2301
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Lambrecht J, Jan Poortmans P, Verhulst S, Reynaert H, Mannaerts I, van Grunsven LA. Circulating ECV-Associated miRNAs as Potential Clinical Biomarkers in Early Stage HBV and HCV Induced Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:56. [PMID: 28232800 PMCID: PMC5298975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus infection is associated with the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) toward a myofibroblastic phenotype, resulting in excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, the development of liver fibrosis, and its progression toward cirrhosis. The gold standard for the detection and staging of liver fibrosis remains the liver biopsy, which is, however, associated with some mild and severe drawbacks. Other non-invasive techniques evade these drawbacks, but lack inter-stage specificity and are unable to detect early stages of fibrosis. We investigated whether circulating vesicle-associated miRNAs can be used in the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis in HBV and HCV patients. Methods: Plasma samples were obtained from 14 healthy individuals and 39 early stage fibrotic patients (F0–F2) with chronic HBV or HCV infection who underwent transient elastography (Fibroscan). Extracellular vesicles were extracted from the plasma and the level of miRNA-122, -150, -192, -21, -200b, and -92a was analyzed by qRT-PCR in total plasma and circulating vesicles. Finally, these same miRNAs were also quantified in vesicles extracted from in vitro activating primary HSCs. Results: In total plasma samples, only miRNA-200b (HBV: p = 0.0384; HCV: p = 0.0069) and miRNA-122 (HBV: p < 0.0001; HCV: p = 0.0007) were significantly up-regulated during early fibrosis. In circulating vesicles, miRNA-192 (HBV: p < 0.0001; HCV: p < 0.0001), -200b (HBV: p < 0.0001; HCV: p < 0.0001), -92a (HBV: p < 0.0001; HCV: p < 0.0001), and -150 (HBV: p = 0.0016; HCV: p = 0.004) displayed a significant down-regulation in both HBV and HCV patients. MiRNA expression profiles in vesicles isolated from in vitro activating primary mouse HSCs resembled the miRNA expression profile in circulating vesicles. Conclusion: Our analysis revealed a distinct miRNA expression pattern in total plasma and its circulating vesicles. The expression profile of miRNAs in circulating vesicles of fibrotic patients suggests the potential use of these vesicle-associated miRNAs as markers for early stages of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joeri Lambrecht
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Jan Poortmans
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Reynaert
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrussels, Belgium
| | - Inge Mannaerts
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
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2302
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Vukman KV, Försönits A, Oszvald Á, Tóth EÁ, Buzás EI. Mast cell secretome: Soluble and vesicular components. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:65-73. [PMID: 28189858 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are multifunctional master cells implicated in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Their role has been best characterized in allergy and anaphylaxis; however, emerging evidences support their contribution to a wide variety of human diseases. Mast cells, being capable of both degranulation and subsequent recovery, have recently attracted substantial attention as also being rich sources of secreted extracellular vesicles (including exosomes and microvesicles). Along with secreted de novo synthesized soluble molecules and secreted preformed granules, the membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles represent a previously unexplored part of the mast cell secretome. In this review article we summarize available data regarding the different soluble molecules and membrane-enclosed structures secreted by mast cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the release mechanisms including degranulation, piecemeal degranulation, transgranulation, and secretion of different types of extracellular vesicles. Finally, we aim to give a summary of the known biological functions associated with the different mast cell-derived secretion products. The increasingly recognized complexity of mast cell secretome may provide important novel clues to processes by which mast cells contribute to the development of different pathologies and are capable of orchestrating immune responses both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina V Vukman
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Försönits
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Oszvald
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Á Tóth
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzás
- Semmelweis University Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary.
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2303
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Dostert G, Mesure B, Menu P, Velot É. How Do Mesenchymal Stem Cells Influence or Are Influenced by Microenvironment through Extracellular Vesicles Communication? Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:6. [PMID: 28224125 PMCID: PMC5293793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in cell therapy and tissue engineering thanks to their self-renewal, their multipotency, and their immunomodulatory properties that make them an attractive tool for regenerative medicine. A large part of MSCs positive effects is due to their secretion products which participate in creating a favorable microenvironment and closely relate these cells to other cell types. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) belong to cellular secretions. They are produced by cells continuously or after stimulation (e.g., calcium flux, cellular stress) and act in tissue homeostasis and intercellular communication. The understanding of the role of EVs is growing, more particularly their impact on cell migration, differentiation, or immunomodulation. EVs derived from MSCs show these interesting properties that may be considered in therapeutics, although they can have adverse effects by facilitating cancer propagation. Moreover, MSC behavior may also be influenced (proliferation, differentiation) by EVs derived from other donor cells. The aim of this mini review is to summarize the two-way communication between MSCs and other cell types, and how they can affect each other with their microenvironment through EVs. On the one hand, the manuscript presents the influence of MSC-derived EVs on diverse recipient cells and on the other hand, the effects of EVs derived from various donor cells on MSCs. The discrepancies between cancer cells and MSCs communication according to the sources of MSCs but also the tumor origins are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dostert
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Benjamin Mesure
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Menu
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Émilie Velot
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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2304
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Ranghino A, Bruno S, Bussolati B, Moggio A, Dimuccio V, Tapparo M, Biancone L, Gontero P, Frea B, Camussi G. The effects of glomerular and tubular renal progenitors and derived extracellular vesicles on recovery from acute kidney injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:24. [PMID: 28173878 PMCID: PMC5297206 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and renal stem/progenitors improve the recovery of acute kidney injury (AKI) mainly through the release of paracrine mediators including the extracellular vesicles (EVs). Several studies have reported the existence of a resident population of MSCs within the glomeruli (Gl-MSCs). However, their contribution towards kidney repair still remains to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether Gl-MSCs and Gl-MSC-EVs promote the recovery of AKI induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in SCID mice. Moreover, the effects of Gl-MSCs and Gl-MSC-EVs were compared with those of CD133+ progenitor cells isolated from human tubules of the renal cortical tissue (T-CD133+ cells) and their EVs (T-CD133+-EVs). Methods IRI was performed in mice by clamping the left renal pedicle for 35 minutes together with a right nephrectomy. Immediately after reperfusion, the animals were divided in different groups to be treated with: Gl-MSCs, T-CD133+ cells, Gl-MSC-EVs, T-CD133+-EVs or vehicle. To assess the role of vesicular RNA, EVs were either isolated by floating to avoid contamination of non-vesicles-associated RNA or treated with a high dose of RNase. Mice were sacrificed 48 hours after surgery. Results Gl-MSCs, and Gl-MSC-EVs both ameliorate kidney function and reduce the ischemic damage post IRI by activating tubular epithelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, T-CD133+ cells, but not their EVs, also significantly contributed to the renal recovery after IRI compared to the controls. Floating EVs were effective while RNase-inactivated EVs were ineffective. Analysis of the EV miRnome revealed that Gl-MSC-EVs selectively expressed a group of miRNAs, compared to EVs derived from fibroblasts, which were biologically ineffective in IRI. Conclusions In this study, we demonstrate that Gl-MSCs may contribute in the recovery of mice with AKI induced by IRI primarily through the release of EVs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0478-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ranghino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino, 10126, Italy.
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Aldo Moggio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Dimuccio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Luigi Biancone
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Paolo Gontero
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Bruno Frea
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino, 10126, Italy
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2305
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The role of pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes in cancer progress and their potential application as biomarkers. Clin Transl Oncol 2017; 19:921-930. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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2306
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Cordonnier M, Chanteloup G, Isambert N, Seigneuric R, Fumoleau P, Garrido C, Gobbo J. Exosomes in cancer theranostic: Diamonds in the rough. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 11:151-163. [PMID: 28166442 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1250999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10 years, exosomes, which are small vesicles of 50-200 nm diameter of endosomal origin, have aroused a great interest in the scientific and clinical community for their roles in intercellular communication in almost all physiological and pathological processes. Most cells can potentially release these nanovesicles that share with the parent cell a similar lipid bilayer with transmembrane proteins and a panel of enclosed soluble proteins such as heat shock proteins and genetic material, thus acting as potential nanoshuttles of biomarkers. Exosomes surface proteins allow their targeting and capture by recipient cells, while the exosomes' content can modify the physiological state of recipient cells. Tumor derived exosomes by interacting with other cells of the tumor microenvironment modulate tumor progression, angiogenic switch, metastasis, and immune escape. Targeting tumor-derived exosomes might be an interesting approach in cancer therapy. Furthermore, because a key issue to improve cancer patients' outcome relies on earlier cancer diagnosis (metastases, as opposed to the primary tumor, are responsible for most cancer deaths) exosomes have been put forward as promising biomarker candidates for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This review summarizes the roles of exosomes in cancer and clinical interest, focusing on the importance of exosomal heat shock proteins (HSP). The challenges of clinical translation of HSP-exosomes as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for early cancer detection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Cordonnier
- a INSERM, UMR 866, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon , France.,b University of Burgundy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Dijon , France
| | - Gaëtan Chanteloup
- a INSERM, UMR 866, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon , France.,b University of Burgundy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Dijon , France
| | - Nicolas Isambert
- a INSERM, UMR 866, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon , France.,b University of Burgundy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Dijon , France.,c Department of Medical Oncology , Georges-François Leclerc Centre , Dijon , France
| | - Renaud Seigneuric
- a INSERM, UMR 866, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon , France.,b University of Burgundy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Dijon , France
| | - Pierre Fumoleau
- c Department of Medical Oncology , Georges-François Leclerc Centre , Dijon , France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- a INSERM, UMR 866, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon , France.,b University of Burgundy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Dijon , France.,c Department of Medical Oncology , Georges-François Leclerc Centre , Dijon , France.,d Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer , Paris , France
| | - Jessica Gobbo
- a INSERM, UMR 866, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC , Dijon , France.,b University of Burgundy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy , Dijon , France.,c Department of Medical Oncology , Georges-François Leclerc Centre , Dijon , France
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2307
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Nanoplasmonic Quantification of Tumor-derived Extracellular Vesicles in Plasma Microsamples for Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1. [PMID: 28791195 PMCID: PMC5543996 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-016-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of increasing interest as a resource of diagnostic biomarkers. However, most EV assays require large samples, are time-consuming, low-throughput and costly, and thus impractical for clinical use. Here, we describe a rapid, ultrasensitive and inexpensive nanoplasmon-enhanced scattering (nPES) assay that directly quantifies tumor-derived EVs from as little as 1 μL of plasma. The assay uses the binding of antibody-conjugated gold nanospheres and nanorods to EVs captured by EV-specific antibodies on a sensor chip to produce a local plasmon effect that enhances tumour-derived EV detection sensitivity and specificity. We identified a pancreatic cancer EV biomarker, ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2), and demonstrate that an nPES assay for EphA2-EVs distinguishes pancreatic cancer patients from pancreatitis patients and healthy subjects. EphA2-EVs were also informative in staging tumour progression and in detecting early responses to neoadjuvant therapy, with better performance than a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The nPES assay can be easily refined for clinical use, and readily adapted for diagnosis and monitoring of other conditions with disease-specific EV biomarkers.
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2308
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Abstract
Membrane vesicles released in the extracellular space are composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components. Extracellular vesicles include apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles (also known previously as microparticles). Originating from different subcellular compartments, the role of extracellular vesicles as regulators of transfer of biological information, acting locally and remotely, is now acknowledged. Circulating vesicles released from platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells contain potential valuable biological information for biomarker discovery in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Extracellular vesicles also accumulate in human atherosclerotic plaques, where they affect major biological pathways, including inflammation, proliferation, thrombosis, calcification, and vasoactive responses. Extracellular vesicles also recapitulate the beneficial effect of stem cells to treat cardiac consequences of acute myocardial infarction, and now emerge as an attractive alternative to cell therapy, opening new avenues to vectorize biological information to target tissues. Although interest in microvesicles in the cardiovascular field emerged about 2 decades ago, that for extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, started to unfold a decade ago, opening new research and therapeutic avenues. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in coronary artery disease, and their emerging potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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2309
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Sinha A, Alfaro J, Kislinger T. Characterization of Protein Content Present in Exosomes Isolated from Conditioned Media and Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 87:24.9.1-24.9.12. [PMID: 28150884 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells secrete biomolecules into the extracellular space as a way of intercellular communication. Secreted proteins can act as ligands that engage specific receptors-on the same cell, nearby cells, or distant cells-and induce defined signaling pathways. Proteins and other biomolecules can also be packaged as cargo molecules within vesicles that are released to the extracellular space (termed extracellular vesicles or EVs). A subclass of such EVs, exosomes have been shown to horizontally transfer information. In recent years, exosomes have sparked tremendous interest in biological research, both for the discovery of novel biomarkers and for the identification of signaling molecules, as part of their cargo. Although multiple methods have been described for the isolation of exosomes, described here is a simple differential centrifugation approach that is well suited for the isolation of exosomes from conditioned cell culture media and urine. Mass spectrometry provides an ideal method to comprehensively analyze the protein cargo of exosomes. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Sinha
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Alfaro
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2310
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Morelli AE, Bracamonte-Baran W, Burlingham WJ. Donor-derived exosomes: the trick behind the semidirect pathway of allorecognition. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 22:46-54. [PMID: 27898464 PMCID: PMC5407007 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The passenger leukocyte hypothesis predicts that after transplantation, donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from the graft present donor MHC molecules to directly alloreactive T cells in lymphoid organs. However, in certain transplantation models, recent evidence contradicts this long-standing concept. New findings demonstrate that host, instead of donor, APCs play a prominent role in allosensitization against donor MHC molecules via the semidirect pathway. A similar mechanism operates in development of T-cell split tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens. RECENT FINDINGS Following fully mismatch skin or heart transplantation in mice, no or extremely few donor migrating APCs (i.e. conventional dendritic cells) are detected in the draining lymphoid organs. Instead, recipient dendritic cells that have captured donor extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) carrying donor MHC molecules and APC costimulatory signals present donor MHC molecules to directly alloreactive T cells. This semidirect pathway can also give rise to a form of 'split' tolerance during chronic alloantigen exposure, as indirectly alloreactive T helper cells and directly alloreactive T-cell effectors are differentially impacted by host dendritic cells 'cross-dressed' with extracellular vesicles/exosomes derived from maternal microchimerism. SUMMARY Acquisition by recipient APCs of donor exosomes (and likely other extracellular vesicles) released by passenger leukocytes or the graft explains the potent T-cell allosensitization against donor MHC molecules, in the absence or presence of few passenger leukocytes in lymphoid organs. It also provides the basic mechanism and in-vivo relevance of the elusive semidirect pathway. Its degree of coordination with the allopeptide - specific, indirect pathway of T-cell help may determine whether semidirect allopresentation results in a sustained, effective, acute rejection response, or rather, in abortive acute rejection and 'split' tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Morelli
- aT.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bDivision of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland cDivision of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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2311
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Royo F, Palomo L, Mleczko J, Gonzalez E, Alonso C, Martínez I, Pérez-Cormenzana M, Castro A, Falcon-Perez JM. Metabolically active extracellular vesicles released from hepatocytes under drug-induced liver-damaging conditions modify serum metabolome and might affect different pathophysiological processes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 98:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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2312
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Hafiane A, Genest J. ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) mediates microparticle formation during high-density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 257:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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2313
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Blanc L, Vidal M. New insights into the function of Rab GTPases in the context of exosomal secretion. Small GTPases 2017; 9:95-106. [PMID: 28135905 PMCID: PMC5902209 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1264352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, extracellular vesicle-mediated communication between cells has become a major field in cell biology. However, the function of extracellular vesicles is far from clear, especially due to the disparity of released vesicles by cells. Basically, one must consider vesicles budding from the cell plasma membrane (ectosomes) and vesicles released upon fusion of an endosomal multivesicular compartment (exosomes). Moreover, even for exosomes, we report and discuss here the possibility that different routes regulated by specific Rab GTPases might produce exosomes having various biologic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Blanc
- a Laboratory of Developmental Erythropoiesis, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine , Manhasset , NY , USA
| | - Michel Vidal
- b UMR 5235, CNRS, Université Montpellier , cc107, Montpellier , France
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2314
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Abstract
Tumor extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, emerged as key drivers of the pro-tumorigenic dialog between the tumor mass and its microenvironment by mediating long and short distance communication. In vitro studies defined the capacity of tumor EVs to modify the phenotypes of stromal and tumor cells. These studies are now supported by a growing number of functional in vivo experiments. Remarkably, they allowed the identification of a new role for tumor EVs in priming the pre-metastatic niches (PMN). Several molecules transported in tumor EVs (RNAs and proteins) have recently been found to be essential for tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. In parallel, novel EV labeling and tracking strategies have very recently allowed the first descriptions of tumor EVs in vivo and pave the way for a better understanding of their function in realistic pathophysiological contexts. Here, we review the functional approaches and the recent progress in in vivo imaging of EVs, which have refined our understanding of the role played by tumor EVs. Finally, we emphasize the remaining challenges and open questions related to the biology of tumor EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hyenne
- a Inserm U1109, MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France.,e CNRS SNC5055 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Lefebvre
- a Inserm U1109, MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- a Inserm U1109, MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France
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2315
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Aqrawi LA, Galtung HK, Vestad B, Øvstebø R, Thiede B, Rusthen S, Young A, Guerreiro EM, Utheim TP, Chen X, Utheim ØA, Palm Ø, Jensen JL. Identification of potential saliva and tear biomarkers in primary Sjögren's syndrome, utilising the extraction of extracellular vesicles and proteomics analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:14. [PMID: 28122643 PMCID: PMC5264463 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a long-lasting need for non-invasive, more accurate diagnostic techniques when evaluating primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients. Incorporation of additional diagnostics involving screening for disease-specific biomarkers in biological fluid is a promising concept that requires further investigation. In the current study we aimed to explore novel disease biomarkers in saliva and tears from pSS patients. Methods Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed on stimulated whole saliva and tears from 27 pSS patients and 32 healthy controls, and salivary and tear proteomic biomarker profiles were generated. LC-MS was also combined with size exclusion chromatography to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) from both fluids. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was conducted on joint fractions from the saliva and tears to determine size distribution and concentration of EVs. Further EV characterisation was performed by immunoaffinity capture of CD9-positive EVs using magnetic beads, detected by flow cytometry. The LC-MS data were analysed for quantitative differences between patient and control groups using Scaffold, and the proteins were further analysed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), for gene ontology overrepresentation, and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins for protein-protein interaction network analysis. Results Upregulation of proteins involved in innate immunity (LCN2), cell signalling (CALM) and wound repair (GRN and CALML5) were detected in saliva in pSS. Saliva EVs also displayed biomarkers critical for activation of the innate immune system (SIRPA and LSP1) and adipocyte differentiation (APMAP). Tear analysis indicated overexpression of proteins involved in TNF-α signalling (CPNE1) and B cell survival (PRDX3). Moreover, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was upregulated in saliva and tears in pSS. Consistently, DAVID analysis demonstrated pathways of the adaptive immune response in saliva, of cellular component assembly for saliva EVs, and of metabolism and protein folding in tears in pSS patients. Conclusions LC-MS of saliva and tears from pSS patients, solely and in combination with size-exclusion chromatography allowed screening for possible novel biomarkers encompassing both salivary and lacrimal disease target organs. This approach could provide additional diagnostic accuracy in pSS, and could possibly also be applied for staging and monitoring the disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1228-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Aqrawi
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Beate Vestad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shermin Rusthen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alix Young
- Department of Cariology and Gerodontology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tor Paaske Utheim
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Dry Eye Clinic, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øygunn Aass Utheim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Palm
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janicke Liaaen Jensen
- Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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2316
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A Comparative Study of Serum Exosome Isolation Using Differential Ultracentrifugation and Three Commercial Reagents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170628. [PMID: 28114422 PMCID: PMC5256994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a role in cell-to-cell signaling and serve as possible biomarkers. Isolating exosomes with reliable quality and substantial concentration is a major challenge. Our purpose is to compare the exosomes extracted by three different exosome isolation kits (miRCURY, ExoQuick, and Invitrogen Total Exosome Isolation Reagent) and differential ultracentrifugation (UC) using six different volumes of a non-cancerous human serum (5 ml, 1 ml, 500 μl, 250 μl, 100 μl, and 50 μl) and three different volumes (1 ml, 500 μl and 100 μl) of six individual commercial serum samples collected from human donors. The smaller starting volumes (100 μl and 50 μl) are used to mimic conditions of limited availability of heterogeneous biological samples. The isolated exosomes were characterized based upon size, quantity, zeta potential, CD63 and CD9 protein expression, and exosomal RNA (exRNA) quality and quantity using several complementary methods: nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) with ZetaView, western blot, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the Agilent Bioanalyzer system, and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Our NTA results showed that all isolation techniques produced exosomes within the expected size range (40–150 nm). The three kits, though, produced a significantly higher yield (80–300 fold) of exosomes as compared to UC for all serum volumes, except 5 mL. We also found that exosomes isolated by the different techniques and serum volumes had similar zeta potentials to previous studies. Western blot analysis and TEM immunogold labelling confirmed the expression of two common exosomal protein markers, CD63 and CD9, in samples isolated by all techniques. All exosome isolations yielded high quality exRNA, containing mostly small RNA with a peak between 25 and 200 nucleotides in size. ddPCR results indicated that exosomes isolated from similar serum volumes but different isolation techniques rendered similar concentrations of two selected exRNA: hsa-miR-16 and hsa-miR-451. In summary, the three commercial exosome isolation kits are viable alternatives to UC, even when limited amounts of biological samples are available.
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2317
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Systemic T Cells Immunosuppression of Glioma Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Is Mediated by Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169932. [PMID: 28107450 PMCID: PMC5249124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major contributing factor to glioma development and progression is its ability to evade the immune system. Nano-meter sized vesicles, exosomes, secreted by glioma-stem cells (GSC) can act as mediators of intercellular communication to promote tumor immune escape. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of GCS-derived exosomes on different peripheral immune cell populations. Healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with anti-CD3, anti-CD28 and IL-2, were treated with GSC-derived exosomes. Phenotypic characterization, cell proliferation, Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion and intracellular cytokine production were analysed by distinguishing among effector T cells, regulatory T cells and monocytes. In unfractionated PBMCs, GSC-derived exosomes inhibited T cell activation (CD25 and CD69 expression), proliferation and Th1 cytokine production, and did not affect cell viability or regulatory T-cell suppression ability. Furthermore, exosomes were able to enhance proliferation of purified CD4+ T cells. In PBMCs culture, glioma-derived exosomes directly promoted IL-10 and arginase-1 production and downregulation of HLA-DR by unstimulated CD14+ monocytic cells, that displayed an immunophenotype resembling that of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Mo-MDSCs). Importantly, the removal of CD14+ monocytic cell fraction from PBMCs restored T-cell proliferation. The same results were observed with exosomes purified from plasma of glioblastoma patients. Our results indicate that glioma-derived exosomes suppress T-cell immune response by acting on monocyte maturation rather than on direct interaction with T cells. Selective targeting of Mo-MDSC to treat glioma should be considered with regard to how immune cells allow the acquirement of effector functions and therefore counteracting tumor progression.
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2318
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Brisson AR, Tan S, Linares R, Gounou C, Arraud N. Extracellular vesicles from activated platelets: a semiquantitative cryo-electron microscopy and immuno-gold labeling study. Platelets 2017; 28:263-271. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1268255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain R. Brisson
- Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Romain Linares
- Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Céline Gounou
- Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Nicolas Arraud
- Extracellular Vesicles and Membrane Repair, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
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2319
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The release and trans-synaptic transmission of Tau via exosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:5. [PMID: 28086931 PMCID: PMC5237256 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tau pathology in AD spreads in a hierarchical pattern, whereby it first appears in the entorhinal cortex, then spreads to the hippocampus and later to the surrounding areas. Based on this sequential appearance, AD can be classified into six stages (“Braak stages”). The mechanisms and agents underlying the progression of Tau pathology are a matter of debate. Emerging evidence indicates that the propagation of Tau pathology may be due to the transmission of Tau protein, but the underlying pathways and Tau species are not well understood. In this study we investigated the question of Tau spreading via small extracellular vesicles called exosomes. Methods Exosomes from different sources were analyzed by biochemical methods and electron microscopy (EM) and cryo-EM. Microfluidic devices that allow the culture of cell populations in different compartments were used to investigate the spreading of Tau. Results We show that Tau protein is released by cultured primary neurons or by N2a cells overexpressing different Tau constructs via exosomes. Neuron-derived exosomal Tau is hypo-phosphorylated, compared with cytosolic Tau. Depolarization of neurons promotes release of Tau-containing exosomes, highlighting the importance of neuronal activity. Using microfluidic devices we show that exosomes mediate trans-neuronal transfer of Tau depending on synaptic connectivity. Tau spreading is achieved by direct transmission of exosomes between neurons. In organotypic hippocampal slices, Tau-containing exosomes in conditioned medium are taken up by neurons and microglia, not astrocytes. In N2a cells, Tau assemblies are released via exosomes. They can induce inclusions of other Tau molecules in N2a cells expressing mutant human Tau. We also studied exosomes from cerebrospinal fluid in AD and control subjects containing monomeric and oligomeric Tau. Split-luciferase complementation reveals that exosomes from CSF can promote Tau aggregation in cultured cells. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that exosomes contribute to trans-synaptic Tau transmission, and thus offer new approches to control the spreading of pathology in AD and other tauopathies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0143-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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2320
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Soung YH, Ford S, Zhang V, Chung J. Exosomes in Cancer Diagnostics. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010008. [PMID: 28085080 PMCID: PMC5295779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome derived extracellular vesicles of 30–120 nm size ranges. Exosomes have been identified as mediators of cell-to-cell communication by transferring bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and lipids into recipient cells. While exosomes are secreted by multiple cell types, cancer derived exosomes not only influence the invasive potentials of proximally located cells, but also affect distantly located tissues. Based on their ability to alter tumor microenvironment by regulating immunity, angiogenesis and metastasis, there has been growing interest in defining the clinical relevance of exosomes in cancers. In particular, exosomes are valuable sources for biomarkers due to selective cargo loading and resemblance to their parental cells. In this review, we summarize the recent findings to utilize exosomes as cancer biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis and therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hwa Soung
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Shane Ford
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Vincent Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Jun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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2321
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Choi D, Lee TH, Spinelli C, Chennakrishnaiah S, D'Asti E, Rak J. Extracellular vesicle communication pathways as regulatory targets of oncogenic transformation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:11-22. [PMID: 28077296 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of human cancers bridges intracellular oncogenic driver events and their impact on intercellular communication. Among multiple mediators of this 'pathological connectivity' the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their subsets (exosomes, ectosomes, oncosomes) is of particular interest for several reasons. The release of EVs from cancer cells represents a unique mechanism of regulated expulsion of bioactive molecules, a process that also mediates cell-to-cell transfer of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Biological effects of these processes have been implicated in several aspects of cancer-related pathology, including tumour growth, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, immunity and thrombosis. Notably, the emerging evidence suggests that oncogenic mutations may impact several aspects of EV-mediated cell-cell communication including: (i) EV release rate and protein content; (ii) molecular composition of cancer EVs; (iii) the inclusion of oncogenic and mutant macromolecules in the EV cargo; (iv) EV-mediated release of genomic DNA; (v) deregulation of mechanisms responsible for EV biogenesis (vesiculome) and (vi) mechanisms of EV uptake by cancer cells. Intriguingly, EV-mediated intercellular transfer of mutant and oncogenic molecules between subpopulations of cancer cells, their indolent counterparts and stroma may exert profound biological effects that often resemble (but are not tantamount to) oncogenic transformation, including changes in cell growth, clonogenicity and angiogenic phenotype, or cause cell stress and death. However, several biological barriers likely curtail a permanent horizontal transformation of normal cells through EV-mediated mechanisms. The ongoing analysis and targeting of EV-mediated intercellular communication pathways can be viewed as a new therapeutic paradigm in cancer, while the analysis of oncogenic cargo contained in EVs released from cancer cells into biofluids is being developed for clinical use as a biomarker and companion diagnostics. Indeed, studies are underway to further explore the multiple links between molecular causality in cancer and various aspects of cellular vesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsic Choi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Cristiana Spinelli
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Glen Site, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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2322
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Chauhan S, Danielson S, Clements V, Edwards N, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Fenselau C. Surface Glycoproteins of Exosomes Shed by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Contribute to Function. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:238-246. [PMID: 27728760 PMCID: PMC6127855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we use a proteomic strategy to identify glycoproteins on the surface of exosomes derived from myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and then test if selected glycoproteins contribute to exosome-mediated chemotaxis and migration of MDSCs. We report successful modification of a surface chemistry method for use with exosomes and identify 21 surface N-glycoproteins on exosomes released by mouse mammary carcinoma-induced MDSCs. These glycoprotein identities and functionalities are compared with 93 N-linked glycoproteins identified on the surface of the parental cells. As with the lysate proteomes examined previously, the exosome surface N-glycoproteins are primarily a subset of the glycoproteins on the surface of the suppressor cells that released them, with related functions and related potential as therapeutic targets. The "don't eat me" molecule CD47 and its binding partners thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) were among the surface N-glycoproteins detected. Functional bioassays using antibodies to these three molecules demonstrated that CD47, TSP1, and to a lesser extent SIRPα facilitate exosome-mediated MDSC chemotaxis and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara Chauhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Steven Danielson
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Virginia Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nathan Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Catherine Fenselau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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2323
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Menck K, Bleckmann A, Schulz M, Ries L, Binder C. Isolation and Characterization of Microvesicles from Peripheral Blood. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28117819 PMCID: PMC5408706 DOI: 10.3791/55057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including small endosomal-derived exosomes (Exos, diameter < 100 nm) and large plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs, diameter > 100 nm) is a fundamental cellular process that occurs in all living cells. These vesicles transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids specific for their cell of origin and in vitro studies have highlighted their importance as mediators of intercellular communication. EVs have been successfully isolated from various body fluids and especially EVs in blood have been identified as promising biomarkers for cancer or infectious diseases. In order to allow the study of MV subpopulations in blood, we present a protocol for the standardized isolation and characterization of MVs from peripheral blood samples. MVs are pelleted from EDTA-anticoagulated plasma samples by differential centrifugation and typically possess a diameter of 100 - 600 nm. Due to their larger size, they can easily be studied by flow cytometry, a technique that is routinely used in clinical diagnostics and available in most laboratories. Several examples for quality control assays of the isolated MVs will be given and markers that can be used for the discrimination of different MV subpopulations in blood will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Menck
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen;
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen
| | - Matthias Schulz
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen
| | - Lena Ries
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen
| | - Claudia Binder
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen
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2324
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicroscopic lipid vesicles secreted from cells and play significant roles in cell-to-cell communication by transporting varieties of cell signaling molecules like proteins, DNA, mRNA, and microRNA. Recent studies showed that EVs are highly correlated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, there are some difficulties in probing each vesicle using popular analytical methods because of their small sizes and heterogeneous origins. These obstacles may be overcome by using a novel approach that senses highly curved membrane and negatively charged membrane lipids. In this chapter, we highlight the basic biological concepts of EVs, isolation, and quantification methods, and recent advent of peptide probes for EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tamura
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - H Yin
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.
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2325
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Kowal EJK, Ter-Ovanesyan D, Regev A, Church GM. Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Analysis by Western Blotting. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1660:143-152. [PMID: 28828654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7253-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by mammalian cells and are thought to be important mediators of intercellular communication. There are many methods for isolating EVs from cell culture media, but the most popular methods involve purification based on ultracentrifugation . Here, we provide a detailed protocol for isolating EVs by differential ultracentrifugation and analyzing EV proteins (such as the tetraspanins CD9 , CD63 and CD81 ) by western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J K Kowal
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dmitry Ter-Ovanesyan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - George M Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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2326
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Abstract
A microcapillary chip-based particle electrophoresis system developed for characterizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) is described. So far, it is technologically difficult to analyze or identify a heterogeneous population of particles ranging from several tens to one hundred nanometers, and hence, there is a growing demand for a new analytical method of nanoparticles among researchers working on extracellular vesicles. The analytical platform presented in this chapter allows detection of individual nanoparticles or nanovesicles of less than 50 nm in diameter and enables the characterization of nanoparticles based on multiple indexes such as concentration, diameter, zeta potential, and surface antigenicity. This platform will provide a useful and easy-to-use solution for obtaining both quantitative and qualitative information on EV samples used in research and development of exosome biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Akagi
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takanori Ichiki
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
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2327
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Park Y. MicroRNA Exocytosis by Vesicle Fusion in Neuroendocrine Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:355. [PMID: 29312145 PMCID: PMC5743741 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression inside the cell. Extracellular circulating miRNAs are also observed outside the cell, but their origin is poorly understood. Recently, miRNA has been shown to be exocytosed by vesicle fusion; this observation demonstrates that vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells, in a manner similar to hormone secretion. miRNAs are stored in large dense-core vesicles together with catecholamines, then released by vesicle fusion in response to stimulation; in this way, vesicle-free miRNA may regulate cell-to-cell communication including the regulation of gene expression and cellular signaling. Therefore, miRNA has been suggested to function as a hormone; i.e., a ribomone (ribonucleotide + hormone). This review focuses on the mechanisms by which vesicle-free miRNAs are secreted from neuroendocrine cells and will discuss potential functions of vesicle-free miRNAs and how vesicle-free miRNAs regulate cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Yongsoo Park,
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2328
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Hurwitz SN, Meckes DG. An Adaptable Polyethylene Glycol-Based Workflow for Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1660:303-317. [PMID: 28828667 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7253-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes are endocytically derived nanovesicles expelled from cells that contain molecular information in the form of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Transfer of this information to other cells in local or distant microenvironments facilitates cell-to-cell communication. Importantly, diseased cells release exosomes containing specific cargo that may contribute to pathology and can be harnessed for diagnostic or prognostic use. The broad potential medical utility of exosomes has fueled rapidly expanding research on understanding the composition and functions of exosomes in normal and pathological conditions. Here, we provide a complete workflow for purifying exosome-sized vesicles from biological fluids for in-depth proteomic analyses. Moreover, this polyethylene glycol-based method is efficient, highly adaptable, and compatible with a variety of downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Hurwitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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2329
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Dinkins MB, Wang G, Bieberich E. Sphingolipid-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles and Alzheimer's Disease: A Decade of Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:757-768. [PMID: 27662306 PMCID: PMC5360538 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, have emerged in the last 10 years as a new player in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with high potential for being useful as a diagnostic and treatment tool. Exosomes and other EVs are enriched with the sphingolipid ceramide as well as other more complex glycosphingolipids such as gangliosides. At least a subpopulation of exosomes requires neutral sphingomyelinase activity for their biogenesis and secretion. As ceramide is often elevated in AD, exosome secretion may be affected as well. Here, we review the available data showing that exosomes regulate the aggregation and clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and discuss the differences in data from laboratories regarding Aβ binding, induction of aggregation, and glial clearance. We also summarize available data on the role of exosomes in extracellular tau propagation, AD-related exosomal mRNA/miRNA cargo, and the use of exosomes as biomarker and gene therapy vehicles for diagnosis and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Dinkins
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
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2330
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Sison EAR, Kurre P, Kim YM. Understanding the bone marrow microenvironment in hematologic malignancies: A focus on chemokine, integrin, and extracellular vesicle signaling. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 34:365-378. [PMID: 29211600 PMCID: PMC6516746 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1395938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling between leukemia cells and nonhematopoietic cells in the bone marrow microenvironment contributes to leukemia cell growth and survival. This complicated extrinsic mechanism of chemotherapy resistance relies on a number of pathways and factors, some of which have yet to be determined. Research on cell-cell crosstalk the bone marrow microenvironment in acute leukemia was presented at the 2016 annual Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia (TACL) investigator meeting. This review summarizes the mini-symposium proceedings and focuses on chemokine signaling via the cell surface receptor CXCR4, adhesion molecule signaling via integrin α4, and crosstalk between leukemia cells and the bone marrow microenvironment that is mediated through extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Kurre
- Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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2331
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Rinaldi C, Mäger I, Wood MJ. Proteostasis and Diseases of the Motor Unit. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:164. [PMID: 28082869 PMCID: PMC5187379 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation in neurons of aberrant protein species, the pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, results from a global impairment of key cellular processes governing protein synthesis/degradation and repair mechanisms, also known as the proteostasis network (PN). The growing number of connections between dysfunction of this intricate network of pathways and diseases of the motor unit, where both motor neurons and muscle are primarily affected, has provided momentum to investigate the muscle- and motor neuron-specific response to physiological and pathological stressors and to explore the therapeutic opportunities that manipulation of this process may offer. Furthermore, these diseases offer an unparalleled opportunity to deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the intertissue communication and transfer of signals of proteostasis. The most compelling aspect of these investigations is their immediate potential for therapeutic impact: targeting muscle to stem degeneration of the motor unit would represent a dramatic paradigm therapeutic shift for treating these devastating diseases. Here we will review the current state of the art of the research on the alterations of the PN in diseases of the motor unit and its potential to result in effective treatments for these devastating neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew J Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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2332
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Nager AR, Goldstein JS, Herranz-Pérez V, Portran D, Ye F, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Nachury MV. An Actin Network Dispatches Ciliary GPCRs into Extracellular Vesicles to Modulate Signaling. Cell 2016; 168:252-263.e14. [PMID: 28017328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signaling receptors dynamically exit cilia upon activation of signaling pathways such as Hedgehog. Here, we find that when activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) fail to undergo BBSome-mediated retrieval from cilia back into the cell, these GPCRs concentrate into membranous buds at the tips of cilia before release into extracellular vesicles named ectosomes. Unexpectedly, actin and the actin regulators drebrin and myosin 6 mediate ectosome release from the tip of cilia. Mirroring signal-dependent retrieval, signal-dependent ectocytosis is a selective and effective process that removes activated signaling molecules from cilia. Congruently, ectocytosis compensates for BBSome defects as ectocytic removal of GPR161, a negative regulator of Hedgehog signaling, permits the appropriate transduction of Hedgehog signals in Bbs mutants. Finally, ciliary receptors that lack retrieval determinants such as the anorexigenic GPCR NPY2R undergo signal-dependent ectocytosis in wild-type cells. Our data show that signal-dependent ectocytosis regulates ciliary signaling in physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Nager
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Jaclyn S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universitat de València, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, IIS Hospital La Fe-UVEG, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Didier Portran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universitat de València, CIBERNED, 46980 Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, IIS Hospital La Fe-UVEG, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maxence V Nachury
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5345, USA.
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2333
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Extracellular Vesicles and Autophagy in Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2428915. [PMID: 28078284 PMCID: PMC5203887 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2428915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a type of chronic joint disease that is characterized by the degeneration and loss of articular cartilage and hyperplasia of the synovium and subchondral bone. There is reasonable knowledge about articular cartilage physiology, biochemistry, and chondrocyte metabolism. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of OA remain unclear and need urgent clarification to guide the early diagnosis and treatment of OA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-linking particles that are released from cells. In recent decades, several special biological properties have been found in EV, especially in terms of cartilage. Autophagy plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. Likewise, more and more research has gradually focused on the effect of autophagy on chondrocyte proliferation and function in OA. The synthesis and release of EV are closely associated with autophagy. At the same time, both EV and autophagy play a role in OA development. Based on the mechanism of EV and autophagy in OA development, EV may be beneficial in the early diagnosis of OA; on the other hand, the combination of EV and autophagy-related regulatory drugs may provide insight into possible OA therapeutic strategies.
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2334
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Becker A, Thakur BK, Weiss JM, Kim HS, Peinado H, Lyden D. Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:836-848. [PMID: 27960084 PMCID: PMC5157696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1339] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication between tumor cells and stromal cells in local and distant microenvironments. Accordingly, EVs play an essential role in both primary tumor growth and metastatic evolution. EVs orchestrate multiple systemic pathophysiological processes, such as coagulation, vascular leakiness, and reprogramming of stromal recipient cells to support pre-metastatic niche formation and subsequent metastasis. Clinically, EVs may be biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cancer progression, particularly for predicting and preventing future metastatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Basant Kumar Thakur
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Pediatric Clinic III, University Clinic of Essen, Hufelandstrasse-55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Joshua Mitchell Weiss
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Han Sang Kim
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Departments of Internal Medicine, and Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hector Peinado
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA
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2335
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Hirsova P, Ibrahim SH, Verma VK, Morton LA, Shah VH, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ, Malhi H. Extracellular vesicles in liver pathobiology: Small particles with big impact. Hepatology 2016; 64:2219-2233. [PMID: 27628960 PMCID: PMC5115968 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-sized, membrane-bound vesicles released by cells into the extracellular milieu. EVs are now recognized to play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs contain important cargo in the form of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and serve as vectors for delivering this cargo from donor to acceptor or target cell. EVs are released under both physiologic and pathologic conditions, including liver diseases, and exert a wide range of effects on target cells. This review provides an overview on EV biogenesis, secretion, cargo, and target cell interactions in the context of select liver diseases. Specifically, the diverse roles of EVs in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholangiopathies, and hepatobiliary malignancies are emphasized. Liver diseases often result in an increased release of EVs and/or in different cargo sorting into these EVs. Either of these alterations can drive disease pathogenesis. Given this fact, EVs represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention in liver disorders. Because altered EV composition may reflect the underlying disease condition, circulating EVs can be exploited for diagnostic and prognostic purposes as a liquid biopsy. Furthermore, ex vivo modified or synthesized EVs can be engineered as therapeutic nano-shuttles. Finally, we highlight areas that merit further investigation relevant to understanding how EVs regulate liver disease pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2016;64:2219-2233).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Vikas K. Verma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Leslie A. Morton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Vijay H. Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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2336
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Katsiougiannis S, Chia D, Kim Y, Singh RP, Wong DTW. Saliva exosomes from pancreatic tumor-bearing mice modulate NK cell phenotype and antitumor cytotoxicity. FASEB J 2016; 31:998-1010. [PMID: 27895106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600984r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor exosomes are emerging as antitumor immunity regulators; however, their effects on secondary exosome secretion by distal organs have not been explored. We have previously demonstrated that suppression of exosomes at the distal tumor site of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) ablated the development of salivary biomarker profile. Here, we explore the function of salivary exosomes from tumor-bearing mice in immune surveillance. We provide evidence that salivary exosomes from mice with PDAC exhibit a suppressive effect that results in reduced tumor-killing capacity by NK cells. Salivary exosomes from mice with PDAC where pancreatic tumors were engineered to suppress exosome biogenesis failed to suppress NK cell cytotoxic potential against tumor cells, as opposed to salivary exosomes from mice with PDAC with normal tumor exosome biogenesis. These results reveal an important and previously unknown mechanism of antitumor immune regulation and provide new insights into our understanding of the alterations of this biofluid during tumor development.-Katsiougiannis, S., Chia, D., Kim, Y., Singh, R. P., Wong, D. T. W. Saliva exosomes from pancreatic tumor-bearing mice modulate NK cell phenotype and antitumor cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios Katsiougiannis
- Center for Oral/Head and Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Chia
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yong Kim
- Center for Oral/Head and Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Epigenetic Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ram P Singh
- Division of Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and.,Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David T W Wong
- Center for Oral/Head and Neck Oncology Research, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2337
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Greening DW, Xu R, Gopal SK, Rai A, Simpson RJ. Proteomic insights into extracellular vesicle biology - defining exosomes and shed microvesicles. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 14:69-95. [PMID: 27838931 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1260450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication, capable of regulating the transcriptional landscape of target cells through horizontal transmission of biological information, such as proteins, lipids, and RNA species. This capability highlights their potential as novel targets for disease intervention. Areas covered: This review focuses on the emerging importance of discovery proteomics (high-throughput, unbiased quantitative protein identification) and targeted proteomics (hypothesis-driven quantitative protein subset analysis) mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategies in EV biology, especially exosomes and shed microvesicles. Expert commentary: Recent advances in MS hardware, workflows, and informatics provide comprehensive, quantitative protein profiling of EVs and EV-treated target cells. This information is seminal to understanding the role of EV subtypes in cellular crosstalk, especially when integrated with other 'omics disciplines, such as RNA analysis (e.g., mRNA, ncRNA). Moreover, high-throughput MS-based proteomics promises to provide new avenues in identifying novel markers for detection, monitoring, and therapeutic intervention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Rong Xu
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Shashi K Gopal
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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2338
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Hyenne V, Labouesse M, Goetz JG. The Small GTPase Ral orchestrates MVB biogenesis and exosome secretion. Small GTPases 2016; 9:445-451. [PMID: 27875100 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1251378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are novel mediators of cell-cell communication. They are present in all species and involved in physiological and pathological processes. One class of extracellular vesicles, the exosomes, originate from an endosomal compartment, the MultiVesicular Body (MVB), and are released from the cell upon fusion of the MVB with the plasma membrane. Although different molecular mechanisms have been associated with MVB biogenesis and exosome secretion, how they coordinate remains poorly documented. We recently found that the small GTPase Ral contributes to exosome release in nematodes and mammalian tumor cells. More specifically, we found that C. elegans RAL-1 is required for the biogenesis of MVBs, and later for MVB fusion with the plasma membrane. Here, we discuss our results in relationship with other factors involved in extracellular vesicle production such as the ESCRT complex and Phospholipase 1D. We propose models to explain Ral function in exosome secretion, its conservation in animals, and its possible role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hyenne
- a Inserm U1109 , MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France.,e CNRS SNC5055 , Strasbourg , France
| | - Michel Labouesse
- f Sorbonne Universités , UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7622 - CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine , Paris , France
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- a Inserm U1109 , MN3T , Strasbourg , France.,b Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,c LabEx Medalis , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France.,d Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) , Strasbourg , France
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2339
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Haraszti RA, Didiot MC, Sapp E, Leszyk J, Shaffer SA, Rockwell HE, Gao F, Narain NR, DiFiglia M, Kiebish MA, Aronin N, Khvorova A. High-resolution proteomic and lipidomic analysis of exosomes and microvesicles from different cell sources. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:32570. [PMID: 27863537 PMCID: PMC5116062 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.32570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), are explored for use in diagnostics, therapeutics and drug delivery. However, little is known about the relationship of protein and lipid composition of EVs and their source cells. Here, we report high-resolution lipidomic and proteomic analyses of exosomes and MVs derived by differential ultracentrifugation from 3 different cell types: U87 glioblastoma cells, Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We identified 3,532 proteins and 1,961 lipid species in the screen. Exosomes differed from MVs in several different areas: (a) The protein patterns of exosomes were more likely different from their cells of origin than were the protein patterns of MVs; (b) The proteomes of U87 and Huh7 exosomes were similar to each other but different from the proteomes of MSC exosomes, whereas the lipidomes of Huh7 and MSC exosomes were similar to each other but different from the lipidomes of U87 exosomes; (c) exosomes exhibited proteins of extracellular matrix, heparin-binding, receptors, immune response and cell adhesion functions, whereas MVs were enriched in endoplasmic reticulum, proteasome and mitochondrial proteins. Exosomes and MVs also differed in their types of lipid contents. Enrichment in glycolipids and free fatty acids characterized exosomes, whereas enrichment in ceramides and sphingomyelins characterized MVs. Furthermore, Huh7 and MSC exosomes were specifically enriched in cardiolipins; U87 exosomes were enriched in sphingomyelins. This study comprehensively analyses the protein and lipid composition of exosomes, MVs and source cells in 3 different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka A Haraszti
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marie-Cecile Didiot
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Sapp
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - John Leszyk
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Fei Gao
- Berg LLC, Framingham, MA, USA
| | | | - Marian DiFiglia
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Neil Aronin
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA;
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA;
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2340
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Tannetta D, Collett G, Vatish M, Redman C, Sargent I. Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles - Circulating biopsies reflecting placental health. Placenta 2016; 52:134-138. [PMID: 27899180 PMCID: PMC5423500 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to directly monitor the status of the placenta throughout pregnancy would be a major advance in both general and personalized obstetric care, allowing treatments to be tailored to the dynamic changes that can occur in gestation. Syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles (STBEV) are membrane bound vesicles, released from the surface of the placenta directly into the maternal circulation, in the form of exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. They carry many syncytiotrophoblast derived factors such as proteins, lipids, glycans and nucleic acids, which together could dynamically signal to the mother the status of the placenta. We review STBEV research and discuss the potential for STBEV to be used as circulating syncytiotrophoblast biopsies, accessible via a simple blood sample throughout pregnancy, giving a real-time readout of syncytiotrophoblast health. We also highlight advances in the use of extracellular vesicles as circulating tumour derived biopsies in the field of cancer research, which could prove beneficial to obstetric care. Syncytiotrophoblast release extracellular vesicles (STBEV) directly into the maternal circulation, during normal pregnancy and in increased amounts in preeclampsia, in the form of exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. STBEV carry many syncytiotrophoblast derived factors such as proteins, lipids, glycans and nucleic acids, the composition of which can change with syncytiotrophoblast stress. Circulating STBEV are therefore placental “biopsies” accessible throughout gestation, giving a real-time readout of syncytiotrophoblast health. STBEV have great potential as biomarkers for monitoring heterogeneous syndromes such as PE and other forms of placental compromise/stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Tannetta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Gavin Collett
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Chris Redman
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ian Sargent
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Level 3, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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2341
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Membrane vesicles in sea water: heterogeneous DNA content and implications for viral abundance estimates. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 11:394-404. [PMID: 27824343 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diverse microbes release membrane-bound extracellular vesicles from their outer surfaces into the surrounding environment. Vesicles are found in numerous habitats including the oceans, where they likely have a variety of functional roles in microbial ecosystems. Extracellular vesicles are known to contain a range of biomolecules including DNA, but the frequency with which DNA is packaged in vesicles is unknown. Here, we examine the quantity and distribution of DNA associated with vesicles released from five different bacteria. The average quantity of double-stranded DNA and size distribution of DNA fragments released within vesicles varies among different taxa. Although some vesicles contain sufficient DNA to be visible following staining with the SYBR fluorescent DNA dyes typically used to enumerate viruses, this represents only a small proportion (<0.01-1%) of vesicles. Thus DNA is packaged heterogeneously within vesicle populations, and it appears that vesicles are likely to be a minor component of SYBR-visible particles in natural sea water compared with viruses. Consistent with this hypothesis, chloroform treatment of coastal and offshore seawater samples reveals that vesicles increase epifluorescence-based particle (viral) counts by less than an order of magnitude and their impact is variable in space and time.
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2342
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Ouyang Y, Bayer A, Chu T, Tyurin VA, Kagan VE, Morelli AE, Coyne CB, Sadovsky Y. Isolation of human trophoblastic extracellular vesicles and characterization of their cargo and antiviral activity. Placenta 2016; 47:86-95. [PMID: 27780544 PMCID: PMC5123854 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary human trophoblasts release a repertoire of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Among them are nano-sized exosomes, which we found to suppress the replication of a wide range of diverse viruses. These exosomes contain trophoblastic microRNAs (miRNAs) that are expressed from the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster and exhibit antiviral properties. Here, we report our investigation of the cargo of placental EVs, focusing on the composition and the antiviral properties of exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic blebs. METHODS We isolated EVs using ultracentrifugation and defined their purity using immunoblotting, electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking. We used liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, protein mass spectrometry, and miRNA TaqMan card PCR to examine the phospholipids, proteins, and miRNA cargo of trophoblastic EVs and an in vitro viral infection assay to assess the antiviral properties of EVs. RESULTS We found that all three EV types contain a comparable repertoire of miRNA. Interestingly, trophoblastic exosomes harbor a protein and phospholipid profile that is distinct from that of microvesicles or apoptotic blebs. Functionally, trophoblastic exosomes exhibit the highest antiviral activity among the EVs. Consistently, plasma exosomes derived from pregnant women recapitulate the antiviral effect of trophoblastic exosomes derived from in vitro cultures of primary human trophoblasts. DISCUSSION When compared to other trophoblastic EVs, exosomes exhibit a unique repertoire of proteins and phospholipids, but not miRNAs, and a potent viral activity. Our work suggests that human trophoblastic EVs may play a key role in maternal-placental-fetal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshi Ouyang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Avraham Bayer
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- T.E. Starzl Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Yoel Sadovsky
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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2343
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Benmoussa A, Lee CHC, Laffont B, Savard P, Laugier J, Boilard E, Gilbert C, Fliss I, Provost P. Commercial Dairy Cow Milk microRNAs Resist Digestion under Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions. J Nutr 2016; 146:2206-2215. [PMID: 27708120 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.237651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small, gene-regulatory noncoding RNA species present in large amounts in milk, where they seem to be protected against degradative conditions, presumably because of their association with exosomes. OBJECTIVE We monitored the relative stability of commercial dairy cow milk microRNAs during digestion and examined their associations with extracellular vesicles (EVs). METHODS We used a computer-controlled, in vitro, gastrointestinal model TNO intestinal model-1 (TIM-1) and analyzed, by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the concentration of 2 microRNAs within gastrointestinal tract compartments at different points in time. EVs within TIM-1 digested and nondigested samples were studied by immunoblotting, dynamic light scattering, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and density measurements. RESULTS A large quantity of dairy milk Bos taurus microRNA-223 (bta-miR-223) and bta-miR-125b (∼109-1010 copies/300 mL milk) withstood digestion under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions, with the stomach causing the most important decrease in microRNA amounts. A large quantity of these 2 microRNAs (∼108-109 copies/300 mL milk) was detected in the upper small intestine compartments, which supports their potential bioaccessibility. A protocol optimized for the enrichment of dairy milk exosomes yielded a 100,000 × g pellet fraction that was positive for the exosomal markers tumor susceptibility gene-101 (TSG101), apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and containing bta-miR-223 and bta-miR-125b. This approach, based on successive ultracentrifugation steps, also revealed the existence of ALIX-, HSP70-/low, and TSG101-/low EVs larger than exosomes and 2-6 times more enriched in bta-miR-223 and bta-miR-125b (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that commercial dairy cow milk contains numerous microRNAs that can resist digestion and are associated mostly with ALIX-, HSP70-/low, and TSG101-/low EVs. Our results support the existence of interspecies transfer of microRNAs mediated by milk consumption and challenge our current view of exosomes as the sole carriers of milk-derived microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Benmoussa
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Chan Ho C Lee
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Benoit Laffont
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Patricia Savard
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Laugier
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Eric Boilard
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Ismail Fliss
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
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2344
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Dismuke WM, Klingeborn M, Stamer WD. Mechanism of Fibronectin Binding to Human Trabecular Meshwork Exosomes and Its Modulation by Dexamethasone. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165326. [PMID: 27783649 PMCID: PMC5081181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are emerging as important mediators of cell-matrix interactions by means of specific adhesion proteins. Changes in the tissue-specific exosomal protein expression may underlie pathological conditions whereby extracellular matrix turnover and homeostasis is disrupted. Ocular hypertension due to extracellular matrix accumulation in the trabecular meshwork is a hallmark of glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma. In the trabecular meshwork, exosomal fibronectin mediates cell matrix interactions at cellular structures called “invadosomes”. Trabecular meshwork cells use invadosomes to turn over their surrounding matrix and maintain passageways for flow of aqueous humor. In this study, we observed that human trabecular meshwork explants treated with dexamethasone released exosomes with significantly reduced amounts of fibronectin bound per exosome. Further, we found that exosome-fibronectin binding is heparan sulfate-dependent, consistent with our observation that trabecular meshwork exosomes are enriched in the heparin/heparan sulfate binding annexins A2 and A6. In this way, dexamethasone-treated explants released exosomes with a significant reduction in annexin A2 and A6 per exosome. Interestingly, we did not detect exosomal matrix metalloproteinases, but we identified abundant dipeptidyl peptidase 4, a serine protease whose activity was reduced on exosomes isolated from dexamethasone-treated explants. Together, our findings demonstrate mechanistically how corticosteroid-induced alterations in exosomal adhesion cargo and properties can account for the pathological matrix accumulation seen in many glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Dismuke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mikael Klingeborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2345
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Seigneuric R, Garrido C. Editorial: Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Protocols, Models, and Clinical Evidence. Front Oncol 2016; 6:230. [PMID: 27826540 PMCID: PMC5078473 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Seigneuric
- LNC UMR866, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; LNC UMR866, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- LNC UMR866, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; LNC UMR866, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", Dijon, France; Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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2346
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Meehan B, Rak J, Di Vizio D. Oncosomes - large and small: what are they, where they came from? J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:33109. [PMID: 27680302 PMCID: PMC5040817 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.33109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Meehan
- Child Health and Human Development Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Experimental Medicine McGill University, Child Health and Human Development Program, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Dolores Di Vizio
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States;
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2347
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Nakai W, Yoshida T, Diez D, Miyatake Y, Nishibu T, Imawaka N, Naruse K, Sadamura Y, Hanayama R. A novel affinity-based method for the isolation of highly purified extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33935. [PMID: 27659060 PMCID: PMC5034288 DOI: 10.1038/srep33935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes and microvesicles serve as messengers of intercellular network, allowing exchange of cellular components between cells. EVs carry lipids, proteins, and RNAs derived from their producing cells, and have potential as biomarkers specific to cell types and even cellular states. However, conventional methods (such as ultracentrifugation or polymeric precipitation) for isolating EVs have disadvantages regarding purity and feasibility. Here, we have developed a novel method for EV purification by using Tim4 protein, which specifically binds the phosphatidylserine displayed on the surface of EVs. Because the binding is Ca2+-dependent, intact EVs can be easily released from Tim4 by adding Ca2+ chelators. Tim4 purification, which we have applied to cell conditioned media and biofluids, is capable of yielding EVs of a higher purity than those obtained using conventional methods. The lower contamination found in Tim4-purified EV preparations allows more EV-specific proteins to be detected by mass spectrometry, enabling better characterization and quantification of different EV populations’ proteomes. Tim4 protein can also be used as a powerful tool for quantification of EVs in both ELISA and flow cytometry formats. Thus, the affinity of Tim4 for EVs will find abundant applications in EV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nakai
- Laboratory of Immune Network, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Immune Network, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Diego Diez
- Quantitative Immunology Research Unit, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyatake
- Laboratory of Immune Network, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishibu
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., 6-1 Takada-Cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0963, Japan
| | - Naoko Imawaka
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., 6-1 Takada-Cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0963, Japan
| | - Ken Naruse
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., 6-1 Takada-Cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0963, Japan
| | - Yoshifusa Sadamura
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., 6-1 Takada-Cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-0963, Japan
| | - Rikinari Hanayama
- Laboratory of Immune Network, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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2348
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Nguyen HPT, Simpson RJ, Salamonsen LA, Greening DW. Extracellular Vesicles in the Intrauterine Environment: Challenges and Potential Functions. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:109. [PMID: 27655784 PMCID: PMC5333933 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.143503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes (30–150 nm) and microvesicles (100–1500 nm), play important roles in mediating cell-cell communication. Such particles package distinct cargo elements, including lipids, proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, and DNA, that vary depending on the cell of origin and its phenotype. This cargo can be horizontally transferred to target cells where its components can reprogram the recipient cell to modify its function. EVs have been identified within the uterine cavity of women, sheep, and mice, where they contribute to the microenvironment of sperm transport, and of blastocyst and endometrial preparation for implantation. It is likely that exosomes and microvesicles carry different cargo and coordinate different roles in this intrauterine environment. Understanding and defining these subtypes of EVs is important for future functional studies and clinical translation. Here we critically review the various purification and validation procedures for extracellular vesicle analysis and discuss what is known of endometrial-derived exosome cargo and of their hormonal regulation. The current knowledge of the functions of uterine exosomes, with respect to sperm transport and function, and of their actions on trophectodermal cells to promote implantation are summarized and evaluated in their physiological context. Given the potential importance of this form of cell-cell interactions within the reproductive tract, the critical issues discussed will guide new insights in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong P T Nguyen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (previously Prince Henry's Institute), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research (previously Prince Henry's Institute), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2349
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Chen L, Chen R, Velazquez VM, Brigstock DR. Fibrogenic Signaling Is Suppressed in Hepatic Stellate Cells through Targeting of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CCN2) by Cellular or Exosomal MicroRNA-199a-5p. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2921-2933. [PMID: 27662798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathways of liver fibrosis are controlled by connective tissue growth factor (CCN2). In this study, CCN2 was identified as a target of miR-199a-5p, which was principally expressed in quiescent mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and directly suppressed production of CCN2. Up-regulated CCN2 expression in fibrotic mouse livers or in activated primary mouse HSCs was associated with miR-199a-5p down-regulation. MiR-199a-5p in quiescent mouse HSCs inhibited the activity of a wild-type CCN2 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) but not of a mutant CCN2 3'-UTR lacking the miR-199a-5p-binding site. In activated mouse HSCs, CCN2, α-smooth muscle actin, and collagen 1(α1) were suppressed by a miR-199a-5p mimic, whereas in quiescent mouse HSCs, the inhibited CCN2 3'-UTR activity was blocked by a miR-199a-5p antagomir. CCN2 3'-UTR activity in human HSCs was reduced by a miR-199a-5p mimic. MiR-199a-5p was present at higher levels in exosomes from quiescent versus activated HSCs. MiR-199a-5p-containing exosomes were shuttled from quiescent mouse HSCs to activated mouse HSCs in which CCN2 3'-UTR activity was then suppressed. Exosomes from quiescent HSCs caused miR-199a-5p-dependent inhibition of CCN2, α-smooth muscle actin, or collagen 1(α1) in activated HSCs in vitro and bound to activated HSCs in vivo. Thus, CCN2 suppression by miR-199a-5p accounts, in part, for low-level fibrogenic gene expression in quiescent HSCs and causes dampened gene expression in activated HSCs after horizontal transfer of miR-199a-5p in exosomes from quiescent HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ruju Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Victoria M Velazquez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David R Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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2350
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Shenoda BB, Ajit SK. Modulation of Immune Responses by Exosomes Derived from Antigen-Presenting Cells. Clin Med Insights Pathol 2016; 9:1-8. [PMID: 27660518 PMCID: PMC5024790 DOI: 10.4137/cpath.s39925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome-mediated signaling is important in mediating the inflammatory response. To exert their biological or pathophysiological functions in the recipient cells, exosomes deliver a diverse array of biomacromolecules including long and short coding and non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids. Exosomes secreted by antigen-presenting cells can confer therapeutic benefits by attenuating or stimulating the immune response. Exosomes play a crucial role in carrying and presenting functional major histocompatibility peptide complexes to modulate antigen-specific T cell responses. Exosomes from Dendritic Cells (DCs) can activate T and B cells and have been explored for their immunostimulatory properties in cancer therapy. The immunosuppressive properties of exosomes derived from macrophages and DCs can reduce inflammation in animal models for several inflammatory disorders. This review focuses on the protective role of exosomes in attenuating inflammation or augmenting immune response, emphasizing studies on exosomes derived from DCs and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botros B Shenoda
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seena K Ajit
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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