore the neural basis of cognitive reserve and brain maintenance. The basic model assumes that the effect of brain changes on cognition is mediated by task-related activation. We treat CR as a moderator to understand how task-related activation might vary as a function of CR, or how CR might operate independently of these differences in task-related activation. My hope is that this presentation will spark discussion across groups that study these concepts, allowing us to come to some common agreement on definitions, methodology and approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 168th St, P&S Box 16, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Environmental enrichment and exercise are better than social enrichment to reduce memory deficits in amyloid beta neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2403-E2409. [PMID: 29463708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718435115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, nongenetic animal models to study the onset and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have appeared, such as the intrahippocampal infusion of peptides present in Alzheimer amyloid plaques [i.e., amyloid-β (Aβ)]. Nonpharmacological approaches to AD treatment also have been advanced recently, which involve combinations of behavioral interventions whose specific effects are often difficult to determine. Here we isolate the neuroprotective effects of three of these interventions-environmental enrichment (EE), anaerobic physical exercise (AnPE), and social enrichment (SE)-on Aβ-induced oxidative stress and on impairments in learning and memory induced by Aβ. Wistar rats were submitted to 8 wk of EE, AnPE, or SE, followed by Aβ infusion in the dorsal hippocampus. Short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) of object recognition (OR) and social recognition (SR) were evaluated. Biochemical assays determined hippocampal oxidative status: reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) test, and total antioxidant capacity by ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), as well as acetylcholinesterase activity. Aβ infusion resulted in memory deficits and hippocampal oxidative damage. EE and AnPE prevented all memory deficits (STM and LTM of OR and SR) and lipid peroxidation (i.e., TBARS). SE prevented only the SR memory deficits and the decrease of total antioxidant capacity decrease (i.e., FRAP). Traditionally, findings obtained with EE protocols do not allow discrimination of the roles of the three individual factors involved. Here we demonstrate that EE and physical exercise have better neuroprotective effects than SE in memory deficits related to Aβ neurotoxicity in the AD model tested.
Collapse
|
164
|
Zhang J, Guo Y, Wang Y, Song L, Zhang R, Du Y. Long-term treadmill exercise attenuates Aβ burdens and astrocyte activation in APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2018; 666:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
165
|
Heme Oxygenase-1 Activity as a Correlate to Exercise-Mediated Amelioration of Cognitive Decline and Neuropathological Alterations in an Aging Rat Model of Dementia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7212861. [PMID: 29662895 PMCID: PMC5831053 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7212861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive impairment. Physical exercise has long been proven to be beneficial in the disorder. The present study was designed to examine the effect of voluntary exercise on spatial memory, imaging, and pathological abnormalities. Particular focus has been given to the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)—an important cellular cytoprotectant in preserving mental acuity—using an aging rat model of dementia. Male and female Wistar rats were segregated into six groups—namely, (i) aged sedentary (control) females (ASF, n = 8); (ii) aged sedentary (control) males (ASM, n = 8); (iii) aged running females (ARF, n = 8); (iv) aged running males (ARM, n = 8); (v) young control females (YCF, n = 8); and (vi) young control males (YCM, n = 8). Rats in the ARF and ARM groups had free access to a standardized inbuilt running wheel during the 3-month evaluation period. Spatial memory was investigated using the Morris Water Test, imaging and pathological alterations were assessed using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and histopathological examinations (H&E, Congo red staining), respectively, and HO-1 enzyme activity assays were also conducted. The outcomes suggest that voluntary physical exercise mitigates impaired spatial memory and neuropathological changes exhibited by the aging sedentary group, via elevated HO-1 activity, contributing to the antioxidant capacity in the aging brain.
Collapse
|
166
|
Alpha-Secretase ADAM10 Regulation: Insights into Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11010012. [PMID: 29382156 PMCID: PMC5874708 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) is a family of widely expressed, transmembrane and secreted proteins of approximately 750 amino acids in length with functions in cell adhesion and proteolytic processing of the ectodomains of diverse cell-surface receptors and signaling molecules. ADAM10 is the main α-secretase that cleaves APP (amyloid precursor protein) in the non-amyloidogenic pathway inhibiting the formation of β-amyloid peptide, whose accumulation and aggregation leads to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ADAM10 is a membrane-anchored metalloprotease that sheds, besides APP, the ectodomain of a large variety of cell-surface proteins including cytokines, adhesion molecules and notch. APP cleavage by ADAM10 results in the production of an APP-derived fragment, sAPPα, which is neuroprotective. As increased ADAM10 activity protects the brain from β-amyloid deposition in AD, this strategy has been proved to be effective in treating neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Here, we describe the physiological mechanisms regulating ADAM10 expression at different levels, aiming to propose strategies for AD treatment. We report in this review on the physiological regulation of ADAM10 at the transcriptional level, by epigenetic factors, miRNAs and/or translational and post-translational levels. In addition, we describe the conditions that can change ADAM10 expression in vitro and in vivo, and discuss how this knowledge may help in AD treatment. Regulation of ADAM10 is achieved by multiple mechanisms that include transcriptional, translational and post-translational strategies, which we will summarize in this review.
Collapse
|
167
|
Maliszewska-Cyna E, Xhima K, Aubert I. A Comparative Study Evaluating the Impact of Physical Exercise on Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:243-57. [PMID: 27163797 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that physical exercise can serve as a preventive strategy against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast, much less is known about the impact of exercise when it is introduced after cognitive deficits are established. Using the TgCRND8 mouse model of amyloidosis, we compared the effects of exercise as an intervention strategy aimed at altering disease progression. Voluntary running for 1 month or 2 months was introduced in 3-month-old TgCRND8 mice, which exhibit amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque pathology and cognitive deficits at this age. Specifically, we examined Aβ plaque load, spatial memory, and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. After 1 month of running, TgCRND8 mice spent more time in the novel arm of the Y-maze compared to the familiar arms, indicating improved memory. The levels of doublecortin (a marker of immature neurons) were increased in TgCRND8 mice running for 1 month, but with no significant difference in the number of new mature neurons or plaque burden. As the disease progressed, running prevented further deficits in the Y-maze performance and hippocampal neurogenesis and it reduced plaque load pathology in TgCRND8 mice running for 2 months, compared to non-running transgenics. Therefore, the impact of running on memory, neurogenesis, and amyloid pathology was of greater significance when sustained through later stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Maliszewska-Cyna
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Kristiana Xhima
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Steen Jensen C, Portelius E, Siersma V, Høgh P, Wermuth L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Waldemar G, Gregers Hasselbalch S, Hviid Simonsen A. Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid Beta and Tau Concentrations Are Not Modulated by 16 Weeks of Moderate- to High-Intensity Physical Exercise in Patients with Alzheimer Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 42:146-158. [PMID: 27643858 DOI: 10.1159/000449408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise may have some effect on cognition in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the underlying biochemical effects are unclear. Animal studies have shown that amyloid beta (Aβ), one of the pathological hallmarks of AD, can be altered with high levels of physical activity. AIM The objective of this study was to elucidate the effect of 16 weeks of moderate- to high-intensity physical exercise on the biomarkers of AD, with special emphasis on the amyloidogenic pathway. METHODS From a total of 53 patients with AD participating in the Preserving Cognition, Quality of Life, Physical Health and Functional Ability in Alzheimer's Disease: The Effect of Physical Exercise (ADEX) study we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid samples for Aβ species, total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) species. We also assessed the patients for apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE ε4) genotype. RESULTS We found no effect of 16 weeks of physical exercise on the selected biomarkers, and no effect of ApoE ε4 genotype. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the possible effect of physical exercise on cognition in patients with AD is not due to modulation of Aβ, t-tau, p-tau and sAPP species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Steen Jensen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Griffith CM, Eid T, Rose GM, Patrylo PR. Evidence for altered insulin receptor signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:202-215. [PMID: 29353052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data have shown that metabolic disease can increase the propensity for developing cognitive decline and dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). While this interaction is not completely understood, clinical studies suggest that both hyper- and hypoinsulinemia are associated with an increased risk for developing AD. Indeed, insulin signaling is altered in post-mortem brain tissue from AD patients and treatments known to enhance insulin signaling can improve cognitive function. Further, clinical evidence has shown that AD patients and mouse models of AD often display alterations in peripheral metabolism. Since insulin is primarily derived from the periphery, it is likely that changes in peripheral insulin levels lead to alterations in central nervous system (CNS) insulin signaling and could contribute to cognitive decline and pathogenesis. Developing a better understanding of the relationship between alterations in peripheral metabolism and cognitive function might provide a foundation for the development of better treatment options for patients with AD. In this article we will begin to piece together the present data defining this relationship by briefly discussing insulin signaling in the periphery and CNS, its role in cognitive function, insulin's relationship to AD, peripheral metabolic alterations in mouse models of AD and how information from these models helps understand the mechanisms through which these changes potentially lead to impairments in insulin signaling in the CNS, and potential ways to target insulin signaling that could improve cognitive function in AD. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabolic Impairment as Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disorders.'
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Griffith
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gregory M Rose
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Peter R Patrylo
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Do K, Laing BT, Landry T, Bunner W, Mersaud N, Matsubara T, Li P, Yuan Y, Lu Q, Huang H. The effects of exercise on hypothalamic neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190205. [PMID: 29293568 PMCID: PMC5749759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system. In this study, we characterized and examined the early metabolic changes in the triple transgenic mouse AD model (3xtg-AD), and their relationship with the hypothalamus, a key regulator of metabolism in the central nervous system. We observed that the 3xtg-AD model exhibited significantly higher oxygen consumption as well as food intake before reported amyloid plaque formation, indicating that metabolic abnormalities occurred at early onset in the 3xtg-AD model compared with their counterparts. Analysis of gene expression in the hypothalamus indicated increased mRNA expression of inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes, as well as decreased gene expression of Agouti-related protein (AgRP) and Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) at 12 weeks of age. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and NPY-expressing neurons decreased at 24 weeks in the 3xtg-AD model. Four weeks of voluntary exercise were sufficient to reverse the gene expression of inflammation and apoptotic markers in the hypothalamus, six weeks of exercise improved glucose metabolism, moreover, 8 weeks of voluntary exercise training attenuated apoptosis and augmented POMC and NPY-expressing neuronal populations in the hypothalamus compared to the control group. Our results indicated that early onset of metabolic abnormalities may contribute to the pathology of AD, which is associated with increased inflammation as well as decreased neuronal population and key neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, early intervention by voluntary exercise normalized hypothalamic inflammation and neurodegeneration as well as glucose metabolism in the 3xtg-AD model. The data, taken as a whole, suggests a hypothalamic-mediated mechanism where exercise prevents the progression of dementia and of Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Do
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brenton Thomas Laing
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Taylor Landry
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wyatt Bunner
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Naderi Mersaud
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tomoko Matsubara
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peixin Li
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Đurić E, Škrijelj D, Rašić-Marković A. The role of exercise on cognitive processes and neuroplasticity. MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/mp69-18134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|
172
|
|
173
|
Zhou W, Barkow JC, Freed CR. Running wheel exercise reduces α-synuclein aggregation and improves motor and cognitive function in a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190160. [PMID: 29272304 PMCID: PMC5741244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has been recommended to improve motor function in Parkinson patients, but its value in altering progression of disease is unknown. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of running wheel exercise in mice. In adult wild-type mice, one week of running wheel activity led to significantly increased DJ-1 protein concentrations in muscle and plasma. In DJ-1 knockout mice, running wheel performance was much slower and Rotarod performance was reduced, suggesting that DJ-1 protein is required for normal motor activity. To see if exercise can prevent abnormal protein deposition and behavioral decline in transgenic animals expressing a mutant human form of α-synuclein in all neurons, we set up running wheels in the cages of pre-symptomatic animals at 12 months old. Activity was monitored for a 3-month period. After 3 months, motor and cognitive performance on the Rotarod and Morris Water Maze were significantly better in running animals compared to control transgenic animals with locked running wheels. Biochemical analysis revealed that running mice had significantly higher DJ-1, Hsp70 and BDNF concentrations and had significantly less α-synuclein aggregation in brain compared to control mice. By contrast, plasma concentrations of α-synuclein were significantly higher in exercising mice compared to control mice. Our results suggest that exercise may slow the progression of Parkinson's disease by preventing abnormal protein aggregation in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhou
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery; University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cummiskey Barkow
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery; University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Curt R. Freed
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery; University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Comparison of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Susceptibility to Treadmill Exercise in Nine Mouse Strains. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5863258. [PMID: 29391953 PMCID: PMC5748094 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5863258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic background of mice has various influences on the efficacy of physical exercise, as well as adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In this study, we investigated the basal level of hippocampal neurogenesis, as well as the effects of treadmill exercise on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in 9 mouse strains: 8 very commonly used laboratory inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6, BALB/c, A/J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/1, DBA/2, 129/SvJ, and FVB) and 1 outbred mouse strain (ICR). All 9 strains showed diverse basal levels of cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and integration into granule cells in the sedentary group. C57BL/6 mice showed the highest levels of cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, and integration into granule cells at basal levels, and the DBA/2 mice showed the lowest levels. The efficacy of integration into granule cells was maximal in ICR mice. Treadmill exercise increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis in all 9 mouse strains. These results suggest that the genetic background of mice affects hippocampal neurogenesis and C57BL/6 mice are the most useful strain to assess basal levels of cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, but not maturation into granule cells. In addition, the DBA/2 strain is not suitable for studying hippocampal neurogenesis.
Collapse
|
175
|
Robinson JE, Kiely J. Preventing falls in older adults: Can improving cognitive capacity help? COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1405866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Robinson
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UK
| | - John Kiely
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Institute of Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Alkadhi KA, Dao AT. Exercise decreases BACE and APP levels in the hippocampus of a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 86:25-29. [PMID: 29128320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of treadmill exercise training on the levels of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related protein molecules in the DG and CA1 areas of a rat model of AD, i.c.v. infusion of Aβ1-42 peptide, 2weeks (250pmol/day). Aβ infusion markedly increased protein levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the secretase beta-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1) and Aβ in the CA1 and DG areas. The results also revealed that 4weeks of treadmill exercise prevented the increase in the levels of APP, BACE-1 and Aβ proteins in both hippocampal areas. Exercise, however, did not affect the levels of these proteins in normal rats. We suggest that exercise might be changing the equilibrium of APP processing pathway towards the nonpathogenic pathway most probably via increasing BDNF levels in the brain of AD model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - An T Dao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Canivet A, Albinet CT, Rodríguez-Ballesteros M, Chicherio C, Fagot D, André N, Audiffren M. Interaction between BDNF Polymorphism and Physical Activity on Inhibitory Performance in the Elderly without Cognitive Impairment. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:541. [PMID: 29163114 PMCID: PMC5681928 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the elderly, physical activity (PA) enhances cognitive performances, increases brain plasticity and improves brain health. The neurotrophic hypothesis is that the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is implicated in brain plasticity and cognition, is triggered by PA because motoneurons secrete BDNF into the bloodstream during exercise. Individual differences in cognitive performance may be explained by individual differences in genetic predisposition. A single nucleotide polymorphism on the BDNF gene, BDNFVal66Met, affects activity-dependent BDNF secretion. This study investigated the influence of the BDNFVal66Met polymorphism on the relationship between PA and controlled inhibition performance in older adults. Methods: A total of 114 healthy elderly volunteers (mean age = 71.53 years old) were evaluated. Participants were genotyped for the BDNFVal66Met polymorphism. We evaluated inhibitory performance using choice reaction times (RT) and error rates from a Simon-like task and estimated their PA using two self-reported questionnaires. We established four groups according to PA level (active vs. inactive) and BDNFVal66Met genotype (Met carriers vs. Val-homozygous). The results were analyzed using ANOVA and ANCOVA, including age, gender and body mass index as covariates. Results: The BDNFVal66Met polymorphism interacted with PA on controlled inhibition performance. More specifically, inactive Val-homozygous participants exhibited a lower inhibition performance than active Val homozygotes and inactive Met carriers; the former had a higher error rate without differences in RT. Conclusion: Differences between individuals on inhibitory performance may be partially understood by the interaction between genetic influence in BDNF secretion and PA level. The results of this study clearly support the neurotrophic hypothesis that BDNF synthesis is an important mechanism underlying the influence of physical activity on brain structure and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Canivet
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, CNRS UMR 7295, Poitiers, France
| | - Cédric T. Albinet
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, CNRS UMR 7295, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire Sciences de la Cognition, Technologie, Ergonomie (SCoTE), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | | | - Christian Chicherio
- Neuropsychology Unit, Neurology Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine Fagot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie André
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, CNRS UMR 7295, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Université de Poitiers, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, CNRS UMR 7295, Poitiers, France
- Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société, CNRS USR 3565, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Brown BM, Sohrabi HR, Taddei K, Gardener SL, Rainey-Smith SR, Peiffer JJ, Xiong C, Fagan AM, Benzinger T, Buckles V, Erickson KI, Clarnette R, Shah T, Masters CL, Weiner M, Cairns N, Rossor M, Graff-Radford NR, Salloway S, Vöglein J, Laske C, Noble J, Schofield PR, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Martins RN. Habitual exercise levels are associated with cerebral amyloid load in presymptomatic autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2017; 13:1197-1206. [PMID: 28501451 PMCID: PMC5675772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between self-reported exercise levels and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, in a cohort of autosomal dominant AD mutation carriers. METHODS In 139 presymptomatic mutation carriers from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, the relationship between self-reported exercise levels and brain amyloid load, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ42, and CSF tau levels was evaluated using linear regression. RESULTS No differences in brain amyloid load, CSF Aβ42, or CSF tau were observed between low and high exercise groups. Nevertheless, when examining only those already accumulating AD pathology (i.e., amyloid positive), low exercisers had higher mean levels of brain amyloid than high exercisers. Furthermore, the interaction between exercise and estimated years from expected symptom onset was a significant predictor of brain amyloid levels. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate a relationship exists between self-reported exercise levels and brain amyloid in autosomal dominant AD mutation carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M Brown
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha L Gardener
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tammie Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Virginia Buckles
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roger Clarnette
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tejal Shah
- McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nigel Cairns
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Martin Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Salloway
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jonathan Vöglein
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - James Noble
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centre, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Tsai CL, Ukropec J, Ukropcová B, Pai MC. An acute bout of aerobic or strength exercise specifically modifies circulating exerkine levels and neurocognitive functions in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17:272-284. [PMID: 29527475 PMCID: PMC5842646 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although exercise is an effective way to decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, the biological basis for such benefits from the different exercise modes remains elusive. The present study thus aimed (i) to investigate the effects of acute aerobic or resistance exercise on neurocognitive performances and molecular markers when performing a cognitive task involving executive functioning in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and (ii) to explore relationships of acute exercise-induced neurocognitive changes with changes in circulating levels of neuroprotective growth factors (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF, and FGF-2, collectively termed 'exerkines'), elicited by different acute exercise modes. Sixty-six older adults with aMCI were recruited and randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise (AE) group, a resistance exercise (RE) group, or a non-exercise-intervention (control) group. The behavioral [i.e., accuracy rate (AR) and reaction time (RT)] and electrophysiological [i.e., event-related potential (ERP) P3 latency and amplitude collected from the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes] indices were simultaneously measured when participants performed a Flanker task at baseline and after either an acute bout of 30 min of moderate-intensity AE, RE or a control period. Blood samples were taken at three time points, one at baseline (T1) and two after an acute exercise intervention (T2 and T3: before and after cognitive task test, respectively). The results showed that the acute AE and RE not only improved behavioral (i.e., RTs) performance but also increased the ERP P3 amplitudes in the older adults with aMCI. Serum FGF-2 levels did not change with acute aerobic or resistance exercise. However, an acute bout of aerobic exercise significantly increased serum levels of BDNF and IGF-1 and tended to increase serum levels of VEGF in elderly aMCI individuals. Acute resistance exercise increased only serum IGF-1 levels. However, the exercise-induced elevated levels of these molecular markers returned almost to baseline levels in T3 (about 20 min after acute exercise). In addition, changes in the levels of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors were not correlated with changes in RTs and P3 amplitudes. The present findings of changes in neuroprotective growth factors and neurocognitive performances through acute AE or RE suggest that molecular and neural prerequisites for exercise-dependent plasticity are preserved in elderly aMCI individuals. However, the distinct pattern of changes in circulating molecular biomarkers induced by two different exercise modes in aMCI elderly individuals and the potentially interactive mechanisms of the effects of BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF on amyloid-β provide a basis for future long-term exercise intervention to investigate whether AE relative to RE might be more effective in prevention/treatment of an early stage neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC..
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbara Ukropcová
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ming-Chyi Pai
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan, ROC.; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Gratuze M, Julien J, Morin F, Marette A, Planel E. Differential effects of voluntary treadmill exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology fed with Western diet. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:452-461. [PMID: 28779908 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that becomes pathological when it undergoes hyperphosphorylation and aggregation as seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is mostly sporadic, with environmental, biological and/or genetic risks factors, interacting together to promote the disease. In the past decade, reports have suggested that obesity in midlife could be one of these risk factors. On the other hand, caloric restriction and physical exercise have been reported to reduce the incidence and outcome of obesity as well as AD. METHODS We evaluated the impact of voluntary physical exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathology during 2months in hTau mice under high caloric diet in order to evaluate if these strategies could prevent AD-like pathology in obese conditions. RESULTS We found no effects of obesity induced by Western diet on both Tau phosphorylation and aggregation compared to controls. However, exercise reduced tau phosphorylation while caloric restriction exacerbated its aggregation in the brains of obese hTau mice. We then examined the mechanisms underlying changes in tau phosphorylation and aggregation by exploring major tau kinases and phosphatases and key proteins involved in autophagy. However, there were no significant effects of voluntary exercise and caloric restriction on these proteins in hTau mice that could explain our results. CONCLUSION In this study, we report differential effects of voluntary treadmill exercise and caloric restriction on tau pathogenesis in our obese mice, namely beneficial effect of exercise on tau phosphorylation and deleterious effect of caloric restriction on tau aggregation. Our results suggest that lifestyle strategies used to reduce metabolic disorders and AD must be selected and studied carefully to avoid exacerbation of pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jacinthe Julien
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - Françoise Morin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| | - André Marette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Université Laval, Faculté de médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Berlandi J, Lin FJ, Ambrée O, Rieger D, Paulus W, Jeibmann A. Swing Boat: Inducing and Recording Locomotor Activity in a Drosophila melanogaster Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:159. [PMID: 28912696 PMCID: PMC5582087 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that physical activity can slow down progression of neurodegeneration in humans. To date, automated ways to induce activity have been predominantly described in rodent models. To study the impact of activity on behavior and survival in adult Drosophila melanogaster, we aimed to develop a rotating tube device "swing boat" which is capable of monitoring activity and sleep patterns as well as survival rates of flies. For the purpose of a first application, we tested our device on a transgenic fly model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activity of flies was recorded in a climate chamber using the Drosophila Activity Monitoring (DAM) System connected to data acquisition software. Locomotor activity was induced by a rotating tube device "swing boat" by repetitively tilting the tubes for 30 min per day. A non-exercising group of flies was used as control and activity and sleep patterns were obtained. The GAL4-/UAS system was used to drive pan-neuronal expression of human Aβ42 in flies. Immunohistochemical stainings for Aβ42 were performed on paraffin sections of adult fly brains. Daily rotation of the fly tubes evoked a pronounced peak of activity during the 30 min exercise period. Pan-neuronal expression of human Aβ42 in flies caused abnormalities in locomotor activity, reduction of life span and elevated sleep fragmentation in comparison to wild type flies. Furthermore, the formation of amyloid accumulations was observed in the adult fly brain. Gently induced activity over 12 days did not evoke prominent effects in wild type flies but resulted in prolongation of median survival time by 7 days (32.6%) in Aβ42-expressing flies. Additionally, restoration of abnormally decreased night time sleep (10%) and reduced sleep fragmentation (28%) were observed compared to non-exercising Aβ42-expressing flies. On a structural level no prominent effects regarding prevalence of amyloid aggregations and Aβ42 RNA expression were detected following activity induction. The rotating tube device successfully induced activity in flies shown by quantitative activity analysis. Our setup enabled quantitative analysis of activity and sleep patterns as well as of survival rates. Induced activity in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease improved survival and ameliorated sleep phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berlandi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Fang-Ju Lin
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany.,Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina UniversityConway, SC, United States
| | - Oliver Ambrée
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Biology, University of OsnabrückOsnabrück, Germany
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Astrid Jeibmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
MacPherson REK. Filling the void: a role for exercise-induced BDNF and brain amyloid precursor protein processing. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R585-R593. [PMID: 28814391 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00255.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inactivity, obesity, and insulin resistance are significant risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies have demonstrated that diet-induced obesity, inactivity, and insulin resistance exacerbate the neuropathological hallmarks of AD. The aggregation of β-amyloid peptides is one of these hallmarks. β-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, leading to β-amyloid peptide formation. Understanding how BACE1 content and activity are regulated is essential for establishing therapies aimed at reducing and/or slowing the progression of AD. Exercise training has been proven to reduce the risk of AD as well as decrease β-amyloid production and BACE1 content and/or activity. However, these long-term interventions also result in improvements in adiposity, circulating metabolites, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity making it difficult to determine the direct effects of exercise on brain APP processing. This review highlights this large void in our knowledge and discusses our current understanding of the direct of effect of exercise on β-amyloid production. We have concentrated on the central role that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may play in mediating the direct effects of exercise on reducing brain BACE1 content and activity as well as β-amyloid production. Future studies should aim to generate a greater understanding of how obesity and exercise can directly alter APP processing and AD-related pathologies. This knowledge could provide evidence-based hypotheses for designing therapies to reduce the risk of AD and dementia.
Collapse
|
183
|
Gross AL, Lu H, Meoni L, Gallo JJ, Schrack JA, Sharrett AR. Physical Activity in Midlife is not Associated with Cognitive Health in Later Life Among Cognitively Normal Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:1349-1358. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alden L. Gross
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haidong Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lucy Meoni
- Departments of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph J. Gallo
- Departments of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Schrack
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A. Richey Sharrett
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Rocchi A, Yamamoto S, Ting T, Fan Y, Sadleir K, Wang Y, Zhang W, Huang S, Levine B, Vassar R, He C. A Becn1 mutation mediates hyperactive autophagic sequestration of amyloid oligomers and improved cognition in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006962. [PMID: 28806762 PMCID: PMC5570506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the autophagy pathway has been observed during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal deposition of extracellular and intracellular amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. Yet the role of autophagy in Aβ production and AD progression is complex. To study whether increased basal autophagy plays a beneficial role in Aβ clearance and cognitive improvement, we developed a novel genetic model to hyperactivate autophagy in vivo. We found that knock-in of a point mutation F121A in the essential autophagy gene Beclin 1/Becn1 in mice significantly reduces the interaction of BECN1 with its inhibitor BCL2, and thus leads to constitutively active autophagy even under non-autophagy-inducing conditions in multiple tissues, including brain. Becn1F121A-mediated autophagy hyperactivation significantly decreases amyloid accumulation, prevents cognitive decline, and restores survival in AD mouse models. Using an immunoisolation method, we found biochemically that Aβ oligomers are autophagic substrates and sequestered inside autophagosomes in the brain of autophagy-hyperactive AD mice. In addition to genetic activation of autophagy by Becn1 gain-of-function, we also found that ML246, a small-molecule autophagy inducer, as well as voluntary exercise, a physiological autophagy inducer, exert similar Becn1-dependent protective effects on Aβ removal and memory in AD mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that genetically disrupting BECN1-BCL2 binding hyperactivates autophagy in vivo, which sequestrates amyloid oligomers and prevents AD progression. The study establishes new approaches to activate autophagy in the brain, and reveals the important function of Becn1-mediated autophagy hyperactivation in the prevention of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Altea Rocchi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Soh Yamamoto
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tabitha Ting
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Yuying Fan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Katherine Sadleir
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Yigang Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiran Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sui Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Vassar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Congcong He
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Voluntary Running Exercise-Mediated Enhanced Neurogenesis Does Not Obliterate Retrograde Spatial Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 36:8112-22. [PMID: 27488632 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0766-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Running exercise (RE) improves cognition, formation of anterograde memories, and mood, alongside enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. A previous investigation in a mouse model showed that RE-induced increased neurogenesis erases retrograde memory (Akers et al., 2014). However, it is unknown whether RE-induced forgetting is common to all species. We ascertained whether voluntary RE-induced enhanced neurogenesis interferes with the recall of spatial memory in rats. Young rats assigned to either sedentary (SED) or running exercise (RE) groups were first subjected to eight learning sessions in a water maze. A probe test (PT) conducted 24 h after the final training session confirmed that animals in either group had a similar ability for the recall of short-term memory. Following this, rats in the RE group were housed in larger cages fitted with running wheels, whereas rats in the SED group remained in standard cages. Animals in the RE group ran an average of 78 km in 4 weeks. A second PT performed 4 weeks after the first PT revealed comparable ability for memory recall between animals in the RE and SED groups, which was evidenced through multiple measures of memory retrieval function. The RE group displayed a 1.5- to 2.1-fold higher hippocampal neurogenesis than SED rats. Additionally, both moderate and brisk RE did not interfere with the recall of memory, although increasing amounts of RE proportionally enhanced neurogenesis. In conclusion, RE does not impair memory recall ability in a rat model despite substantially increasing neurogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Running exercise (RE) improves new memory formation along with an increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In view of a recent study showing that RE-mediated increased hippocampal neurogenesis promotes forgetfulness in a mouse model, we ascertained whether a similar adverse phenomenon exists in a rat model. Memory recall ability examined 4 weeks after learning confirmed that animals that had run a mean of 78 km and displayed a 1.5- to 2.1-fold increase in hippocampal neurogenesis demonstrated similar proficiency for memory recall as animals that had remained sedentary. Furthermore, both moderate and brisk RE did not interfere with memory recall, although increasing amounts of RE proportionally enhanced neurogenesis, implying that RE has no adverse effects on memory recall.
Collapse
|
186
|
Ebrahimi K, Majdi A, Baghaiee B, Hosseini SH, Sadigh-Eteghad S. Physical activity and beta-amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease: A sound mind in a sound body. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:959-972. [PMID: 28900376 PMCID: PMC5579405 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia worldwide. Since curative treatment has not been established for AD yet and due to heavy financial and psychological costs of patients' care, special attention has been paid to preventive interventions such as physical activity. Evidence shows that physical activity has protective effects on cognitive function and memory in AD patients. Several pathologic factors are involved in AD-associated cognitive impairment some of which are preventable by physical activity. Also, various experimental and clinical studies are in progress to prove exercise role in the beta-amyloid (Aβ) pathology as a most prevailing hypothesis explaining AD pathogenesis. This study aims to review the role of physical activity in Aβ-related pathophysiology in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadije Ebrahimi
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Alireza Majdi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Baghaiee
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Jolfa Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jolfa, Iran
| | - Seyed Hojjat Hosseini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Environmental Factors Promoting Neural Plasticity: Insights from Animal and Human Studies. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:7219461. [PMID: 28740740 PMCID: PMC5504954 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7219461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We do not all grow older in the same way. Some individuals have a cognitive decline earlier and faster than others who are older in years but cerebrally younger. This is particularly easy to verify in people who have maintained regular physical activity and healthy and cognitively stimulating lifestyle and even in the clinical field. There are patients with advanced neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), that, despite this, have mild cognitive impairment. What determines this interindividual difference? Certainly, it cannot be the result of only genetic factors. We are made in a certain manner and what we do acts on our brain. In fact, our genetic basis can be modulated, modified, and changed by our experiences such as education and life events; daily, by sleep schedules and habits; or also by dietary elements. And this can be seen as true even if our experiences are indirectly driven by our genetic basis. In this paper, we will review some current scientific research on how our experiences are able to modulate the structural organization of the brain and how a healthy lifestyle (regular physical activity, correct sleep hygiene, and healthy diet) appears to positively affect cognitive reserve.
Collapse
|
188
|
Houdebine L, Gallelli CA, Rastelli M, Sampathkumar NK, Grenier J. Effect of physical exercise on brain and lipid metabolism in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:127-134. [PMID: 28606714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous demyelinating disease characterized by cyclic loss and repair of myelin sheaths associated with chronic inflammation and neuronal loss. This degenerative pathology is accompanied by modified levels of oxysterols (oxidative derivatives of cholesterol, implicated in cholesterol metabolism), highlighted in the brain, blood and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. The pathological accumulation of such derivatives is thought to participate in the onset and progression of the disease through their implication in inflammation, oxidative stress, demyelination and neurodegeneration. In this context, physical exercise is envisaged as a complementary resource to ameliorate therapeutic strategies. Indeed, physical activity exerts beneficial effects on neuronal plasticity, decreases inflammation and oxidative stress and improves blood-brain integrity in extents that could be beneficial for brain health. The present review attempts to summarize the available data on the positive effect of physical exercise to highlight possible links between physical activity and modulation of cholesterol/oxysterol homeostasis in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léo Houdebine
- Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMRS 1124, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Özbeyli D, Sarı G, Özkan N, Karademir B, Yüksel M, Çilingir Kaya ÖT, Kasımay Çakır Ö. Protective effects of different exercise modalities in an Alzheimer’s disease-like model. Behav Brain Res 2017; 328:159-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
190
|
Minakawa EN, Miyazaki K, Maruo K, Yagihara H, Fujita H, Wada K, Nagai Y. Chronic sleep fragmentation exacerbates amyloid β deposition in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:362-369. [PMID: 28554860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep fragmentation due to intermittent nocturnal arousal resulting in a reduction of total sleep time and sleep efficiency is a common symptom among people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elderly people with normal cognitive function. Although epidemiological studies have indicated an association between sleep fragmentation and elevated risk of AD, a relevant disease model to elucidate the underlying mechanisms was lacking owing to technical limitations. Here we successfully induced chronic sleep fragmentation in AD model mice using a recently developed running-wheel-based device and demonstrate that chronic sleep fragmentation increases amyloid β deposition. Notably, the severity of amyloid β deposition exhibited a significant positive correlation with the extent of sleep fragmentation. These findings provide a useful contribution to the development of novel treatments that decelerate the disease course of AD in the patients, or decrease the risk of developing AD in healthy elderly people through the improvement of sleep quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiko N Minakawa
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Koyomi Miyazaki
- Physiologically Active Substances Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Yagihara
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Fujita
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Nigam SM, Xu S, Kritikou JS, Marosi K, Brodin L, Mattson MP. Exercise and BDNF reduce Aβ production by enhancing α-secretase processing of APP. J Neurochem 2017; 142:286-296. [PMID: 28382744 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aggregation of toxic forms of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Treatment strategies have largely been focused on inhibiting the enzymes (β- and γ-secretases) that liberate Aβ from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). While evidence suggests that individuals who exercise regularly are at reduced risk for AD and studies of animal models demonstrate that running can ameliorate brain Aβ pathology and associated cognitive deficits, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. However, considerable evidence suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mediates beneficial effects of exercise on neuroplasticity and cellular stress resistance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that BDNF promotes non-amyloidogenic APP processing. Using a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease and cultured human neural cells, we demonstrate that exercise and BDNF reduce production of toxic Aβ peptides through a mechanism involving enhanced α-secretase processing of APP. This anti-amyloidogenic APP processing involves subcellular redistribution of α-secretase and an increase in intracellular neuroprotective APP peptides capable of binding and inhibiting β-secretase. Moreover, our results suggest that BDNF's ability to promote neurite outgrowth is primarily exerted through pathways other than APP processing. Exercise and other factors that enhance BDNF signaling may therefore have both therapeutic and prophylactic value in the battle against AD. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 191.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saket M Nigam
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joanna S Kritikou
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lennart Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Cai H, Li G, Hua S, Liu Y, Chen L. Effect of exercise on cognitive function in chronic disease patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:773-783. [PMID: 28546744 PMCID: PMC5436795 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s135700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review to assess the effect of exercise on cognitive function in people with chronic diseases. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and three Chinese databases were electronically searched for papers that were published until September 2016. This meta-analysis and systematic review included randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effect of exercise on cognitive function compared with control group for people with chronic diseases. Results Totally, 35 studies met the inclusion criteria, with 3,113 participants. The main analysis revealed a positive overall random effect of exercise intervention on cognitive function in patients with chronic diseases. The secondary analysis revealed that aerobic exercise interventions and aerobic included exercise interventions had a positive effect on cognition in patients with chronic diseases. The intervention offering low frequency had a positive effect on cognitive function in patients with chronic diseases. Finally, we found that interventions offered at both low exercise intensity and moderate exercise intensity had a positive effect on cognitive function in patients with chronic diseases. The secondary analysis also revealed that exercise interventions were beneficial in Alzheimer’s disease patients when grouped by disease type. Conclusion This meta-analysis and systematic review suggests that exercise interventions positively influence cognitive function in patients with chronic diseases. Beneficial effect was independent of the type of disease, type of exercise, frequency, and the intensity of the exercise intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guichen Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Hua
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Liu
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Stillman CM, Lopez OL, Becker JT, Kuller LH, Mehta PD, Tracy RP, Erickson KI. Physical activity predicts reduced plasma β amyloid in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:284-291. [PMID: 28491896 PMCID: PMC5420805 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Higher levels of physical activity (PA) reduce the risk of cognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using longitudinal data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, we examined whether PA predicted plasma Aβ levels and risk for cognitive decline 9–13 years later. Methods Linear and logistic regressions (controlling for APOE status, age, gender, body mass index, cardiovascular disease, brain white matter lesions, and cystatin C levels) tested associations between PA, Aβ, and cognitive impairment in a sample of 149 cognitively normal older adults (mean age 83 years). Results More PA at baseline predicted lower levels of Aβ 9–13 years later. Higher Aβ levels at year 9 predicted greater risk for cognitive impairment at year 13. Levels of Aβ at year 9 mediated the relationship between PA and cognitive impairment. Interpretation Greater PA may reduce plasma levels of a neurotoxic peptide at an age when the risk for cognitive impairment is especially high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Stillman
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - James T Becker
- Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Lewis H Kuller
- Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Pankaj D Mehta
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island New York
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington Vermont
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Physical exercise ameliorates mood disorder-like behavior on high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:71-77. [PMID: 28142069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treadmill exercise had any benefits on mood disorder by high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, control and exercise, high fat diet (HFD), and HFD and exercise. Obesity was induced by a 20-week HFD (60%). In the exercise groups, exercise was performed 6 times a week for 12 weeks, with the exercise duration and intensity gradually increasing at 4-week intervals. Mice were tested in tail suspension and elevated plus maze tasks in order to verify the mood disorder like behavior such as depression and anxiety on obesity. In the present study, the number of 5-HT- and TPH-positive cells, and expression of 5-HT1A and 5-HTT protein decreased in dorsal raphe, and depression and anxiety like behavior increased in HFD group compared with the CON group. In contrast, treadmill exercise ameliorated mood disorder like behavior by HFD induced obesity and enhanced expression of the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe. We concluded that exercise increases the capacity of the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe, which improves the mood disorders associated with HFD-induced obesity.
Collapse
|
195
|
Yook JS, Cho JY. Treadmill exercise ameliorates the regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscle of NSE/PS2mtransgenic mice with Alzheimer's disease. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:40-47. [PMID: 28712264 PMCID: PMC5508058 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is classified as a progressive neurological disorder, which not only causes cognitive impairment but also abnormal weight loss, with a reduction of muscle mass related to the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in skeletal muscle. Thus, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on Aβ deposition, and p-AMPK, p-ACC, BDNF, and GLUT4 protein levels the regulation of muscle energy metabolism using an AD mouse. [Methods] At 13 months of age, NSE/PS2m mice (Tg) and control mice (non-Tg) were assigned to non-exercise control (Con) and exercise groups (Exe). The four groups were as follows: non-Tg Con, non-Tg Exe, Tg Con, and Tg Exe. The treadmill exercise was carried out for 12 weeks. [Results] The highest levels of Aβ expression in the skeletal muscle were in the Tg Con group. Aβ expression was significantly reduced in the Tg Exe group, compared to the Tg Con group. Congo red staining showed remarkable diffuse red amyloid deposition in the Tg Con group, while Aβ-deposition in the skeletal was reduced with muscle exercise in the Tg Exe group. Exercise also increased AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and BDNF and GLUT4 expression in the skeletal muscle of non-Tg and Tg mice. [Conclusion] Treadmill exercise reduces Aβ-deposition in the skeletal muscle and improves the regulation of energy metabolism. Thus, collectively, these results suggest that exercise could be a positive therapeutic strategy for skeletal muscle dysfunction in AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Soo Yook
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Devenney KE, Sanders ML, Lawlor B, Olde Rikkert MGM, Schneider S. The effects of an extensive exercise programme on the progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Geriatr 2017; 17:75. [PMID: 28330458 PMCID: PMC5361785 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-017-0457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise interventions to prevent dementia and delay cognitive decline have gained considerable attention in recent years. Human and animal studies have demonstrated that regular physical activity targets brain function by increasing cognitive reserve. There is also evidence of structural changes caused by exercise in preventing or delaying the genesis of neurodegeneration. Although initial studies indicate enhanced cognitive performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) following an exercise intervention, little is known about the effect of an extensive, controlled and regular exercise regimen on the neuropathology of patients with MCI. This study aims to determine the effects of an extensive exercise programme on the progression of MCI. Methods/design This randomised controlled clinical intervention study will take place across three European sites. Seventy-five previously sedentary patients with a clinical diagnosis of MCI will be recruited at each site. Participants will be randomised to one of three groups. One group will receive a standardised 1-year extensive aerobic exercise intervention (3 units of 45 min/week). The second group will complete stretching and toning (non-aerobic) exercise (3 units of 45 min/week) and the third group will act as the control group. Change in all outcomes will be measured at baseline (T0), after six months (T1) and after 12 months (T2). The primary outcome, cognitive performance, will be determined by a neuropsychological test battery (CogState battery, Trail Making Test and Verbal fluency). Secondary outcomes include Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), cardiovascular fitness, physical activity, structural changes of the brain, quality of life measures and measures of frailty. Furthermore, outcome variables will be related to genetic variations on genes related to neurogenesis and epigenetic changes in these genes caused by the exercise intervention programme. Discussion The results will add new insights into the prevailing notion that exercise may slow the rate of cognitive decline in MCI. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02913053
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Devenney
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marit L Sanders
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Lawlor
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcel G M Olde Rikkert
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty for Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Hess NCL, Smart NA. Isometric Exercise Training for Managing Vascular Risk Factors in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:48. [PMID: 28316570 PMCID: PMC5334511 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia diagnosed amongst the elderly. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition often indicative of the earliest symptomatology of AD with 10%–15% of MCI patients reportedly progressing to a diagnosis of AD. Individuals with a history of vascular risk factors (VRF’s) are considered high risk candidates for developing cognitive impairment in later life. Evidence suggests that vascular injury resulting from untreated VRF’s promotes progression from MCI to AD and exacerbates the severity of dementia in AD, and neuroimaging studies have found that the neurodegenerative processes associated with AD are heavily driven by VRF’s that promote cerebral hypoperfusion. Subsequently, common links between vascular disorders such as hypertension and neurodegenerative disorders such as AD include compromised vasculature, cerebral hypoperfusion and chronic low grade inflammation (a hallmark of both hypertension and AD). Exercise has been demonstrated to be an effective intervention for blood pressure management, chronic low grade inflammation and improvements in cognition. Data from recent analyses suggests that isometric exercise training (IET) may improve vascular integrity and elicit blood pressure reductions in hypertensives greater than those seen with dynamic aerobic and resistance exercise. IET may also play an effective role in the management of VRF’s at the MCI stage of AD and may prove to be a significant strategy in the prevention, attenuation or delay of progression to AD. A plausible hypothesis is that the reactive hyperemia stimulated by IET initiates a cascade of vascular, neurotrophic and neuro-endocrine events that lead to improvements in cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C L Hess
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil A Smart
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Dorr A, Thomason LA, Koletar MM, Joo IL, Steinman J, Cahill LS, Sled JG, Stefanovic B. Effects of voluntary exercise on structure and function of cortical microvasculature. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1046-1059. [PMID: 27683451 PMCID: PMC5363487 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16669514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic activity has been shown highly beneficial to brain health, yet much uncertainty still surrounds the effects of exercise on the functioning of cerebral microvasculature. This study used two-photon fluorescence microscopy to examine cerebral hemodynamic alterations as well as accompanying geometric changes in the cortical microvascular network following five weeks of voluntary exercise in transgenic mice endogenously expressing tdTomato in vascular endothelial cells to allow visualization of microvessels irrespective of their perfusion levels. We found a diminished microvascular response to a hypercapnic challenge (10% FiCO2) in running mice when compared to that in nonrunning controls despite commensurate increases in transcutaneous CO2 tension. The flow increase to hypercapnia in runners was 70% lower than that in nonrunners (p = 0.0070) and the runners' arteriolar red blood cell speed changed by only half the amount seen in nonrunners (p = 0.0085). No changes were seen in resting hemodynamics or in the systemic physiological parameters measured. Although a few unperfused new vessels were observed on visual inspection, running did not produce significant morphological differences in the microvascular morphometric parameters, quantified following semiautomated tracking of the microvascular networks. We propose that voluntary running led to increased cortical microvascular efficiency and desensitization to CO2 elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Illsung L Joo
- 1 Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,2 Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joe Steinman
- 2 Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3 Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- 3 Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - John G Sled
- 2 Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,3 Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- 1 Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,2 Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Castellano CA, Paquet N, Dionne IJ, Imbeault H, Langlois F, Croteau E, Tremblay S, Fortier M, Matte JJ, Lacombe G, Fülöp T, Bocti C, Cunnane SC. A 3-Month Aerobic Training Program Improves Brain Energy Metabolism in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease: Preliminary Results from a Neuroimaging Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 56:1459-1468. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian-Alexandre Castellano
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Paquet
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle J. Dionne
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Imbeault
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Langlois
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Croteau
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Tremblay
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Fortier
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Guy Lacombe
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Tamás Fülöp
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Bocti
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Services Center - Sherbrooke University Geriatrics Institute, CIUSSS de l’Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Morris JK, Vidoni ED, Johnson DK, Van Sciver A, Mahnken JD, Honea RA, Wilkins HM, Brooks WM, Billinger SA, Swerdlow RH, Burns JM. Aerobic exercise for Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled pilot trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170547. [PMID: 28187125 PMCID: PMC5302785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the role of physical exercise as a therapeutic strategy for individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We assessed the effect of 26 weeks (6 months) of a supervised aerobic exercise program on memory, executive function, functional ability and depression in early AD. METHODS AND FINDINGS This study was a 26-week randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of 150 minutes per week of aerobic exercise vs. non-aerobic stretching and toning control intervention in individuals with early AD. A total of 76 well-characterized older adults with probable AD (mean age 72.9 [7.7]) were enrolled and 68 participants completed the study. Exercise was conducted with supervision and monitoring by trained exercise specialists. Neuropsychological tests and surveys were conducted at baseline,13, and 26 weeks to assess memory and executive function composite scores, functional ability (Disability Assessment for Dementia), and depressive symptoms (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia). Cardiorespiratory fitness testing and brain MRI was performed at baseline and 26 weeks. Aerobic exercise was associated with a modest gain in functional ability (Disability Assessment for Dementia) compared to individuals in the ST group (X2 = 8.2, p = 0.02). There was no clear effect of intervention on other primary outcome measures of Memory, Executive Function, or depressive symptoms. However, secondary analyses revealed that change in cardiorespiratory fitness was positively correlated with change in memory performance and bilateral hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise in early AD is associated with benefits in functional ability. Exercise-related gains in cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with improved memory performance and reduced hippocampal atrophy, suggesting cardiorespiratory fitness gains may be important in driving brain benefits. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01128361.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill K. Morris
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - David K. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Angela Van Sciver
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Mahnken
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Robyn A. Honea
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - William M. Brooks
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Sandra A. Billinger
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Fairway, KS, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|