151
|
Mineharu Y, Muhammad AKMG, Yagiz K, Candolfi M, Kroeger KM, Xiong W, Puntel M, Liu C, Levy E, Lugo C, Kocharian A, Allison JP, Curran MA, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Gene therapy-mediated reprogramming tumor infiltrating T cells using IL-2 and inhibiting NF-κB signaling improves the efficacy of immunotherapy in a brain cancer model. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:827-43. [PMID: 22996231 PMCID: PMC3480576 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated gene therapy using adenovirus expressing Flt3 ligand and thymidine kinase followed by ganciclovir administration (Flt3/TK) effectively elicits tumor regression in preclinical glioma models. Herein, we assessed new strategies to optimize Flt3L/TK therapeutic efficacy in a refractory RG2 orthotopic glioblastoma model. Specifically, we aimed to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of Flt3L/TK treatment in the RG2 model by overexpressing the following genes within the brain tumor microenvironment: 1) a TK mutant with enhanced cytotoxicity (SR39 mutant TK), 2) Flt3L-IgG fusion protein that has a longer half-life, 3) CD40L to stimulate DC maturation, 4) T helper cell type 1 polarizing dendritic cell cytokines interleukin-12 or C-X-C motif ligand 10 chemokine (CXCL)-10, 5) C-C motif ligand 2 chemokine (CCL2) or C-C motif ligand 3 chemokine (CCL3) to enhance dendritic cell recruitment into the tumor microenvironment, 6) T helper cell type 1 cytokines interferon-γ or interleukin-2 to enhance effector T-cell functions, and 7) IκBα or p65RHD (nuclear factor kappa-B [NF-κB] inhibitors) to suppress the function of Foxp3+ Tregs and enhanced effector T-cell functions. Anti-tumor immunity and tumor specific effector T-cell functions were assessed by cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay and intracellular IFN-γ staining. Our data showed that overexpression of interferon-γ or interleukin-2, or inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-B within the tumor microenvironment, enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses and successfully extended the median survival of rats bearing intracranial RG2 when combined with Flt3L/TK. These findings indicate that enhancement of T-cell functions constitutes a critical therapeutic target to overcome immune evasion and enhance therapeutic efficacy for brain cancer. In addition, our study provides novel targets to be used in combination with immune-therapeutic strategies for glioblastoma, which are currently being tested in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mineharu
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - AKM Ghulam Muhammad
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kader Yagiz
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kurt M. Kroeger
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Weidong Xiong
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Eva Levy
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Claudia Lugo
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Adrina Kocharian
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - James P. Allison
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Michael A. Curran
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650 USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650 USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0650 USA
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Urry Z, Chambers ES, Xystrakis E, Dimeloe S, Richards DF, Gabryšová L, Christensen J, Gupta A, Saglani S, Bush A, O’Garra A, Brown Z, Hawrylowicz CM. The role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines in the promotion of distinct Foxp3+ and IL-10+ CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2697-708. [PMID: 22903229 PMCID: PMC3471131 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α25VitD3) has potent immunomodulatory properties. We have previously demonstrated that 1α25VitD3 promotes human and murine IL-10-secreting CD4(+) T cells. Because of the clinical relevance of this observation, we characterized these cells further and investigated their relationship with Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. 1α25VitD3 increased the frequency of both Foxp3(+) and IL-10(+) CD4(+) T cells in vitro. However, Foxp3 was increased at high concentrations of 1α25VitD3 and IL-10 at more moderate levels, with little coexpression of these molecules. The Foxp3(+) and IL-10(+) T-cell populations showed comparable suppressive activity. We demonstrate that the enhancement of Foxp3 expression by 1α25VitD3 is impaired by IL-10. 1α25VitD3 enables the selective expansion of Foxp3(+) Treg cells over their Foxp3(-) T-cell counterparts. Equally, 1α25VitD3 maintains Foxp3(+) expression by sorted populations of human and murine Treg cells upon in vitro culture. A positive in vivo correlation between vitamin D status and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells in the airways was observed in a severe pediatric asthma cohort, supporting the in vitro observations. In summary, we provide evidence that 1α25VitD3 enhances the frequency of both IL-10(+) and Foxp3(+) Treg cells. In a translational setting, these data suggest that 1α25VitD3, over a broad concentration range, will be effective in enhancing the frequency of Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Urry
- MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Emma S. Chambers
- MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Xystrakis
- MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Dimeloe
- MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David F. Richards
- MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Leona Gabryšová
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, UK
| | - Jillian Christensen
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, UK
| | - Atul Gupta
- MRC and Asthma-UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, King’s College London, London, UK
- Imperial School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sejal Saglani
- Imperial School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bush
- Imperial School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anne O’Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, MRC National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, UK
| | - Zarin Brown
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
153
|
Van Belle TL, Dooms H, Boonefaes T, Wei XQ, Leclercq G, Grooten J. IL-15 augments TCR-induced CD4+ T cell expansion in vitro by inhibiting the suppressive function of CD25 High CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45299. [PMID: 23028916 PMCID: PMC3447928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its critical role in NK cell differentiation and CD8+ T cell homeostasis, the importance of IL-15 is more firmly established for cytolytic effectors of the immune system than for CD4+ T cells. The increased levels of IL-15 found in several CD4+ T cell-driven (auto-) immune diseases prompted us to examine how IL-15 influences murine CD4+ T cell responses to low dose TCR-stimulation in vitro. We show that IL-15 exerts growth factor activity on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in a TCR-dependent and Cyclosporin A-sensitive manner. In CD4+ T cells, IL-15 augmented initial IL-2-dependent expansion and once IL-15Rα was upregulated, IL-15 sustained the TCR-induced expression of IL-2/15Rβ, supporting proliferation independently of secreted IL-2. Moreover, IL-15 counteracts CD4+ T cell suppression by a gradually expanding CD25HighCD4+ T cell subset that expresses Foxp3 and originates from CD4+CD25+ Tregs. These in vitro data suggest that IL-15 may dramatically strengthen the T cell response to suboptimal TCR-triggering by overcoming an activation threshold set by Treg that might create a risk for autoimmune pathology.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-15 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-15 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom L. Van Belle
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JG); (TVB)
| | - Hans Dooms
- Arthritis Center/Rheumatology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tom Boonefaes
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiao-Qing Wei
- Tissue Engineering and Reparative Dentistry, Dental School, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Grooten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail: (JG); (TVB)
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Kulhankova K, Rouse T, Nasr ME, Field EH. Dendritic cells control CD4+CD25+ Treg cell suppressor function in vitro through juxtacrine delivery of IL-2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43609. [PMID: 22984435 PMCID: PMC3440416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) restrict inflammatory responses to self and nonself. Aberrant Treg activity is pathologic: Insufficient Treg activity is implicated in autoimmunity, allergy, and graft-versus-host-disease; overabundant activity is implicated in chronic infection and cancer. Tregs require IL-2 for their expansion and acquisition/execution of suppressor function; however, because Tregs cannot produce IL-2, they depend on IL-2 from an exogenous source. Until now, that IL-2 source had not been established. We asked whether dendritic cells (DCs) could supply IL-2 to Tregs and, if so, what was required for that delivery. We used flow cytometry, IL-2 ELISPOT, RT-qPCR, and IL-2 promoter-driven reporter assays to measure intracytoplasmic IL-2, secreted protein, IL-2 message and IL-2 promoter activity in bone marrow-derived (BMDC) and splenic DCs. We examined conjugate formation between Tregs, conventional CD4(+) cells, and IL-2-expressing DCs. We measured Treg levels of CD25, Foxp3, and suppressor function after co-culture with IL-2 sufficient and IL-2(-/-) DCs. We generated IL-2-mCherry-expressing DCs and used epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to track IL-2 transfer to Tregs and test requirements for transfer. Between 0.7 to 2.4% of DCs constitutively produced IL-2 and diverted IL-2 secretion to Tregs by preferentially forming conjugates with them. Uptake of DC IL-2 by Tregs required cell-cell contact and CD25. Tregs increased levels of CD25 and Foxp3 from baseline and showed greater suppressor function when co-cultured with IL-2-sufficient DCs, but not when co-cultured with IL-2(-/-) DCs. Exogenous IL-2, added in excess of 500 U/ml to co-cultures with IL-2(-/-) DCs, restored Treg suppressor function. These data support a model of juxtacrine delivery of IL-2 from DCs to Tregs and suggest that a subset of DCs modulates Treg function through controlled, spatial delivery of IL-2. Knowledge of how DCs regulate Tregs should be integrated into the design of interventions intended to alter Treg function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kulhankova
- Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Todd Rouse
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mohamed E. Nasr
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H. Field
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Yuan X, Malek TR. Cellular and molecular determinants for the development of natural and induced regulatory T cells. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:773-82. [PMID: 22659217 PMCID: PMC3410644 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of immune responses to self and foreign antigens is critically dependent on suppressive CD4(+) T cells characterized by expression of Foxp3. The large majority of regulatory T (Treg) cells develop in the thymus as a stable suppressive lineage. However, under the proper physiological conditions, conventional peripheral CD4(+) T lymphocytes also develop into Treg cells, particularly in the gut mucosa and inflammatory tissue sites. This review will focus on our current understanding of the immunological and molecular signals controlling the development of thymic derived natural (n)Treg and peripheral converted induced (i)Treg cells. Given the importance of Foxp3 in the development of these cells, particular attention is placed on how such signals are integrated to induce and maintain the expression of this signature transcriptional regulator of Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL 33136, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Isakson SH, Katzman SD, Hoyer KK. Spontaneous autoimmunity in the absence of IL-2 is driven by uncontrolled dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1585-93. [PMID: 22778392 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BALB/c IL-2-deficient (IL-2-KO) mice develop systemic autoimmunity, dying within 3 to 5 wk from complications of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Disease in these mice is Th1 mediated, and IFN-γ production is required for early autoimmunity. In this study, we show that dendritic cells (DCs) are required for optimal IFN-γ production by T cells in the IL-2-KO mouse. Disease is marked by DC accumulation, activation, and elevated production of Th1-inducing cytokines. IL-2-KO DCs induce heightened proliferation and cytokine production by naive T cells compared with wild-type DCs. The depletion of either conventional or plasmacytoid DCs significantly prolongs the survival of IL-2-KO mice, demonstrating that DCs contribute to the progression of autoimmunity. Elimination of Th1-inducing cytokine signals (type 1 IFN and IL-12) reduces RBC-specific Ab production and augments survival, indicating that cytokines derived from both plasmacytoid DCs and conventional DCs contribute to disease severity. DC activation likely precedes T cell activation because DCs are functionally activated even in an environment lacking overt T cell activation. These data indicate that both conventional and plasmacytoid DCs are critical regulators in the development of this systemic Ab-mediated autoimmune disease, in large part through the production of IL-12 and type 1 IFNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Isakson
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Polhill T, Zhang GY, Hu M, Sawyer A, Zhou JJ, Saito M, Webster KE, Wang Y, Wang Y, Grey ST, Sprent J, Harris DCH, Alexander SI, Wang YM. IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes induce regulatory T cell expansion and protect against proteinuric CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:1303-8. [PMID: 22677553 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) help protect against autoimmune renal injury. The use of agonist antibodies and antibody/cytokine combinations to expand Tregs in vivo may have therapeutic potential for renal disease. Here, we investigated the effects of administering IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes in mice with adriamycin nephropathy, a model of proteinuric kidney disease that resembles human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Injecting IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes before or, to a lesser extent, after induction of disease promoted expansion of Tregs. Furthermore, administration of this complex was renoprotective, evidenced by improved renal function, maintenance of body weight, less histologic injury, and reduced inflammation. IL-2/IL-2Ab reduced serum IL-6 and renal expression of IL-6 and IL-17 but enhanced expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 in the spleen. In vitro, the addition of IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes induced rapid STAT-5 phosphorylation in CD4 T cells. In summary, these data suggest that inducing the expansion of Tregs by administering IL-2/IL-2Ab complexes is a possible strategy to treat renal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Polhill
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
158
|
Abstract
Abstract
Modulation of regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression has important implications for vaccine development, the effectiveness of tumor surveillance, and the emergence of autoimmunity. We have previously shown that the cytokine IL-21 can counteract Treg suppression. However, whether this reflects an effect of IL-21 on Treg, conventional T cells, or antigen-presenting cells is not known. Here we have used lymphocyte populations from IL-21R–deficient mice to pinpoint which cell type needs to be targeted by IL-21 for Treg suppression to be overcome. We show that IL-21 counteracts suppression by acting on conventional T cells and that this is associated with inhibition of IL-2 production. Despite the lack of IL-2, conventional T-cell responses proceed unimpaired because IL-21 can substitute for IL-2 as a T cell growth factor. However, IL-21 is unable to substitute for IL-2 in supporting the Treg compartment. Thus, IL-21 signaling in conventional T cells indirectly impacts Treg homeostasis by decreasing IL-2 availability. These data demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-2 can have overlapping roles in promoting conventional T-cell responses but play distinct roles in controlling Treg homeostasis and function. The data also suggest a new paradigm whereby cytokines can promote immunity by inhibiting IL-2.
Collapse
|
159
|
Altin JA, Goodnow CC, Cook MC. IL-10+ CTLA-4+ Th2 inhibitory cells form in a Foxp3-independent, IL-2-dependent manner from Th2 effectors during chronic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5478-88. [PMID: 22547705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated Th cells influence other T cells via positive feedback circuits that expand and polarize particular types of response, but little is known about how they may also initiate negative feedback against immunopathological reactions. In this study, we demonstrate the emergence, during chronic inflammation, of GATA-3(+) Th2 inhibitory (Th2i) cells that express high levels of inhibitory proteins including IL-10, CTLA-4, and granzyme B, but do so independently of Foxp3. Whereas other Th2 effectors promote proliferation and IL-4 production by naive T cells, Th2i cells suppress proliferation and IL-4 production. We show that Th2i cells develop directly from Th2 effectors, in a manner that can be promoted by effector cytokines including IL-2, IL-10, and IL-21 ex vivo and that requires T cell activation through CD28, Card11, and IL-2 in vivo. Formation of Th2i cells may act as an inbuilt activation-induced feedback inhibition mechanism against excessive or chronic Th2 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Altin
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Boyman O, Krieg C, Homann D, Sprent J. Homeostatic maintenance of T cells and natural killer cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1597-608. [PMID: 22460580 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis in the immune system encompasses the mechanisms governing maintenance of a functional and diverse pool of lymphocytes, thus guaranteeing immunity to pathogens while remaining self-tolerant. Antigen-naïve T cells rely on survival signals through contact with self-peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules plus interleukin (IL)-7. Conversely, antigen-experienced (memory) T cells are typically MHC-independent and they survive and undergo periodic homeostatic proliferation through contact with both IL-7 and IL-15. Also, non-conventional γδ T cells rely on a mix of IL-7 and IL-15 for their homeostasis, whereas natural killer cells are mainly dependent on contact with IL-15. Homeostasis of CD4(+) T regulatory cells is different in being chiefly regulated by contact with IL-2. Notably, increased levels of these cytokines cause expansion of responsive lymphocytes, such as found in lymphopenic hosts or following cytokine injection, whereas reduced cytokine levels cause a decline in cell numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Boyman
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
The role of interleukin-2 during homeostasis and activation of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:180-90. [PMID: 22343569 DOI: 10.1038/nri3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1131] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signals influence various lymphocyte subsets during differentiation, immune responses and homeostasis. As discussed in this Review, stimulation with IL-2 is crucial for the maintenance of regulatory T (T(Reg)) cells and for the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells into defined effector T cell subsets following antigen-mediated activation. For CD8(+) T cells, IL-2 signals optimize both effector T cell generation and differentiation into memory cells. IL-2 is presented in soluble form or bound to dendritic cells and the extracellular matrix. Use of IL-2 - either alone or in complex with particular neutralizing IL-2-specific antibodies - can amplify CD8(+) T cell responses or induce the expansion of the T(Reg) cell population, thus favouring either immune stimulation or suppression.
Collapse
|
162
|
Tischner D, Wiegers GJ, Fiegl H, Drach M, Villunger A. Mutual antagonism of TGF-beta and Interleukin-2 in cell survival and lineage commitment of induced regulatory T cells. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1277-87. [PMID: 22322859 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)- and Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-mediated signaling enables the generation and expansion of induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells that carry high hopes for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Knowledge about factors stabilizing their lineage commitment and lifespan, however, is limited. Here, we investigated the behavior of iTreg cells, derived from apoptosis-defective mouse mutants, during activated cell autonomous cell death, triggered by cytokine-deprivation, or activation-induced cell death (AICD) after restimulation of the T-cell receptor, and compared these responses with those of effector T cells. We observed that iTreg cells were much more sensitive to IL-2-deprivation but poorly susceptible to AICD. In fact, when apoptosis was compromised, T-cell receptor (TCR)-religation resulted in methylation-independent, ERK- and PI3K/mTOR-mediated loss of Foxp3 expression, impaired suppressive capacity and effector cytokine production. Although iTreg cells prevented colitis induction they rapidly lost Foxp3-GFP expression and gained ability to produce effector cytokines thereby imposing Th1 cell fate on resident effector cells. Surprisingly, iTreg cell conversion itself was limited by TGF-β-mediated Bim/Bcl2L11-dependent apoptosis. Hence, the very same cytokine that drives the generation of iTreg cells can trigger their demise. Our results provide novel insights in iTreg cell biology that will assist optimization of iTreg-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Tischner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
163
|
Wang X, Szymczak-Workman AL, Gravano DM, Workman CJ, Green DR, Vignali DAA. Preferential control of induced regulatory T cell homeostasis via a Bim/Bcl-2 axis. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e270. [PMID: 22318539 PMCID: PMC3288351 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis has an essential role in controlling T cell homeostasis, especially during the contraction phase of an immune response. However, its contribution to the balance between effector and regulatory populations remains unclear. We found that Rag1−/− hosts repopulated with Bim−/− conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconv) resulted in a larger induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) population than mice given wild-type (WT) Tconv. This appears to be due to an increased survival advantage of iTregs compared with activated Tconv in the absence of Bim. Downregulation of Bcl-2 expression and upregulation of Bim expression were more dramatic in WT iTregs than activated Tconv in the absence of IL-2 in vitro. The iTregs generated following Tconv reconstitution of Rag1−/− hosts exhibited lower Bcl-2 expression and higher Bim/Bcl-2 ratio than Tconv, which indicates that iTregs were in an apoptosis-prone state in vivo. A significant proportion of the peripheral iTreg pool exhibits low Bcl-2 expression indicating increased sensitivity to apoptosis, which may be a general characteristic of certain Treg subpopulations. In summary, our data suggest that iTregs and Tconv differ in their sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli due to their altered ratio of Bim/Bcl-2 expression. Modulating the apoptosis pathway may provide novel therapeutic approaches to alter the balance between effector T cells and Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Melve GK, Ersvssr E, Kittang AO, Bruserud O. The chemokine system in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation: a possible therapeutic target? Expert Rev Hematol 2012; 4:563-76. [PMID: 21939423 DOI: 10.1586/ehm.11.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Further improvements in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation will probably depend on a better balance between immunosuppression to control graft-versus-host disease and immunological reconstitution sufficient to ensure engraftment, reduction of infection-related mortality and maintenance of post-transplant antileukemic immune reactivity. The chemokine network is an important part of the immune system, and, in addition, CXCL12/CXCR4 seem to be essential for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced stem-cell mobilization. Partial ex vivo graft T-cell depletion based on the expression of specific chemokine receptors involved in T-cell recruitment to graft-versus-host disease target organs may also become a future therapeutic strategy; an alternative approach could be pharmacological inhibition (single-receptor inhibitors or dual-receptor inhibitors) in vivo of specific chemokine receptors involved in this T-cell recruitment. Future clinical studies should therefore be based on a better characterization of various immunocompetent cells, including their chemokine receptor profile, both in the allografts and during post-transplant reconstitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guro Kristin Melve
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Hippen KL, Riley JL, June CH, Blazar BR. Clinical perspectives for regulatory T cells in transplantation tolerance. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:462-8. [PMID: 21820917 PMCID: PMC3230779 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three main types of CD4+ regulatory T cells can be distinguished based upon whether they express Foxp3 and differentiate naturally in the thymus (natural Tregs) or are induced in the periphery (inducible Tregs); or whether they are FoxP3 negative but secrete IL-10 in response to antigen (Tregulatory type 1, Tr1 cells). Adoptive transfer of each cell type has proven highly effective in mouse models at preventing graft vs. host disease (GVHD) and autoimmunity. Although clinical application was initially hampered by low Treg frequency and unfavorable ex vivo expansion properties, several phase I trials are now being conducted to assess their effect on GVHD following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and in type I diabetes. Human Treg trials for HSCT recipients have preceded other indications because GVHD onset is precisely known, the time period needed for prevention relatively short, initial efficacy is likely to provide life-long protection, and complications of GVHD can be lethal. This review will summarize the clinical trials conducted to date that have employed Tregs to prevent GVHD following HSCT and discuss recent advances in Treg cellular therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keli L. Hippen
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - James L. Riley
- Abramson Family Cancer Center Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Abramson Family Cancer Center Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Bruce R. Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Minneapolis, MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Wainwright DA, Sengupta S, Han Y, Lesniak MS. Thymus-derived rather than tumor-induced regulatory T cells predominate in brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1308-23. [PMID: 21908444 PMCID: PMC3223094 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant brain tumor with an average survival time of 15 months. Previously, we and others demonstrated that CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrate human GBM as well as mouse models that recapitulate malignant brain tumors. However, whether brain tumor-resident Tregs are thymus-derived natural Tregs (nTregs) or induced Tregs (iTregs), by the conversion of conventional CD4(+) T cells, has not been established. To investigate this question, we utilized the i.c. implanted GL261 cell-based orthotopic mouse model, the RasB8 transgenic astrocytoma mouse model, and a human GBM tissue microarray. We demonstrate that Tregs in brain tumors are predominantly thymus derived, since thymectomy, prior to i.c. GL261 cell implantation, significantly decreased the level of Tregs in mice with brain tumors. Accordingly, most Tregs in human GBM and mouse brain tumors expressed the nTreg transcription factor, Helios. Interestingly, a significant effect of the brain tumor microenvironment on Treg lineage programming was observed, based on higher levels of brain tumor-resident Tregs expressing glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD103 and lower levels of Tregs expressing CD62L and CD45RB compared with peripheral Tregs. Furthermore, there was a higher level of nTregs in brain tumors that expressed the proliferative marker Ki67 compared with iTregs and conventional CD4(+) T cells. Our study demonstrates that future Treg-depleting therapies should aim to selectively target systemic rather than intratumoral nTregs in brain tumor-specific immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/mortality
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/mortality
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Thymectomy
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
Collapse
|
167
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize studies on the development and function of T-regulatory (TR) cells in primary immune deficiencies (PIDs). RECENT FINDINGS PIDs are associated with high rates of autoimmunity. TR cells, which are critical to the control of autoimmunity, appear involved in the pathogenesis of PID-related autoimmunity. A number of PIDs, including Omenn's syndrome and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, have been associated with impaired production and/or function of thymus-derived (natural) TR cells. Recently defined primary immunodeficiencies, including Stim1 deficiency, IL-10 receptor deficiency, and xIAP deficiency, have been associated with defects in TR cells. De-novo generated TR cells from peripheral CD4 conventional T cells is impaired in the hyper IgE syndrome. SUMMARY Gene defects underlying PIDs may also compromise the TR cell, leading to breakdown of peripheral tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Verbsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Katzman SD, Hoyer KK, Dooms H, Gratz IK, Rosenblum MD, Paw JS, Isakson SH, Abbas AK. Opposing functions of IL-2 and IL-7 in the regulation of immune responses. Cytokine 2011; 56:116-21. [PMID: 21807532 PMCID: PMC3171642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the magnitude and quality of immune responses is dependent on the integration of multiple signals which typically operate through positive and negative feedback loops. Cytokines that promote or limit T cell expansion and differentiation are often both present in the complex lymphoid environment where antigen-initiated T cell responses take place. The nature and strength of the cytokine signal received by the responding cell, as well as by surrounding regulatory cells, will determine the extent of clonal expansion and the progression towards effector and memory cell differentiation. The mechanisms that determine how much cytokine is produced and how cytokine activities are controlled by receptor expression and intracellular regulators of signaling are not fully understood. Here we discuss the opposing functions of two members of the common receptor gamma chain (γc) cytokines, IL-2 and IL-7 in the generation and regulation of immune responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana D. Katzman
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Katrina K. Hoyer
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hans Dooms
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Iris K. Gratz
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Michael D. Rosenblum
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jonathan S. Paw
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sara H. Isakson
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Abul K. Abbas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Zhou L, Park JJ, Zheng Q, Dong Z, Mi Q. MicroRNAs are key regulators controlling iNKT and regulatory T-cell development and function. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:380-7. [PMID: 21822298 PMCID: PMC4012887 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of evolutionarily conserved, small, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate expression of their target genes. Emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs are important regulators that control the development, differentiation and function of different immune cells. Both CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are critical for immune homeostasis and play a pivotal role in the maintenance of self-tolerance and immunity. Here, we review the important roles of miRNAs in the development and function of iNKT and Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Henry Ford Immunology Program, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Tan W, Sunahori K, Zhao J, Deng Y, Kaufman KM, Kelly JA, Langefeld CD, Williams AH, Comeau ME, Ziegler JT, Marion MC, Bae SC, Lee JH, Lee JS, Chang DM, Song YW, Yu CY, Kimberly RP, Edberg JC, Brown EE, Petri MA, Ramsey-Goldman R, Vilá LM, Reveille JD, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Harley JB, Boackle SA, Stevens AM, Scofield RH, Merrill JT, Freedman BI, Anaya JM, Criswell LA, Jacob CO, Vyse TJ, Niewold TB, Gaffney PM, Moser KL, Gilkeson GS, Kamen DL, James JA, Grossman JM, Hahn BH, Tsokos GC, Tsao BP. Association of PPP2CA polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility in multiple ethnic groups. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2011; 63:2755-63. [PMID: 21590681 PMCID: PMC3163110 DOI: 10.1002/art.30452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) express increased amounts of PP2Ac, which contributes to decreased production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Because IL-2 is important in the regulation of several aspects of the immune response, it has been proposed that PP2Ac contributes to the expression of SLE. This study was designed to determine whether genetic variants of PPP2AC are linked to the expression of SLE and specific clinical manifestations and account for the increased expression of PP2Ac. METHODS We conducted a trans-ethnic study of 8,695 SLE cases and 7,308 controls of 4 different ancestries. Eighteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across PPP2CA were genotyped using an Illumina custom array. PPP2CA expression in SLE and control T cells was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A 32-kb haplotype comprising multiple SNPs of PPP2CA showed significant association with SLE in Hispanic Americans, European Americans, and Asians, but not in African Americans. Conditional analyses revealed that SNP rs7704116 in intron 1 showed consistently strong association with SLE across Asian, European American, and Hispanic American populations (odds ratio 1.3 [95% confidence interval 1.14-1.31], meta-analysis P=3.8×10(-7)). In European Americans, the largest ethnic data set studied, the risk A allele of rs7704116 was associated with the presence of renal disease, anti-double-stranded DNA, and anti-RNP antibodies. PPP2CA expression was ∼2-fold higher in SLE patients carrying the rs7704116 AG genotype than those carrying the GG genotype (P=0.007). CONCLUSION Our data provide the first evidence of an association between PPP2CA polymorphisms and elevated PP2Ac transcript levels in T cells, which implicates a new molecular pathway for SLE susceptibility in European Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Tan
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katsue Sunahori
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yun Deng
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Mary E. Comeau
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie T. Ziegler
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miranda C. Marion
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michelle A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Luis M. Vilá
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - John D. Reveille
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - John B. Harley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anne M. Stevens
- University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kathy L. Moser
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Diane L. Kamen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Judith A. James
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Bevra H. Hahn
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Moon EK, Carpenito C, Sun J, Wang LCS, Kapoor V, Predina J, Powell DJ, Riley JL, June CH, Albelda SM. Expression of a functional CCR2 receptor enhances tumor localization and tumor eradication by retargeted human T cells expressing a mesothelin-specific chimeric antibody receptor. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4719-30. [PMID: 21610146 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes or genetically-modified T cells has yielded dramatic results in some cancers. However, T cells need to traffic properly into tumors to adequately exert therapeutic effects. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The chemokine CCL2 was highly secreted by malignant pleural mesotheliomas (MPM; a planned tumor target), but the corresponding chemokine receptor (CCR2) was minimally expressed on activated human T cells transduced with a chimeric antibody receptor (CAR) directed to the MPM tumor antigen mesothelin (mesoCAR T cells). The chemokine receptor CCR2b was thus transduced into mesoCAR T cells using a lentiviral vector, and the modified T cells were used to treat established mesothelin-expressing tumors. RESULTS CCR2b transduction led to CCL2-induced calcium flux and increased transmigration, as well as augmentation of in vitro T-cell killing ability. A single intravenous injection of 20 million mesoCAR + CCR2b T cells into immunodeficient mice bearing large, established tumors (without any adjunct therapy) resulted in a 12.5-fold increase in T-cell tumor infiltration by day 5 compared with mesoCAR T cells. This was associated with significantly increased antitumor activity. CONCLUSIONS CAR T cells bearing a functional chemokine receptor can overcome the inadequate tumor localization that limits conventional CAR targeting strategies and can significantly improve antitumor efficacy in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Abstract
Signaling through the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) contributes to T-cell tolerance by controlling three important aspects of regulatory T-cell (Treg) biology. IL-2 is essential for thymic Treg development and regulates Treg homeostasis and suppressive function. Analogous to activated conventional T lymphocytes, IL-2R signaling also plays an important part in Treg cell growth, survival, and effector differentiation. However, Treg cells somewhat distinctively assimilate IL-2R signaling. In particular, Treg cells require essentially only IL-2-dependent receptor proximal signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) activation, as they contain inhibitory pathways to minimize IL-2R-dependent activation of the phosphatidyinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Moreover, many IL-2R-dependent activities, including full induction of Foxp3 expression, in Treg cells require minimal and transient Stat5 activation. Thus, Treg cells are equipped to sense and then develop and function within biological niches containing minimal IL-2. These distinguishing features of IL-2R signaling provide a mechanistic underpinning for using IL-2 as an agent to selectively target Treg cells in immunotherapy to induce tolerance in autoimmune diseases and in allogeneic transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Bour-Jordan H, Esensten JH, Martinez-Llordella M, Penaranda C, Stumpf M, Bluestone JA. Intrinsic and extrinsic control of peripheral T-cell tolerance by costimulatory molecules of the CD28/ B7 family. Immunol Rev 2011; 241:180-205. [PMID: 21488898 PMCID: PMC3077803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive and negative costimulation by members of the CD28 family is critical for the development of productive immune responses against foreign pathogens and their proper termination to prevent inflammation-induced tissue damage. In addition, costimulatory signals are critical for the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. This paradigm has been established in many animal models and has led to the development of immunotherapies targeting costimulation pathways for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disease, and allograft rejection. During the last decade, the complexity of the biology of costimulatory pathways has greatly increased due to the realization that costimulation does not affect only effector T cells but also influences regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Thus, costimulation controls T-cell tolerance through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In this review, we discuss the influence of costimulation on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of peripheral tolerance, with emphasis on members of the CD28 family, CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed death-1 (PD-1), as well as the downstream cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bour-Jordan
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0400, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Stagg J, Divisekera U, Duret H, Sparwasser T, Teng MWL, Darcy PK, Smyth MJ. CD73-deficient mice have increased antitumor immunity and are resistant to experimental metastasis. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2892-900. [PMID: 21292811 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CD73 is a cell-surface enzyme that suppresses immune responses by producing extracellular adenosine. In this study, we employed CD73 gene-targeted mice to investigate the role of host-derived CD73 on antitumor immunity and tumor cell metastasis. We found that CD73 ablation significantly suppressed the growth of ovalbumin-expressing MC38 colon cancer, EG7 lymphoma, AT-3 mammary tumors, and B16F10 melanoma. The protective effect of CD73 deficiency on primary tumors was dependent on CD8(+) T cells and associated with an increased frequency of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood and tumors and increased antigen-specific IFN-γ production. Replicate studies in bone marrow chimeras established that both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic expression of CD73 was important to promote tumor immune escape. Using adoptive reconstitution of T regulatory cell (Treg)-depleted DEREG (depletion of regulatory T cells) mice, we demonstrated that part of the protumorigenic effect of Tregs was dependent on their expression of CD73. CD73-deficient mice were also protected against pulmonary metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells after intravenous injection. Unexpectedly, we found that the prometastatic effect of host-derived CD73 was dependent on CD73 expression on nonhematopoietic cells. CD73 expression on nonhematopoietic cells, most likely endothelial cells, was critical for promoting lung metastasis in a manner independent from immunosuppressive effects. Notably, in vivo blockade of CD73 with a selective inhibitor or anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody significantly reduced tumor growth and metastasis of CD73-negative tumors. Taken together, our findings indicate that CD73 may be targeted at multiple levels to induce anticancer effects including at the level of tumor cells, Tregs, and nonhematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Stagg
- Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|