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Golpayegani A, Douraghi M, Rezaei F, Alimohammadi M, Nodehi RN. Propidium monoazide-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR) assay for rapid detection of viable and viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2019; 17:407-416. [PMID: 31297217 PMCID: PMC6582174 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-019-00359-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Lack of culturability in the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria and the ability to regain infectivity in favourable conditions is one of the new challenges of public health providers for Pseudomonas aeruginosa monitoring in environmental samples. Propidium monoazide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PMA-qPCR) is one of the promising methods for timely detection of VBNC pathogens in environmental samples. We developed and used a method for the first time to detection of VBNC P. aeruginosa in swimming pool water samples using a membrane filter (MF). Moreover, the dominant model of the distribution of colonies on the MF and the effect of the culture medium and MF type on colony recovery by MF were evaluated. Swimming pool samples were subjected to conventional culture-based, qPCR and PMA-qPCR methods and the results were compared for the presence of VBNC P. aeruginosa in the samples. The positivity rate was 21% and 75% for P. aeruginosa in water samples as confirmed by standard culture-based and qPCR methods, respectively. Furthermore, of 24 samples, 9 (37.5%) were positive for VBNC P. aeruginosa. The developed qPCR/PMA-qPCR assay can detect the VBNC bacteria directly from aquatic samples and may result in better monitoring of recreational waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolali Golpayegani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Vice-Chancellor for Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Douraghi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
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152
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Brouwer AF, Eisenberg MC, Love NG, Eisenberg JNS. Phenotypic variations in persistence and infectivity between and within environmentally transmitted pathogen populations impact population-level epidemic dynamics. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:449. [PMID: 31113377 PMCID: PMC6530054 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pathogens transmitted through environmental pathways are subject to stress and pressures outside of the host. These pressures may cause pathogen pathovars to diverge in their environmental persistence and their infectivity on an evolutionary time-scale. On a shorter time-scale, a single-genotype pathogen population may display wide variation in persistence times and exhibit biphasic decay. METHODS We use a transmission modeling framework to develop an infectious disease model with biphasic pathogen decay. We take a differential algebra approach to assessing model identifiability, calculate basic reproduction numbers by the next generation method, and use simulation to explore model dynamics. RESULTS For both long and short time-scales, we demonstrate that epidemic-potential-preserving trade-offs have implications for epidemic dynamics: less infectious, more persistent pathogens cause epidemics to progress more slowly than more infectious, less persistent (labile) pathogens, even when the overall risk is the same. Using identifiability analysis, we show that the usual disease surveillance data does not sufficiently inform these underlying pathogen population dynamics, even when combined with basic environmental monitoring data. However, risk could be indirectly ascertained by developing methods to separately monitor labile and persistent subpopulations. Alternatively, determining the relative infectivity of persistent pathogen subpopulations and the rates of phenotypic conversion will help ascertain how much disease risk is associated with the long tails of biphasic decay. CONCLUSION A better understanding of persistence-infectivity trade-offs and associated dynamics can improve our ecological understanding of environmentally transmitted pathogens, as well as our risk assessment and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Abor, 48109, MI, USA.
| | - Marisa C Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Abor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Nancy G Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Abor, 48109, MI, USA
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153
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Kan Y, Jiang N, Xu X, Lyu Q, Gopalakrishnan V, Walcott R, Burdman S, Li J, Luo L. Induction and Resuscitation of the Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Acidovorax citrulli, the Causal Agent of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Cucurbitaceous Crops. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1081. [PMID: 31156591 PMCID: PMC6529555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidovorax citrulli is a gram-negative bacterium that infects a wide range of cucurbits causing bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) disease. Copper-based compounds are the most widely-used chemicals for managing BFB and other bacterial diseases in the field. Many bacteria can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state in response to stress, including exposure to copper, and recover the culturability when favorable conditions return. The present study demonstrates that A. citrulli strain AAC00-1 is able to enter into the VBNC state by treatment with different concentrations of copper sulfate. It took 3 h, 5 and 15 days for all viable cells to lose culturability upon exposure to copper sulfate concentrations of 50, 10, and 5 μM, respectively. The VBNC A. citrulli cells regained culturability when the Cu2+ ions were removed by chelation with EDTA or by transfer of cells to LB broth, a cell-free supernatant from a suspension of AAC00-1, oligotrophic media amended with casein hydrolysate or watermelon seedling juice. We also found that the VBNC cells induced by Cu2+ were unable to colonize or infect watermelon seedlings directly, but the resuscitated cells recovered full virulence equivalent to untreated bacterial cells in the log phase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the VBNC state in A. citrulli and the factors that facilitate resuscitation and restoration of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Kan
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyang Lyu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Vinoj Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ronald Walcott
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Laixin Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control, Beijing, China
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154
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Franco-Duarte R, Černáková L, Kadam S, Kaushik KS, Salehi B, Bevilacqua A, Corbo MR, Antolak H, Dybka-Stępień K, Leszczewicz M, Relison Tintino S, Alexandrino de Souza VC, Sharifi-Rad J, Coutinho HDM, Martins N, Rodrigues CF. Advances in Chemical and Biological Methods to Identify Microorganisms-From Past to Present. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E130. [PMID: 31086084 PMCID: PMC6560418 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast detection and identification of microorganisms is a challenging and significant feature from industry to medicine. Standard approaches are known to be very time-consuming and labor-intensive (e.g., culture media and biochemical tests). Conversely, screening techniques demand a quick and low-cost grouping of bacterial/fungal isolates and current analysis call for broad reports of microorganisms, involving the application of molecular techniques (e.g., 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing based on polymerase chain reaction). The goal of this review is to present the past and the present methods of detection and identification of microorganisms, and to discuss their advantages and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Lucia Černáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Snehal Kadam
- Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, India.
| | - Karishma S Kaushik
- Ramalingaswami Re-entry Fellowship, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, India.
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 14665-354, Iran.
| | - Antonio Bevilacqua
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Corbo
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Hubert Antolak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dybka-Stępień
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Martyna Leszczewicz
- Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Bionanopark Ltd, Dubois 114/116, 93-465 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, 63105-000 Crato, Brazil.
| | | | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 61615-585, Iran.
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Department of Biological Chemistry/CCBS/URCA, 63105-000 Crato, Brazil.
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE⁻Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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155
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Influence of Environmental and Anthropogenic Factors on Microbial Ecology and Sanitary Threat in the Final Stretch of the Brda River. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11050922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ecology of aquatic microorganisms depends on a number of environmental parameters. The additional influence of anthropogenic factors is connected with sanitary risk, particularly in urban areas. The study was aimed at assessing the impact of physicochemical and biological parameters on the abundance and activity of bacterioplankton under different spatio-temporal conditions in the urbanized section of the Brda River. The evaluation of sanitary pollution of water was accompanied by the assessment of antibiotic resistance of isolated faecal strains determined using the disk diffusion method. The results indicate that the location of sampling sites significantly affected by the distribution of faecal Escherichia coli and enterococci in the studied part of the river. On the other hand, there were no significant seasonal changes in respiratory activity or abundance of planktonic bacteria. In addition, the abundance of bacterioplankton was not correlated with all measured physico-chemical parameters, though it was correlated with the organic carbon oxidation rate. Depending on the sampling site, bacterial cells with damaged membranes constituted between 8% and 20% of the population. Antibiograms showed the absence of multi-drug resistant strains. Enterococci exhibited the highest resistance to imipenem (45%), while Escherichia coli, to cefoxitin (31%).
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156
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Dey R, Rieger AM, Stephens C, Ashbolt NJ. Interactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Acanthamoeba polyphaga Observed by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Cytometry A 2019; 95:555-564. [PMID: 30985067 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that is abundant in the environment and water systems, with strains that cause serious infections, especially in patients with compromised immune systems. In times of stress or as part of its natural life cycle, P. aeruginosa can adopt a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state, which renders it undetectable by current conventional food and water testing methods and makes it highly resistant to antibiotic treatment. Specific conditions can resuscitate these coccoid VBNC P. aeruginosa cells, which returns them to their active, virulent rod-shaped form. Underreporting the VBNC cells of P. aeruginosa by standard culture-based methods in water distribution systems may therefore pose serious risks to public health. As such, being able to accurately detect and quantify the presence of VBNC P. aeruginosa, especially in a hospital setting, is of critical importance. Herein, we describe a method to analyze VBNC P. aeruginosa using imaging flow cytometry. With this technique, we can accurately distinguish between active and VBNC forms. We also show here that association of VBNC P. aeruginosa with Acanthamoeba polyphaga results in resuscitation of P. aeruginosa to an active form within 2 h. Our approach could provide an alternative, reliable detection method of VBNC P. aeruginosa when coupled with species-specific staining. Most importantly, our experiments demonstrate that the coculture with amoebae can lead to a resuscitation of P. aeruginosa of culturable morphology after only 2 h, indicating that VBNC P. aeruginosa could potentially resuscitate in piped water (healthcare) environments colonized with amoebae. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Dey
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aja M Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caroline Stephens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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157
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Gu G, Ottesen A, Bolten S, Wang L, Luo Y, Rideout S, Lyu S, Nou X. Impact of routine sanitation on the microbiomes in a fresh produce processing facility. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 294:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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158
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Neidecker J, Sethi NK, Taylor R, Monsell R, Muzzi D, Spizler B, Lovelace L, Ayoub E, Weinstein R, Estwanik J, Reyes P, Cantu RC, Jordan B, Goodman M, Stiller JW, Gelber J, Boltuch R, Coletta D, Gagliardi A, Gelfman S, Golden P, Rizzo N, Wallace P, Fields A, Inalsingh C. Concussion management in combat sports: consensus statement from the Association of Ringside Physicians. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:328-333. [PMID: 30049779 PMCID: PMC6579496 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Various organisations and experts have published numerous statements and recommendations regarding different aspects of sports-related concussion including definition, presentation, treatment, management and return to play guidelines. 1-7 To date, there have been no written consensus statements specific for combat sports regarding management of combatants who have suffered a concussion or for return to competition after a concussion. In combat sports, head contact is an objective of the sport itself. Accordingly, management and treatment of concussion in combat sports should, and must, be more stringent than for non-combat sports counterparts.The Association of Ringside Physicians (an international, non-profit organisation dedicated to the health and safety of the combat sports athlete) sets forth this consensus statement to establish management guidelines that ringside physicians, fighters, referees, trainers, promoters, sanctioning bodies and other healthcare professionals can use in the ringside setting. We also provide guidelines for the return of a combat sports athlete to competition after sustaining a concussion. This consensus statement does not address the management of moderate to severe forms of traumatic brain injury, such as intracranial bleeds, nor does it address the return to competition for combat sports athletes who have suffered such an injury. These more severe forms of brain injuries are beyond the scope of this statement. This consensus statement does not address neuroimaging guidelines in combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Neidecker
- Department of Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Specialists of North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nitin K Sethi
- Department of Neurology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Randolph Taylor
- Memorial Hermann Healthcare System, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine Department of Family and Community Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond Monsell
- Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Faculty of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Don Muzzi
- Essentia Health, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesota Medical School – Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bruce Spizler
- Association of Ringside Physicians – Legal Counsel, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Larry Lovelace
- INTEGRIS Southwest Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Edmund Ayoub
- Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, California, USA
| | - Rick Weinstein
- White Plains Hospital Center, White Plains, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Estwanik
- Metrolina Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Clinic, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Robert C Cantu
- Centre for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry Jordan
- The Burke Rehabilitation Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | | | - John W Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety, Psychiatry, University of Maryland Baltimore Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jonathan Gelber
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
- Elite Sports Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Domenic Coletta
- Cape Regional Health System, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Stephen Gelfman
- Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Rizzo
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Paul Wallace
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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159
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Schnabel U, Handorf O, Yarova K, Zessin B, Zechlin S, Sydow D, Zellmer E, Stachowiak J, Andrasch M, Below H, Ehlbeck J. Plasma-Treated Air and Water-Assessment of Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects for Sanitation of Food Processing Surfaces and Environment. Foods 2019; 8:foods8020055. [PMID: 30717375 PMCID: PMC6406376 DOI: 10.3390/foods8020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The synergistic antimicrobial effects of plasma-processed air (PPA) and plasma-treated water (PTW), which are indirectly generated by a microwave-induced non-atmospheric pressure plasma, were investigated with the aid of proliferation assays. For this purpose, microorganisms (Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pectobacterium carotovorum, sporulated Bacillus atrophaeus) were cultivated as monocultures on specimens with polymeric surface structures. Both the distinct and synergistic antimicrobial potential of PPA and PTW were governed by the plasma-on time (5⁻50 s) and the treatment time of the specimens with PPA/PTW (1⁻5 min). In single PTW treatment of the bacteria, an elevation of the reduction factor with increasing treatment time could be observed (e.g., reduction factor of 2.4 to 3.0 for P. carotovorum). In comparison, the combination of PTW and subsequent PPA treatment leads to synergistic effects that are clearly not induced by longer treatment times. These findings have been valid for all bacteria (L. monocytogenes > P. carotovorum = E. coli). Controversially, the effect is reversed for endospores of B. atrophaeus. With pure PPA treatment, a strong inactivation at 50 s plasma-on time is detectable, whereas single PTW treatment shows no effect even with increasing treatment parameters. The use of synergistic effects of PTW for cleaning and PPA for drying shows a clear alternative for currently used sanitation methods in production plants. Highlights: Non-thermal atmospheric pressure microwave plasma source used indirect in two different modes-gaseous and liquid; Measurement of short and long-living nitrite and nitrate in corrosive gas PPA (plasma-processed air) and complex liquid PTW (plasma-treated water); Application of PTW and PPA in single and combined use for biological decontamination of different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Schnabel
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Cathal Brugha Street, D01 HV58 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Oliver Handorf
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Kateryna Yarova
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Björn Zessin
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Susann Zechlin
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Diana Sydow
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Elke Zellmer
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau-Straße 49A, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jörg Stachowiak
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mathias Andrasch
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Harald Below
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Greifswald, Walter-Rathenau-Straße 49A, 17475 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Jörg Ehlbeck
- Plasma Bioengineering, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology e.V., Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2, 17491 Greifswald, Germany.
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160
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Jansen W, Müller A, Grabowski NT, Kehrenberg C, Muylkens B, Al Dahouk S. Foodborne diseases do not respect borders: Zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food products of animal origin illegally imported into the European Union. Vet J 2019; 244:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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161
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Rohani M, Shahraki AH, Ghasemi A, Esmaeili S, Karadenizli A, Mostafavi E. The prevalence of Francisella spp. in different natural surface water samples collected from northwest of Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:19-24. [PMID: 30996827 PMCID: PMC6462269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Francisella tularensis has a wide distribution in northern hemisphere of the world. Up to now, there was little information about the Francisella spp. situation in the environmental samples in Iran. In this study we aimed to determine the prevalence of Francisella spp. in the environmental samples in northwest of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 237 natural water samples from ponds, rivers, lakes, springs and other surface waters from north western provinces of Iran (Kurdistan and Western Azerbaijan) were collected from September to November 2015. All samples were cultured for Francisella and other bacterial species and Real Time TaqMan PCR was performed on the concentrated and DNA extracted samples. For detection of the presence of bacterial DNA in the samples, two different targets in the genome of Francisella, ISFtu2 and fopA were used. RESULTS Among the tested surface water samples, 40 (17.09%; 95% CI: 12.67-22.33%) and 12 (5.13%; 95%CI: 2.81-8.56%) samples were positive for ISFtu2 and fopA respectively. None of them was positive in culture. CONCLUSION The prevalence of Francisella spp. in the environmental samples in the west of Iran is high and it is comparable with Turkey, Iran's neighboring country. Use of higher copy number genes or IS like ISFtu2 could improve the detection of this organism in the environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Rohani
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdolrazagh Hashemi Shahraki
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aynur Karadenizli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Ehsan Mostafavi, Ph.D, National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-6411212, Fax: +98-21-89776655,
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Moriarty TF, Harris LG, Mooney RA, Wenke JC, Riool M, Zaat SAJ, Moter A, Schaer TP, Khanna N, Kuehl R, Alt V, Montali A, Liu J, Zeiter S, Busscher HJ, Grainger DW, Richards RG. Recommendations for design and conduct of preclinical in vivo studies of orthopedic device-related infection. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:271-287. [PMID: 30667561 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Orthopedic device-related infection (ODRI), including both fracture-related infection (FRI) and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), remain among the most challenging complications in orthopedic and musculoskeletal trauma surgery. ODRI has been convincingly shown to delay healing, worsen functional outcome and incur significant socio-economic costs. To address this clinical problem, ever more sophisticated technologies targeting the prevention and/or treatment of ODRI are being developed and tested in vitro and in vivo. Among the most commonly described innovations are antimicrobial-coated orthopedic devices, antimicrobial-loaded bone cements and void fillers, and dual osteo-inductive/antimicrobial biomaterials. Unfortunately, translation of these technologies to the clinic has been limited, at least partially due to the challenging and still evolving regulatory environment for antimicrobial drug-device combination products, and a lack of clarity in the burden of proof required in preclinical studies. Preclinical in vivo testing (i.e. animal studies) represents a critical phase of the multidisciplinary effort to design, produce and reliably test both safety and efficacy of any new antimicrobial device. Nonetheless, current in vivo testing protocols, procedures, models, and assessments are highly disparate, irregularly conducted and reported, and without standardization and validation. The purpose of the present opinion piece is to discuss best practices in preclinical in vivo testing of antimicrobial interventions targeting ODRI. By sharing these experience-driven views, we aim to aid others in conducting such studies both for fundamental biomedical research, but also for regulatory and clinical evaluation. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:271-287, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fintan Moriarty
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Llinos G Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Mooney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Joseph C Wenke
- Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine Task Area, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Martijn Riool
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A J Zaat
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Moter
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Kuehl
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg, GmbH, Campus Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Jianfeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Stephan Zeiter
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David W Grainger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Geoff Richards
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270, Davos Platz, Switzerland
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163
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Yoon JH, Lee SY. Characteristics of viable-but-nonculturable Vibrio parahaemolyticus induced by nutrient-deficiency at cold temperature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1302-1320. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1570076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyun Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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164
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Importance of Pyruvate Sensing and Transport for the Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00610-18. [PMID: 30420452 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00610-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli and many other bacterial species can enter into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, which is a survival strategy adopted by cells exposed to adverse environmental conditions. Pyruvate is known to be one factor that promotes resuscitation of VBNC cells. Here we studied the role of a pyruvate-sensing network, composed of the histidine kinase-response regulator systems BtsS/BtsR and YpdA/YpdB and the target gene btsT, encoding the high-affinity pyruvate/H+ symporter BtsT, in the resuscitation of VBNC E. coli K-12 cells after exposure to cold for 120 days. Analysis of the proteome of VBNC cells revealed upregulation, relative to exponentially growing cells, of BtsT and other proteins involved in pyruvate metabolism. Provision of pyruvate stimulated protein and DNA biosynthesis, and thus resuscitation, in wild-type but not btsSR ypdAB mutant VBNC cells. This result was corroborated by time-dependent tracking of the resuscitation of individual VBNC E. coli cells observed in a microfluidic system. Finally, transport assays revealed that 14C-labeled pyruvate was rapidly taken up into VBNC cells by BtsT. These results provide the first evidence that pyruvate is taken up as a carbon source for the resuscitation of VBNC E. coli cells.IMPORTANCE Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria do not form colonies in standard medium but otherwise retain their metabolic activity and can express toxic proteins. Many bacterial genera, including Escherichia, Vibrio, and Listeria, have been shown to enter the VBNC state upon exposure to adverse conditions, such as low temperature, radiation, and starvation. Ultimately, these organisms pose a public health risk with potential implications for the pharmaceutical and food industries, as dormant organisms are especially difficult to selectively eliminate and VBNC bacteria can be resuscitated if placed in an environment with appropriate nutrition and temperature. Here we used a microfluidic system to monitor the resuscitation of single VBNC cells over time. We provide new molecular insights into the initiation of resuscitation by demonstrating that VBNC E. coli cells rapidly take up pyruvate with an inducible high-affinity transporter, whose expression is triggered by the BtsSR-YpdAB sensing network.
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165
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Zhang Y, Xu CQ, Guo T, Hong L. An automated bacterial concentration and recovery system for pre-enrichment required in rapid Escherichia coli detection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17808. [PMID: 30546076 PMCID: PMC6292886 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in rapid low concentration bacterial detection is the pre-concentration or pre-enrichment, which aims to increase bacteria concentration and reduce sample volume for easy bacterial detection. In practical bacterial detection, large-volume water samples with a pathogenic bacterial concentration of less than 1 CFU/mL have to be tested rapidly. The reported biosensors either have insufficient detection limit or have limited capability of handling a sufficiently large water sample. Therefore, a high-performance automated pre-enrichment process is strongly demanded in rapid practical bacterial detection. In this paper, a practical high performance automated bacterial concentration and recovery system (ABCRS) based on the combination of a ceramic membrane and tangential flow filtration technique was presented with short processing time (less than one hour), low pre-enrichment limit (≤0.005 CFU/mL), high concentration ratio (≥ 500), high recovery efficiency (~ 90%), and small final retentate volume (≤ 5 mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Xu
- Faculty of Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Tianyi Guo
- Forsee Instruments Ltd., Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lingcheng Hong
- Jiangsu Delin Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China
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166
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Rocard JM, Asadishad B, Samonte PRV, Ghoshal S, Tufenkji N. Natural freeze-thaw cycles may increase the risk associated with Salmonella contamination in surface and groundwater environments. WATER RESEARCH X 2018; 1:100005. [PMID: 31194033 PMCID: PMC6549903 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater contamination by bacteria poses a serious threat to our drinking water supplies. In cold climate regions, microorganisms introduced to upper soil layers by spreading of animal manure are subject to low temperatures and multiple cycles of freezing and thawing at the beginning of winter and during spring melt. We investigated the influence of temperature fluctuations around the freezing point, known as freeze-thaw (FT), on the inactivation rates, growth, and biofilm formation of a manure-isolated strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Moreover, the effects of FT on the transport characteristics of S. typhimurium in quartz sand were monitored in model porewater solutions of two different ionic strengths (IS: 10 and 100 mM KCl) and two different humic acid (HA) concentrations (1 and 5 mg/L). Increasing numbers of FT cycles were found to decrease the deposition of S. typhimurium onto quartz sand and increase the percentage of detached cells in sand-packed column experiments. Based on the calculated bacterial attachment efficiencies, the predicted minimum setback distances between the location of water supply wells and manure spreading activities are higher when the effects of FT are taken into consideration. While FT treatment significantly affected cell viability (in the presence of HA), most cells were in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state with compromised ability to form biofilm. This investigation demonstrates the effects of spring temperature variations in upper soil layers on S. typhimurium properties and the potential increased risk of bacterial contamination in representative aquifer environments in cold climate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rocard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Bahareh Asadishad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Pamela Rose V. Samonte
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
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167
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Fiedler CJ, Schönher C, Proksch P, Kerschbaumer DJ, Mayr E, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Domig KJ, Perfler R. Assessment of Microbial Community Dynamics in River Bank Filtrate Using High-Throughput Sequencing and Flow Cytometry. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2887. [PMID: 30555435 PMCID: PMC6281747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-groundwater interactions play an important role in microbial community compositions of river bank filtrates. Surface water contaminations deriving from environmental influences are attenuated by biogeochemical processes in the hyporheic zone, which are essential for providing clean and high-quality drinking water in abstraction wells. Characterizing the flow regime of surface water into the groundwater body can provide substantial information on water quality, but complex hydraulic dynamics make predictions difficult. Thus, a bottom up approach using microbial community shifting patterns as an overall outcome of dynamic water characteristics could provide more detailed information on the influences that affect groundwater quality. The combination of high-throughput sequencing data together with flow cytometric measurements of total cell counts reveals absolute abundances among taxa, thus enhancing interpretation of bacterial dynamics. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing of 55 samples among six wells in a well field in Austria that is influenced by river bank filtrate within a time period of 3 months has revealed both, clear differences as well as strong similarity in microbiome compositions between wells and dates. A significant community shift from April to May occurred in four of six wells, suggesting that surface water flow regimes do affect these wells stronger than others. Triplicate sampling and subsequent sequencing of wells at different dates proved the method to be reproducible. Flow cytometric measurements of total cells indicate microbial shifts due to increased cell counts and emphasize the rise of allochthonous microorganisms. Typical freshwater bacterial lineages (Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Armatimonadetes) were identified as most increasing phyla during community shifts. The changes are most likely a result of increased water abstraction in the wells together with constant river water levels rather than rain events. The results provide important knowledge for future implementations of well utilization in dependency of the nearby Danube River water levels and can help drawing conclusions about the influence of surface water in the groundwater such that hygienically save and clean drinking water with a stable microbial community can be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Fiedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (SIG), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schönher
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (SIG), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Proksch
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (SIG), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Johannes Kerschbaumer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (SIG), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernest Mayr
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (SIG), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marija Zunabovic-Pichler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (SIG), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad J Domig
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Perfler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control (SIG), Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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168
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Schottroff F, Fröhling A, Zunabovic-Pichler M, Krottenthaler A, Schlüter O, Jäger H. Sublethal Injury and Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Microorganisms During Preservation of Food and Biological Materials by Non-thermal Processes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2773. [PMID: 30515140 PMCID: PMC6255932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as well as sublethal injury of microorganisms pose a distinct threat to food safety, as the use of traditional, culture-based microbiological analyses might lead to an underestimation or a misinterpretation of the product's microbial status and recovery phenomena of microorganisms may occur. For thermal treatments, a large amount of data and experience is available and processes are designed accordingly. In case of innovative inactivation treatments, however, there are still several open points with relevance for the investigation of inactivation mechanisms as well as for the application and validation of the preservation processes. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive compilation of non-thermal preservation technologies, i.e., high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), pulsed electric fields (PEFs), pulsed light (PL), and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as cold plasma (CP) treatments. The basic technological principles and the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action are described. Based on this, appropriate analytical methods are outlined, i.e., direct viable count, staining, and molecular biological methods, in order to enable the differentiation between viable and dead cells, as well as the possible occurrence of an intermediate state. Finally, further research needs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schottroff
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antje Fröhling
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Anna Krottenthaler
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Schlüter
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Henry Jäger
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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169
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Krzyżek P, Biernat MM, Gościniak G. Intensive formation of coccoid forms as a feature strongly associated with highly pathogenic Helicobacter pylori strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 64:273-281. [PMID: 30449016 PMCID: PMC6529389 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0665-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The variability of Helicobacter pylori morphology and the heterogeneity of virulence factors expressed by these bacteria play a key role as a driving force for adaptation to the hostile stomach environment. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the presence of certain genes encoding virulence factors and H. pylori morphology. One reference and 13 clinical H. pylori strains with a known virulence profile (vacA, cagA, babA2, dupA, and iceA) were used in this study. Bacteria were cultured for 1 h and 24 h in stressogenic culture conditions, i.e., serum-free BHI broths at suboptimal conditions (room temperature and atmosphere, without shaking). H. pylori cell morphology was observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The vacA polymorphism and the cagA and babA2 presence were positively correlated with the reduction in cell size. Exposure to short-time stressogenic conditions caused more intense transformation to coccoid forms in highly pathogenic H. pylori type I strains (35.83% and 47.5% for type I s1m2 and I s1m1, respectively) than in intermediate-pathogenic type III (8.17%) and low pathogenic type II (9.92%) strains. The inverse relationship was observed for the number of rods, which were more common in type III (46.83%) and II (48.42%) strains than in type I s1m2 (19.25%) or I s1m1 (6.58%) strains. Our results suggest that there is a close relationship between the presence of virulence genes of H. pylori strains and their adaptive morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krzyżek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Monika M Biernat
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Faculty of Postgraduate Medical Training, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Gościniak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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170
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Hyeon JY, Mann DA, Townsend AM, Deng X. Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30417889 DOI: 10.3791/58612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, microbiome modification is designed to concentrate genomic DNA of a target foodborne pathogen contaminant to facilitate the detection and subtyping of the pathogen in a single workflow. Here, we explain and demonstrate the sample preparation steps for the quasi-metagenomics analysis of Salmonella enterica from representative food and environmental samples including alfalfa sprouts, ground black pepper, ground beef, chicken breast and environmental swabs. Samples are first subjected to the culture enrichment of Salmonella for a shortened and adjustable duration (4-24 h). Salmonella cells are then selectively captured from the enrichment culture by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Finally, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is performed to amplify DNA from IMS-captured cells. The DNA output of this protocol can be sequenced by high throughput sequencing platforms. An optional quantitative PCR analysis can be performed to replace sequencing for Salmonella detection or assess the concentration of Salmonella DNA before sequencing.
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171
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Robben C, Fister S, Witte AK, Schoder D, Rossmanith P, Mester P. Induction of the viable but non-culturable state in bacterial pathogens by household cleaners and inorganic salts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15132. [PMID: 30310128 PMCID: PMC6181970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33595-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective monitoring of microbial pathogens is essential for a successful preventive food safety and hygiene strategy. However, as most monitoring strategies are growth-based, these tests fail to detect pathogenic bacteria that have entered the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. The present study reports the induction of the VBNC state in five human pathogens by commercially available household cleaners in combination with inorganic salts. We determined that non-ionic surfactants, a common ingredient in household cleaners, can induce the VBNC state, when combined with salts. A screening study with 630 surfactant/salt combinations indicates a correlation between the hydrophobicity of the surfactant and VBNC induction in L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. aureus and toxin-producing enteropathogenic E. coli. Cells that were exposed to combinations of surfactants and salts for 5 min and up to 1 h lost their culturability on standard growth media while retaining their ATP production, fermentation of sugars and membrane integrity, which suggests intact and active metabolism. Screening also revealed major differences between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; the latter being more susceptible to VBNC induction. Combinations of such detergents and salts are found in many different environments and reflect realistic conditions in industrial and domestic surroundings. VBNC cells present in industrial environments, food-processing plants and even our daily routine represent a serious health risk due to possible resuscitation, unknown spreading, production of toxins and especially their invisibility to routine detection methods, which rely on culturability of cells and fail to detect VBNC pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Robben
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Fister
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Kristina Witte
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Schoder
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Rossmanith
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mester
- Christian Doppler-Laboratory for Monitoring of Microbial Contaminants, Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Farm Animal and Public Health in Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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172
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Anvarian AHP, Smith MP, Overton TW. Use of flow cytometry and total viable count to determine the effects of orange juice composition on the physiology of Escherichia coli. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:1817-1825. [PMID: 30349671 PMCID: PMC6189610 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orange juice (OJ) contains numerous compounds some of which are known to play key roles in growth and survival of bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the effects of natural or processing-induced variations in OJ composition on the physiology of Escherichia coli. OJ and model OJ (MOJ) samples containing various sugars, organic acids, amino acids, or ascorbic acid were inoculated with E. coli K-12 MG1655 in different growth phases. The culturability, viability, and physiology of the cells were investigated during storage using plate counting and flow cytometry. Generally, stationary-phase cells displayed the greatest survival in both MOJ and OJ. Increase in incubation temperature from 4 to 22.5ºC caused a significant decrease in both healthy and culturable cell populations. Supplementation of MOJ with ascorbic acid and amino acids increased both the viability and culturability of the cells. Similar trends were observed in amino acid-supplemented OJ, albeit at a slower rate. In contrast, variations in sugar or organic acid composition had negligible effects on the physiological status of the cells. In summary, natural variation in ascorbic acid or amino acid concentrations could potentially have an adverse effect on the microbiological safety of orange juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H. P. Anvarian
- BioengineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Present address:
National Centre for Food ManufacturingHolbeach Technology ParkUniversity of LincolnHolbeachLincolnshireUK
| | - Madeleine P. Smith
- BioengineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Tim W. Overton
- BioengineeringSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Microbiology & InfectionThe University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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173
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Carré G, Charpentier E, Audonnet S, Terryn C, Boudifa M, Doliwa C, Belgacem ZB, Gangloff SC, Gelle MP. Contribution of Fluorescence Techniques in Determining the Efficiency of the Non-thermal Plasma Treatment. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2171. [PMID: 30250463 PMCID: PMC6140754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently developed a non-thermal plasma (NTP) equipment intended to sterilize fragile medical devices and maintain the sterile state of items downstream the treatment. With traditional counts on agar plate a six log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus viability was obtained within 120 min of O2, Ar, or N2 NTP treatments. However to determine the best NTP process, we studied the different physiological states of S. aureus by flow cytometry (FC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) focusing on the esterasic activity and membrane integrity of the bacteria. Two fluorochromes, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide were used in order to distinguish three sub-populations: metabolically active, permeabilized, and damaged bacteria that can be in the viable but nonculturable state. FC and CLSM highlight that O2 and Ar NTP treatments were the most attractive processes. Indeed, a 5 min of Ar NTP generated a high destruction of the structure of bacteria and a 120 min of O2 NTP treatment led to the higher decrease of the total damaged bacteria population. SEM observations showed that in presence of clusters, bacteria of upper layers are easily altered compared to bacteria in the deeper layers. In conclusion, the plate counting method is not sufficient by itself to determine the best NTP treatment. FC and CLSM represent attractive indicator techniques to select the most efficient gas NTP treatment generating the lowest proportion of viable bacteria and the most debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Carré
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Emilie Charpentier
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- URCACyt - Plateau technique de cytométrie en flux, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Christine Terryn
- PICT - Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Christelle Doliwa
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Zouhaier Ben Belgacem
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sophie C Gangloff
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Marie-Paule Gelle
- Laboratoire de Biomatériaux et Inflammation en Site Osseux (EA 4691), SFR CAP-Santé, FED 4231, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,UFR Odontologie, Reims, France.,Pôle Médecine Bucco-Dentaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
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174
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Role of food sanitising treatments in inducing the ‘viable but nonculturable’ state of microorganisms. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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175
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Han D, Hung YC, Bratcher CL, Monu EA, Wang Y, Wang L. Formation of Sublethally Injured Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Cells after Neutral Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water Treatments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01066-18. [PMID: 29959249 PMCID: PMC6102996 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01066-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of neutral electrolyzed oxidizing (NEO) water treatments on the formation of sublethally injured Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cells was evaluated. When pathogens were treated with 6% NEO water, approximately 38% of the treated Yersinia population and 25% of the treated Salmonella population became sublethally injured. The highest sublethally injured population was found when Salmonella cultures were treated with 3% NEO water. Regardless of the NEO water concentration used, no sublethally injured E. coli O157:H7 cells were found. To evaluate the sensitivity of NEO water-treated cells, four additional stresses (heat treatment, pH, NaCl, and bile salt) were tested. NEO water treatments did not generate any cross protection of treated cells against the other stresses. The diluted NEO water treatments in combination with heat treatment at 51°C for 10 min led to the best synergistic antimicrobial effects with a combined reduction of 7 logs. The gene expression results showed that NEO water treatments led to the upregulation of ompR, ail, and ycfR These genes are known for their involvement in cells' environmental stress responses. In summary, this study investigated the sublethal injury in pathogenic cells caused by NEO water treatments. Although sublethal injury was discovered, when combined with other mild stresses, the synergistic antimicrobial effects were able to further reduce the numbers of viable pathogenic cells. These results demonstrate the great application potential of NEO water as a nonthermal and less corrosive antimicrobial treatment.IMPORTANCE Neutral electrolyzed oxidizing (NEO) water is a nonthermal and less corrosive antimicrobial treatment that has been demonstrated to have efficacy in reducing microbial contamination in food, including meat, fresh fruit, and vegetables. However, NEO water treatments can cause sublethal injury to pathogenic cells, resulting in cells that retain their viability. Consequently, these sublethally injured pathogenic cells become a serious food safety concern. This study evaluated the formation of sublethally injured Yersinia enterocolitica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cells by NEO water treatments and the potential cross protection against heat, pH, NaCl, or bile salt stresses that it may generate. No cross protection was observed. By combining NEO water treatments with sublethal levels of additional stresses, significant synergistic antimicrobial outcomes were achieved. These results indicate that mild processing treatments, when combined, can effectively reduce pathogen populations while minimizing the negative impacts on food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Emefa A Monu
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Yifen Wang
- Biosystem Engineering Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Luxin Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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176
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Stationary and portable sequencing-based approaches for tracing wastewater contamination in urban stormwater systems. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11907. [PMID: 30093614 PMCID: PMC6085348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban sewer systems consist of wastewater and stormwater sewers, of which only wastewater is processed before being discharged. Occasionally, misconnections or damages in the network occur, resulting in untreated wastewater entering natural water bodies via the stormwater system. Cultivation of faecal indicator bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli; E. coli) is the current standard for tracing wastewater contamination. This method is cheap but has limited specificity and mobility. Here, we compared the E. coli culturing approach with two sequencing-based methodologies (Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and Oxford Nanopore MinION shotgun metagenomic sequencing), analysing 73 stormwater samples collected in Stockholm. High correlations were obtained between E. coli culturing counts and frequencies of human gut microbiome amplicon sequences, indicating E. coli is indeed a good indicator of faecal contamination. However, the amplicon data further holds information on contamination source or alternatively how much time has elapsed since the faecal matter has entered the system. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing on a subset of the samples using a portable real-time sequencer, MinION, correlated well with the amplicon sequencing data. This study demonstrates the use of DNA sequencing to detect human faecal contamination in stormwater systems and the potential of tracing faecal contamination directly in the field.
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177
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Hede N, Khandeparker L. Influence of Darkness and Aging on Marine and Freshwater Biofilm Microbial Communities Using Microcosm Experiments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:314-327. [PMID: 29380028 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ballast tank biofilms pose an additional risk of microbial invasion if sloughed off during ballasting operations, yet their significance and invasion biology is poorly understood. In this study, biofilms developed in marine and freshwater locations were exposed to prolonged darkness and aging by mimicking ballast water conditions in the laboratory. Upon prolonged darkness, the decay of phytoplankton, as indicated by the decrease in chlorophyll a in marine biofilms, led to remineralization and enhanced bacterial and protist populations. However, the same trend was not observed in the case of freshwater biofilms wherein the microbial parameters (i.e., bacteria, protists) and chlorophyll a decreased drastically. The bacterial community structure in such conditions was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and results showed that the biofilm bacterial communities changed significantly over a period of time. α-Proteobacteria was the most stable taxonomic group in the marine biofilms under dark conditions. However, β-proteobacteria dominated the freshwater biofilms and seemed to play an important role in organic matter remineralization. γ-Proteobacteria, which includes most of the pathogenic genera, were affected significantly and decreased in both the types of biofilms. This study revealed that marine biofilm communities were able to adapt better to the dark conditions while freshwater biofilm communities collapsed. Adaptation of tolerant bacterial communities, regeneration of nutrients via cell lysis, and presence of grazers appeared to be key factors for survival upon prolonged darkness. However, the fate of biofilm communities upon discharge in the new environment and their invasion potential is an important topic for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Hede
- CSIR - National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403 004, India
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178
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EmPis-1L, an Effective Antimicrobial Peptide Against the Antibiotic-Resistant VBNC State Cells of Pathogenic Bacteria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:667-675. [PMID: 30032476 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The antibiotic-resistant viable but non-culturable (VBNC) pathogenic bacteria are considered as a new threat to public health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), possessing bactericidal effects in a rapid membrane attacking mode, are supposed to be effective against bacteria entering the VBNC state. In the current study, the activity of grouper AMP piscidin killing the VBNC state cells of pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus OS4 was studied. After entering the VBNC state, cells of E. coli O157, S. aureus, and V. parahaemolyticus OS4 developed resistance to the antibiotics Ampicillin and Kanamycin. Rather than truncated form of Malabar grouper piscidin 1 (EmPis-1S), full-length Malabar grouper piscidin 1 (EmPis-1L) showed strong activity to kill the above VBNC bacteria. The VBNC state cells (1 × 105 CFU/mL) of the three species of bacteria could be totally lysed by 10 μmol/L of EmPis-1L in 1 h. The VBNC state cells of S. aureus were most susceptible to EmPis-1L, which killed the cells by 100% in 30 min at the low concentration of 2.0 μmol/L. In addition, EmPis-1L at the concentration of no more than 10 μmol/L showed no observed toxicity to human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549) and mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a). Accordingly, EmPis-1L could be a promisingly safe and efficient agent for eliminating the traditional antibiotic-resistant VBNC state cells of pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, and V. parahaemolyticus.
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179
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Casasola-Rodríguez B, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Pilar RC, Losano L, Ignacio MR, Orta de Velásquez MT. Detection of VBNC Vibrio cholerae by RT-Real Time PCR based on differential gene expression analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5046420. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Casasola-Rodríguez
- Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Ciudad universitaria, C.P. 04510 CDMX, México
| | - Guillermo M Ruiz-Palacios
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, México
| | - Ramos-Cervantes Pilar
- Departamento de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección XVI, 14080 Tlalpan, CDMX, México
| | - Luis Losano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Monje-Ramírez Ignacio
- Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Ciudad universitaria, C.P. 04510 CDMX, México
| | - María Teresa Orta de Velásquez
- Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Ciudad universitaria, C.P. 04510 CDMX, México
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180
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Afari GK, Hung YC. Detection and Verification of the Viable but Nonculturable (VBNC) State of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes Using Flow Cytometry and Standard Plating. J Food Sci 2018; 83:1913-1920. [PMID: 29905952 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water to inactivate microorganisms on foods has been extensively studied and shown to be effective. However, the prospect of the formation of "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) cells in pathogens after low free chlorine concentration (FCC) treatments under high organic loads presents safety concerns. This study investigated the effect of EO water FCC on inducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes into the VBNC state and studied possible resuscitation triggering procedures of the VBNC cells. A 5-strain cocktail of each pathogen (106 colony forming units [CFU]/mL) was exposed to EO water (FCC of 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 mg/L) and allowed to stand for 1 and 5 min, followed by the addition of neutralizing broth. Treated samples were plated on nonselective agar and analyzed using flow cytometry. For resuscitation, samples treated with identified VBNC induction conditions were exposed to elevated temperatures (37 °C) as well as addition of sodium pyruvate (SP) and Tween® 20 (T20) solutions. The initial culturing procedures suggested complete inactivation of both pathogens at 2.5 and 1.25 mg/L FCC in the growth medium. However, flow cytometry profiles showed VBNC cells were present. Subjecting samples to the recovery procedures further proved that VBNC E. coli O157:H7 can be resuscitated after exposure to SP and T20 at 37 °C, while L. monocytogenes did not resuscitate. These findings show that treating pathogens at low FCC can induce the VBNC state, and culturability of E. coli O157:H7 can be restored under appropriate conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION VBNC induction conditions for foodborne pathogens during chlorine washing treatment were determined in a broth system and the information can serve as a basis for future studies that address the prevention of VBNC formation during produce wash treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kwabena Afari
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA, 30223-1797, U.S.A
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Univ. of Georgia, 1109 Experiment St., Griffin, GA, 30223-1797, U.S.A
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181
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Jameelah M, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Nurjanah S. Expression of rpoS, ompA and hfq genes of Cronobacter sakazakii strain Yrt2a during stress and viable but nonculturable state. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:915-920. [PMID: 30263819 PMCID: PMC6049694 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. in powdered infant formula has been etiologically linked to meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in certain groups of infants. This study aimed to determine whether C. sakazakii Yrt2a strain experiencing desiccation stress could enter viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state as well as to examine the expression of genes associated with stress and virulence during the above states. Stress and VBNC conditions were determined based on viability and culturability assays. Expression of genes related to stress (rpoS) and virulence (hfq and ompA) was evaluated by real-time PCR. The results showed that C. sakazakii Yrt2a entered VBNC 24 days post exposure to 2 h of desiccation treatment. The expression of rpoS, hfq and ompA genes was up-regulated during stress conditions, suggesting that Cronobacter successfully managed stress to maintain its culturability while maintaining its virulence. The expression of the target genes decreased at VBNC state but remained higher than that of a normal state. These findings reinforce the assumption that C. sakazakii undergoing VBNC state maintains its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jameelah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Ratih Dewanti-Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Puspa Lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Siti Nurjanah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Puspa Lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
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182
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Wan SJ, Sullivan AB, Shieh P, Metruccio MME, Evans DJ, Bertozzi CR, Fleiszig SMJ. IL-1R and MyD88 Contribute to the Absence of a Bacterial Microbiome on the Healthy Murine Cornea. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1117. [PMID: 29896179 PMCID: PMC5986933 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are important for the health of mucosal tissues. Traditional culture and gene sequencing have demonstrated bacterial populations on the conjunctiva. However, it remains unclear if the cornea, a transparent tissue critical for vision, also hosts a microbiome. Corneas of wild-type, IL-1R (-/-) and MyD88 (-/-) C57BL/6 mice were imaged after labeling with alkyne-functionalized D-alanine (alkDala), a probe that only incorporates into the peptidoglycan of metabolically active bacteria. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was also used to detect viable bacteria. AlkDala labeling was rarely observed on healthy corneas. In contrast, adjacent conjunctivae harbored filamentous alkDala-positive forms, that also labeled with DMN-Tre, a Corynebacterineae-specific probe. FISH confirmed the absence of viable bacteria on healthy corneas, which also cleared deliberately inoculated bacteria within 24 h. Differing from wild-type, both IL-1R (-/-) and MyD88 (-/-) corneas harbored numerous alkDala-labeled bacteria, a result abrogated by topical antibiotics. IL-1R (-/-) corneas were impermeable to fluorescein suggesting that bacterial colonization did not reflect decreased epithelial integrity. Thus, in contrast to the conjunctiva and other mucosal surfaces, healthy murine corneas host very few viable bacteria, and this constitutive state requires the IL-1R and MyD88. While this study cannot exclude the presence of fungi, viruses, or non-viable or dormant bacteria, the data suggest that healthy murine corneas do not host a resident viable bacterial community, or microbiome, the absence of which could have important implications for understanding the homeostasis of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Wan
- Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Aaron B Sullivan
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Peyton Shieh
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matteo M E Metruccio
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Graduate Groups in Vision Sciences, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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183
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Kim JH, Lee J, Hong S, Lee S, Na HY, Jeong YI, Choi EJ, Kim J, Kawk HS, Cho E. Cholera Outbreak due to Raw Seafood Consumption in South Korea, 2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:168-170. [PMID: 29785923 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Three cases of cholera occurred in South Korea during a period of three weeks in August 2016. All the cases were associated with the consumption of raw seafood in southern coastal area of South Korea. Epidemiologic investigations were performed to track the spread of cholera, including persons in contact with the cholera patients, seafood, and seawater from the fish tank and marine environments. A microbiological investigation demonstrated that cholera isolated from the three patients and a seawater sample at the Korea Strait showed identical serotype (O1 Ogawa), biotype (El tor), and toxin (ctx-positive). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the three clinical strains are identical (100%) and shared 97% identity with the seawater sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Kim
- Division of infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Division of infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sahyun Hong
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Na
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Jeong
- National Yeosu Quarantine Station, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Choi
- National Yeosu Quarantine Station, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Kawk
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Disease, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Enhi Cho
- Division of infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Disease Control, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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184
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Bierne H, Milohanic E, Kortebi M. To Be Cytosolic or Vacuolar: The Double Life of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:136. [PMID: 29868493 PMCID: PMC5962784 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens are generally classified into two types: those that exploit host membrane trafficking to construct specific niches in vacuoles (i.e., "vacuolar pathogens"), and those that escape from vacuoles into the cytosol, where they proliferate and often spread to neighboring cells (i.e., "cytosolic pathogens"). However, the boundary between these distinct intracellular phenotypes is tenuous and may depend on the timing of infection and on the host cell type. Here, we discuss recent progress highlighting this phenotypic duality in Listeria monocytogenes, which has long been a model for cytosolic pathogens, but now emerges as a bacterium also capable of residing in vacuoles, in a slow/non-growing state. The ability of L. monocytogenes to enter a persistence stage in vacuoles might play a role during the asymptomatic incubation period of listeriosis and/or the carriage of this pathogen in asymptomatic hosts. Moreover, persistent vacuolar Listeria could be less susceptible to antibiotics and more difficult to detect by routine techniques of clinical biology. These hypotheses deserve to be explored in order to better manage the risks related to this food-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bierne
- Epigenetics and Cellular Microbiology Team, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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185
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Hussain MS, Kwon M, Tango CN, Oh DH. Effect of Electrolyzed Water on the Disinfection of Bacillus cereus Biofilms: The Mechanism of Enhanced Resistance of Sessile Cells in the Biofilm Matrix. J Food Prot 2018; 81:860-869. [PMID: 29667430 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the disinfection efficacy and mechanism of electrolyzed water (EW) on Bacillus cereus biofilms. B. cereus strains, ATCC 14579 and Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) 13153 biofilms, were formed on stainless steel (SS) and plastic slide (PS) coupons. Mature biofilms were treated with slightly acidic EW (SAEW), acidic EW (AEW), and basic EW (BEW). SAEW (available chlorine concentration, 25 ± 1.31 mg L-1; pH 5.71 ± 0.16; and oxidation reduction potential, 818 to 855 mV) reduced ATCC 14579 biofilms on plastic slides to below the detection limit within 30 s. However, biofilms on SS coupons showed a higher resistance to the SAEW treatment. When the disinfection activities of three types of EW on biofilms were compared, AEW showed a higher bactericidal activity, followed by SAEW and BEW. In contrast, BEW showed a significantly ( P < 0.05) higher biofilm dispersal activity than AEW and SAEW. SAEW disinfection of the B. cereus biofilms was due to the disruption of the B. cereus plasma membrane. The higher resistance of biofilms formed on the SS coupon might be due to the higher number of attached cells and extracellular polymeric substances formation that reacts with the active chlorine ions, such as hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion of SAEW, which decreased the disinfection efficacy of SAEW. This study showed that the EW treatment effectively disinfected B. cereus biofilms, providing insight into the potential use of EW in the food processing industry to control the biofilm formation of B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakhawat Hussain
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Minyeong Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Charles Nkufi Tango
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 200-701, South Korea
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186
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Santander RD, Figàs‐Segura À, Biosca EG. Erwinia amylovora catalases KatA and KatG are virulence factors and delay the starvation-induced viable but non-culturable (VBNC) response. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:922-934. [PMID: 28675630 PMCID: PMC6638134 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora comprises periods inside and outside the host in which it faces oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and other compounds. The sources of this stress are plant defences, other microorganisms and/or exposure to starvation or other environmental challenges. However, the functional roles of H2 O2 -neutralizing enzymes, such as catalases, during plant-pathogen interactions and/or under starvation conditions in phytopathogens of the family Erwiniaceae or closely related families have not yet been investigated. In this work, the contribution of E. amylovora catalases KatA and KatG to virulence and survival in non-host environments was determined using catalase gene mutants and expression, as well as catalase activity analyses. The participation of E. amylovora exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in oxidative stress protection was also investigated. Our study revealed the following: (i) a different growth phase regulation of each catalase, with an induction by H2 O2 and host tissues; (ii) the significant role of E. amylovora catalases as virulence and survival factors during plant-pathogen interactions; (iii) the induction of EPSs by H2 O2 despite the fact that apparently they do not contribute to protection against this compound; and (iv) the participation of both catalases in the detoxification of the starvation-induced intracellular oxidative stress, favouring the maintenance of culturability, and hence delaying the development of the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D. Santander
- Departmento de Microbiología y EcologíaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValència 46100Spain
| | - Àngela Figàs‐Segura
- Departmento de Microbiología y EcologíaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValència 46100Spain
| | - Elena G. Biosca
- Departmento de Microbiología y EcologíaUniversitat de ValènciaBurjassotValència 46100Spain
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187
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Mourad EF, Sarhan MS, Daanaa HSA, Abdou M, Morsi AT, Abdelfadeel MR, Elsawey H, Nemr R, El-Tahan M, Hamza MA, Abbas M, Youssef HH, Abdelhadi AA, Amer WM, Fayez M, Ruppel S, Hegazi NA. Plant Materials are Sustainable Substrates Supporting New Technologies of Plant-Only-Based Culture Media for in vitro Culturing of the Plant Microbiota. Microbes Environ 2018; 33:40-49. [PMID: 29479006 PMCID: PMC5877342 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the culturability and biomass production of rhizobacteria, we previously introduced plant-only-based culture media. We herein attempted to widen the scope of plant materials suitable for the preparation of plant-only-based culture media. We chemically analyzed the refuse of turfgrass, cactus, and clover. They were sufficiently rich to support good in vitro growth by rhizobacteria isolates representing Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. They were also adequate and efficient to produce a cell biomass in liquid batch cultures. These culture media were as sufficient as artificial culture media for the cultivation and recovery of the in situ rhizobacteria of barley (Hordeum murinum L.). Based on culture-dependent (CFU plate counting) and culture-independent analyses (qPCR), mowed turfgrass, in particular, supported the highest culturable population of barley endophytes, representing >16% of the total bacterial number quantified with qPCR. This accurately reflected the endophytic community composition, in terms of diversity indices (S', H', and D') based on PCR-DGGE, and clustered the plant culture media together with the qPCR root populations away from the artificial culture media. Despite the promiscuous nature of the plant materials tested to culture the plant microbiome, our results indicated that plant materials of a homologous nature to the tested host plant, at least at the family level, and/or of the same environment were more likely to be selected. Plant-only-based culture media require further refinements in order to provide selectivity for the in vitro growth of members of the plant microbiome, particularly difficult-to-culture bacteria. This will provide insights into their hidden roles in the environment and support future culturomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed S Sarhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | | | - Mennatullah Abdou
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | - Ahmed T Morsi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | | | - Hend Elsawey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | - Rahma Nemr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | - Mahmoud El-Tahan
- Regional Center for Food & Feed (RCFF), Agricultural Research Center
| | - Mervat A Hamza
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Aswan University
| | - Hanan H Youssef
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | | | - Wafaa M Amer
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University
| | - Mohamed Fayez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
| | - Silke Ruppel
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ)
| | - Nabil A Hegazi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University
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188
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Lang E, Guyot S, Peltier C, Alvarez-Martin P, Perrier-Cornet JM, Gervais P. Cellular Injuries in Cronobacter sakazakii CIP 103183T and Salmonella enterica Exposed to Drying and Subsequent Heat Treatment in Milk Powder. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:475. [PMID: 29593704 PMCID: PMC5859370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the ability of foodborne pathogens to survive in low-moisture foods, their decontamination is an important issue in food protection. This study aimed to clarify some of the cellular mechanisms involved in inactivation of foodborne pathogens after drying and subsequent heating. Individual strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Senftenberg, and Cronobacter sakazakii were mixed into whole milk powder and dried to different water activity levels (0.25 and 0.58); the number of surviving cells was determined after drying and subsequent thermal treatments in closed vessels at 90 and 100°C, for 30 and 120 s. For each condition, the percentage of unculturable cells was estimated and, in parallel, membrane permeability and respiratory activity were estimated by flow cytometry using fluorescent probes. After drying, it was clearly observable that the percentage of unculturable cells was correlated with the percentage of permeabilized cells (responsible for 20–40% of the total inactivated bacteria after drying), and to a lesser degree with the percentage of cells presenting with loss of respiratory activity. In contrast, the percentages of unculturable cells observed after heat treatment were strongly correlated with the loss of respiratory activity and weakly with membrane permeability (for 70–80% of the total inactivated bacteria after heat treatment). We conclude that cell inactivation during drying is closely linked to membrane permeabilization and that heat treatment of dried cells affects principally their respiratory activity. These results legitimize the use of time–temperature scales and allow better understanding of the cellular mechanisms of bacterial death during drying and subsequent heat treatment. These results may also allow better optimization of the decontamination process to ensure food safety by targeting the most deleterious conditions for bacterial cells without denaturing the food product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lang
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France.,Novolyze, Daix, France
| | - Stéphane Guyot
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Peltier
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jean-Marie Perrier-Cornet
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Gervais
- UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
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189
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Purevdorj-Gage L, Nixon B, Bodine K, Xu Q, Doerrler WT. Differential Effect of Food Sanitizers on Formation of Viable but Nonculturable Salmonella enterica in Poultry. J Food Prot 2018; 81:386-393. [PMID: 29419335 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A method for microscopic enumeration of viable Salmonella enterica in meat samples was developed by using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit technology. A two-step centrifugation and wash process was developed to clean the samples from food and chemical impurities that might otherwise interfere with the appropriate staining reactions. The accuracy of the BacLight kit-based viability assessments was confirmed with various validation tests that were conducted by following the manufacturer's instructions. For the biocide challenge tests, chicken parts each bearing around 8.5 log of S. enterica were sprayed with common food sanitizers such as 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin (DBDMH), lactic acid (LA), and peracetic acid (PAA). The log reduction (LR) of S. enterica for each test biocide was evaluated by microscopic and conventional culture plate methods. The results show that both LA and PAA treatments generated a greater number of microscopic counts compared with the corresponding plate counts with differences being around half a log. This discrepancy is believed to occur when cells enter a so-called viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state, and to our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the presence of VBNC in PAA- and LA-treated food samples. In contrast, the BacLight-based viable counts were comparable to the culture-based enumerations of all DBDMH-treated samples. Therefore, we concluded that DBDMH-treated meat did not contain significant VBNC populations of S. enterica. A detailed description of our spray system, the dye validation, and the treatment reproducibility are also provided in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Purevdorj-Gage
- 1 The Process Development Center, Albemarle Corporation, Gulf States Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70805
| | - Brian Nixon
- 1 The Process Development Center, Albemarle Corporation, Gulf States Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70805
| | - Kyle Bodine
- 1 The Process Development Center, Albemarle Corporation, Gulf States Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70805
| | - Qilong Xu
- 2 Southern Microbiological Services, 8000 Innovation Park Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820
| | - William T Doerrler
- 2 Southern Microbiological Services, 8000 Innovation Park Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820.,3 Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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190
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Xiang Q, Liu X, Li J, Ding T, Zhang H, Zhang X, Bai Y. Influences of cold atmospheric plasma on microbial safety, physicochemical and sensorial qualities of meat products. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 55:846-857. [PMID: 29487426 PMCID: PMC5821664 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-3020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Meat and meat products can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, which cause serious health problems and economic loss. Recently, numerous novel non-thermal technologies have been developed to respond to growing consumer demand for high quality and safe meat products. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a novel and emerging non-thermal technology, showing great potential for applications in the food industry. This review presents recent advances on the developments and applications of CAP in meat products, including generation and microbial inactivation effects of CAP as well as its influences on physicochemical qualities and sensory attributes of meat products. Furthermore, the safety assessment of CAP-treated meat products and challenges in industrial application of CAP are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Xiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufang Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Junguang Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangsheng Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Bai
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, NO. 136, Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan People’s Republic of China
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191
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McClary JS, Boehm AB. Transcriptional Response of Staphylococcus aureus to Sunlight in Oxic and Anoxic Conditions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:249. [PMID: 29599752 PMCID: PMC5863498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional response of Staphylococcus aureus strain Newman to sunlight exposure was investigated under both oxic and anoxic conditions using RNA sequencing to gain insight into potential mechanisms of inactivation. S. aureus is a pathogenic bacterium detected at recreational beaches which can cause gastrointestinal illness and skin infections, and is of increasing public health concern. To investigate the S. aureus photostress response in oligotrophic seawater, S. aureus cultures were suspended in seawater and exposed to full spectrum simulated sunlight. Experiments were performed under oxic or anoxic conditions to gain insight into the effects of oxygen-mediated and non-oxygen-mediated inactivation mechanisms. Transcript abundance was measured after 6 h of sunlight exposure using RNA sequencing and was compared to transcript abundance in paired dark control experiments. Culturable S. aureus decayed following biphasic inactivation kinetics with initial decay rate constants of 0.1 and 0.03 m2 kJ−1 in oxic and anoxic conditions, respectively. RNA sequencing revealed that 71 genes had different transcript abundance in the oxic sunlit experiments compared to dark controls, and 18 genes had different transcript abundance in the anoxic sunlit experiments compared to dark controls. The majority of genes showed reduced transcript abundance in the sunlit experiments under both conditions. Three genes (ebpS, NWMN_0867, and NWMN_1608) were found to have the same transcriptional response to sunlight between both oxic and anoxic conditions. In the oxic condition, transcripts associated with porphyrin metabolism, nitrate metabolism, and membrane transport functions were increased in abundance during sunlight exposure. Results suggest that S. aureus responds differently to oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent photostress, and that endogenous photosensitizers play an important role during oxygen-dependent indirect photoinactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S McClary
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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192
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Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K, Punnapuzha A, Philip S, Mundkur L. Rapid assessment of viable but non-culturable Bacillus coagulans MTCC 5856 in commercial formulations using Flow cytometry. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192836. [PMID: 29474436 PMCID: PMC5825061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate enumeration of bacterial count in probiotic formulation is imperative to ensure that the product adheres to regulatory standards and citation in consumer product label. Standard methods like plate count, can enumerate only replicating bacterial population under selected culture conditions. Viable but non culturable bacteria (VBNC) retain characteristics of living cells and can regain cultivability by a process known as resuscitation. This is a protective mechanism adapted by bacteria to evade stressful environmental conditions. B. coagulans MTCC 5856(LactoSpore®) is a probiotic endospore which can survive for decades in hostile environments without dividing. In the present study, we explored the use of flow cytometry to enumerate the viable count of B. coagulans MTCC 5856 under acidic and alkaline conditions, high temperature and in commercial formulations like compressed tablets and capsules. Flow cytometry (FCM) was comparable to plate count method when the spores were counted at physiological conditions. We show that VBNC state is induced in B. coagulans MTCC 5856by high temperature and acidic pH. The cells get resuscitated under physiological conditions and FCM was sensitive to detect the VBNC spores. Flow cytometry showed excellent ability to assess the viable spore count in commercial probiotic formulations of B. coagulans MTCC 5856. The results establish Flow cytometry as a reliable method to count viable bacteria in commercial probiotic preparations. Sporulation as well as existence as VBNC could contribute to the extreme stability of B. coagulans MTCC 5856.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- Sami Labs Limited, Peenya Industrial Area, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Sabinsa Corporation, Payson, UT, United States of America
| | - Shaheen Majeed
- Sabinsa Corporation, Payson, UT, United States of America
| | | | - Ardra Punnapuzha
- Biological Research Department, Sami Labs Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheena Philip
- Biological Research Department, Sami Labs Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Lakshmi Mundkur
- Biological Research Department, Sami Labs Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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193
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Jansen W, Woudstra S, Müller A, Grabowski N, Schoo G, Gerulat B, Klein G, Kehrenberg C. The safety and quality of pork and poultry meat imports for the common European market received at border inspection post Hamburg Harbour between 2014 and 2015. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192550. [PMID: 29425222 PMCID: PMC5806876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Though imports of products of animal origin into the European Union (EU) have to comply with legal requirements and quality standards of the community, food consignment rejections at external EU borders have been increasing in recent years. This study explored microbiological metrics according to national target and critical values valid for samples at consumer level of 498 fresh poultry meat and 136 fresh pork filets from consignments subjected to physical checks during clearing at the border inspection post Hamburg harbour between January 2014 and December 2015 with ISO standard methods. Quantitative results indicated that critical thresholds for aerobic counts, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli were never surpassed. Merely for staphylococci, one poultry sample (0.2%) and 10 pork samples (9.3%) exceeded the critical limit (3.7 log cfu/g). However, qualitative analyses revealed that, Staphylococcus aureus was present in 16% and 10% of all poultry and pork samples, respectively, though no methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus could be confirmed. Moreover, E. coli was present in 50% and 67% of all pork and poultry samples, respectively, and thereof 33 isolates were confirmed as extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli. Only 1.2% of the poultry samples were unacceptable due to the presence of Salmonella spp., whereas they were not detected in any pork sample. Campylobacter spp. were not detected in any sample. Though imported pork and poultry meat complies mostly with national market requirements, it might pose a potential risk to public health, especially for a direct or indirect foodborne transmission of imported, uncommon strains of zoonotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Jansen
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Woudstra
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Müller
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Grabowski
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gundela Schoo
- Border Inspection Post Hamburg Harbour, Civil Authority for Health and Consumer Protection, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Gerulat
- Border Inspection Post Hamburg Harbour, Civil Authority for Health and Consumer Protection, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Günter Klein
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Corinna Kehrenberg
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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194
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Knowledge to Predict Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila Lifecycle Critical Review Part I Uptake into Host Cells. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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195
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Brauge T, Faille C, Sadovskaya I, Charbit A, Benezech T, Shen Y, Loessner MJ, Bautista JR, Midelet-Bourdin G. The absence of N-acetylglucosamine in wall teichoic acids of Listeria monocytogenes modifies biofilm architecture and tolerance to rinsing and cleaning procedures. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190879. [PMID: 29320565 PMCID: PMC5761963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall teichoic acid (WTA) is the major carbohydrate found within the extracellular matrix of the Listeria monocytogenes biofilm. We first addressed the frequency of spontaneous mutations in two genes (lmo2549 and lmo2550) responsible for the GlcNAcylation in 93 serotype 1/2a strains that were mainly isolated from seafood industries. We studied the impact of mutations in lmo2549 or lmo2550 genes on biofilm formation by using one mutant carrying a natural mutation inactivating the lmo2550 gene (DSS 1130 BFA2 strain) and two EGD-e mutants that lack respective genes by in-frame deletion of lmo2549 or lmo2550 using splicing-by-overlap-extension PCR, followed by allelic exchange mutagenesis. The lmo2550 gene mutation, occurring in around 50% isolates, caused a decrease in bacterial adhesion to stainless steel compared to wild-type EGD-e strain during the adhesion step. On the other hand, bacterial population weren't significantly different after 24h-biofilm formation. The biofilm architecture was different between the wild-type strain and the two mutants inactivated for lmo2549 or lmo2550 genes respectively with the presence of bacterial micro-colonies for mutants which were not observed in the wild-type EGD-e strain biofilm. These differences might account for the stronger hydrophilic surface exhibited by the mutant cells. Upon a water flow or to a cleaning procedure at a shear stress of 0.16 Pa, the mutant biofilms showed the higher detachment rate compared to wild-type strain. Meanwhile, an increase in the amount of residual viable but non-culturable population on stainless steel was recorded in two mutants. Our data suggests that the GlcNAc residue of WTA played a role in adhesion and biofilm formation of Listeria monocyctogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brauge
- ANSES, Laboratory for food safety, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Christine Faille
- UMR UMET, INRA, CNRS, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Irina Sadovskaya
- Université du Littoral-Côte d’Opale, Institut Charles Violette EA 7394, USC Anses, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | | | - Thierry Benezech
- UMR UMET, INRA, CNRS, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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196
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El-Aziz NKA, Tartor YH, El-Aziz Gharib AA, Ammar AM. Propidium Monoazide Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Enumeration of Some Viable but Nonculturable Foodborne Bacteria in Meat and Meat Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:226-234. [PMID: 29298099 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne infections due to bacterial pathogens are increasing worldwide. Given the surreptitious nature of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria, they largely remain a threat to public health and food safety due to their non-detectability through conventional plate count techniques. Hence, species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qPCR) alone and combined with the use of propidium monoazide (PMA) was used along with the plate count method to quantify VBNC Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Enterobacteriaceae in fresh and processed meat samples. The major bacterial pathogen isolated was S. aureus (93%) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (80.33%), C. perfringens (26.33%), and B. cereus (21.33%); their total viable counts were mostly recorded in raw meat than examined meat products. PMA quantitative real-time PCR (PMA qRT-PCR) could detect and quantify VBNC bacteria in 90.48% of culture-negative samples. It affirmed the presence of VBNC S. aureus (n = 10), B. cereus (n = 8), C. perfringens (n = 6), and Enterobacteriaceae (n = 12) in either single or mixed bacterial contamination. The log10 mean values of VBNC bacterial counts were highly reported for C. perfringens and S. aureus (9.60 ± 0.449 and 8.27 ± 0.453 CFU/g, respectively) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (6.95 ± 0.564 CFU/g) and B. cereus (6.69 ± 0.749 CFU/g). Sequencing of rpoB gene of Enterobacteriaceae enabled the identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae complex, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Salmonella Typhi, which have been reported to be capable of entry into the VBNC state. To our knowledge, this is the first report at least in Egypt that records the presence of VBNC cells in meat samples representing a strong threat to public health and food safety. Moreover, PMA qRT-PCR allowed a quick and unequivocal way of enumeration of VBNC foodborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Khairy Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Hasanine Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahlam Abd El-Aziz Gharib
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
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197
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Kawamoto S, Inatsu Y. Importance of Research on Injured Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens for Microbial Food Safety. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.65.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kawamoto
- The Secretariat of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology
| | - Yasuhiro Inatsu
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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198
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Premarathne JMKJK, Anuar AS, Thung TY, Satharasinghe DA, Jambari NN, Abdul-Mutalib NA, Huat JTY, Basri DF, Rukayadi Y, Nakaguchi Y, Nishibuchi M, Radu S. Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance against Tetracycline in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in Cattle and Beef Meat from Selangor, Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2254. [PMID: 29255448 PMCID: PMC5722848 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen frequently associated with human bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. in the beef food system in Malaysia. A total of 340 samples consisting of cattle feces (n = 100), beef (n = 120) from wet markets and beef (n = 120) from hypermarkets were analyzed for Campylobacter spp. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter was 17.4%, consisting of 33% in cattle fecal samples, 14.2% in raw beef from wet market and 7.5% in raw beef from the hypermarket. The multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified 55% of the strains as C. jejuni, 26% as C. coli, and 19% as other Campylobacter spp. A high percentage of Campylobacter spp. were resistant to tetracycline (76.9%) and ampicillin (69.2%), whilst low resistance was exhibited to chloramphenicol (7.6%). The MAR Index of Campylobacter isolates from this study ranged from 0.09 to 0.73. The present study indicates the potential public health risk associated with the beef food system, hence stringent surveillance, regulatory measures, and appropriate interventions are required to minimize Campylobacter contamination and prudent antibiotic usage that can ensure consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasekara M. K. J. K. Premarathne
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Department of Livestock and Avian Science, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Aimi S. Anuar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Tze Young Thung
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Dilan A. Satharasinghe
- Institute of Bio Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Nuzul Noorahya Jambari
- Food Safety Research Center (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Noor-Azira Abdul-Mutalib
- Food Safety Research Center (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - John Tang Yew Huat
- Faculty of Food Technology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Dayang F. Basri
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yaya Rukayadi
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Son Radu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Food Safety Research Center, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
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199
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Amariei G, Santiago-Morales J, Boltes K, Letón P, Iriepa I, Moraleda I, Fernández-Alba AR, Rosal R. Dendrimer-functionalized electrospun nanofibres as dual-action water treatment membranes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:732-740. [PMID: 28577408 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the preparation of composite electrospun membranes combining antimicrobial action with the capacity of retaining low-molecular weight non-polar pollutants. The membranes were electrospun blends of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) stabilized using heat curing. The membranes were functionalized by grafting amino-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) G3 dendrimers. The antimicrobial effect was assessed using strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by tracking their capacity to form new colonies and their metabolic impairment upon contact with membranes. The antimicrobial activity was particularly high to the gram-positive bacterium S. aureus with a 3-log reduction in their capacity to colonize dendrimer-functionalized membranes with respect to neat PVA/PAA fibers. The effect to gram-positive bacteria was attributed to the interaction of dendrimers with the negatively charged bacterial membranes and resulted in membranes essentially free of bacterial colonization after 20h in contact with cultures at 36°C. The adsorption of toluene on PAA/PVA fibers and on dendrimer-functionalized membranes was assayed using toluene over a broad concentration range. The host-guest encapsulation of toluene inside dendrimer molecules was computed through docking studies, which allowed calculating a maximum capacity of 14 molecules of toluene per molecule of PAMAM G3. The theoretical prediction was in good agreement with the experimental capacity at the higher concentrations assayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Amariei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santiago-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Boltes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Letón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Iriepa
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moraleda
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, School of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit & Vegetables, University of Almeria, E-04010 Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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200
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