151
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Gorberg V, McCaffery P, Anavi-Goffer S. Different responses of repetitive behaviours in juvenile and young adult mice to Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol may affect decision making for Tourette syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:614-625. [PMID: 33125731 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Medicinal cannabis is in increasing use by patients with Tourette syndrome, a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects about 1% of the general population and has a childhood onset. However, the pharmacological effects of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 -THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have not been systematically screened or compared between juvenile and young adult rodents in a model of Tourette syndrome. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The administration of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) increases head twitch response (HTR) and ear scratch response (ESR) and has been proposed as an animal model useful to respectively study motor tics and premonitory urges associated with tic disorders. KEY RESULTS Comparing the potency of Δ9 -THC to inhibit DOI-induced repetitive behaviours, the rank order was ESR > grooming > HTR versus ESR = grooming > HTR in young adult versus juvenile mice. Δ9 -THC (5 mg·kg-1 ) induced severe adverse effects in the form of cataleptic behaviour in control mice and significantly increased ESR in juveniles. The pharmacological effects of CBD have not been studied in models of Tourette syndrome. In juveniles, CBD had no effect on DOI-induced ESR and grooming behaviours. CBD alone induced side effects, significantly increasing the frequency of HTR in juveniles and young adults. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Δ9 -THC efficaciously reverses peripheral but not central motor tics. Δ9 -THC may reduce ambulatory movements and evoke premonitory urges in some paediatric patients. The small "therapeutic window" in juveniles suggests that CBD may not effectively treat motor tics in children and may even exacerbate tics in a population of patients with Tourette syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gorberg
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Peter McCaffery
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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152
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Correlation of gut microbiota and neurotransmitters in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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153
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Flaive A, Fougère M, van der Zouwen CI, Ryczko D. Serotonergic Modulation of Locomotor Activity From Basal Vertebrates to Mammals. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:590299. [PMID: 33224027 PMCID: PMC7674590 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.590299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 50 years, the serotonergic (5-HT) system was reported to exert a complex modulation of locomotor activity. Here, we focus on two key factors that likely contribute to such complexity. First, locomotion is modulated directly and indirectly by 5-HT neurons. The locomotor circuitry is directly innervated by 5-HT neurons in the caudal brainstem and spinal cord. Also, indirect control of locomotor activity results from ascending projections of 5-HT cells in the rostral brainstem that innervate multiple brain centers involved in motor action planning. Second, each approach used to manipulate the 5-HT system likely engages different 5-HT-dependent mechanisms. This includes the recruitment of different 5-HT receptors, which can have excitatory or inhibitory effects on cell activity. These receptors can be located far or close to the 5-HT release sites, making their activation dependent on the level of 5-HT released. Here we review the activity of different 5-HT nuclei during locomotor activity, and the locomotor effects of 5-HT precursors, exogenous 5-HT, selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), electrical or chemical stimulation of 5-HT neurons, genetic deletions, optogenetic and chemogenetic manipulations. We highlight both the coherent and controversial aspects of 5-HT modulation of locomotor activity from basal vertebrates to mammals. This mini review may hopefully inspire future studies aiming at dissecting the complex effects of 5-HT on locomotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Flaive
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Fougère
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre des Neurosciences de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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154
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Ge R, Dai Y. Three-Week Treadmill Exercise Enhances Persistent Inward Currents, Facilitates Dendritic Plasticity, and Upregulates the Excitability of Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons in ePet-EYFP Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:575626. [PMID: 33177992 PMCID: PMC7595958 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.575626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise plays a key role in preventing or treating mental or motor disorders caused by dysfunction of the serotonergic system. However, the electrophysiological and ionic channel mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of 3-week treadmill exercise on the electrophysiological and channel properties of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Serotonin (5-HT) neurons in ePet-EYFP mice, using whole-cell patch clamp recording. Treadmill exercise was induced in ePet-EYFP mice of P21–24 for 3 weeks, and whole-cell patch clamp recording was performed on EYFP-positive 5-HT neurons from DRN slices of P42–45 mice. Experiment data showed that 5-HT neurons in the DRN were a heterogeneous population with multiple firing patterns (single firing, phasic firing, and tonic firing). Persistent inward currents (PICs) with multiple patterns were expressed in 5-HT neurons and composed of Cav1.3 (Ca-PIC) and sodium (Na-PIC) components. Exercise hyperpolarized the voltage threshold for action potential (AP) by 3.1 ± 1.0 mV (control: n = 14, exercise: n = 18, p = 0.005) and increased the AP amplitude by 6.7 ± 3.0 mV (p = 0.031) and firing frequency by more than 22% especially within a range of current stimulation stronger than 70 pA. A 3-week treadmill exercise was sufficient to hyperpolarize PIC onset by 2.6 ± 1.3 mV (control: −53.4 ± 4.7 mV, n = 28; exercise: −56.0 ± 4.7 mV, n = 25, p = 0.050) and increase the PIC amplitude by 28% (control: 193.6 ± 81.8 pA; exercise: 248.5 ± 105.4 pA, p = 0.038). Furthermore, exercise hyperpolarized Na-PIC onset by 3.8 ± 1.8 mV (control: n = 8, exercise: n = 9, p = 0.049) and increased the Ca-PIC amplitude by 23% (p = 0.013). The exercise-induced enhancement of the PIC amplitude was mainly mediated by Ca-PIC and hyperpolarization of PIC onset by Na-PIC. Moreover, exercise facilitated dendritic plasticity, which was shown as the increased number of branch points by 1.5 ± 0.5 (p = 0.009) and dendritic branches by 2.1 ± 0.6 (n = 20, p = 0.001) and length by 732.0 ± 100.1 μm (p < 0.001) especially within the range of 50–200 μm from the soma. Functional analysis suggested that treadmill exercise enhanced Na-PIC for facilitation of spike initiation and Ca-PIC for regulation of repetitive firing. We concluded that PICs broadly existed in DRN 5-HT neurons and could influence serotonergic neurotransmission in juvenile mice and that 3-week treadmill exercise induced synaptic adaptations, enhanced PICs, and thus upregulated the excitability of the 5-HT neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkai Ge
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, School of Communication and Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,School of Physical Education and Health Care, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, School of Communication and Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, School of Physical Education and Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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155
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Chen YJ, Liu YP. Early life social experience and adulthood impulsivity – Implications of central serotonergic system during development. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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156
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Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108271. [PMID: 32814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For over three-quarters of a century, organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have been ubiquitously used in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings and in public health programs to mitigate insect-borne diseases. Their broad-spectrum insecticidal effectiveness is accounted for by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyzes acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis, in the nervous system of insects. However, because AChE is evolutionarily conserved, OP insecticides are also toxic to mammals, including humans, and acute OP intoxication remains a major public health concern in countries where OP insecticide usage is poorly regulated. Environmental exposures to OP levels that are generally too low to cause marked inhibition of AChE and to trigger acute signs of intoxication, on the other hand, represent an insidious public health issue worldwide. Gestational exposures to OP insecticides are particularly concerning because of the exquisite sensitivity of the developing brain to these insecticides. The present article overviews and discusses: (i) the health effects and therapeutic management of acute OP poisoning during pregnancy, (ii) epidemiological studies examining associations between environmental OP exposures during gestation and health outcomes of offspring, (iii) preclinical evidence that OP insecticides are developmental neurotoxicants, and (iv) potential mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Understanding how gestational exposures to different levels of OP insecticides affect pregnancy and childhood development is critical to guiding implementation of preventive measures and direct research aimed at identifying effective therapeutic interventions that can limit the negative impact of these exposures on public health.
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157
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Jorgensen C, Wang Z. Hormonal Regulation of Mammalian Adult Neurogenesis: A Multifaceted Mechanism. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081151. [PMID: 32781670 PMCID: PMC7465680 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis—resulting in adult-generated functioning, integrated neurons—is still one of the most captivating research areas of neuroplasticity. The addition of new neurons in adulthood follows a seemingly consistent multi-step process. These neurogenic stages include proliferation, differentiation, migration, maturation/survival, and integration of new neurons into the existing neuronal network. Most studies assessing the impact of exogenous (e.g., restraint stress) or endogenous (e.g., neurotrophins) factors on adult neurogenesis have focused on proliferation, survival, and neuronal differentiation. This review will discuss the multifaceted impact of hormones on these various stages of adult neurogenesis. Specifically, we will review the evidence for hormonal facilitation (via gonadal hormones), inhibition (via glucocorticoids), and neuroprotection (via recruitment of other neurochemicals such as neurotrophin and neuromodulators) on newly adult-generated neurons in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jorgensen
- Behavioral Science Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuoxin Wang
- Psychology Department and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
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158
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Boddington R, Gómez Dunlop CA, Garnham LC, Ryding S, Abbey-Lee RN, Kreshchenko A, Løvlie H. The relationship between monoaminergic gene expression, learning, and optimism in red junglefowl chicks. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:901-911. [PMID: 32440792 PMCID: PMC7415762 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intra-species cognitive variation is commonly observed, but explanations for why individuals within a species differ in cognition are still understudied and not yet clear. Cognitive processes are likely influenced by genetic differences, with genes in the monoaminergic systems predicted to be important. To explore the potential role of these genes in association with individual variation in cognition, we exposed red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) chicks to behavioural assays measuring variation in learning (discriminative learning, reversal learning, and cognitive flexibility) and optimism (measured in a cognitive judgement bias test). Following this, we analysed prefrontal cortex gene expression of several dopaminergic and serotonergic genes in these chicks. Of our explored genes, serotonin receptor genes 5HT2A and 5HT2B, and dopaminergic receptor gene DRD1 were associated with measured behaviour. Chicks that had higher 5HT2A were less flexible in the reversal learning task, and chicks with higher 5HT2B also tended to be less cognitively flexible. Additionally, chicks with higher DRD1 were more optimistic, whilst chicks with higher 5HT2A tended to be less optimistic. These results suggest that the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems are linked to observed cognitive variation, and, thus, individual differences in cognition can be partially explained by variation in brain gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Boddington
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Clara A Gómez Dunlop
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Laura C Garnham
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Ryding
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robin N Abbey-Lee
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Kreshchenko
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hanne Løvlie
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
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159
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De Deurwaerdère P, Di Giovanni G. Serotonin in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103500. [PMID: 32429111 PMCID: PMC7278959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Journal of Molecular Sciences Special Issue "Serotonin in health and diseases" covers several aspects of the multiple and still mysterious functions of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT). 5-HT is neurotransmitter acting in the central nervous system (CNS), blood factor, and neurohormone controlling the function of several peripheral organs. Beyond its widespread implication in physiology, the 5-HT system is involved in numerous diseases of the CNS (e.g., depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorders, addiction, Parkinson's disease) and peripheral organs (e.g., gastrointestinal disorders, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension). The Special Issue includes 14 articles dealing with molecular and cellular effects of 5-HT in periphery and CNS, from functional aspects in lower animals to clinical practices. Beyond physiology, the Special Issue also covers the influence of 5-HT and its receptors in the mechanism of action of psychoactive molecules including antipsychotics, antidepressants, and drug of abuse. The recent progress made on the function and dysfunction of the 5-HT system will certainly increase the understanding of the widespread role of 5-HT ultimately leading to better apprehend its targeting in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR CNRS 5287, CEDEX F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (P.D.D.); (G.D.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080 Msida, Malta
- School of Biosciences, Neuroscience Division, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Correspondence: (P.D.D.); (G.D.G.)
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160
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Deryabina IB, Andrianov VV, Muranova LN, Bogodvid TK, Gainutdinov KL. Effects of Thryptophan Hydroxylase Blockade by P-Chlorophenylalanine on Contextual Memory Reconsolidation after Training of Different Intensity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2087. [PMID: 32197439 PMCID: PMC7139692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The processes of memory formation and its storage are extremely dynamic. Therefore, the determination of the nature and temporal evolution of the changes that underlie the molecular mechanisms of retrieval and cause reconsolidation of memory is the key to understanding memory formation. Retrieval induces the plasticity, which may result in reconsolidation of the original memory and needs critical molecular events to stabilize the memory or its extinction. 4-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine (P-chlorophenylalanine-PCPA) depresses the most limiting enzyme of serotonin synthesis the tryptophan hydroxylase. It is known that PCPA reduces the serotonin content in the brain up to 10 times in rats (see Methods). We hypothesized that the PCPA could behave the similar way in snails and could reduce the content of serotonin in snails. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PCPA injection on contextual memory reconsolidation using a protein synthesis blocker in snails after training according to two protocols of different intensities. The results obtained in training according to the first protocol using five electrical stimuli per day for 5 days showed that reminding the training environment against the background of injection of PCPA led to a significant decrease in contextual memory. At the same time, the results obtained in training according to the second protocol using three electrical stimuli per day for 5 days showed that reminding the training environment against the injection of PCPA did not result in a significant change in contextual memory. The obtain results allowed us to conclude that the mechanisms of processes developed during the reconsolidation of contextual memory after a reminding depend both on the intensity of learning and on the state of the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina B. Deryabina
- Laboratory of Neuroreabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (I.B.D.); (V.V.A.); (L.N.M.); (T.K.B.)
| | - Viatcheslav V. Andrianov
- Laboratory of Neuroreabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (I.B.D.); (V.V.A.); (L.N.M.); (T.K.B.)
- Laboratory of Spin Physics and Spin Chemistry, Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420000 Kazan, Russia
| | - Lyudmila N. Muranova
- Laboratory of Neuroreabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (I.B.D.); (V.V.A.); (L.N.M.); (T.K.B.)
| | - Tatiana K. Bogodvid
- Laboratory of Neuroreabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (I.B.D.); (V.V.A.); (L.N.M.); (T.K.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420000 Kazan, Russia
| | - Khalil L. Gainutdinov
- Laboratory of Neuroreabilitation of Motor Disorders, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia; (I.B.D.); (V.V.A.); (L.N.M.); (T.K.B.)
- Laboratory of Spin Physics and Spin Chemistry, Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 420000 Kazan, Russia
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161
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Abstract
Neuropharmacological interventions in preclinical translational models of impulsivity have tremendously contributed to a better understanding of the neurochemistry and neural basis of impulsive behaviour. In this regard, much progress has been made over the last years, also due to the introduction of novel techniques in behavioural neuroscience such as optogenetics and chemogenetics. In this chapter, we will provide an update of how the behavioural pharmacology field has progressed and built upon existing data since an earlier review we wrote in 2008. To this aim, we will first give a brief background on preclinical translational models of impulsivity. Next, recent interesting evidence of monoaminergic modulation of impulsivity will be highlighted with a focus on the neurotransmitters dopamine and noradrenaline. Finally, we will close the chapter by discussing some novel directions and drug leads in the neuropharmacological modulation of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Pattij
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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