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Staerck C, Gastebois A, Vandeputte P, Calenda A, Larcher G, Gillmann L, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Fleury MJ. Microbial antioxidant defense enzymes. Microb Pathog 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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152
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Yemelin A, Brauchler A, Jacob S, Laufer J, Heck L, Foster AJ, Antelo L, Andresen K, Thines E. Identification of factors involved in dimorphism and pathogenicity of Zymoseptoria tritici. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183065. [PMID: 28829795 PMCID: PMC5568738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A forward genetics approach was applied in order to investigate the molecular basis of morphological transition in the wheat pathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. Z. tritici is a dimorphic plant pathogen displaying environmentally regulated morphogenetic transition between yeast-like and hyphal growth. Considering the infection mode of Z. tritici, the switching to hyphal growth is essential for pathogenicity allowing the fungus the host invasion through natural openings like stomata. We exploited a previously developed Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) to generate a mutant library by insertional mutagenesis including more than 10,000 random mutants. To identify genes involved in dimorphic switch, a plate-based screening system was established. With this approach eleven dimorphic switch deficient random mutants were recovered, ten of which exhibited a yeast-like mode of growth and one mutant predominantly growing filamentously, producing high amount of mycelium under different incubation conditions. Using genome walking approach previously established, the T-DNA integration sites were recovered and the disrupted genomic loci of corresponding mutants were identified and validated within reverse genetics approach. As prove of concept, two of the random mutants obtained were selected for further investigation using targeted gene inactivation. Both genes deduced were found to encode known factors, previously characterized in other fungi: Ssk1p being constituent of HOG pathway and Ade5,7p involved in de novo purine biosynthesis. The targeted mutant strains defective in these genes exhibit a drastically impaired virulence within infection assays on whole wheat plants. Moreover exploiting further physiological assays the predicted function for both gene products could be confirmed in concordance with conserved biological role of homologous proteins previously described in other fungal organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yemelin
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF gGmbH), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Annamaria Brauchler
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Jacob
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF gGmbH), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Julian Laufer
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF gGmbH), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Larissa Heck
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF gGmbH), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Foster
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF gGmbH), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Luis Antelo
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Andresen
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institute for Biotechnology and Drug Research (IBWF gGmbH), Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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153
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Transcriptome-Based Modeling Reveals that Oxidative Stress Induces Modulation of the AtfA-Dependent Signaling Networks in Aspergillus nidulans. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:6923849. [PMID: 28770220 PMCID: PMC5523550 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6923849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the molecular functions of the master stress-response regulator AtfA in Aspergillus nidulans, transcriptomic analyses of the atfA null mutant and the appropriate control strains exposed to menadione sodium bisulfite- (MSB-), t-butylhydroperoxide- and diamide-induced oxidative stresses were performed. Several elements of oxidative stress response were differentially expressed. Many of them, including the downregulation of the mitotic cell cycle, as the MSB stress-specific upregulation of FeS cluster assembly and the MSB stress-specific downregulation of nitrate reduction, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, showed AtfA dependence. To elucidate the potential global regulatory role of AtfA governing expression of a high number of genes with very versatile biological functions, we devised a model based on the comprehensive transcriptomic data. Our model suggests that an important function of AtfA is to modulate the transduction of stress signals. Although it may regulate directly only a limited number of genes, these include elements of the signaling network, for example, members of the two-component signal transduction systems. AtfA acts in a stress-specific manner, which may increase further the number and diversity of AtfA-dependent genes. Our model sheds light on the versatility of the physiological functions of AtfA and its orthologs in fungi.
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154
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Shen T, Duan C, Chen B, Li M, Ruan Y, Xu D, Shi D, Yu D, Li J, Wang C. Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide suppresses hydrogen peroxide-triggered injury of human skin fibroblasts via upregulation of SIRT1. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627707 PMCID: PMC5561887 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremella fuciformis polysaccharide (TFPS), which is the extract of Tremella fuciformis Berk, has previously been demonstrated to exhibit potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these protective and therapeutic effects remain to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of TFPS on hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of human skin fibroblasts and to elucidate the aforementioned underlying mechanisms. A hydrogen peroxide-induced human skin fibroblast injury model was firstly established. MTT and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assays, in addition to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, were performed to investigate the protective effects of TFPS. Hydrogen peroxide decreased human skin fibroblast viability with a concurrent increase in ROS generation and cell apoptosis. Treatment with 0–400 µg/ml TFPS alone for up to 48 h did not result in alteration in cell viability. Notably, TFPS pre-treatment reduced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in hydrogen peroxide-treated skin fibroblasts. In addition, there was profound inhibition of p16, p21, p53 and caspase-3 expression, and activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase and Akt serine/threonine kinase 1, following TFPS pre-treatment. Furthermore, it was revealed that TFPS additionally protected fibroblasts via the upregulation of SIRT1 expression, and this was abrogated by the SIRT1 inhibitor niacinamide. These results indicated that TFPS alleviated hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in skin fibroblasts via upregulation of SIRT1 expression, indicating that TFPS may act as a potential therapeutic agent for oxidative-stress-associated skin diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Chao Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Beidong Chen
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ruan
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Danni Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Doudou Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Changtao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business Unversity, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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155
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Wang T, Xiu J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Ma X, Wang Y, Guo G, Shang X. Transcriptional Responses of Candida albicans to Antimicrobial Peptide MAF-1A. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:894. [PMID: 28567034 PMCID: PMC5434131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen in humans. Novel antifungal agents are urgent demanded due to the challenges of the resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical components of the innate immune system against pathogenic microorganism infection. MAF-1A is a novel cationic AMP that comes from Musca domestica and is effective against C. albicans, but the antifungal mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we performed a transcriptomics analysis in C. albicans using RNA-seq technique under the treatment of MAF-1A. A total of 5654 genes were identified. Among these, 1032 were differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 575 up-regulated genes and 457 down-regulated genes. In these DEGs, genes encoding ergosterol metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis were identified to be significantly down-regulated, while genes associated with oxidative stress response and cell wall were identified to be significantly up-regulated. Using pathway enrichment analysis, 12 significant metabolic pathways were identified, and ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, citrate cycle were mainly involved. The results revealed that MAF-1A induces complex responses in C. albicans. This study provides evidence that MAF-1A may inhibit the growth through affect multi-targets in C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Jiangfan Xiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Jianwei Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Shang
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
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156
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Adaptation of Candida albicans to Reactive Sulfur Species. Genetics 2017; 206:151-162. [PMID: 28235888 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.199679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is highly resistant to different oxidative stresses. How reactive sulfur species (RSS) such as sulfite regulate gene expression and the role of the transcription factor Zcf2 and the sulfite exporter Ssu1 in such responses are not known. Here, we show that C. albicans specifically adapts to sulfite stress and that Zcf2 is required for that response as well as induction of genes predicted to remove sulfite from cells and to increase the intracellular amount of a subset of nitrogen metabolites. Analysis of mutants in the sulfate assimilation pathway show that sulfite conversion to sulfide accounts for part of sulfite toxicity and that Zcf2-dependent expression of the SSU1 sulfite exporter is induced by both sulfite and sulfide. Mutations in the SSU1 promoter that selectively inhibit induction by the reactive nitrogen species (RNS) nitrite, a previously reported activator of SSU1, support a model for C. albicans in which Cta4-dependent RNS induction and Zcf2-dependent RSS induction are mediated by parallel pathways, different from S. cerevisiae in which the transcription factor Fzf1 mediates responses to both RNS and RSS. Lastly, we found that endogenous sulfite production leads to an increase in resistance to exogenously added sulfite. These results demonstrate that C. albicans has a unique response to sulfite that differs from the general oxidative stress response, and that adaptation to internal and external sulfite is largely mediated by one transcription factor and one effector gene.
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157
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Chen X, Liu Z, Meng R, Shi C, Guo N. Antioxidative and anticancer properties of Licochalcone A from licorice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:331-337. [PMID: 28111219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licochalcone A (LCA) is a characteristic chalcone that is found in licorice, which is a traditional medicinal plant. In traditional medicine, LCA possesses many potential biological activities, including anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the antioxidant activity of LCA and, on this basis, to investigate the role of its anticancer activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS To validate the antioxidant activity of LCA, the proteins SOD, CAT and GPx1 were analyzed using western blotting and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. Oxidative free radicals are associated with cancer cells. Therefore, the anticancer activity of LCA was also evaluated. To assess the anticancer activity, cell viability assays were performed and apoptosis was evaluated. In addition, MAPK-related proteins were analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS The experimental data showed that the EC50 of LCA is 58.79±0.05μg/mL and 46.29±0.05μg/mL under the two conditions tested, with or without PBS. In addition, LCA at a concentration of approximately 2-8μg/mL can induce the expression of SOD, CAT and GPx1 proteins. Further, LCA inhibits the growth of HepG2 cells through cell proliferation arrest and the subsequent induction of apoptosis, and LCA attenuated the p38/JNK/ERK signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION The results showed that LCA suppresses the oxidation of cells and markedly inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. These findings confirm the traditional use of LCA in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130062, China
| | - Zuojia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rizeng Meng
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130062, China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 130062, China.
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158
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Sun L, Liao K, Hang C, Wang D. Honokiol induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in Candida albicans through mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172228. [PMID: 28192489 PMCID: PMC5305218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effects of honokiol on induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense systems, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in Candida albicans. Methods To measure ROS accumulation, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence was used. Lipid peroxidation was assessed using both fluorescence staining and a thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Protein oxidation was determined using dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. Antioxidant enzymatic activities were measured using commercially available detection kits. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes expression was measured using real time RT-PCR. To assess its antifungal abilities and effectiveness on ROS accumulation, honokiol and the SOD inhibitor N,N′-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) were used simultaneously. Mitochondrial dysfunction was assessed by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential (mtΔψ). Honokiol-induced apoptosis was assessed using an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit. Results ROS, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation occurred in a dose-dependent manner in C. albicans after honokiol treatment. Honokiol caused an increase in antioxidant enzymatic activity. In addition, honokiol treatment induced SOD genes expression in C. albicans cells. Moreover, addition of DDC resulted in increased endogenous ROS levels and potentiated the antifungal activity of honokiol. Mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed by measured changes to mtΔψ. The level of apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner after honokiol treatment. Conclusions Collectively, these results indicate that honokiol acts as a pro-oxidant in C. albicans. Furthermore, the SOD inhibitor DDC can be used to potentiate the activity of honokiol against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Liao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Hang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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159
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Chakravarti A, Camp K, McNabb DS, Pinto I. The Iron-Dependent Regulation of the Candida albicans Oxidative Stress Response by the CCAAT-Binding Factor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170649. [PMID: 28122000 PMCID: PMC5266298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most frequently encountered fungal pathogen in humans, capable of causing mucocutaneous and systemic infections in immunocompromised individuals. C. albicans virulence is influenced by multiple factors. Importantly, iron acquisition and avoidance of the immune oxidative burst are two critical barriers for survival in the host. Prior studies using whole genome microarray expression data indicated that the CCAAT-binding factor is involved in the regulation of iron uptake/utilization and the oxidative stress response. This study examines directly the role of the CCAAT-binding factor in regulating the expression of oxidative stress genes in response to iron availability. The CCAAT-binding factor is a heterooligomeric transcription factor previously shown to regulate genes involved in respiration and iron uptake/utilization in C. albicans. Since these pathways directly influence the level of free radicals, it seemed plausible the CCAAT-binding factor regulates genes necessary for the oxidative stress response. In this study, we show the CCAAT-binding factor is involved in regulating some oxidative stress genes in response to iron availability, including CAT1, SOD4, GRX5, and TRX1. We also show that CAT1 expression and catalase activity correlate with the survival of C. albicans to oxidative stress, providing a connection between iron obtainability and the oxidative stress response. We further explore the role of the various CCAAT-binding factor subunits in the formation of distinct protein complexes that modulate the transcription of CAT1 in response to iron. We find that Hap31 and Hap32 can compensate for each other in the formation of an active transcriptional complex; however, they play distinct roles in the oxidative stress response during iron limitation. Moreover, Hap43 was found to be solely responsible for the repression observed under iron deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Chakravarti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kyle Camp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - David S. McNabb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Inés Pinto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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160
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Dananjaya SHS, Udayangani RMC, Oh C, Nikapitiya C, Lee J, De Zoysa M. Green synthesis, physio-chemical characterization and anti-candidal function of a biocompatible chitosan gold nanocomposite as a promising antifungal therapeutic agent. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Green synthesized chitosan gold nanocomposite (CAuNC) and its anti-candidal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. H. S. Dananjaya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine
- Chungnam National University
- Yuseong-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - R. M. C. Udayangani
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine
- Chungnam National University
- Yuseong-gu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Oh
- Jeju International Marine Science Research & Education Center
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Marine Life Sciences
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences
- Jeju National University
- Republic of Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences
- Jeju National University
- Republic of Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine
- Chungnam National University
- Yuseong-gu
- Republic of Korea
- Fish Vaccine Research Center
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161
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Regidor PA, Volko CD, Schindler AE, Rohr UD. The evolution of genomic stability to a mechanism in reproduction and psychiatry. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 29:1-11. [PMID: 27269896 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There are two forms of immune defense, the specific or adaptive immune defense and the unspecific innate immune defense. Vaccination is utilized against specific bacteria via the adaptive immune system. The innate immunity DNA stress defense is a non-toxic mechanism developed in yeasts and conserved in mammals and in plants. Although the steroidal hormone cascade has overtaken the stress response and allows superfast response via non-genomic receptors, the old innate immunity response is still mediated via the steroidal hormones cascade. The classical drug/receptor model has provided for many solutions, however, in antibiotics, cancer, and in severe mental diseases this model reaches to certain limits. The NIH/Department of Mental Health has developed a new model that shows severe mental diseases may be immune diseases that can be treated by replacing old diseased nerve cells by new healthy nerve cells, where the old innate immunity may be exploited. This means that severe mental diseases are physical diseases. A newly developed model, where modifications of the steroidal hormone cascade help to understand bipolarity, schizophrenia, and PTSD in men and women can be transferred to gynecological hormone modifications in women, where innate immunity is mediated via the same steroidal hormone cascade. Treatment via immune response via the DNA cascade should be developed in cancer, infections and severe mental disease, because foreign cells or diseased cells may be removed by the unspecific innate immunity.
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162
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Francés-Monerris A, Merchán M, Roca-Sanjuán D. Mechanism of the OH Radical Addition to Adenine from Quantum-Chemistry Determinations of Reaction Paths and Spectroscopic Tracking of the Intermediates. J Org Chem 2016; 82:276-288. [PMID: 27957829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The OH radical is a well-known mediator in the oxidation of biological structures like DNA. Over the past decades, the precise events taking place after reaction of DNA nucleobases with OH radical have been widely investigated by the scientific community. Thirty years after the proposal of the main routes for the reaction of •OH with adenine ( Vieira , A. ; Steenken , S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990 , 112 , 6986 - 6994 ), the present work demonstrates that the OH radical addition to C4 position is a minor pathway. Instead, the dehydration process is mediated by the A5OH adduct. Conclusions are based on density functional theory calculations for the ground-state reactivity and highly accurate multiconfigurational computations for the excited states of the radical intermediates. The methodology has been also used to study the mechanism giving rise to the mutagens 8-oxoA and FAPyA. Taking into account the agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical results, it is concluded that addition to the C5 and C8 positions accounts for at least ∼44.5% of the total •OH reaction in water solution. Finally, the current findings suggest that hydrophobicity in the DNA/RNA surroundings facilitates the formation of 8-oxoA and FAPyA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Merchán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , P.O. Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València , P.O. Box 22085, 46071 València, Spain
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163
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Phenotypic Profiling Reveals that Candida albicans Opaque Cells Represent a Metabolically Specialized Cell State Compared to Default White Cells. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01269-16. [PMID: 27879329 PMCID: PMC5120136 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01269-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-opaque switch is a bistable, epigenetic transition affecting multiple traits in Candida albicans including mating, immunogenicity, and niche specificity. To compare how the two cell states respond to external cues, we examined the fitness, phenotypic switching, and filamentation properties of white cells and opaque cells under 1,440 different conditions at 25°C and 37°C. We demonstrate that white and opaque cells display striking differences in their integration of metabolic and thermal cues, so that the two states exhibit optimal fitness under distinct conditions. White cells were fitter than opaque cells under a wide range of environmental conditions, including growth at various pHs and in the presence of chemical stresses or antifungal drugs. This difference was exacerbated at 37°C, consistent with white cells being the default state of C. albicans in the mammalian host. In contrast, opaque cells showed greater fitness than white cells under select nutritional conditions, including growth on diverse peptides at 25°C. We further demonstrate that filamentation is significantly rewired between the two states, with white and opaque cells undergoing filamentous growth in response to distinct external cues. Genetic analysis was used to identify signaling pathways impacting the white-opaque transition both in vitro and in a murine model of commensal colonization, and three sugar sensing pathways are revealed as regulators of the switch. Together, these findings establish that white and opaque cells are programmed for differential integration of metabolic and thermal cues and that opaque cells represent a more metabolically specialized cell state than the default white state. IMPORTANCE Epigenetic transitions are an important mechanism by which microbes adapt to external stimuli. For Candida albicans, such transitions are crucial for adaptation to complex, fluctuating environments, and therefore contribute to its success as a human pathogen. The white-opaque switch modulates multiple C. albicans attributes, from sexual competency to niche specificity. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic circuits are extensively rewired between white and opaque states, so that the two cell types exhibit optimal fitness under different nutritional conditions and at different temperatures. We thereby establish that epigenetic events can profoundly alter the metabolism of fungal cells. We also demonstrate that epigenetic switching regulates filamentation and biofilm formation, two phenotypes closely associated with pathogenesis. These experiments reveal that white cells, considered the most clinically relevant form of C. albicans, are a "general-purpose" state suited to many environments, whereas opaque cells appear to represent a more metabolically specialized form of the species.
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164
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Martho KFC, de Melo AT, Takahashi JPF, Guerra JM, Santos DCDS, Purisco SU, Melhem MDSC, Fazioli RDA, Phanord C, Sartorelli P, Vallim MA, Pascon RC. Amino Acid Permeases and Virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163919. [PMID: 27695080 PMCID: PMC5047642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal opportunistic pathogens colonize various environments, from plants and wood to human and animal tissue. Regarding human pathogens, one great challenge during contrasting niche occupation is the adaptation to different conditions, such as temperature, osmolarity, salinity, pressure, oxidative stress and nutritional availability, which may constitute sources of stress that need to be tolerated and overcome. As an opportunistic pathogen, C. neoformans faces exactly these situations during the transition from the environment to the human host, encountering nutritional constraints. Our previous and current research on amino acid biosynthetic pathways indicates that amino acid permeases are regulated by the presence of the amino acids, nitrogen and temperature. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans have twenty-four and twenty-seven genes encoding amino acid permeases, respectively; conversely, they are scarce in number in Basidiomycetes (C. neoformans, Coprinopsis cinerea and Ustilago maydis), where nine to ten permease genes can be found depending on the species. In this study, we have demonstrated that two amino acid permeases are essential for virulence in C. neoformans. Our data showed that C. neoformans uses two global and redundant amino acid permeases, Aap4 and Aap5 to respond correctly to thermal and oxidative stress. Double deletion of these permeases causes growth arrest in C. neoformans at 37°C and in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The inability to uptake amino acid at a higher temperature and under oxidative stress also led to virulence attenuation in vivo. Our data showed that thermosensitivity caused by the lack of permeases Aap4 and Aap5 can be remedied by alkaline conditions (higher pH) and salinity. Permeases Aap4 and Aap5 are also required during fluconazole stress and they are the target of the plant secondary metabolite eugenol, a potent antifungal inhibitor that targets amino acid permeases. In summary, our work unravels (i) interesting physiological property of C. neoformans regarding its amino acid uptake system; (ii) an important aspect of virulence, which is the need for amino acid permeases during thermal and oxidative stress resistance and, hence, host invasion and colonization; and (iii) provides a convenient prototype for antifungal development, which are the amino acid permeases Aap4/Aap5 and their inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Felipe Cruz Martho
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Teixeira de Melo
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sônia Ueda Purisco
- Mycology Unit, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Secretary of Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Clerlune Phanord
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sartorelli
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Vallim
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata C. Pascon
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Química e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Arthur Ridel, 275, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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165
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Román E, Prieto D, Martin R, Correia I, Mesa Arango AC, Alonso-Monge R, Zaragoza O, Pla J. Role of catalase overproduction in drug resistance and virulence in Candida albicans. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1279-1297. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the role of Cat1 overproduction in Candida albicans. Materials & methods: Strains overproducing the CAT1 gene were constructed. Results: Cells overproducing CAT1 were found to be more resistant to some oxidants and mammalian phagocytic cells. They also showed reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by amphotericin B or ciclopirox olamine. CAT1 overproduction did not change the minimum inhibitory concentration of fungal cells to fungistatic or fungicidal azoles nor to amphotericin B although increased twofold the minimum inhibitory concentration to caspofungin. The role of Cat1 overproduction in virulence and colonization was also analyzed in mouse models. Conclusion: The overproduction of Cat1 protects against oxidants, phagocytes and certain antifungals at subinhibitory concentration but does not increase virulence in a systemic infection mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Prieto
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ry Martin
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Correia
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Zaragoza
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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166
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da Silva Dantas A, Lee KK, Raziunaite I, Schaefer K, Wagener J, Yadav B, Gow NA. Cell biology of Candida albicans-host interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 34:111-118. [PMID: 27689902 PMCID: PMC5660506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cell biology of Candida albicans is adapted both for life as a commensal and as a pathogen. C. albicans can either downregulate or upregulate virulence properties in the human host. This fungus modulates the activity of phagocytes to enable its own survival. Candida is metabolically flexible enabling it to survive in multiple niches in the host.
Candida albicans is a commensal coloniser of most people and a pathogen of the immunocompromised or patients in which barriers that prevent dissemination have been disrupted. Both the commensal and pathogenic states involve regulation and adaptation to the host microenvironment. The pathogenic potential can be downregulated to sustain commensalism or upregulated to damage host tissue and avoid and subvert immune surveillance. In either case it seems as though the cell biology of this fungus has evolved to enable the establishment of different types of relationships with the human host. Here we summarise latest advances in the analysis of mechanisms that enable C. albicans to occupy different body sites whilst avoiding being eliminated by the sentinel activities of the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra da Silva Dantas
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Kathy K Lee
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Ingrida Raziunaite
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Katja Schaefer
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Jeanette Wagener
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Bhawna Yadav
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK
| | - Neil Ar Gow
- The Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, UK.
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167
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Truong T, Zeng G, Qingsong L, Kwang LT, Tong C, Chan FY, Wang Y, Seneviratne CJ. Comparative Ploidy Proteomics of Candida albicans Biofilms Unraveled the Role of the AHP1 Gene in the Biofilm Persistence Against Amphotericin B. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3488-3500. [PMID: 27644984 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.061523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen causing lethal infections in immunocompromised patients. C. albicans forms antifungal tolerant biofilms contributing significantly to therapeutic failure. The recently established haploid C. albicans biofilm model provides a new toolbox to uncover the mechanism governing the higher antifungal tolerance of biofilms. Here, we comprehensively examined the proteomics and antifungal susceptibility of standard diploid (SC5314 and BWP17) and stable haploid (GZY792 and GZY803) strains of C. albicans biofilms. Subsequent downstream analyses identified alkyl hydroperoxide reductase 1 (AHP1) as a critical determinant of C. albicans biofilm's tolerance of amphotericin B. At 32 μg/ml of amphotericin B, GZY803 haploid biofilms showed 0.1% of persister population as compared with 1% of the diploid biofilms. AHP1 expression was found to be lower in GZY803 biofilms, and AHP1 overexpression in GZY803 restored the percentage of persister population. Consistently, deleting AHP1 in the diploid strain BWP17 caused a similar increase in amphotericin B susceptibility. AHP1 expression was also positively correlated with the antioxidant potential. Furthermore, C. albicans ira2Δ/Δ biofilms were susceptible to amphotericin B and had a diminished antioxidant capacity. Interestingly, AHP1 overexpression in the ira2Δ/Δ strain restored the antioxidant potential and enhanced the persister population against amphotericin B, and shutting down the AHP1 expression in ira2Δ/Δ biofilms reversed the effect. In conclusion, we provide evidence that the AHP1 gene critically determines the amphotericin B tolerance of C. albicans biofilms possibly by maintaining the persisters' antioxidant capacity. This finding will open up new avenues for developing therapies targeting the persister population of C. albicans biofilms. The mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004274.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuyen Truong
- From the ‡Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119083
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- the §Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, and
| | - Lin Qingsong
- the ¶Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Lim Teck Kwang
- the ¶Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Cao Tong
- From the ‡Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119083
| | - Fong Yee Chan
- the §Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, and
| | - Yue Wang
- the §Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore 138673, and
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168
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Kulatunga D, Dananjaya S, Godahewa GI, Lee J, De Zoysa M. Chitosan silver nanocomposite (CAgNC) as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans. Med Mycol 2016; 55:213-222. [PMID: 27495320 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to limited numbers of antifungal drugs and emergence of drug resistance have directed to develop nonconventional therapeutic agents against fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In this study, anticandidal activity of chitosan silver nanocomposite (CAgNC) was tested against C. albicans Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of CAgNC were determined as 25 and 100 μg/ml, respectively. Electron microscopic image results confirmed the ultrastructural cell wall deformities and injuries caused by CAgNC. Propidium iodide (PI) penetration into the CAgNC treated cells could be considered as an evidence for loss of cell membrane integrity and cell death at MFC. Level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased, while cell viability was decreased with the increased of CAgNC concentrations. In our protein profile results, several induced proteins were observed under CAgNC treatment, and they could be related to multidrug and stress resistant proteins such as CDR1 (55 kDa) and CaHSP70 based on the protein band size. CAgNC mediated cell wall damage, loss of cell membrane integrity, elevated ROS level, and associated oxidative stress have been identified as the main causative factors for the anticandidal activity. Overall results from our study indicated that CAgNC could affect negatively on physiological and biochemical functions of C. albicans suggesting CAgNC as a potential alternative for antifungal chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dcm Kulatunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Shs Dananjaya
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea .,Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
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169
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Urrialde V, Prieto D, Pla J, Alonso-Monge R. The Candida albicans Pho4 Transcription Factor Mediates Susceptibility to Stress and Influences Fitness in a Mouse Commensalism Model. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1062. [PMID: 27458452 PMCID: PMC4935684 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pho4 transcription factor is required for growth under low environmental phosphate concentrations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A characterization of Candida albicans pho4 mutants revealed that these cells are more susceptible to both osmotic and oxidative stress and that this effect is diminished in the presence of 5% CO2 or anaerobiosis, reflecting the relevance of oxygen metabolism in the Pho4-mediated response. A pho4 mutant was as virulent as wild type strain when assayed in the Galleria mellonella infection model and was even more resistant to murine macrophages in ex vivo killing assays. The lack of Pho4 neither impairs the ability to colonize the murine gut nor alters the localization in the gastrointestinal tract. However, we found that Pho4 influenced the colonization of C. albicans in the mouse gut in competition assays; pho4 mutants were unable to attain high colonization levels when inoculated simultaneously with an isogenic wild type strain. Moreover, pho4 mutants displayed a reduced adherence to the intestinal mucosa in a competitive ex vivo assays with wild type cells. In vitro competitive assays also revealed defects in fitness for this mutant compared to the wild type strain. Thus, Pho4, a transcription factor involved in phosphate metabolism, is required for adaptation to stress and fitness in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Urrialde
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Prieto
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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170
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Significance of hyphae formation in virulence of Candida tropicalis and transcriptomic analysis of hyphal cells. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:65-72. [PMID: 27664724 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the proportion of Candida tropicalis in clinical isolates has significantly increased. Some C. tropicalis strains colonize the skin or mucosal surfaces as commensals; others trigger invasive infection. To date, the pathogenicity of C. tropicalis has not been thoroughly researched. This study reports several virulence factors, including biofilm and hyphae formation, proteinase, phospholipase, lipase and hemolytic activity, in 52 clinical isolates of C. tropicalis collected from five hospitals in four provinces of China. Some C. tropicalis tended to produce more hyphae than others in the same circumstance. Six C. tropicalis strains with different morphologies were injected into mice via the tail vein, and the survival proportions and fungal burdens of the strains were evaluated. Hyphal production by C. tropicalis was associated with stronger virulence. RNA sequencing revealed that C. tropicalis with more hyphae up-regulated several genes involved in morphological differentiation and oxidative response, including IF2, Atx1, and Sod2. It appears that hyphal formation plays a vital role in the pathogenicity of C. tropicalis, and interacts with the oxidative stress response to strengthen the organism's virulence.
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171
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Braunsdorf C, Mailänder-Sánchez D, Schaller M. Fungal sensing of host environment. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1188-200. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Braunsdorf
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Tübingen; Liebermeisterstr. 25 Tübingen Germany
| | - D. Mailänder-Sánchez
- Department of Internal Medicine I; University Hospital Tübingen; Otfried-Müller-Straße 10 72076 Tübingen
| | - M. Schaller
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Tübingen; Liebermeisterstr. 25 Tübingen Germany
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172
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Bachtiar EW, Dewiyani S, Surono Akbar SM, Bachtiar BM. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm development by unencapsulated Enterococcus faecalis cps2. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:323-330. [PMID: 30894991 PMCID: PMC6395282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose In the oral environment, Candida albicans interacts with many bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis. We investigated the susceptibility of C. albicans biofilm development to the presence of unencapsulated E. faecalis cps2 in comparison with reference strains (E. faecalis ATCC 29212) or their respective spent medium (collected at 6 hours). Material and methods Crystal violet stain was used to measure the total biofilm mass, whereas quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the change in expression of the mRNA of hypha morphology (ALS1 and ALS3) and biofilm maturation (EFB1). Results At the intermediate stage, C. albicans resisted the presence of each E. faecalis strain tested and their spent medium. However, at the maturation stage, the unencapsulated strain was stronger in reducing C. albicans biofilms than the reference strain (P < 0.05). At this maturation stage, the transcription levels of each gene tested decreased in the presence of either E. faecalis strains or their respective spent medium. The unencapsulated strain was more pronounced in reducing ALS1/ALS3 expression, whereas the respective spent medium had a similar capability to restrict the expression of EFB1. Conclusion This study showed, the unencapsulated strain is more effective in inhibiting C. albicans biofilm development compared with the reference strains. In contrast, the secreted molecules produced by each strain tested are necessary in controlling the growths of C. albicans biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sari Dewiyani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Prof. Dr. Mostoepo, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti M Surono Akbar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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173
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Effect of Nitric Oxide on the Antifungal Activity of Oxidative Stress and Azoles Against Candida albicans. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:214-218. [PMID: 27570314 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small molecule with a wide range of biological activities in mammalian and bacteria. However, the role of NO in fungi, especially Candida albicans, is not clear. In this study, we confirmed the generation of endogenous NO in C. albicans, and found that the production of endogenous NO in C. albicans was associated with nitric oxide synthase pathway. Our results further indicated that the production of endogenous NO in C. albicans was reduced under oxidative stress such as menadione or H2O2 treatment. Meanwhile, exogenous NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), synergized with H2O2 against C. albicans. Interestingly, SNP could inhibit the antifungal effect of azoles against C. albicans in vitro, suggesting that NO might be involved in the resistance of C. albicans to antifungals. Collectively, this study demonstrated the production of endogenous NO in C. albicans, and indicated that NO may play an important role in the response of C. albicans to oxidative stress and azoles.
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174
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Mechanisms Underlying the Delayed Activation of the Cap1 Transcription Factor in Candida albicans following Combinatorial Oxidative and Cationic Stress Important for Phagocytic Potency. mBio 2016; 7:e00331. [PMID: 27025253 PMCID: PMC4817257 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00331-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Following phagocytosis, microbes are exposed to an array of antimicrobial weapons that include reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cationic fluxes. This is significant as combinations of oxidative and cationic stresses are much more potent than the corresponding single stresses, triggering the synergistic killing of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans by “stress pathway interference.” Previously we demonstrated that combinatorial oxidative plus cationic stress triggers a dramatic increase in intracellular ROS levels compared to oxidative stress alone. Here we show that activation of Cap1, the major regulator of antioxidant gene expression in C. albicans, is significantly delayed in response to combinatorial stress treatments and to high levels of H2O2. Cap1 is normally oxidized in response to H2O2; this masks the nuclear export sequence, resulting in the rapid nuclear accumulation of Cap1 and the induction of Cap1-dependent genes. Here we demonstrate that following exposure of cells to combinatorial stress or to high levels of H2O2, Cap1 becomes trapped in a partially oxidized form, Cap1OX-1. Notably, Cap1-dependent gene expression is not induced when Cap1 is in this partially oxidized form. However, while Cap1OX-1 readily accumulates in the nucleus and binds to target genes following high-H2O2 stress, the nuclear accumulation of Cap1OX-1 following combinatorial H2O2 and NaCl stress is delayed due to a cationic stress-enhanced interaction with the Crm1 nuclear export factor. These findings define novel mechanisms that delay activation of the Cap1 transcription factor, thus preventing the rapid activation of the stress responses vital for the survival of C. albicans within the host. Combinatorial stress-mediated synergistic killing represents a new unchartered area in the field of stress signaling. This phenomenon contrasts starkly with “stress cross-protection,” where exposure to one stress protects against subsequent exposure to a different stress. Previously we demonstrated that the pathogen Candida albicans is acutely sensitive to combinations of cationic and oxidative stresses, because the induction of H2O2-responsive genes is blocked in the presence of cationic stress. We reveal that this is due to novel mechanisms that delay activation of the Cap1 AP-1-like transcription factor, the major regulator of the H2O2-induced regulon. Cap1 becomes trapped in a partially oxidized form following simultaneous exposure to oxidative and cationic stresses. In addition, cationic stress promotes the interaction of Cap1 with the Crm1 nuclear export factor, thus inhibiting its nuclear accumulation. These mechanisms probably explain the potency of neutrophils, which employ multiple stresses to kill fungal pathogens.
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175
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Feldman M, Ginsburg I, Al-Quntar A, Steinberg D. Thiazolidinedione-8 Alters Symbiotic Relationship in C. albicans-S. mutans Dual Species Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:140. [PMID: 26904013 PMCID: PMC4748032 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecule, thiazolidinedione-8 (S-8) was shown to impair biofilm formation of various microbial pathogens, including the fungus Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Previously, we have evaluated the specific molecular mode of S-8 action against C. albicans biofilm-associated pathogenicity. In this study we investigated the influence of S-8 on dual species, C. albicans-S. mutans biofilm. We show that in the presence of S-8 a reduction of the co-species biofilm formation occurred with a major effect on C. albicans. Biofilm biomass and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were significantly reduced by S-8. Moreover, the agent caused oxidative stress associated with a strong induction of reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide uptake inhibition by a mixed biofilm. In addition, S-8 altered symbiotic relationship between these species by a complex mechanism. Streptococcal genes associated with quorum sensing (QS) (comDE and luxS), EPS production (gtfBCD and gbpB), as well as genes related to protection against oxidative stress (nox and sodA) were markedly upregulated by S-8. In contrast, fungal genes related to hyphae formation (hwp1), adhesion (als3), hydrophobicity (csh1), and oxidative stress response (sod1, sod2, and cat1) were downregulated in the presence of S-8. In addition, ywp1 gene associated with yeast form of C. albicans was induced by S-8, which is correlated with appearance of mostly yeast cells in S-8 treated dual species biofilms. We concluded that S-8 disturbs symbiotic balance between C. albicans and S. mutans in dual species biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Isaac Ginsburg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Al-Quntar
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel; Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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176
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Kumar RS, Dananjaya SHS, De Zoysa M, Yang M. Enhanced antifungal activity of Ni-doped ZnO nanostructures under dark conditions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we synthesized undoped and Ni-doped ZnO nanoparticles by reflux method, and investigated their cytotoxicity behavior using human cells (HEp2 and HEK293T) and antifungal activity against pathogenic Candida albicans fungi in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Saravana Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - S. H. S. Dananjaya
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 34134
- South Korea
| | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Chungnam National University
- Daejeon 34134
- South Korea
| | - Minyang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
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177
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Aminoguanidine treatment increased NOX2 response in diabetic rats: Improved phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by neutrophils. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:83-91. [PMID: 26724393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that aminoguanidine (AMG), an inhibitor of protein glycation, increases the NOX2 (phagocyte NADPH oxidase) response and microbicidal activity by neutrophils, regardless of diabetic status. The non-enzymatic glycation of proteins, yielding irreversible advanced glycation end products (AGEs), is involved in the development of diabetes complications, including alterations of signaling pathways and the generation of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes. The phagocytes produce ROS (reactive oxygen species) through activation of the NOX2 complex, which generates superoxide. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hyperglycemia and the glycation of proteins on the NOX2 activity of neutrophils and its implications for cellular physiology, with a focus on the microbicidal activity of these cells. We treated diabetic rats with AMG and evaluated neutrophil ROS generation and Candida albicans killing ability. We observed a large increase in the microbicidal activity of peritoneal neutrophils from AMG-treated rats. The increase was independent of diabetic status and myeloperoxidase activity. Collectively, our results suggest that AMG has an immunomodulator role that triggers an increase in the microbicidal response of neutrophils mainly related to reactive oxygen species production by NOX2.
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178
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Li L, Naseem S, Sharma S, Konopka JB. Flavodoxin-Like Proteins Protect Candida albicans from Oxidative Stress and Promote Virulence. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005147. [PMID: 26325183 PMCID: PMC4556627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans causes lethal systemic infections in humans. To better define how pathogens resist oxidative attack by the immune system, we examined a family of four Flavodoxin-Like Proteins (FLPs) in C. albicans. In agreement with previous studies showing that FLPs in bacteria and plants act as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductases, a C. albicans quadruple mutant lacking all four FLPs (pst1Δ, pst2Δ, pst3Δ, ycp4Δ) was more sensitive to benzoquinone. Interestingly, the quadruple mutant was also more sensitive to a variety of oxidants. Quinone reductase activity confers important antioxidant effects because resistance to oxidation was restored in the quadruple mutant by expressing either Escherichia coli wrbA or mammalian NQO1, two distinct types of quinone reductases. FLPs were detected at the plasma membrane in C. albicans, and the quadruple mutant was more sensitive to linolenic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid that can auto-oxidize and promote lipid peroxidation. These observations suggested that FLPs reduce ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), enabling it to serve as an antioxidant in the membrane. In support of this, a C. albicans coq3Δ mutant that fails to synthesize ubiquinone was also highly sensitive to oxidative stress. FLPs are critical for survival in the host, as the quadruple mutant was avirulent in a mouse model of systemic candidiasis under conditions where infection with wild type C. albicans was lethal. The quadruple mutant cells initially grew well in kidneys, the major site of C. albicans growth in mice, but then declined after the influx of neutrophils and by day 4 post-infection 33% of the mice cleared the infection. Thus, FLPs and ubiquinone are important new antioxidant mechanisms that are critical for fungal virulence. The potential of FLPs as novel targets for antifungal therapy is further underscored by their absence in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Shamoon Naseem
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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179
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Crawford A, Wilson D. Essential metals at the host-pathogen interface: nutritional immunity and micronutrient assimilation by human fungal pathogens. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov071. [PMID: 26242402 PMCID: PMC4629794 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to assimilate sufficient nutrients for growth within their hosts is a fundamental requirement for pathogenicity. However, certain trace nutrients, including iron, zinc and manganese, are actively withheld from invading pathogens in a process called nutritional immunity. Therefore, successful pathogenic species must have evolved specialized mechanisms in order to adapt to the nutritionally restrictive environment of the host and cause disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances which have been made in our understanding of fungal iron and zinc acquisition strategies and nutritional immunity against fungal infections, and explore the mechanisms of micronutrient uptake by human pathogenic fungi. The human body tightly sequesters essential micronutrients, restricting their access to invading microorganisms, and pathogenic species must counteract this action of ‘nutritional immunity’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Crawford
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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180
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Clemente AM, Rizzetto L, Castronovo G, Perissi E, Tanturli M, Cozzolino F, Cavalieri D, Fusi F, Cialdai F, Vignali L, Torcia MG, Monici M. Effects of near-infrared laser radiation on the survival and inflammatory potential of Candida spp. involved in the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1999-2007. [PMID: 26173694 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida spp. usually colonize ulcerative lesions of atrophic mucosa in patients with chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis inducing severe inflammation. The spread of antifungal-resistant strains strongly encouraged the search of complementary or alternative therapeutic strategies to cure inflamed mucosa. In this paper, we studied the effects of a near-infrared (NIR) laser system with dual-wavelength emission (808 nm + 904 nm) on the survival and inflammatory potential of C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis. Laser treatment was performed with a Multiwave Locked System laser. Survival and apoptosis of fungal strains were evaluated by colony-forming units (CFU) counting and annexin V staining. Cytokine production was evaluated by ImmunoPlex array. Laser treatment significantly affected the survival of Candida spp. by inducing apoptosis and induced a lower production of inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells compared to untreated fungi. No differences in the survival and inflammatory potential were recorded in treated or untreated Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, used as the control non-pathogenic microorganism. Laser treatment altered the survival and inflammatory potential of pathogenic Candida spp. These data provide experimental support to the use of NIR laser radiation as a co-adjuvant of antifungal therapy in patients with oral mucositis (OM) complicated by Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Clemente
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - L Rizzetto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - G Castronovo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - E Perissi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - M Tanturli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - F Cozzolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - D Cavalieri
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - F Fusi
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - F Cialdai
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - L Vignali
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
| | - M G Torcia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy.
| | - M Monici
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Research Division, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Firenze, Firenze, FI, Italy
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181
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Dutton LC, Paszkiewicz KH, Silverman RJ, Splatt PR, Shaw S, Nobbs AH, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF, Ramsdale M. Transcriptional landscape of trans-kingdom communication between Candida albicans and Streptococcus gordonii. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:136-61. [PMID: 26042999 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the transcriptional landscape of the pleiomorphic fungus Candida albicans is highly dependent upon growth conditions. Here using a dual RNA-seq approach we identified 299 C. albicans and 72 Streptococcus gordonii genes that were either upregulated or downregulated specifically as a result of co-culturing these human oral cavity microorganisms. Seventy-five C. albicans genes involved in responses to chemical stimuli, regulation, homeostasis, protein modification and cell cycle were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) upregulated, whereas 36 genes mainly involved in transport and translation were downregulated. Upregulation of filamentation-associated TEC1 and FGR42 genes, and of ALS1 adhesin gene, concurred with previous evidence that the C. albicans yeast to hypha transition is promoted by S. gordonii. Increased expression of genes required for arginine biosynthesis in C. albicans was potentially indicative of a novel oxidative stress response. The transcriptional response of S. gordonii to C. albicans was less dramatic, with only eight S. gordonii genes significantly (P ≤ 0.05) upregulated at least two-fold (glpK, rplO, celB, rplN, rplB, rpsE, ciaR and gat). The expression patterns suggest that signals from S. gordonii cause a positive filamentation response in C. albicans, whereas S. gordonii appears to be transcriptionally less influenced by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Dutton
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K H Paszkiewicz
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - R J Silverman
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P R Splatt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - S Shaw
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A H Nobbs
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R J Lamont
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - H F Jenkinson
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M Ramsdale
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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182
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Liu S, Zhang XP, Han NN, Lv S, Xiong JY. Pretreatment with low dose etomidate prevents etomidate-induced rat adrenal insufficiency by regulating oxidative stress-related MAPKs and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:1212-1220. [PMID: 25989534 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Etomidate is frequently used as an anesthetic and sedation agent in the clinic setting. This study determined that a low-dose pre-infusion followed by a continuous dose infusion of etomidate could reduce etomidate-induced adrenal gland insufficiency. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were used, with six rats per group. Based on preliminary experiments, 0.6mg/kg etomidate was selected as the low dose for this study. Oxidative stress and apoptosis-related proteins in the adrenal glands were assayed using Western blot, and serum levels of CORT and 11β-hydroxylase were detected using ELISA. Pretreatment with a single bolus of low dose etomidate significantly increased the levels of CORT and 11β-hydroxylase as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) in the adrenal glands, but reduced nitric oxide (NO) production when compared to the positive group. Furthermore, Western blot data showed that pretreatment with low dose etomidate increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), CREB and bcl-2 activation, but suppressed the p-p38, c-JunN-terminal kinase (JNK), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cleaved-caspase3, cleaved-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), bax, and AKT activation. The ERK inhibitor PD98059 and the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 abolished the protective effect of low dose etomidate pretreatment. These data demonstrated that pretreatment with low dose etomidate attenuated etomidate-induced adrenal insufficiency to rat adrenal glands. Oxidative stress-related MAPKs and apoptosis proteins might be responsible for mediating the etomidate preconditioning effect in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Na-Na Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Shen Lv
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China
| | - Jun-Yu Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116027, China.
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