1951
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Kawakami Y, Ota J, Irie R, Komiya R, Inoue A, Yamagishi Y, Masuda Y. [Visualization of Contaminated Areas in the Inspection Room by CT Imaging Assuming COVID-19]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2020; 76:1080-1085. [PMID: 33087657 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2020_jsrt_76.10.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joji Ota
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital
| | - Ryosuke Irie
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital
| | - Ryota Komiya
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital
| | - Aki Inoue
- Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital
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1952
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Chellapandi P, Saranya S. Genomics insights of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) into target-based drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2020; 29:1777-1791. [PMID: 32837137 PMCID: PMC7394272 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is a global health emergency and no clinically approved vaccines or antiviral drugs available to date. Intensive research on SARS-CoV-2 is urgently warranted to understand its pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms and to discover target-based antiviral therapeutics. Among various research logics, current bioinformatics highlights novel testable hypotheses for systematic drug repositioning and designing against COVID-19. A total of 121 articles related to bioinformatics facets of this virus were collected from the PubMed Central. The content of each investigation was comprehensively reviewed, manually curated, and included herein. Interestingly, 109 COVID-19-related literature published in 2020 (January-June) were included in this review. The present article emphasizes novel resource development on its genome structure, evolution, therapeutic targets, drug designing, and drug repurposing strategies. Genome organization, the function of coding genes, origin, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is described in detail. Genomic insights into understanding the structure-function relationships of drug targets including spike, main protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed intensively. Several molecular docking and systems pharmacology approaches have been investigated some promising antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 based on its genomic characteristics, pathogenesis mechanism, and host specificity. Perhaps, the present genomic insights of this virus will provide a lead to the researchers to design or repurpose of antiviral drugs soon and future directions to control the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Chellapandi
- grid.411678.d0000 0001 0941 7660Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024 India
| | - S. Saranya
- grid.411678.d0000 0001 0941 7660Molecular Systems Engineering Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620024 India
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1953
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Yang LQ, Cao JM, Chen TW, Yang JQ, Mu QW. Concordance of Chest CT and Nucleic Acid Testing in Diagnosing Coronavirus Disease Outside its District of Origin (Wuhan, China). Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1910. [PMID: 32844955 PMCID: PMC7426597 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the concordance between CT and nucleic acid testing in diagnosing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outside its district of origin (Wuhan, China). METHODS Twenty-three consecutive patients with COVID-19, confirmed by nucleic acid testing, were enrolled from two designated hospitals outside the district of disease origin. We collected clinical, laboratory, and CT data and assessed the concordance between CT manifestations and nucleic acid test results by comparing the percentage of patients with and without abnormal CT findings. Furthermore, using Chi-square tests, we analyzed the differences in CT manifestations between patients with and without an exposure history or symptoms. RESULTS Multiple ground-glass opacities (GGOs), with or without consolidation, were observed on the initial CT scans of 19 patients (82.6%), whereas the remaining 4 (17.4%) showed no CT abnormalities, indicating that the initial chest CT findings were not entirely concordant with the nucleic acid test results in diagnosing COVID-19. Among the latter 4 patients, we observed multiple GGOs with and without consolidation in 2 patients on the follow-up chest CT scans taken on days 7 and 14 after admission, respectively. The remaining 2 patients showed no abnormalities on the follow-up CT scans. Furthermore, abnormal CT findings were found more frequently in patients who had been exposed to COVID-19 in its district of origin than in those who had not been exposed and in symptomatic patients than in asymptomatic patients (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with positive results on nucleic acid testing may or may not have the abnormal CT manifestations that are frequently found in symptomatic patients with a history of exposure to the district of COVID-19 origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qin Yang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiology, Nanchong Central Hospital/Second School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin-Ming Cao
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Radiology, Nanchong Central Hospital/Second School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian-Wu Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Jian-Qiong Yang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi-Wen Mu
- Department of Radiology, Nanchong Central Hospital/Second School of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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1954
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Sadeghi A, Eslami P, Dooghaie Moghadam A, Pirsalehi A, Shojaee S, Jalilian Khave L, Sanadgol G, Hasanzade T, Shirini D, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Abdi S, Zali MR. Risk factors related to liver injury in non-Intensive Care Unit admitted patients infected with COVID-19: A retrospective study of 102 patients. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2020; 11:520-526. [PMID: 33425269 PMCID: PMC7780867 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.11.0.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 targets the liver and there is no available data about liver injury due to mild to moderate form of COVID-19. In this study, we evaluated the risk factors associated with liver injury in NON-ICU admitted COVID-19 patients. METHODS in this retrospective study, 102 eligible adult participants admitted in the ward were included. The patients with previous history of liver disease were excluded. The patients with AST or ALT or bilirubin more than normal ranges were allocated in liver injury group and patients with normal ranges of them were categorized in non-liver injury. Characteristics and laboratory data were analyzed between these two groups. RESULTS The mean age of the population was 55.13± 17.02 years old. The most common symptom was fever (45.8%). The most frequent co-morbidity was hypertension (25%). 65 patients had liver injury (63.72%). CRP were significantly higher in liver injury group (P=0.01). Univariate analysis reported ALKP, and CRP was associated significantly with liver injury (P=0.04, OR= 1.003, Cl 95%= 1.000-1.007; P=0.03, OR= 1.009, Cl 95%= 1.000- 1.017, respectively). No independent factor was detected in multivariate analysis. Based on the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients CRP correlated significantly with AST (r=0.22, P=0.00). Moreover, neutrophil and CRP, correlated with ALT (r=0.01, P=0.90; r=0.23, P=0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION No independent factor was detected to predict liver injury chance due to COVID-19. However, CRP had a significant association with it. It appears that the role of inflammatory pathways in liver damage was due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Eslami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Dooghaie Moghadam
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pirsalehi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Shojaee
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya Jalilian Khave
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sanadgol
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taha Hasanzade
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dorsa Shirini
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Abdi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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1955
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Interaction between age and vitamin D deficiency in severe COVID-19 infection. NUTR HOSP 2020; 37:1039-1042. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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1956
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Gonçalves Júnior J, de Sales JP, Moreira MM, de Lima CKT, Rolim Neto ML. Spiritual Beliefs, Mental Health and the 2019 Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Outbreak: What Does Literature Have to Tell Us? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:570439. [PMID: 33192694 PMCID: PMC7661796 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.570439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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1957
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Ayyed AB. Dental Practice Infection Control Measurements: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreaks. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 13:279-283. [PMID: 32904057 PMCID: PMC7450185 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus disease called COVID-19 has been considered to be a public health emergency of international apprehension by the WHO. This new disease includes multiple symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. The disease is mild in most people; however, in some patients, it may develop to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiple dysfunctions in the organs which may lead to death. There are two routes of transmission for this virus, the first route is the direct transmission, through cough or droplet inhalation, while the second route is through contact, for example, contact with oral and nasal mucous membranes; consequently, extensive and intensive measures should be taken to decrease the transmission of COVID-19 from person to person. Due to the nature of dental work and its procedures, the dental professionals are in a high risk of transmission. Hence, in this article, we wanted to highlight the clinical features, trajectories of spread, and infection control considerations to prevent and control the spread of this fatal disease.
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1958
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Perez MP. Is frailty and not chronological age the essential prognostic element in older patients with COVID-19? GERIATRICS, GERONTOLOGY AND AGING 2020. [DOI: 10.5327/z2447-2123202020v14n2edt1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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1959
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Mohammadi Barzelighi H, Daraei B, Dastan F. Approaches for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Pharmacologic View and Literature Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:258-281. [PMID: 33680028 PMCID: PMC7757982 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113821.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of a novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) inducing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was identified in Hubei province of China in December 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide as pandemic and became a public health concern. COVID-19 disease is caused by a new virus known as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), which has recently offered many challenges and efforts to identify effective drugs for its prevention and treatment. Currently, there is no proven effective approach and medication against this virus. Quickly expanding clinical trials and studies on Coronavirus disease 2019 increase our knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 virus and introduce several potential drugs targeting virus moiety or host cell elements. Overall, 3 stages were suggested for SARS-CoV-2 infection according to the disease severity, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes, including mild, moderate, and severe. This review aimed to classify and summarize several medications and potential therapies according to the disease 3 stages; however, it is worth noting that no medication and therapy has been effective so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Dastan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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1960
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Bahloul MA, Chahid A, Laleg-Kirati TM. Fractional-Order SEIQRDP Model for Simulating the Dynamics of COVID-19 Epidemic. IEEE OPEN JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1:249-256. [PMID: 35402939 PMCID: PMC8769029 DOI: 10.1109/ojemb.2020.3019758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, initially identified in the mainland of China, late December 2019. COVID-19 has been confirmed as a higher infectious disease that can spread quickly in a community population depending on the number of susceptible and infected cases and also depending on their movement in the community. Since January 2020, COVID-19 has reached out to many countries worldwide, and the number of daily cases remains to increase rapidly. Method: Several mathematical and statistical models have been developed to understand, track, and forecast the trend of the virus spread. Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Quarantined-Recovered-Death-Insusceptible (SEIQRDP) model is one of the most promising epidemiological models that has been suggested for estimating the transmissibility of the COVID-19. In the present study, we propose a fractional-order SEIQRDP model to analyze the COVID-19 pandemic. In the recent decade, it has proven that many aspects in many domains can be described very successfully using fractional order differential equations. Accordingly, the Fractional-order paradigm offers a flexible, appropriate, and reliable framework for pandemic growth characterization. In fact, due to its non-locality properties, a fractional-order operator takes into consideration the variables’ memory effect, and hence, it takes into account the sub-diffusion process of confirmed and recovered cases. Results–The validation of the studied fractional-order model using real COVID-19 data for different regions in China, Italy, and France show the potential of the proposed paradigm in predicting and understanding the pandemic dynamic. Conclusions: Fractional-order epidemiological models might play an important role in understanding and predicting the spread of the COVID-19, also providing relevant guidelines for controlling the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Bahloul
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences, and Engineering Division (CEMSE)King Abdullah University of Science, and Technology (KAUST)
| | - Abderrazak Chahid
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences, and Engineering Division (CEMSE)King Abdullah University of Science, and Technology (KAUST)
| | - Taous-Meriem Laleg-Kirati
- Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences, and Engineering Division (CEMSE)King Abdullah University of Science, and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
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1961
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Pelaia C, Tinello C, Vatrella A, De Sarro G, Pelaia G. Lung under attack by COVID-19-induced cytokine storm: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2020; 14:1753466620933508. [PMID: 32539627 PMCID: PMC7298425 DOI: 10.1177/1753466620933508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a key target of the cytokine storm that can be triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the widespread clinical syndrome known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indeed, in some patients, SARS-CoV-2 promotes a dysfunctional immune response that dysregulates the cytokine secretory pattern. Hypercytokinemia underlies the hyperinflammatory state leading to injury of alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells, as well as to lung infiltration sustained by neutrophils and macrophages. Within such a pathogenic context, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines/chemokines play a pivotal pro-inflammatory role. Therefore, cytokines and their receptors, as well as cytokine-dependent intracellular signalling pathways can be targeted by potential therapies aimed to relieve the heavy burden of cytokine storm. In particular, the anti-IL-6-receptor monoclonal antibody tocilizumab is emerging as one of the most promising pharmacologic treatments. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Health Sciences,
University ‘Magna Graecia’ of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Calabria,
Italy
| | - Caterina Tinello
- Pediatrics Unit, Provincial Outpatient
Center of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Calabria, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and
Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Campania, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Sciences,
University ‘Magna Graecia’ of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Calabria,
Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Campus Universitario ‘Salvatore
Venuta’, Viale Europa – Località Germaneto, Catanzaro, 88100,
Italy
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1962
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Gupta P, Goyal K, Kanta P, Ghosh A, Singh MP. Novel 2019-coronavirus on new year's Eve. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:459-477. [PMID: 32436867 PMCID: PMC7836853 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An ongoing apocalyptic outbreak of a new virus causing pneumonia-like clusters in Wuhan city, China, has gleamed the world. The outbreak, confirmed on the New Year's Eve 2020, has known no boundaries since then. The number has surpassed that of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and is uninterruptedly escalating. Being an RNA virus, it has a propensity to mutate due to the low proofreading capacity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Step-wise mutations have led to the gradual spillover of virus and after crossing the inter-species interface, the virus has adapted itself for a stable human-to-human transmission. The disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (CoV)-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can prove deadlier if the so-called 'super-spreading events' emerge with time. Recent research has shown the maximum homology of 99% of SARS-CoV-2 to pangolins associated coronavirus, owing to which these can serve as potential intermediate host. India is responding swiftly to the emergency situation, and the whole of the country is under lockdown since 25 March 2020, to ensure social distancing. All the international flights are padlocked and the travellers are being screened at airports and seaports via thermal sensors, and quarantine for a period of 14 days is recommended. Three hundred and forty-five patients across the country tested positive with six fatalities as of 22 March 2020. No specific anti-CoV drugs are currently available. Patients are being treated with protease drugs are inhibitors, remdesivir, chloroquine, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors, ivermectin, sarilumab and tocilizumab, though none of these is Food and Drug Administration approved and are undergoing trials. Preventive measures such as social distancing, quarantine, cough etiquettes, proper hand washing, cleaning and decontaminating the surfaces are the mainstay for curbing the transmission of this virus. The present review highlights the update of novel SARS-CoV-2 in context to the Indian scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakriti Gupta
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kapil Goyal
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Poonam Kanta
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P. Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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