151
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Busti S, Mapelli V, Tripodi F, Sanvito R, Magni F, Coccetti P, Rocchetti M, Nielsen J, Alberghina L, Vanoni M. Respiratory metabolism and calorie restriction relieve persistent endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by calcium shortage in yeast. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27942. [PMID: 27305947 PMCID: PMC4910072 DOI: 10.1038/srep27942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis is crucial to eukaryotic cell survival. By acting as an enzyme cofactor and a second messenger in several signal transduction pathways, the calcium ion controls many essential biological processes. Inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium concentration is carefully regulated to safeguard the correct folding and processing of secretory proteins. By using the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae we show that calcium shortage leads to a slowdown of cell growth and metabolism. Accumulation of unfolded proteins within the calcium-depleted lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) and generates a state of oxidative stress that decreases cell viability. These effects are severe during growth on rapidly fermentable carbon sources and can be mitigated by decreasing the protein synthesis rate or by inducing cellular respiration. Calcium homeostasis, protein biosynthesis and the unfolded protein response are tightly intertwined and the consequences of facing calcium starvation are determined by whether cellular energy production is balanced with demands for anabolic functions. Our findings confirm that the connections linking disturbance of ER calcium equilibrium to ER stress and UPR signaling are evolutionary conserved and highlight the crucial role of metabolism in modulating the effects induced by calcium shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Busti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Mapelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Farida Tripodi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Sanvito
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Coccetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Rocchetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, Milan, Italy
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152
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Goldgof GM, Durrant JD, Ottilie S, Vigil E, Allen KE, Gunawan F, Kostylev M, Henderson KA, Yang J, Schenken J, LaMonte GM, Manary MJ, Murao A, Nachon M, Murray R, Prescott M, McNamara CW, Slayman CW, Amaro RE, Suzuki Y, Winzeler EA. Comparative chemical genomics reveal that the spiroindolone antimalarial KAE609 (Cipargamin) is a P-type ATPase inhibitor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27806. [PMID: 27291296 PMCID: PMC4904242 DOI: 10.1038/srep27806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiroindolones, a new class of antimalarial medicines discovered in a cellular screen, are rendered less active by mutations in a parasite P-type ATPase, PfATP4. We show here that S. cerevisiae also acquires mutations in a gene encoding a P-type ATPase (ScPMA1) after exposure to spiroindolones and that these mutations are sufficient for resistance. KAE609 resistance mutations in ScPMA1 do not confer resistance to unrelated antimicrobials, but do confer cross sensitivity to the alkyl-lysophospholipid edelfosine, which is known to displace ScPma1p from the plasma membrane. Using an in vitro cell-free assay, we demonstrate that KAE609 directly inhibits ScPma1p ATPase activity. KAE609 also increases cytoplasmic hydrogen ion concentrations in yeast cells. Computer docking into a ScPma1p homology model identifies a binding mode that supports genetic resistance determinants and in vitro experimental structure-activity relationships in both P. falciparum and S. cerevisiae. This model also suggests a shared binding site with the dihydroisoquinolones antimalarials. Our data support a model in which KAE609 exerts its antimalarial activity by directly interfering with P-type ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Goldgof
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the National
Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Edgar Vigil
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Allen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Felicia Gunawan
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maxim Kostylev
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Yang
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jake Schenken
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory M. LaMonte
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Micah J. Manary
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ayako Murao
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marie Nachon
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Murray
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Maximo Prescott
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Case W. McNamara
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation,
San Diego, California, USA
| | - Carolyn W. Slayman
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rommie E. Amaro
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the National
Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yo Suzuki
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter
Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of
Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine,
La Jolla, California, USA
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153
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Zhu J, Ying SH, Feng MG. The Na + /H + antiporter Nhx1 controls vacuolar fusion indispensible for life cycles in vitro and in vivo in a fungal insect pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3884-3895. [PMID: 27112237 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The sole Na+ /H+ antiporter Nhx1 has been generally unexplored in filamentous fungi. We characterized Nhx1 in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. An eGFP-tagged Nhx1 fusion accumulated in small punctuate structures, presumably endosomal and trans-Golgi network compartments, between septum and tubular vacuole of each wild-type cell stained with a vacuole-specific dye. Deletion of nhx1 resulted in significant acidification and severe fusion defect in vacuoles, which were fragmented and distinct from large or tubular wild-type vacuoles. The deletion also caused a drastic reduction in aerial conidiation or submerged blastospore production and more severe defect in vegetative growth than in conidial germination. The Δnhx1 mutant became more sensitive to high osmolarity, heat shock and several metal ions during growth but its conidia showed increased UV-B tolerance. Intriguingly, Δnhx1 was unable to infect a model insect through cuticle penetration or intrahaemocoel injection because it produced much less biomass and cuticle-degrading enzymes in a minimal broth and failed to form blastospores in the insect haemolymph. All changes were completely or largely restored by targeted nhx1 complementation. Our results provide novel insight into an indispensability of Nhx1 for not only vacuolar fusion but also life cycles in vitro and in vivo in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People's Republic of China
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154
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Calcineurin and Calcium Channel CchA Coordinate the Salt Stress Response by Regulating Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Homeostasis in Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3420-3430. [PMID: 27037124 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00330-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is crucial for the environmental adaption of fungi. However, the mechanism of coordinate regulation of the response to salt stress by calcineurin and the high-affinity calcium channel CchA in fungi is not well understood. Here we show that the deletion of cchA suppresses the hyphal growth defects caused by the loss of calcineurin under salt stress in Aspergillus nidulans Additionally, the hypersensitivity of the ΔcnaA strain to extracellular calcium and cell-wall-damaging agents can be suppressed by cchA deletion. Using the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin to monitor the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]c) in living cells, we found that calcineurin negatively regulates CchA on calcium uptake in response to external calcium in normally cultured cells. However, in salt-stress-pretreated cells, loss of either cnaA or cchA significantly decreased the [Ca(2+)]c, but a deficiency in both cnaA and cchA switches the [Ca(2+)]c to the reference strain level, indicating that calcineurin and CchA synergistically coordinate calcium influx under salt stress. Moreover, real-time PCR results showed that the dysfunction of cchA in the ΔcnaA strain dramatically restored the expression of enaA (a major determinant for sodium detoxification), which was abolished in the ΔcnaA strain under salt stress. These results suggest that double deficiencies of cnaA and cchA could bypass the requirement of calcineurin to induce enaA expression under salt stress. Finally, YvcA, a member of the transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) protein family of vacuolar Ca(2+) channels, was proven to compensate for calcineurin-CchA in fungal salt stress adaption.IMPORTANCE The feedback inhibition relationship between calcineurin and the calcium channel Cch1/Mid1 has been well recognized from yeast. Interestingly, our previous study (S. Wang et al., PLoS One 7:e46564, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046564) showed that the deletion of cchA could suppress the hyphal growth defects caused by the loss of calcineurin under salt stress in Aspergillus nidulans In this study, our findings suggest that fungi are able to develop a unique mechanism for adapting to environmental salt stress. Compared to cells cultured normally, the NaCl-pretreated cells had a remarkable increase in transient [Ca(2+)]c Furthermore, we show that calcineurin and CchA are required to modulate cellular calcium levels and synergistically coordinate calcium influx under salt stress. Finally, YvcA, a member of of the TRPC family of vacuolar Ca(2+) channels, was proven to compensate for calcineurin-CchA in fungal salt stress adaption. The findings in this study provide insights into the complex regulatory links between calcineurin and CchA to maintain cytoplasmic Ca(2+) homeostasis in response to different environments.
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155
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Elicharová H, Hušeková B, Sychrová H. ThreeCandida albicanspotassium uptake systems differ in their ability to provideSaccharomyces cerevisiae trk1trk2mutants with necessary potassium. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow039. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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156
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Potassium Uptake Mediated by Trk1 Is Crucial for Candida glabrata Growth and Fitness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153374. [PMID: 27058598 PMCID: PMC4825953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of potassium homeostasis is crucial for all types of cells, including Candida glabrata. Three types of plasma-membrane systems mediating potassium influx with different transport mechanisms have been described in yeasts: the Trk1 uniporter, the Hak cation-proton symporter and the Acu ATPase. The C. glabrata genome contains only one gene encoding putative system for potassium uptake, the Trk1 uniporter. Therefore, its importance in maintaining adequate levels of intracellular potassium appears to be critical for C. glabrata cells. In this study, we first confirmed the potassium-uptake activity of the identified gene’s product by heterologous expression in a suitable S. cerevisiae mutant, further we generated a corresponding deletion mutant in C. glabrata and analysed its phenotype in detail. The obtained results show a pleiotropic effect on the cell physiology when CgTRK1 is deleted, affecting not only the ability of trk1Δ to grow at low potassium concentrations, but also the tolerance to toxic alkali-metal cations and cationic drugs, as well as the membrane potential and intracellular pH. Taken together, our results find the sole potassium uptake system in C. glabrata cells to be a promising target in the search for its specific inhibitors and in developing new antifungal drugs.
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157
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Park EJ, Kim SN, Kang MS, Lee BS, Yoon C, Jeong U, Kim Y, Lee GH, Kim DW, Kim JS. A higher aspect ratio enhanced bioaccumulation and altered immune responses due to intravenously-injected aluminum oxide nanoparticles. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:439-48. [PMID: 27042761 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (AlO NP) have been widely utilized in a variety of areas, including in the optical, biomedical and electronic fields and in the overall development of nanotechnologies. However, their toxicological profiles are still not fully developed. This study compared the distribution and immunotoxicity of two rod-types of AlO NP. As reported previously, the two types of AlO NP had different aspect ratios (long-type: 6.2 ± 0.6, short-type: 2.1 ± 0.4), but the size and surface charge were very similar. On Day 14 after a single intravenous (IV) injection (1.25 or 5 mg/kg), both AlO NP accumulated primarily in the liver and spleen and altered the levels of redox response-related elements. The accumulated level was higher in mice exposed to the long-type AlO NP compared to the short-type. Additionally, it was noted that the levels of IL-1β, IL-8 and MCP-1 were enhanced in the blood of mice exposed to both types of AlO NP and the percentages of neutrophils and monocytes among all white blood cells were increased only in mice injected with the long-type AlO NP (5 mg/kg). In addition, as compared to the control, co-expression of CD80 and CD86 (necessary for antigen presentation) on splenocytes together with a decreased expression of chemotaxis-related marker (CD195) was attenuated by exposure to the AlO NP, especially the long-type. Taken together, the data suggest that accumulation following a single IV injection with rod-types of AlO NP is strengthened by a high aspect ratio and, subsequently, this accumulation has the potential to influence immune functions in an exposed host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- a Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Soo Nam Kim
- b Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- b Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- b Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- c Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute , Seoul , Korea
| | - Uiseok Jeong
- d Department of Chemical Engineering , Kwangwoon University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- d Department of Chemical Engineering , Kwangwoon University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- e School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- e School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- f Department of Community Health and Epidemiology , Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University , Halifax , NS , Canada
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158
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Wu X, Kim H, Seravalli J, Barycki JJ, Hart PJ, Gohara DW, Di Cera E, Jung WH, Kosman DJ, Lee J. Potassium and the K+/H+ Exchanger Kha1p Promote Binding of Copper to ApoFet3p Multi-copper Ferroxidase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9796-806. [PMID: 26966178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition and distribution of metal ions support a number of biological processes. Here we show that respiratory growth of and iron acquisition by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae relies on potassium (K(+)) compartmentalization to the trans-Golgi network via Kha1p, a K(+)/H(+) exchanger. K(+) in the trans-Golgi network facilitates binding of copper to the Fet3p multi-copper ferroxidase. The effect of K(+) is not dependent on stable binding with Fet3p or alteration of the characteristics of the secretory pathway. The data suggest that K(+) acts as a chemical factor in Fet3p maturation, a role similar to that of cations in folding of nucleic acids. Up-regulation of KHA1 gene in response to iron limitation via iron-specific transcription factors indicates that K(+) compartmentalization is linked to cellular iron homeostasis. Our study reveals a novel functional role of K(+) in the binding of copper to apoFet3p and identifies a K(+)/H(+) exchanger at the secretory pathway as a new molecular factor associated with iron uptake in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Wu
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China 200234
| | - Heejeong Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
| | - Javier Seravalli
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
| | - Joseph J Barycki
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664
| | - P John Hart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900
| | - David W Gohara
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Enrico Di Cera
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea 456-756, and
| | - Daniel J Kosman
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214-3000
| | - Jaekwon Lee
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0664,
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159
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Carraro M, Bernardi P. Calcium and reactive oxygen species in regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition and of programmed cell death in yeast. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:102-7. [PMID: 26995056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-dependent programmed cell death (PCD) in yeast shares many features with the intrinsic apoptotic pathway of mammals. With many stimuli, increased cytosolic [Ca(2+)] and ROS generation are the triggering signals that lead to mitochondrial permeabilization and release of proapoptotic factors, which initiates yeast PCD. While in mammals the permeability transition pore (PTP), a high-conductance inner membrane channel activated by increased matrix Ca(2+) and oxidative stress, is recognized as part of this signaling cascade, whether a similar process occurs in yeast is still debated. The potential role of the PTP in yeast PCD has generally been overlooked because yeast mitochondria lack the Ca(2+) uniporter, which in mammals allows rapid equilibration of cytosolic Ca(2+) with the matrix. In this short review we discuss the nature of the yeast permeability transition and reevaluate its potential role in the effector phase of yeast PCD triggered by Ca(2+) and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Italy.
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160
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Wang JL, Li T, Liu GY, Smith JM, Zhao ZW. Unraveling the role of dark septate endophyte (DSE) colonizing maize (Zea mays) under cadmium stress: physiological, cytological and genic aspects. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22028. [PMID: 26911444 PMCID: PMC4766571 DOI: 10.1038/srep22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that plant root-associated fungi such as dark septate endophytes (DSE) can help plants overcome many biotic and abiotic stresses, of great interest is DSE-plant metal tolerance and alleviation capabilities on contaminated soils. However, the tolerance and alleviation mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. In the current study, the regulation and physiological response of Zea mays to its root-associated DSE, Exophiala pisciphila was analyzed under increased soil Cd stress (0, 10, 50, 100 mg kg−1). Under Cd stress, DSE inoculation significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and low-molecular weight antioxidants, while also inducing increased Cd accumulation in the cell wall and conversion of Cd into inactive forms by shoot and root specific regulation of genes related to metal uptake, translocation and chelation. Our results showed that DSE colonization resulted in a marked tolerance to Cd, with a significant decrease in cadmium phytotoxicity and a significant increase in maize growth by triggering antioxidant systems, altering metal chemical forms into inactive Cd, and repartitioning subcellular Cd into the cell wall. These results provide comprehensive evidence for the mechanisms by which DSE colonization bioaugments Cd tolerance in maize at physiological, cytological and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China.,First People's Hospital of Qujing City, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing 655000, China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Gao-yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Joshua M Smith
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Zhi-wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization for Bioresources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091 Yunnan, P.R. China
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161
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Nguyen TTT, Lim YJ, Fan MHM, Jackson RA, Lim KK, Ang WH, Ban KHK, Chen ES. Calcium modulation of doxorubicin cytotoxicity in yeast and human cells. Genes Cells 2016; 21:226-40. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- National University Health System; Singapore
| | - Ying Jun Lim
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- National University Health System; Singapore
| | - Melanie Hui Min Fan
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- National University Health System; Singapore
| | - Rebecca A. Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Kim Kiat Lim
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- National University Health System; Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Kenneth Hon Kim Ban
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- National University Health System; Singapore
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- National University Health System; Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Science & Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI); Life Sciences Institute; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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162
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Potelle S, Morelle W, Dulary E, Duvet S, Vicogne D, Spriet C, Krzewinski-Recchi MA, Morsomme P, Jaeken J, Matthijs G, De Bettignies G, Foulquier F. Glycosylation abnormalities in Gdt1p/TMEM165 deficient cells result from a defect in Golgi manganese homeostasis. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1489-500. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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163
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Cth2 Protein Mediates Early Adaptation of Yeast Cells to Oxidative Stress Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148204. [PMID: 26824473 PMCID: PMC4732752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cth2 is an mRNA-binding protein that participates in remodeling yeast cell metabolism in iron starvation conditions by promoting decay of the targeted molecules, in order to avoid excess iron consumption. This study shows that in the absence of Cth2 immediate upregulation of expression of several of the iron regulon genes (involved in high affinity iron uptake and intracellular iron redistribution) upon oxidative stress by hydroperoxide is more intense than in wild type conditions where Cth2 is present. The oxidative stress provokes a temporary increase in the levels of Cth2 (itself a member of the iron regulon). In such conditions Cth2 molecules accumulate at P bodies-like structures when the constitutive mRNA decay machinery is compromised. In addition, a null Δcth2 mutant shows defects, in comparison to CTH2 wild type cells, in exit from α factor-induced arrest at the G1 stage of the cell cycle when hydroperoxide treatment is applied. The cell cycle defects are rescued in conditions that compromise uptake of external iron into the cytosol. The observations support a role of Cth2 in modulating expression of diverse iron regulon genes, excluding those specifically involved in the reductive branch of the high-affinity transport. This would result in immediate adaptation of the yeast cells to an oxidative stress, by controlling uptake of oxidant-promoting iron cations.
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164
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A Thermodynamic Model of Monovalent Cation Homeostasis in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004703. [PMID: 26815455 PMCID: PMC4729481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic and heavy metal toxicity is involved in a substantial number of diseases in mammals and crop plants. Therefore, the understanding of tightly regulated transporter activities, as well as conceiving the interplay of regulatory mechanisms, is of substantial interest. A generalized thermodynamic description is developed for the complex interplay of the plasma membrane ion transporters, membrane potential and the consumption of energy for maintaining and restoring specific intracellular cation concentrations. This concept is applied to the homeostasis of cation concentrations in the yeast cells of S. cerevisiae. The thermodynamic approach allows to model passive ion fluxes driven by the electrochemical potential differences, but also primary or secondary active transport processes driven by the inter- play of different ions (symport, antiport) or by ATP consumption (ATPases). The model-confronted with experimental data-reproduces the experimentally observed potassium and proton fluxes induced by the external stimuli KCl and glucose. The estimated phenomenological constants combine kinetic parameters and transport coefficients. These are in good agreement with the biological understanding of the transporters thus providing a better understanding of the control exerted by the coupled fluxes. The model predicts the flux of additional ion species, like e.g. chloride, as a potential candidate for counterbalancing positive charges. Furthermore, the effect of a second KCl stimulus is simulated, predicting a reduced cellular response for cells that were first exposed to a high KCl stimulus compared to cells pretreated with a mild KCl stimulus. By describing the generalized forces that are responsible for a given flow, the model provides information and suggestions for new experiments. Furthermore, it can be extended to other systems such as e.g. Candida albicans, or selected plant cells.
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165
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Cell Surface Interference with Plasma Membrane and Transport Processes in Yeasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:11-31. [PMID: 26721269 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a shell of about 120 nm thick, made of two distinct layers, which surrounds the cell. The outer layer is constituted of highly glycosylated proteins and the inner layer is composed of β-glucan and chitin. These two layers are interconnected through covalent linkages leading to a supramolecular architecture that is characterized by physical and chemical properties including rigidity, porosity and biosorption. The later property results from the presence of highly negative charged phosphate and carboxylic groups of the cell wall proteins, allowing the cell wall to act as an efficient barrier to metals ions, toxins and organic compounds. An intimate connection between cell wall and plasma membrane is indicated by the fact that changes in membrane fluidity results in change in cell wall nanomechanical properties. Finally, cell wall contributes to transport processes through the use of dedicated cell wall mannoproteins, as it is the case for Fit proteins implicated in the siderophore-iron bound transport and the Tir/Dan proteins family in the uptake of sterols.
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166
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Mathematical Modelling of Cation Transport and Regulation in Yeast. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:291-305. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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167
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Benanti JA. Create, activate, destroy, repeat: Cdk1 controls proliferation by limiting transcription factor activity. Curr Genet 2015; 62:271-6. [PMID: 26590602 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled by a network of transcription factors that coordinate gene expression with cell-cycle events. One transcriptional activator in this network in budding yeast is the forkhead protein Hcm1, which controls the expression of genes that are transcribed during S-phase. Hcm1 activity is coordinated with the cell cycle via its regulation by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1), which both activates Hcm1 and targets it for degradation, through phosphorylation of distinct sites. The mechanisms controlling the differential phosphorylation timing of the activating and destabilizing phosphosites are not clear. However, a recent study shows that the phosphatase calcineurin specifically removes activating phosphates from Hcm1 when cells are exposed to environmental stress, thus extinguishing its activity and slowing proliferation under unfavorable growth conditions. This regulatory mechanism, whereby a phosphatase actively alters the distribution of phosphosites on a cell cycle-regulatory transcription factor to elicit a change in cellular proliferation, adds an additional layer of complexity to the regulatory network controlling the cell cycle. Furthermore, this regulatory paradigm is likely to be a conserved mode of phosphoregulation that controls the cell cycle in diverse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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168
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Park EJ, Oh SY, Kim Y, Yoon C, Lee BS, Kim SD, Kim JS. Distribution and immunotoxicity by intravenous injection of iron nanoparticles in a murine model. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:414-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute; Konyang University; Daejeon Korea
| | - Seung Yun Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kwangwoon University; Seoul Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kwangwoon University; Seoul Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center; Korea Basic Science Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Daejeon Korea
| | - Sang Doo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine; Dalhousie University; Halifax Canada
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169
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Plášek J, Melcrová A, Gášková D. Enhanced Sensitivity of pHluorin-Based Monitoring of Intracellular pH Changes Achieved through Synchronously Scanned Fluorescence Spectra. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9600-4. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromír Plášek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Melcrová
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Gášková
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Ke Karlovu 3, 12116 Prague, Czech Republic
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170
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The Cytosolic pH of Individual Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells Is a Key Factor in Acetic Acid Tolerance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7813-21. [PMID: 26341199 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02313-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown recently that individual cells of an isogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae population show variability in acetic acid tolerance, and this variability affects the quantitative manifestation of the trait at the population level. In the current study, we investigated whether cell-to-cell variability in acetic acid tolerance could be explained by the observed differences in the cytosolic pHs of individual cells immediately before exposure to the acid. Results obtained with cells of the strain CEN.PK113-7D in synthetic medium containing 96 mM acetic acid (pH 4.5) showed a direct correlation between the initial cytosolic pH and the cytosolic pH drop after exposure to the acid. Moreover, only cells with a low initial cytosolic pH, which experienced a less severe drop in cytosolic pH, were able to proliferate. A similar correlation between initial cytosolic pH and cytosolic pH drop was also observed in the more acid-tolerant strain MUCL 11987-9. Interestingly, a fraction of cells in the MUCL 11987-9 population showed initial cytosolic pH values below the minimal cytosolic pH detected in cells of the strain CEN.PK113-7D; consequently, these cells experienced less severe drops in cytosolic pH. Although this might explain in part the difference between the two strains with regard to the number of cells that resumed proliferation, it was observed that all cells from strain MUCL 11987-9 were able to proliferate, independently of their initial cytosolic pH. Therefore, other factors must also be involved in the greater ability of MUCL 11987-9 cells to endure strong drops in cytosolic pH.
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171
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Arsenault HE, Roy J, Mapa CE, Cyert MS, Benanti JA. Hcm1 integrates signals from Cdk1 and calcineurin to control cell proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3570-7. [PMID: 26269584 PMCID: PMC4603928 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Hcm1 is a key regulator of chromosome segregation and genome stability. The phosphatase calcineurin directly inactivates Hcm1 in response to environmental stress, which inhibits proliferation. Hcm1 functions as a rheostat, whose phosphorylation state affects the rate of proliferation. Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) orchestrates progression through the cell cycle by coordinating the activities of cell-cycle regulators. Although phosphatases that oppose Cdk1 are likely to be necessary to establish dynamic phosphorylation, specific phosphatases that target most Cdk1 substrates have not been identified. In budding yeast, the transcription factor Hcm1 activates expression of genes that regulate chromosome segregation and is critical for maintaining genome stability. Previously we found that Hcm1 activity and degradation are stimulated by Cdk1 phosphorylation of distinct clusters of sites. Here we show that, upon exposure to environmental stress, the phosphatase calcineurin inhibits Hcm1 by specifically removing activating phosphorylations and that this regulation is important for cells to delay proliferation when they encounter stress. Our work identifies a mechanism by which proliferative signals from Cdk1 are removed in response to stress and suggests that Hcm1 functions as a rheostat that integrates stimulatory and inhibitory signals to control cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Arsenault
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01520
| | - Jagoree Roy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Claudine E Mapa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01520
| | - Martha S Cyert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jennifer A Benanti
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01520
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172
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Cioffi AG, Hou J, Grillo AS, Diaz KA, Burke MD. Restored Physiology in Protein-Deficient Yeast by a Small Molecule Channel. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10096-9. [PMID: 26230309 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies of protein ion channels underlie many currently incurable human diseases. Robust networks of pumps and channels are usually responsible for the directional movement of specific ions in organisms ranging from microbes to humans. We thus questioned whether minimally selective small molecule mimics of missing protein channels might be capable of collaborating with the corresponding protein ion pumps to restore physiology. Here we report vigorous and sustainable restoration of yeast cell growth by replacing missing protein ion transporters with imperfect small molecule mimics. We further provide evidence that this tolerance for imperfect mimicry is attributable to collaboration between the channel-forming small molecule and protein ion pumps. These results illuminate a mechanistic framework for pursuing small molecule replacements for deficient protein ion channels that underlie a range of challenging human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Cioffi
- †Howard Hughes Medical Institute and ‡Departments of Biochemistry and §Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jennifer Hou
- †Howard Hughes Medical Institute and ‡Departments of Biochemistry and §Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Anthony S Grillo
- †Howard Hughes Medical Institute and ‡Departments of Biochemistry and §Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Katrina A Diaz
- †Howard Hughes Medical Institute and ‡Departments of Biochemistry and §Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin D Burke
- †Howard Hughes Medical Institute and ‡Departments of Biochemistry and §Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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173
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Alesso CA, Discola KF, Monteiro G. The gene ICS3 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in copper homeostasis dependent on extracellular pH. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:43-50. [PMID: 26127016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, many genes are involved in the uptake, transport, storage and detoxification of copper. Large scale studies have noted that deletion of the gene ICS3 increases sensitivity to copper, Sortin 2 and acid exposure. Here, we report a study on the Δics3 strain, in which ICS3 is related to copper homeostasis, affecting the intracellular accumulation of this metal. This strain is sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and copper exposure, but not to other tested transition metals. At pH 6.0, the Δics3 strain accumulates a larger amount of intracellular copper than the wild-type strain, explaining the sensitivity to oxidants in this condition. Unexpectedly, sensitivity to copper exposure only occurs in acidic conditions. This can be explained by the fact that the exposure of Δics3 cells to high copper concentrations at pH 4.0 results in over-accumulation of copper and iron. Moreover, the expression of ICS3 increases in acidic pH, and this is correlated with CCC2 gene expression, since both genes are regulated by Rim101 from the pH regulon. CCC2 is also upregulated in Δics3 in acidic pH. Together, these data indicate that ICS3 is involved in copper homeostasis and is dependent on extracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Alesso
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K F Discola
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Monteiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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174
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Mesquita VA, Machado MD, Silva CF, Soares EV. Impact of multi-metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) exposure on the physiology of the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11127-11136. [PMID: 25794581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of the environment is frequently associated to the presence of two or more metals. This work aimed to study the impact of a mixture of metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) on the physiology of the non-conventional yeast Pichia kudriavzevii. The incubation of yeast cells with 5 mg/l Cd, 10 mg/l Pb and 5 mg/l Zn, for 6 h, induced a loss of metabolic activity (assessed by FUN-1 staining) and proliferation capacity (evaluated by a clonogenic assay), with a small loss of membrane integrity (measured by trypan blue exclusion assay). The staining of yeast cells with calcofluor white revealed that no modification of chitin deposition pattern occurred during the exposure to metal mixture. Extending for 24 h, the exposure of yeast cells to metal mixture provoked a loss of membrane integrity, which was accompanied by the leakage of intracellular components. A marked loss of the metabolic activity and the loss of proliferation capacity were also observed. The analysis of the impact of a single metal has shown that, under the conditions studied, Pb was the metal responsible for the toxic effect observed in the metal mixture. Intracellular accumulation of Pb seems to be correlated with the metals' toxic effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Mesquita
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, ISEP-School of Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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175
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D'hooge P, Coun C, Van Eyck V, Faes L, Ghillebert R, Mariën L, Winderickx J, Callewaert G. Ca(2+) homeostasis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Impact of ER/Golgi Ca(2+) storage. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:226-35. [PMID: 26055636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Yeast has proven to be a powerful tool to elucidate the molecular aspects of several biological processes in higher eukaryotes. As in mammalian cells, yeast intracellular Ca(2+) signalling is crucial for a myriad of biological processes. Yeast cells also bear homologs of the major components of the Ca(2+) signalling toolkit in mammalian cells, including channels, co-transporters and pumps. Using yeast single- and multiple-gene deletion strains of various plasma membrane and organellar Ca(2+) transporters, combined with manipulations to estimate intracellular Ca(2+) storage, we evaluated the contribution of individual transport systems to intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. Yeast strains lacking Pmr1 and/or Cod1, two ion pumps implicated in ER/Golgi Ca(2+) homeostasis, displayed a fragmented vacuolar phenotype and showed increased vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane. In the pmr1Δ strain, these effects were insensitive to calcineurin activity, independent of Cch1/Mid1 Ca(2+) channels and Pmc1 but required Vcx1. By contrast, in the cod1Δ strain increased vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake was not affected by Vcx1 deletion but was largely dependent on Pmc1 activity. Our analysis further corroborates the distinct roles of Vcx1 and Pmc1 in vacuolar Ca(2+) uptake and point to the existence of not-yet identified Ca(2+) influx pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra D'hooge
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Catherina Coun
- Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vincent Van Eyck
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Faes
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ruben Ghillebert
- Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Lore Mariën
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Functional Biology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Geert Callewaert
- The Yeast Hub Lab, KU Leuven, Campus Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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176
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Yu SJ, Chang YL, Chen YL. Calcineurin signaling: lessons from Candida species. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov016. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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177
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Tun NM, O'Doherty PJ, Chen ZH, Wu XY, Bailey TD, Kersaitis C, Wu MJ. Identification of aluminium transport-related genes via genome-wide phenotypic screening of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metallomics 2015; 6:1558-64. [PMID: 24926745 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screening using gene deletion mutants has been widely carried out with numerous toxicants including oxidants and metal ions. The focus of such studies usually centres on identifying sensitive phenotypes against a given toxicant. Here, we screened the complete collection of yeast gene deletion mutants (5047) with increasing concentrations of aluminium sulphate (0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mM) in order to discover aluminium (Al(3+)) tolerant phenotypes. Fifteen genes were found to be associated with Al(3+) transport because their deletion mutants exhibited Al(3+) tolerance, including lem3Δ, hal5Δ and cka2Δ. Deletion of CKA2, a catalytic subunit of tetrameric protein kinase CK2, gives rise to the most pronounced resistance to Al(3+) by showing significantly higher growth compared to the wild type. Functional analysis revealed that both molecular regulation and endocytosis are involved in Al(3+) transport for yeast. Further investigations were extended to all the four subunits of CK2 (CKA1, CKA2, CKB1 and CKB2) and the other 14 identified mutants under a spectrum of metal ions, including Al(3+), Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Fe(3+), Co(3+), Ga(3+), Cd(2+), In(3+), Ni(2+) and Cu(2+), as well as hydrogen peroxide and diamide, in order to unravel cross-tolerance amongst metal ions and the effect of the oxidants. Finally, the implication of the findings in Al(3+) transport for the other species like plants and humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nay M Tun
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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178
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Guiney EL, Goldman AR, Elias JE, Cyert MS. Calcineurin regulates the yeast synaptojanin Inp53/Sjl3 during membrane stress. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:769-85. [PMID: 25518934 PMCID: PMC4325846 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During hyperosmotic shock, Saccharomyces cerevisiae adjusts to physiological challenges, including large plasma membrane invaginations generated by rapid cell shrinkage. Calcineurin, the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, is normally cytosolic but concentrates in puncta and at sites of polarized growth during intense osmotic stress; inhibition of calcineurin-activated gene expression suggests that restricting its access to substrates tunes calcineurin signaling specificity. Hyperosmotic shock promotes calcineurin binding to and dephosphorylation of the PI(4,5)P2 phosphatase synaptojanin/Inp53/Sjl3 and causes dramatic calcineurin-dependent reorganization of PI(4,5)P2-enriched membrane domains. Inp53 normally promotes sorting at the trans-Golgi network but localizes to cortical actin patches in osmotically stressed cells. By activating Inp53, calcineurin repolarizes the actin cytoskeleton and maintains normal plasma membrane morphology in synaptojanin-limited cells. In response to hyperosmotic shock and calcineurin-dependent regulation, Inp53 shifts from associating predominantly with clathrin to interacting with endocytic proteins Sla1, Bzz1, and Bsp1, suggesting that Inp53 mediates stress-specific endocytic events. This response has physiological and molecular similarities to calcineurin-regulated activity-dependent bulk endocytosis in neurons, which retrieves a bolus of plasma membrane deposited by synaptic vesicle fusion. We propose that activation of Ca(2+)/calcineurin and PI(4,5)P2 signaling to regulate endocytosis is a fundamental and conserved response to excess membrane in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Guiney
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aaron R Goldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Joshua E Elias
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Martha S Cyert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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179
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Shideler T, Nickerson DP, Merz AJ, Odorizzi G. Ubiquitin binding by the CUE domain promotes endosomal localization of the Rab5 GEF Vps9. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1345-56. [PMID: 25673804 PMCID: PMC4454180 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vps9 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Rab5 GTPases in the yeast endolysosomal pathway. Ubiquitin binding by its CUE domain is dispensable for Vps9 function. The CUE domain is shown to target Vps9 to endosomes, supporting a model in which it senses ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins trafficking in the endolysosomal pathway. Vps9 and Muk1 are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that regulate membrane trafficking in the endolysosomal pathway by activating Rab5 GTPases. We show that Vps9 is the primary Rab5 GEF required for biogenesis of late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs). However, only Vps9 (but not Muk1) is required for the formation of aberrant class E compartments that arise upon dysfunction of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs). ESCRT dysfunction causes ubiquitinated transmembrane proteins to accumulate at endosomes, and we demonstrate that endosomal recruitment of Vps9 is promoted by its ubiquitin-binding CUE domain. Muk1 lacks ubiquitin-binding motifs, but its fusion to the Vps9 CUE domain allows Muk1 to rescue endosome morphology, cargo trafficking, and cellular stress-tolerance phenotypes that result from loss of Vps9 function. These results indicate that ubiquitin binding by the CUE domain promotes Vps9 function in endolysosomal membrane trafficking via promotion of localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Shideler
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347
| | - Daniel P Nickerson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3750
| | - Alexey J Merz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3750
| | - Greg Odorizzi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347
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180
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Puigpinós J, Casas C, Herrero E. Altered intracellular calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum redox state in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells lacking Grx6 glutaredoxin. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:104-16. [PMID: 25355945 PMCID: PMC4279222 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxin 6 (Grx6) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an integral thiol oxidoreductase protein of the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi vesicles. Its absence alters the redox equilibrium of the reticulum lumen toward a more oxidized state, thus compensating the defects in protein folding/secretion and cell growth caused by low levels of the oxidase Ero1. In addition, null mutants in GRX6 display a more intense unfolded protein response than wild-type cells upon treatment with inducers of this pathway. These observations support a role of Grx6 in regulating the glutathionylation of thiols of endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi target proteins and consequently the equilibrium between reduced and oxidized glutathione in the lumen of these compartments. A specific function influenced by Grx6 activity is the homeostasis of intracellular calcium. Grx6-deficient mutants have reduced levels of calcium in the ER lumen, whereas accumulation occurs at the cytosol from extracellular sources. This results in permanent activation of the calcineurin-dependent pathway in these cells. Some but not all the phenotypes of the mutant are coincident with those of mutants deficient in intracellular calcium transporters, such as the Golgi Pmr1 protein. The results presented in this study provide evidence for redox regulation of calcium homeostasis in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Puigpinós
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Celia Casas
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Ariño J, Aydar E, Drulhe S, Ganser D, Jorrín J, Kahm M, Krause F, Petrezsélyová S, Yenush L, Zimmermannová O, van Heusden GPH, Kschischo M, Ludwig J, Palmer C, Ramos J, Sychrová H. Systems biology of monovalent cation homeostasis in yeast: the translucent contribution. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 64:1-63. [PMID: 24797924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800143-1.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of monovalent cation homeostasis (mainly K(+) and Na(+)) is vital for cell survival, and cation toxicity is at the basis of a myriad of relevant phenomena, such as salt stress in crops and diverse human diseases. Full understanding of the importance of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell can only be achieved from a systemic perspective. Translucent is a multinational project developed within the context of the SysMO (System Biology of Microorganisms) initiative and focussed in the study of cation homeostasis using the well-known yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model. The present review summarize how the combination of biochemical, genetic, genomic and computational approaches has boosted our knowledge in this field, providing the basis for a more comprehensive and coherent vision of the role of monovalent cations in the biology of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ariño
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ebru Aydar
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jesús Jorrín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Matthias Kahm
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Silvia Petrezsélyová
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina & Dept. Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Olga Zimmermannová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Maik Kschischo
- RheinAhrCampus, University of Applied Sciences Koblenz, Remagen, Germany
| | | | - Chris Palmer
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - José Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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183
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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184
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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185
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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186
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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187
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Rempoulakis P, Afshar N, Osorio B, Barajas-Aceves M, Szular J, Ahmad S, Dammalage T, Tomas US, Nemny-Lavy E, Salomon M, Vreysen MJB, Nestel D, Missirlis F. Conserved metallomics in two insect families evolving separately for a hundred million years. Biometals 2014; 27:1323-35. [PMID: 25298233 PMCID: PMC4223573 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Μetal cofactors are required for enzymatic catalysis and structural stability of many proteins. Physiological metal requirements underpin the evolution of cellular and systemic regulatory mechanisms for metal uptake, storage and excretion. Considering the role of metal biology in animal evolution, this paper asks whether metal content is conserved between different fruit flies. A similar metal homeostasis was previously observed in Drosophilidae flies cultivated on the same larval medium. Each species accumulated in the order of 200 µg iron and zinc and approximately ten-fold less manganese and copper per gram dry weight of the adult insect. In this paper, data on the metal content in fourteen species of Tephritidae, which are major agricultural pests worldwide, are presented. These fruit flies can be polyphagous (e.g., Ceratitis capitata) or strictly monophagous (e.g., Bactrocera oleae) or oligophagous (e.g., Anastrepha grandis) and were maintained in the laboratory on five distinct diets based on olive oil, carrot, wheat bran, zucchini and molasses, respectively. The data indicate that overall metal content and distribution between the Tephritidae and Drosophilidae species was similar. Reduced metal concentration was observed in B. oleae. Feeding the polyphagous C. capitata with the diet of B. oleae resulted in a significant quantitative reduction of all metals. Thus, dietary components affect metal content in some Tephritidae. Nevertheless, although the evidence suggests some fruit fly species evolved preferences in the use or storage of particular metals, no metal concentration varied in order of magnitude between these two families of Diptera that evolved independently for over 100 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polychronis Rempoulakis
- IAEA Laboratories, Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Negar Afshar
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, UK
| | - Beatriz Osorio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Barajas-Aceves
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingenería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joanna Szular
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, UK
| | - Sohel Ahmad
- IAEA Laboratories, Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Thilakasiri Dammalage
- IAEA Laboratories, Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ulysses Sto Tomas
- IAEA Laboratories, Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Esther Nemny-Lavy
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Mor Salomon
- Citrus Division, The Israel Cohen Institute for Biological Control, Plants Production and Marketing Board, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- IAEA Laboratories, Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - David Nestel
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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189
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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190
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Anemaet IG, van Heusden GPH. Transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to potassium starvation. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1040. [PMID: 25432801 PMCID: PMC4289377 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ion homeostasis is essential for every cell and aberrant cation homeostasis is related to diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy. The mechanisms responsible for cation homeostasis are only partly understood. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent organism to study fundamental aspects of cation homeostasis. In this study we investigated the transcriptional response of this yeast to potassium starvation by using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE)-tag sequencing. Results Comparison of transcript levels in cells grown for 60 min in media without potassium with those in cells grown under standard potassium concentrations showed that the mRNA levels of 105 genes were significantly (P < 0.01) up-regulated more than 2.0-fold during potassium starvation and the mRNA levels of 172 genes significantly down-regulated. These genes belong to several functional categories. Genes involved in stress response including HSP30, YRO2 and TPO2 and phosphate metabolism including PHO84, PHO5 and SPL2 were highly up-regulated. Analysis of the promoter of PHO84 encoding a high affinity phosphate transporter, revealed that increased PHO84 RNA levels are caused by both increased Pho4-dependent transcription and decreased RNA turnover. In the latter process antisense transcription may be involved. Many genes involved in cell cycle control, and to a lesser extent genes involved in amino acid transport, were strongly down-regulated. Conclusions Our study showed that yeast cells respond to potassium starvation in a complex way and reveals a direct link between potassium homeostasis and phosphate metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1040) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Paul H van Heusden
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333BE, The Netherlands.
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191
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Baqader NO, Radulovic M, Crawford M, Stoeber K, Godovac-Zimmermann J. Nuclear cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is a major response of human fibroblasts to oxidative stress. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4398-423. [PMID: 25133973 PMCID: PMC4259009 DOI: 10.1021/pr500638h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have used a subcellular spatial razor approach based on LC-MS/MS-based proteomics with SILAC isotope labeling to determine changes in protein abundances in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of human IMR90 fibroblasts subjected to mild oxidative stress. We show that response to mild tert-butyl hydrogen peroxide treatment includes redistribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm of numerous proteins not previously associated with oxidative stress. The 121 proteins with the most significant changes encompass proteins with known functions in a wide variety of subcellular locations and of cellular functional processes (transcription, signal transduction, autophagy, iron metabolism, TCA cycle, ATP synthesis) and are consistent with functional networks that are spatially dispersed across the cell. Both nuclear respiratory factor 2 and the proline regulatory axis appear to contribute to the cellular metabolic response. Proteins involved in iron metabolism or with iron/heme as a cofactor as well as mitochondrial proteins are prominent in the response. Evidence suggesting that nuclear import/export and vesicle-mediated protein transport contribute to the cellular response was obtained. We suggest that measurements of global changes in total cellular protein abundances need to be complemented with measurements of the dynamic subcellular spatial redistribution of proteins to obtain comprehensive pictures of cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor O. Baqader
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Radulovic
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
- Insitute of Oncology and Radiology, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mark Crawford
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Stoeber
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasminka Godovac-Zimmermann
- Division of Medicine, Center for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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192
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Abstract
Ethanol toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits titer and productivity in the industrial production of transportation bioethanol. We show that strengthening the opposing potassium and proton electrochemical membrane gradients is a mechanism that enhances general resistance to multiple alcohols. The elevation of extracellular potassium and pH physically bolsters these gradients, increasing tolerance to higher alcohols and ethanol fermentation in commercial and laboratory strains (including a xylose-fermenting strain) under industrial-like conditions. Production per cell remains largely unchanged, with improvements deriving from heightened population viability. Likewise, up-regulation of the potassium and proton pumps in the laboratory strain enhances performance to levels exceeding those of industrial strains. Although genetically complex, alcohol tolerance can thus be dominated by a single cellular process, one controlled by a major physicochemical component but amenable to biological augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix H Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adel Ghaderi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gerald R Fink
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
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de Souza RB, de Menezes JAS, de Souza RDFR, Dutra ED, de Morais MA. Mineral composition of the sugarcane juice and its influence on the ethanol fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:209-22. [PMID: 25248994 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we evaluated the mineral composition of three sugarcane varieties from different areas in northeast Brazil and their influence on the fermentation performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mineral composition was homogeneous in the different areas investigated. However, large variation coefficients were observed for concentrations of copper, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus. Regarding the fermentation performances, the sugarcane juices with the highest magnesium concentration showed the highest ethanol yield. Synthetic media supplemented with magnesium also showed the highest yield (0.45 g g(-1)) while the excess of copper led to the lowest yield (0.35 g g(-1)). According to our results, the magnesium is the principal responsible for the increase on the ethanol yield, and it also seems to be able to disguise the inhibitory effects of the toxic minerals present in the sugarcane juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Barros de Souza
- Interdepartmental Research Group in Metabolic Engineering, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
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194
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Engelberg D, Perlman R, Levitzki A. Transmembrane signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model for signaling in metazoans: state of the art after 25 years. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2865-78. [PMID: 25218923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the very first article that appeared in Cellular Signalling, published in its inaugural issue in October 1989, we reviewed signal transduction pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this yeast was already a powerful model organism for the study of cellular processes, it was not yet a valuable instrument for the investigation of signaling cascades. In 1989, therefore, we discussed only two pathways, the Ras/cAMP and the mating (Fus3) signaling cascades. The pivotal findings concerning those pathways undoubtedly contributed to the realization that yeast is a relevant model for understanding signal transduction in higher eukaryotes. Consequently, the last 25 years have witnessed the discovery of many signal transduction pathways in S. cerevisiae, including the high osmotic glycerol (Hog1), Stl2/Mpk1 and Smk1 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, the TOR, AMPK/Snf1, SPS, PLC1 and Pkr/Gcn2 cascades, and systems that sense and respond to various types of stress. For many cascades, orthologous pathways were identified in mammals following their discovery in yeast. Here we review advances in the understanding of signaling in S. cerevisiae over the last 25 years. When all pathways are analyzed together, some prominent themes emerge. First, wiring of signaling cascades may not be identical in all S. cerevisiae strains, but is probably specific to each genetic background. This situation complicates attempts to decipher and generalize these webs of reactions. Secondly, the Ras/cAMP and the TOR cascades are pivotal pathways that affect all processes of the life of the yeast cell, whereas the yeast MAP kinase pathways are not essential. Yeast cells deficient in all MAP kinases proliferate normally. Another theme is the existence of central molecular hubs, either as single proteins (e.g., Msn2/4, Flo11) or as multisubunit complexes (e.g., TORC1/2), which are controlled by numerous pathways and in turn determine the fate of the cell. It is also apparent that lipid signaling is less developed in yeast than in higher eukaryotes. Finally, feedback regulatory mechanisms seem to be at least as important and powerful as the pathways themselves. In the final chapter of this essay we dare to imagine the essence of our next review on signaling in yeast, to be published on the 50th anniversary of Cellular Signalling in 2039.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Engelberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel; CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Programme, National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way, Innovation Wing, #03-09, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Riki Perlman
- Hematology Division, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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195
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Walker ME, Nguyen TD, Liccioli T, Schmid F, Kalatzis N, Sundstrom JF, Gardner JM, Jiranek V. Genome-wide identification of the Fermentome; genes required for successful and timely completion of wine-like fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:552. [PMID: 24993029 PMCID: PMC4099481 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wine fermentation is a harsh ecological niche to which wine yeast are well adapted. The initial high osmotic pressure and acidity of grape juice is followed by nutrient depletion and increasing concentrations of ethanol as the fermentation progresses. Yeast’s adaptation to these and many other environmental stresses, enables successful completion of high-sugar fermentations. Earlier transcriptomic and growth studies have tentatively identified genes important for high-sugar fermentation. Whilst useful, such studies did not consider extended growth (>5 days) in a temporally dynamic multi-stressor environment such as that found in many industrial fermentation processes. Here, we identify genes whose deletion has minimal or no effect on growth, but results in failure to achieve timely completion of the fermentation of a chemically defined grape juice with 200 g L−1 total sugar. Results Micro- and laboratory-scale experimental fermentations were conducted to identify 72 clones from ~5,100 homozygous diploid single-gene yeast deletants, which exhibited protracted fermentation in a high-sugar medium. Another 21 clones (related by gene function, but initially eliminated from the screen because of possible growth defects) were also included. Clustering and numerical enrichment of genes annotated to specific Gene Ontology (GO) terms highlighted the vacuole’s role in ion homeostasis and pH regulation, through vacuole acidification. Conclusion We have identified 93 genes whose deletion resulted in the duration of fermentation being at least 20% longer than the wild type. An extreme phenotype, ‘stuck’ fermentation, was also observed when DOA4, NPT1, PLC1, PTK2, SIN3, SSQ1, TPS1, TPS2 or ZAP1 were deleted. These 93 Fermentation Essential Genes (FEG) are required to complete an extended high-sugar (wine-like) fermentation. Their importance is highlighted in our Fermentation Relevant Yeast Genes (FRYG) database, generated from literature and the fermentation-relevant phenotypic characteristics of null mutants described in the Saccharomyces Genome Database. The 93-gene set is collectively referred to as the ‘Fermentome’. The fact that 10 genes highlighted in this study have not previously been linked to fermentation-related stresses, supports our experimental rationale. These findings, together with investigations of the genetic diversity of industrial strains, are crucial for understanding the mechanisms behind yeast’s response and adaptation to stresses imposed during high-sugar fermentations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-552) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Jiranek
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
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196
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Goldman A, Roy J, Bodenmiller B, Wanka S, Landry CR, Aebersold R, Cyert MS. The calcineurin signaling network evolves via conserved kinase-phosphatase modules that transcend substrate identity. Mol Cell 2014; 55:422-435. [PMID: 24930733 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To define a functional network for calcineurin, the conserved Ca(2+)/calmodulin-regulated phosphatase, we systematically identified its substrates in S. cerevisiae using phosphoproteomics and bioinformatics, followed by copurification and dephosphorylation assays. This study establishes new calcineurin functions and reveals mechanisms that shape calcineurin network evolution. Analyses of closely related yeasts show that many proteins were recently recruited to the network by acquiring a calcineurin-recognition motif. Calcineurin substrates in yeast and mammals are distinct due to network rewiring but, surprisingly, are phosphorylated by similar kinases. We postulate that corecognition of conserved substrate features, including phosphorylation and docking motifs, preserves calcineurin-kinase opposition during evolution. One example we document is a composite docking site that confers substrate recognition by both calcineurin and MAPK. We propose that conserved kinase-phosphatase pairs define the architecture of signaling networks and allow other connections between kinases and phosphatases to develop that establish common regulatory motifs in signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Goldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jagoree Roy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bernd Bodenmiller
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Wanka
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Landry
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, PROTEO, Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martha S Cyert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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197
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Park EJ, Lee GH, Yoon C, Kang MS, Kim SN, Cho MH, Kim JH, Kim DW. Time-dependent bioaccumulation of distinct rod-type TiO2nanoparticles: Comparison by crystalline phase. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1265-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Korea University; Seoul Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center; Korea Basic Science Institute; Seoul Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- Jeonbuk Department of Non-human Primate; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Jeongeup Korea
| | - Soo Nam Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Non-human Primate; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Jeongeup Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology; Ajou University; Suwon Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering; Korea University; Seoul Korea
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198
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Moving Fe2+ from ferritin ion channels to catalytic OH centers depends on conserved protein cage carboxylates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7925-30. [PMID: 24843174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318417111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin biominerals are protein-caged metabolic iron concentrates used for iron-protein cofactors and oxidant protection (Fe(2+) and O2 sequestration). Fe(2+) passage through ion channels in the protein cages, like membrane ion channels, required for ferritin biomineral synthesis, is followed by Fe(2+) substrate movement to ferritin enzyme (Fox) sites. Fe(2+) and O2 substrates are coupled via a diferric peroxo (DFP) intermediate, λmax 650 nm, which decays to [Fe(3+)-O-Fe(3+)] precursors of caged ferritin biominerals. Structural studies show multiple conformations for conserved, carboxylate residues E136 and E57, which are between ferritin ion channel exits and enzymatic sites, suggesting functional connections. Here we show that E136 and E57 are required for ferritin enzyme activity and thus are functional links between ferritin ion channels and enzymatic sites. DFP formation (Kcat and kcat/Km), DFP decay, and protein-caged hydrated ferric oxide accumulation decreased in ferritin E57A and E136A; saturation required higher Fe(2+) concentrations. Divalent cations (both ion channel and intracage binding) selectively inhibit ferritin enzyme activity (block Fe(2+) access), Mn(2+) << Co(2+) < Cu(2+) < Zn(2+), reflecting metal ion-protein binding stabilities. Fe(2+)-Cys126 binding in ferritin ion channels, observed as Cu(2+)-S-Cys126 charge-transfer bands in ferritin E130D UV-vis spectra and resistance to Cu(2+) inhibition in ferritin C126S, was unpredicted. Identifying E57 and E136 links in Fe(2+) movement from ferritin ion channels to ferritin enzyme sites completes a bucket brigade that moves external Fe(2+) into ferritin enzymatic sites. The results clarify Fe(2+) transport within ferritin and model molecular links between membrane ion channels and cytoplasmic destinations.
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199
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Conrad M, Schothorst J, Kankipati HN, Van Zeebroeck G, Rubio-Texeira M, Thevelein JM. Nutrient sensing and signaling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:254-99. [PMID: 24483210 PMCID: PMC4238866 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a favorite organism for pioneering studies on nutrient-sensing and signaling mechanisms. Many specific nutrient responses have been elucidated in great detail. This has led to important new concepts and insight into nutrient-controlled cellular regulation. Major highlights include the central role of the Snf1 protein kinase in the glucose repression pathway, galactose induction, the discovery of a G-protein-coupled receptor system, and role of Ras in glucose-induced cAMP signaling, the role of the protein synthesis initiation machinery in general control of nitrogen metabolism, the cyclin-controlled protein kinase Pho85 in phosphate regulation, nitrogen catabolite repression and the nitrogen-sensing target of rapamycin pathway, and the discovery of transporter-like proteins acting as nutrient sensors. In addition, a number of cellular targets, like carbohydrate stores, stress tolerance, and ribosomal gene expression, are controlled by the presence of multiple nutrients. The protein kinase A signaling pathway plays a major role in this general nutrient response. It has led to the discovery of nutrient transceptors (transporter receptors) as nutrient sensors. Major shortcomings in our knowledge are the relationship between rapid and steady-state nutrient signaling, the role of metabolic intermediates in intracellular nutrient sensing, and the identity of the nutrient sensors controlling cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Conrad
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Joep Schothorst
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Harish Nag Kankipati
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Zeebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Marta Rubio-Texeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
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200
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Park J, McCormick SP, Chakrabarti M, Lindahl PA. The lack of synchronization between iron uptake and cell growth leads to iron overload in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during post-exponential growth modes. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9413-25. [PMID: 24344915 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fermenting cells growing exponentially on rich (YPAD) medium underwent a transition to a slow-growing state as glucose levels declined and their metabolism shifted to respiration. During exponential growth, Fe import and cell-growth rates were matched, affording an approximately invariant cellular Fe concentration. During the transition period, the high-affinity Fe import rate declined slower than the cell-growth rate declined, causing Fe to accumulate, initially as Fe(III) oxyhydroxide nanoparticles but eventually as mitochondrial and vacuolar Fe. Once the cells had reached slow-growth mode, Fe import and cell-growth rates were again matched, and the cellular Fe concentration was again approximately invariant. Fermenting cells grown on minimal medium (MM) grew more slowly during the exponential phase and underwent a transition to a true stationary state as glucose levels declined. The Fe concentration of MM cells that just entered the stationary state was similar to that of YPAD cells, but MM cells continued to accumulate Fe in the stationary state. Fe initially accumulated as nanoparticles and high-spin Fe(II) species, but vacuolar Fe(III) also eventually accumulated. Surprisingly, Fe-packed 5-day-old MM cells suffered no more reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage than younger cells, suggesting that the Fe concentration alone does not accurately predict the extent of ROS damage. The mode and rate of growth at the time of harvesting dramatically affected cellular Fe content. A mathematical model of Fe metabolism in a growing cell was developed. The model included the import of Fe via a regulated high-affinity pathway and an unregulated low-affinity pathway. The import of Fe from the cytosol to vacuoles and mitochondria and nanoparticle formation were also included. The model captured essential trafficking behavior, demonstrating that cells regulate Fe import in accordance with their overall growth rate and that they misregulate Fe import when nanoparticles accumulate. The lack of regulation of Fe in yeast is perhaps unique compared to the tight regulation of other cellular metabolites. This phenomenon likely derives from the unique chemistry associated with Fe nanoparticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyu Park
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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