NR4A1 depletion inhibits colorectal cancer progression by promoting necroptosis via the RIG-I-like receptor pathway

Necroptosis is a regulated necrotic cell death mechanism and plays a crucial role in the progression of cancers. However, the potential role and mechanism of necroptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) was highly expressed in CRC cells treated with TNF-α, Smac mimetic, and z-VAD-FMK (TSZ). The depletion of NR4A1 significantly enhanced the sensitivity of CRC cells to TSZ-induced necroptosis, while NR4A1 overexpression suppressed these effects, as evidenced by the LDH assay, flow cytometry analysis of cell death, PI staining, and expression analysis of necrosome complexes (RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL). Moreover, NR4A1 deficiency made HT29 xenograft tumors sensitive to necroptotic cell death in vivo. Mechanistically, NR4A1 depletion promoted necroptosis activation in CRC through the RIG-I-like receptor pathway by interacting with DDX3. Importantly, the RIG-I pathway agonist poly(I:C) or inhibitor cFP abolished the effects of NR4A1 overexpression or suppression on necroptosis in CRC cells. Moreover, we observed that NR4A1 was highly expressed in CRC tissues and was associated with a poor prognosis. In conclusion, our results suggest that NR4A1 plays a critical role in modulating necroptosis in CRC cells and provide a new therapeutic target for CRC.

The Role of Endocrine Disruption Chemical-Regulated Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activity in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Diseases and Cancer

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) serves as a ligand-activated transcription factor crucial for regulating fundamental cellular and molecular processes, such as xenobiotic metabolism, immune responses, and cancer development. Notably, a spectrum of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) act as agonists or antagonists of AHR, leading to the dysregulation of pivotal cellular and molecular processes and endocrine system disruption. Accumulating evidence suggests a correlation between EDC exposure and the onset of diverse pancreatic diseases, including diabetes, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Despite this association, the mechanistic role of AHR as a linchpin molecule in EDC exposure-related pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases and cancer remains unexplored. This review comprehensively examines the involvement of AHR in EDC exposure-mediated regulation of pancreatic pathogenesis, emphasizing AHR as a potential therapeutic target for the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases and cancer.

Identification of spatially-resolved markers of malignant transformation in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms

The existing Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) risk stratification relies on clinical and histological factors, resulting in inaccuracies and leading to suboptimal treatment. This is due to the lack of appropriate molecular markers that can guide patients toward the best therapeutic options. Here, we assess and confirm subtype-specific markers for IPMN across two independent cohorts of patients using two Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) technologies. Specifically, we identify HOXB3 and ZNF117 as markers for Low-Grade Dysplasia, SPDEF and gastric neck cell markers in borderline cases, and NKX6-2 and gastric isthmus cell markers in High-Grade-Dysplasia Gastric IPMN, highlighting the role of TNFα and MYC activation in IPMN progression and the role of NKX6-2 in the specific Gastric IPMN progression. In conclusion, our work provides a step forward in understanding the gene expression landscapes of IPMN and the critical transcriptional networks related to PDAC progression.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Novel Acetonitrile-Water Extract of Lens Culinaris against LPS-Induced Damage in Caco-2 Cells

Natural compounds like flavonoids preserve intestinal mucosal integrity through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, some flavonoids show prebiotic abilities, promoting the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria. This study investigates the protective impact of Lens culinaris extract (LE), which is abundant in flavonoids, on intestinal mucosal integrity during LPS-induced inflammation. Using Caco-2 cells as a model for the intestinal barrier, the study found that LE did not affect cell viability but played a cytoprotective role in the presence of LPS. LE improved transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and tight junction (TJ) protein levels, which are crucial for barrier integrity. It also countered the upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes TRPA1 and TRPV1 induced by LPS and reduced pro-inflammatory markers like TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-8. Moreover, LE reversed the LPS-induced upregulation of AQP8 and TLR-4 expression. These findings emphasize the potential of natural compounds like LE to regulate the intestinal barrier and reduce inflammation's harmful effects on intestinal cells. More research is required to understand their mechanisms and explore therapeutic applications, especially for gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions.

Nuclear receptor NURR1 functions to promote stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer via its targeting of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Dysregulated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a frequent or common event during advanced progression of multiple cancers. With this signaling activation, it enhances their tumorigenic growth and facilitates metastasis and therapy resistance. Advances show that this signaling pathway can play dual regulatory roles in the control of cellular processes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness in cancer progression. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is shown to be common in prostate cancer and also castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the transcriptional regulators of this pathway in prostate cancer are still not well characterized. NURR1 (NR4A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor and plays an important role in the development of dopaminergic neurons. Previously, we have shown that NURR1 exhibits an upregulation in isolated prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) and a xenograft model of CRPC. In this study, we further confirmed that NURR1 exhibited an upregulation in prostate cancer and also enhanced expression in prostate cancer cell lines. Functional and molecular analyses showed that NURR1 could act to promote both in vitro (cancer stemness and EMT) and also in vivo oncogenic growth of prostate cancer cells (metastasis and castration resistance) via its direct transactivation of CTNNB1 (β-catenin) and activation of β-catenin to mediate the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, we also demonstrated that NURR1 activity in prostate cancer cells could be modulated by small molecules, implicating that NURR1 could be a potential therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer management.

Indole-3-carbinol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome through activation of AhR: role of CCR2+ monocyte activation and recruitment in the regulation of CXCR2+ neutrophils in the lungs

Introduction

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is found in cruciferous vegetables and used as a dietary supplement. It is known to act as a ligand for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In the current study, we investigated the role of AhR and the ability of I3C to attenuate LPS-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Methods

To that end, we induced ARDS in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, Ccr2gfp/gfp KI/KO mice (mice deficient in the CCR2 receptor), and LyZcreAhRfl/fl mice (mice deficient in the AhR on myeloid linage cells). Additionally, mice were treated with I3C (65 mg/kg) or vehicle to investigate its efficacy to treat ARDS.

Results

I3C decreased the neutrophils expressing CXCR2, a receptor associated with neutrophil recruitment in the lungs. In addition, LPS-exposed mice treated with I3C revealed downregulation of CCR2+ monocytes in the lungs and lowered CCL2 (MCP-1) protein levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Loss of CCR2 on monocytes blocked the recruitment of CXCR2+ neutrophils and decreased the total number of immune cells in the lungs during ARDS. In addition, loss of the AhR on myeloid linage cells ablated I3C-mediated attenuation of CXCR2+ neutrophils and CCR2+ monocytes in the lungs from ARDS animals. Interestingly, scRNASeq showed that in macrophage/monocyte cell clusters of LPS-exposed mice, I3C reduced the expression of CXCL2 and CXCL3, which bind to CXCR2 and are involved in neutrophil recruitment to the disease site.

Discussion

These findings suggest that CCR2+ monocytes are involved in the migration and recruitment of CXCR2+ neutrophils during ARDS, and the AhR ligand, I3C, can suppress ARDS through the regulation of immune cell trafficking.

NR4a1/2 deletion promotes accumulation of TCF1+ stem-like precursors of exhausted CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment

T cell exhaustion impairs tumor immunity and contributes to resistance against immune checkpoint inhibitors. The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A (NR4a) family of nuclear receptors plays a crucial role in driving T cell exhaustion. In this study, we observe that NR4a1 and NR4a2 deficiency in CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) results in potent tumor eradication and exhibits not only reduced exhaustion characteristics but also an increase in the precursors/progenitors of exhausted T (Pre-Tex) cell fraction. Serial transfers of NR4a1-/-NR4a2-/-CD8+ TILs into tumor-bearing mice result in the expansion of TCF1+ (Tcf7+) stem-like Pre-Tex cells, whereas wild-type TILs are depleted upon secondary transfer. NR4a1/2-deficient CD8+ T cells express higher levels of stemness/memory-related genes and illustrate potent mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings suggest that inhibiting NR4a in tumors represents a potent immuno-oncotherapy strategy by increasing stem-like Pre-Tex cells and reducing exhaustion of CD8+ T cells.

Investigating the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonist/Antagonist Conformational Switch Using Well-Tempered Metadynamics Simulations

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates biological signals to control various complicated cellular functions. It plays a crucial role in environmental sensing and xenobiotic metabolism. Dysregulation of AhR is associated with health concerns, including cancer and immune system disorders. Upon binding to AhR ligands, AhR, along with heat shock protein 90 and other partner proteins undergoes a transformation in the nucleus, heterodimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), and mediates numerous biological functions by inducing the transcription of various AhR-responsive genes. In this manuscript, the 3-dimensional structure of the entire human AhR is obtained using an artificial intelligence tool, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to study different structural conformations. These conformations provide insights into the protein's function and movement in response to ligand binding. Understanding the dynamic behavior of AhR will contribute to the development of targeted therapies for associated health conditions. Therefore, we employ well-tempered metadynamics (WTE-metaD) simulations to explore the conformational landscape of AhR and obtain a better understanding of its functional behavior. Our computational results are in excellent agreement with previous experimental findings, revealing the closed and open states of helix α1 in the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH domain) in the cytoplasm at the atomic level. We also predict the inactive form of AhR and identify Arginine 42 as a key residue that regulates switching between closed and open conformations in existing AhR modulators.

Hexachlorobenzene as a differential modulator of the conventional and metronomic chemotherapy response in triple negative breast cancer cells

Aim

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually treated with high doses of paclitaxel, whose effectiveness may be modulated by the action of environmental contaminants such as hexachlorobenzene. High doses of paclitaxel cause adverse effects such as low cellular selectivity and the generation of resistance to treatment due to an increase in the expression of multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs). These effects can be reduced using a metronomic administration scheme with low doses. This study aimed to investigate whether hexachlorobenzene modulates the response of cells to conventional chemotherapy with paclitaxel or metronomic chemotherapy with paclitaxel plus carbachol, as well as to study the participation of the MRP ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) in human TNBC MDA-MB231 cells.

Methods

Cells were treated with hexachlorobenzene alone or in combination with conventional or metronomic chemotherapies. The effects of treatments on cell viability were determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the nuclear factor kappa B pathway participation was evaluated using a selective inhibitor. ABCG2 expression and its modulation were determined by western blot.

Results

Results confirmed that paclitaxel reduces MDA-MB231 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Results also showed that both conventional and metronomic chemotherapies reduced cell viability with similar efficacy. Although hexachlorobenzene did not modify cell viability per se, it did reverse the effect induced by the conventional chemotherapy, without affecting the efficacy of the metronomic chemotherapy. Additionally, a differential modulation of ABCG2 expression was determined, mediated by the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, which was directly related to the modulation of cell sensitivity to another cycle of paclitaxel treatment.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that, in human TNBC MDA-MB231 cells, in the presence of hexachlorobenzene, the metronomic combination of paclitaxel plus carbachol is more effective in affecting the tumor biology than the conventional therapeutic administration scheme of paclitaxel.

STEP: profiling cellular-specific targets and pathways of bioactive small molecules in tissues via integrating single-cell transcriptomics and chemoproteomics

Identifying the cellular targets of bioactive small molecules within tissues has been a major concern in drug discovery and chemical biology research. Compared to cell line models, tissues consist of multiple cell types and complicated microenvironments. Therefore, elucidating the distribution and heterogeneity of targets across various cells in tissues would enhance the mechanistic understanding of drug or toxin action in real-life scenarios. Here, we present a novel multi-omics integration pipeline called Single-cell TargEt Profiling (STEP) that enables the global profiling of protein targets in mammalian tissues with single-cell resolution. This pipeline integrates single-cell transcriptome datasets with tissue-level protein target profiling using chemoproteomics. Taking well-established classic drugs such as aspirin, aristolochic acid, and cisplatin as examples, we confirmed the specificity and precision of cellular drug-target profiles and their associated molecular pathways in tissues using the STEP analysis. Our findings provide more informative insights into the action modes of bioactive molecules compared to in vitro models. Collectively, STEP represents a novel strategy for profiling cellular-specific targets and functional processes with unprecedented resolution.

MLL1 regulates cytokine-driven cell migration and metastasis

Cell migration is a critical contributor to metastasis. Cytokine production and its role in cancer cell migration have been traditionally associated with immune cells. We find that the histone methyltransferase Mixed-Lineage Leukemia 1 (MLL1) controls 3D cell migration via cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β1, secreted by the cancer cells themselves. MLL1, with its scaffold protein Menin, controls actin filament assembly via the IL-6/8/pSTAT3/Arp3 axis and myosin contractility via the TGF-β1/Gli2/ROCK1/2/pMLC2 axis, which together regulate dynamic protrusion generation and 3D cell migration. MLL1 also regulates cell proliferation via mitosis-based and cell cycle-related pathways. Mice bearing orthotopic MLL1-depleted tumors exhibit decreased lung metastatic burden and longer survival. MLL1 depletion leads to lower metastatic burden even when controlling for the difference in primary tumor growth rates. Combining MLL1-Menin inhibitor with paclitaxel abrogates tumor growth and metastasis, including preexistent metastasis. These results establish MLL1 as a potent regulator of cell migration and highlight the potential of targeting MLL1 in patients with metastatic disease.

The roles of lncRNAs and miRNAs in pancreatic cancer: a focus on cancer development and progression and their roles as potential biomarkers

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most penetrative malignancies affecting humans, with mounting incidence prevalence worldwide. This cancer is usually not diagnosed in the early stages. There is also no effective therapy against PDAC, and most patients have chemo-resistance. The combination of these factors causes PDAC to have a poor prognosis, and often patients do not live longer than six months. Because of the failure of conventional therapies, the identification of key biomarkers is crucial in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pancreatic cancer. 65% of the human genome encodes ncRNAs. There are different types of ncRNAs that are classified based on their sequence lengths and functions. They play a vital role in replication, transcription, translation, and epigenetic regulation. They also participate in some cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. The roles of ncRNAs as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in the growth of tumors in a variety of tissues, including the pancreas, have been demonstrated in several studies. This study discusses the key roles of some lncRNAs and miRNAs in the growth and advancement of pancreatic carcinoma. Because they are involved not only in the premature identification, chemo-resistance and prognostication, also their roles as potential biomarkers for better management of PDAC patients.

Recent advances and mechanisms of action of PD-L1 degraders as potential therapeutic agents

PD-L1 is an important immune checkpoint protein that can bind to T cells' PD-1 receptor, thereby promoting immune escape from tumors. In recent years, many researchers have developed strategies to degrade PD-L1 to improve the effect of immunotherapy. The study of degrading PD-L1 provides new opportunities for immunotherapy. Here, we mainly summarize and review the current active molecules and mechanisms that mediate the degradation of immature and mature PD-L1 during the post-translational modification stages, involving PD-L1 phosphorylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, ubiquitination, and the autophagy-lysosomal process. This review expects that by degrading PD-L1 protein, we will not only gain a better understanding of oncogenic mechanisms involving tumor PD-L1 protein but also provide a new way to improve immunotherapy.

Potential AhR-independent mechanisms of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin inhibition of human glioblastoma A172 cells migration

The toxicity of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is generally believed to be mediated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but some evidence suggests that the effects of TCDD can also be produced through AhR-independent mechanisms. In previous experiments, we found that mainly AhR-dependent mechanism was involved in the migration inhibition of glioblastoma U87 cells by TCDD. Due to the heterogeneity of glioblastomas, not all tumor cells have significant AhR expression. The effects and mechanisms of TCDD on the migration of glioblastomas with low AhR expression are still unclear. We employed a glioblastoma cell line A172 with low AhR expression as a model, using wound healing and Transwell® assay to detect the effect of TCDD on cell migration. We found that TCDD can inhibit the migration of A172 cells without activating AhR signaling pathway. Further, after being pre-treated with AhR antagonist CH223191, the inhibition of TCDD on A172 cells migration was not changed, indicating that the effect of TCDD on A172 cells is not dependent on AhR activation. By transcriptome sequencing analysis, we propose dysregulation of the expression of certain migration-related genes, such as IL6, IL1B, CXCL8, FOS, SYK, and PTGS2 involved in cytokines, MAPK, NF-κB, and IL-17 signaling pathways, as potential AhR-independent mechanisms that mediate the inhibition of TCDD migration in A172 cells.

Differential Effects of Soy Isoflavones on the Biophysical Properties of Model Membranes

The effects that the main soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, have upon the biophysical properties of a model lipid bilayer composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) or DOPC with cholesterol (4 to 1 mol ratio) have been investigated by transbilayer water permeability, differential scanning calorimetry, and confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Genistein is found to increase water permeability, decrease phase transition temperature, reduce enthalpy of transition, and induce packing disorder in the DOPC membrane with an increasing concentration. On the contrary, daidzein decreases water permeability and shows negligible impact on thermodynamic parameters and packing disorder at comparable concentrations. For a cholesterol-containing DOPC bilayer, both genistein and daidzein exhibit an overall less pronounced effect on transbilayer water permeability. Their respective differential abilities to modify the physical and structural properties of biomembranes with varying lipid compositions signify a complex and sensitive nature to isoflavone interactions, which depends on the initial state of bilayer packing and the differences in the molecular structures of these soy isoflavones, and provide insights in understanding the interactions of these molecules with cellular membranes.

Knockdown of NR4A1 alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used antitumor drug, but its clinical applicability is hampered by the unfortunate side effect of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). In our current study, we retrieved three high-throughput sequencing datasets related to DIC from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. We conducted differential analysis using R (DESeq2) to pinpoint differentially expressed genes (DEGs, and identified 11 genes that were consistently altered in both the control and DOX-treated groups. Notably, our Random Forest analysis of these three GEO datasets highlighted the significance of nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) in the context of DIC. The DOX-induced mouse model and cell model were used for the in vivo and in vitro studies to reveal the role of NR4A1 in DIC. We found that silencing NR4A1 by adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) contained shRNA in vivo alleviated the DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction, cardiomyocyte injury and fibrosis. Mechanistically, we found NR4A1 silencing was able to inhibit DOX-induced the cleavage of NLRP3, IL-1β and GSDMD in vivo. Further in vitro studies have shown that inhibition of NR4A1 suppressed DOX-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress through the same molecular mechanism. We prove that NR4A1 plays a critical role in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inducing pyroptosis via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and it might be a promising therapeutic target for DIC.

An integrated in vitro carcinogenicity test that distinguishes between genotoxic carcinogens, non-genotoxic carcinogens, and non-carcinogens

Chemical safety testing plays a crucial role in product and pharmacological development, as well as chemoprevention; however, in vitro genotoxicity safety tests do not always accurately predict the chemicals that will be in vivo carcinogens. If chemicals test positive in vitro for genotoxicity but negative in vivo, this can contribute to unnecessary testing in animals used to confirm erroneous in vitro positive results. Current in vitro tests typically evaluate only genotoxicity endpoints, which limits their potential to detect non-genotoxic carcinogens. The frequency of misleading in vitro positive results can be high, leading to a requirement for more informative in vitro tests. It is now recognized that multiple-endpoint genotoxicity testing may aid more accurate detection of carcinogens and non-carcinogens. The objective of this review was to evaluate the utility of our novel, multiple-endpoint in vitro test, which uses multiple cancer-relevant endpoints to predict carcinogenic potential. The tool assessed micronucleus frequency, p53 expression, p21 expression, mitochondrial respiration, cell cycle abnormalities and, uniquely, cell morphology changes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines, TK6 and MCL-5. The endpoints were used to observe cellular responses to 18 chemicals within the following categories: genotoxic carcinogens, non-genotoxic carcinogens, toxic non-carcinogens, and misleading in vitro positive and negative agents. The number of endpoints significantly altered for each chemical was considered, alongside the holistic Integrated Signature of Carcinogenicity score, derived from the sum of fold changes for all endpoints. Following the calculation of an overall score from these measures, carcinogens exhibited greater potency than non-carcinogens. Genotoxic carcinogens were generally more potent than non-genotoxic carcinogens. This novel approach therefore demonstrated potential for correctly predicting whether chemicals with unknown mechanism may be considered carcinogens. Overall, while further validation is recommended, the test demonstrates potential for the identification of carcinogenic compounds. Adoption of the approach could enable reduced animal use in carcinogenicity testing.

Communication molecules (ncRNAs) mediate tumor-associated macrophage polarization and tumor progression

Non-coding RNAs play important roles in tumor cells and macrophages and participate in their communication as messengers. Non-coding RNAs have an impact in tumor cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, and they also regulate the differentiation and regulation of immune cells. In macrophages, they stimulate the polarization of macrophages into M1 or M2 by regulating proteins related to signaling pathways; in tumor cells, non-coding RNAs can enter macrophages through exosomes and affect the latter polarization. The polarization of macrophages further regulates the biological functions of cancer cells. The direction of macrophage polarization determines tumor progression, angiogenesis and drug resistance. This often creates a feedback loop. Non-coding RNAs act as bridges between tumor cells and macrophages to regulate the balance of the tumor microenvironment. We reviewed the signaling pathways related to macrophage polarization and the regulatory mechanisms of non-coding RNA in tumor-associated macrophages M1 and M2, and discussed the potential applications and prospects of exosome engineering.

Differentiation of BCMA-specific induced pluripotent stem cells into rejuvenated CD8αβ+ T cells targeting multiple myeloma

ABSTRACT

A major hurdle in adoptive T-cell therapy is cell exhaustion and failure to maintain antitumor responses. Here, we introduce an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) strategy for reprogramming and revitalizing precursor exhausted B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-specific T cells to effectively target multiple myeloma (MM). Heteroclitic BCMA72-80 (YLMFLLRKI)-specific CD8+ memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were epigenetically reprogrammed to a pluripotent state, developed into hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+ CD43+/CD14- CD235a-), differentiated into the T-cell lineage and evaluated for their polyfunctional activities against MM. The final T-cell products demonstrated (1) mature CD8αβ+ memory phenotype, (2) high expression of activation or costimulatory molecules (CD38, CD28, and 41BB), (3) no expression of immune checkpoint and senescence markers (CTLA4, PD1, LAG3, and TIM3; CD57), and (4) robust proliferation and polyfunctional immune responses to MM. The BCMA-specific iPSC-T cells possessed a single T-cell receptor clonotype with cognate BCMA peptide recognition and specificity for targeting MM. RNA sequencing analyses revealed distinct genome-wide shifts and a distinctive transcriptional profile in selected iPSC clones, which can develop CD8αβ+ memory T cells. This includes a repertoire of gene regulators promoting T-cell lineage development, memory CTL activation, and immune response regulation (LCK, IL7R, 4-1BB, TRAIL, GZMB, FOXF1, and ITGA1). This study highlights the potential application of iPSC technology to an adaptive T-cell therapy protocol and identifies specific transcriptional patterns that could serve as a biomarker for selection of suitable iPSC clones for the successful development of antigen-specific CD8αβ+ memory T cells to improve the outcome in patients with MM.

Biosynthesis of Cytosporones in Leotiomycetous Filamentous Fungi

Polyketides with the isochroman-3-one pharmacophore are rare among fungal natural products as their biosynthesis requires an unorthodox S-type aromatic ring cyclization. Genome mining uncovered a conserved gene cluster in select leotiomycetous fungi that encodes the biosynthesis of cytosporones, including isochroman-3-one congeners. Combinatorial biosynthesis in total biosynthetic and biocatalytic formats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in vitro reconstitution of key reactions with purified enzymes revealed how cytosporone structural and bioactivity diversity is generated. The S-type acyl dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (ADA) core of cytosporones is assembled by a collaborating polyketide synthase pair. Thioesterase domain-catalyzed transesterification releases ADA esters, some of which are known Nur77 modulators. Alternatively, hydrolytic release allows C6 hydroxylation by a flavin-dependent monooxygenase, yielding a trihydroxybenzene moiety. Reduction of the C9 carbonyl by a short chain dehydrogenase/reductase initiates isochroman-3-one formation, affording cytosporones with cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Enoyl di- or trihydroxyphenylacetic acids are generated as shunt products, while isocroman-3,4-diones are formed by autoxidation. The cytosporone pathway offers novel polyketide biosynthetic enzymes for combinatorial synthetic biology to advance the production of "unnatural" natural products for drug discovery.

Unlocking the secrets: exploring the influence of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and microbiome on cancer development

Gut microbiota regulates various aspects of human physiology by producing metabolites, metabolizing enzymes, and toxins. Many studies have linked microbiota with human health and altered microbiome configurations with the occurrence of several diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that the microbiome can influence the initiation and progression of several cancers. Moreover, some microbiotas of the gut and oral cavity have been reported to infect tumors, initiate metastasis, and promote the spread of cancer to distant organs, thereby influencing the clinical outcome of cancer patients. The gut microbiome has recently been reported to interact with environmental factors such as diet and exposure to environmental toxicants. Exposure to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) induces a shift in the gut microbiome metabolic pathways, favoring a proinflammatory microenvironment. In addition, other studies have also correlated cancer incidence with exposure to PAHs. PAHs are known to induce organ carcinogenesis through activating a ligand-activated transcriptional factor termed the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which metabolizes PAHs to highly reactive carcinogenic intermediates. However, the crosstalk between AhR and the microbiome in mediating carcinogenesis is poorly reviewed. This review aims to discuss the role of exposure to environmental pollutants and activation of AhR on microbiome-associated cancer progression and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in cancer development.

Transcriptome profiling of longissimus dorsi during different prenatal stages to identify genes involved in intramuscular fat deposition in lean and obese pig breeds

BACKGROUND

There was significant difference in muscle development between fat-type and lean-type pig breeds.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In current study, transcriptome analysis and bioinformatics analysis were used to compare the difference in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle at three time-points (38 days post coitus (dpc), 58 dpc, and 78 dpc ) between Huainan (HN) and Large white (LW) pig breeds. A total of 24500 transcripts were obtained in 18 samples, and 2319, 2799, and 3713 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between these two breeds at 38 dpc, 58 dpc, and 78 dpc, respectively. And the number and foldchange of DEGs were increased, the alternative splice also increased. The cluster analysis of DEGs indicated the embryonic development progress of LD muscle between these two breeds was different. There were 539 shared DEGs between HN and LW at three stages, and the top-shared DEGs were associated with muscle development and lipid deposition, such as KLF4, NR4A1, HSP70, ZBTB16 and so on.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed DEGs between Huainan (HN) and Large white (LW) pig breeds, and contributed to the understanding the muscle development difference between HN and LW, and provided basic materials for improvement of meat quality.

Microbiota, Tryptophan and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors as the Target Triad in Parkinson's Disease-A Narrative Review

In the era of a steadily increasing lifespan, neurodegenerative diseases among the elderly present a significant therapeutic and socio-economic challenge. A properly balanced diet and microbiome diversity have been receiving increasing attention as targets for therapeutic interventions in neurodegeneration. Microbiota may affect cognitive function, neuronal survival and death, and gut dysbiosis was identified in Parkinson's disease (PD). Tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid, is degraded by microbiota and hosts numerous compounds with immune- and neuromodulating properties. This broad narrative review presents data supporting the concept that microbiota, the Trp-kynurenine (KYN) pathway and aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) form a triad involved in PD. A disturbed gut-brain axis allows the bidirectional spread of pro-inflammatory molecules and α-synuclein, which may contribute to the development/progression of the disease. We suggest that the peripheral levels of kynurenines and AhR ligands are strongly linked to the Trp metabolism in the gut and should be studied together with the composition of the microbiota. Such an approach can clearly delineate the sub-populations of PD patients manifesting with a disturbed microbiota-Trp-KYN-brain triad, who would benefit from modifications in the Trp metabolism. Analyses of the microbiome, Trp-KYN pathway metabolites and AhR signaling may shed light on the mechanisms of intestinal distress and identify new targets for the diagnosis and treatment in early-stage PD. Therapeutic interventions based on the combination of a well-defined food regimen, Trp and probiotics seem of potential benefit and require further experimental and clinical research.

Curcumin inhibits the invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer cells by upregulating TFPI-2 to regulate ERK- and JNK-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition

PURPOSE

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most deadly human malignancies. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound with wide-ranging pharmacological effects. Growing evidence suggests that curcumin has anticancer activity against PC, but the mechanism remains incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of curcumin on the invasion and migration of PC cells.

METHODS

Effect of curcumin on tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 mRNA expression in PC cells was initially identified using qRT-PCR. Cytotoxicity of curcumin was assessed with MTT assays and IC50 was calculated. Involvement of ERK and JNK pathways, as well as protein expression of TFPI-2 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers, were detected using immunoblotting. Invasion and migration of PC cells were examined using Transwell assays. TFPI-2 expression was manipulated by transfection with siRNA and shRNA. Rescue assays were used to validate the effect of curcumin on cell invasion and migration via TFPI-2.

RESULTS

Curcumin increased the expression of TFPI-2 mRNA and protein in PC cells and attenuated cell invasion and migration. Curcumin also inhibited ERK and JNK pathways and EMT in PC cells. Knockdown of TFPI-2 partially reversed the inhibition of ERK and JNK pathways and EMT by curcumin. Mechanistically, curcumin upregulated TFPI-2, thereby inhibiting the ERK and JNK pathways, leading to the inhibition of EMT in PC cells.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, curcumin inhibits ERK- and JNK-mediated EMT through upregulating TFPI-2, which in turn suppresses the migration and invasion of PC cells. These findings provide new insights into the antitumor mechanism of curcumin.

Diversity oriented total synthesis (DOTS) of pyridoquinazolinone alkaloids and their analogues

A short diversity oriented total synthesis (DOTS) of substituted rutaecarpines, homo-luotonins, homo-vasicinone, homo-isaindigotones and homo-vasnetine has been achieved from the key tricyclic intermediate. The [6,6,6] tricyclic ketone, the mackinazolindione, was accessed from simple substrates i.e., quinazolinone diester obtained from the disubstituted anthranilamide which in turn was prepared from the coupling of amino acid ester and ethyl oxalyl chloride with isatoic anhydride and Dieckmann condensation chemistry.

Gene architecture is a determinant of the transcriptional response to bulky DNA damages

Bulky DNA damages block transcription and compromise genome integrity and function. The cellular response to these damages includes global transcription shutdown. Still, active transcription is necessary for transcription-coupled repair and for induction of damage-response genes. To uncover common features of a general bulky DNA damage response, and to identify response-related transcripts that are expressed despite damage, we performed a systematic RNA-seq study comparing the transcriptional response to three independent damage-inducing agents: UV, the chemotherapy cisplatin, and benzo[a]pyrene, a component of cigarette smoke. Reduction in gene expression after damage was associated with higher damage rates, longer gene length, and low GC content. We identified genes with relatively higher expression after all three damage treatments, including NR4A2, a potential novel damage-response transcription factor. Up-regulated genes exhibit higher exon content that is associated with preferential repair, which could enable rapid damage removal and transcription restoration. The attenuated response to BPDE highlights that not all bulky damages elicit the same response. These findings frame gene architecture as a major determinant of the transcriptional response that is hardwired into the human genome.

Phase separation of Nur77 mediates XS561-induced apoptosis by promoting the formation of Nur77/Bcl-2 condensates

The orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 is a critical regulator of the survival and death of tumor cells. The pro-death effect of Nur77 can be regulated by its interaction with Bcl-2, resulting in conversion of Bcl-2 from a survival to killer. As Bcl-2 is overexpressed in various cancers preventing them from apoptosis and promoting their resistance to chemotherapy, targeting the apoptotic pathway of Nur77/Bcl-2 may lead to new cancer therapeutics. Here, we report our identification of XS561 as a novel Nur77 ligand that induces apoptosis of tumor cells by activating the Nur77/Bcl-2 pathway. In vitro and animal studies revealed an apoptotic effect of XS561 in a range of tumor cell lines including MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and MCF-7/LCC2 tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer (TAMR) in a Nur77-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed XS561 potently induced the translocation of Nur77 from the nucleus to mitochondria, resulting in mitochondria-related apoptosis. Interestingly, XS561-induced accumulation of Nur77 at mitochondria was associated with XS561 induction of Nur77 phase separation and the formation of Nur77/Bcl-2 condensates. Together, our studies identify XS561 as a new activator of the Nur77/Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway and reveal a role of phase separation in mediating the apoptotic effect of Nur77 at mitochondria.

Modulation of Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) interaction with their binding partners in cancers through acetylation and phosphorylation

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of transcription factors regulate transcriptional activity and play a key role in essentially all biological processes and generate indispensable insight towards biological function including activity state, subcellular localization, protein solubility, protein folding, substrate trafficking, and protein-protein interactions. Amino acids modified chemically via PTMs, function as molecular switches and affect the protein function and characterization and increase the proteome complexity. Krüppel-like transcription factors (KLFs) control essential cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration, programmed cell death and various cancer-relevant processes. We investigated the interactions of KLF group-2 members with their binding partners to assess the role of acetylation and phosphorylation in KLFs on their binding affinity. It was observed that acetylation and phosphorylation at different positions in KLFs have a variable effect on binding with specific partners. KLF2-EP300, KLF4-SP1, KLF6-ATF3, KLF6-JUN, and KLF7-JUN show stabilization upon acetylation or phosphorylation at variable positions. On the other hand, KLF4-CBP, KLF4-EP300, KLF5-CBP, KLF5-WWP1, KLF6-SP1, and KLF7-ATF3 show stabilization or destabilization due to acetylation or phosphorylation at variable positions in KLFs. This provides a molecular explanation of the experimentally observed dual role of KLF group-2 members as a suppressor or activator of cancers in a PTM-dependent manner.

Co-treatment with melatonin and ortho-topolin riboside reduces cell viability by altering metabolic profiles in non-small cell lung cancer cells

Lung cancer is a highly prevalent and lethal malignancy worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85% of cancer-related deaths. In this study, the effects of co-treatment with melatonin and ortho-topolin riboside (oTR) on the cell viability and alteration of metabolites and transcripts were investigated in NSCLC cells using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). The co-treatment of melatonin and oTR exhibited synergistic effects on the reduction of cell viability and alteration of metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in NSCLC cells. We observed that the co-treatment inhibited glycolytic function and mitochondria respiration, and downregulated glycine, serine and threonine metabolism alongside tyrosine metabolism in NSCLC cells. In the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway, the co-treatment resulted in a significant 8.4-fold reduction in the expression level of the SDS gene, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of serine to pyruvate. Moreover, co-treatment decreased the gene expression of TH, DDC, and CYP1A1 in tyrosine metabolism. Additionally, we observed that the co-treatment resulted in a significant 146.9-fold reduction in the expression of the DISC1 gene. The alteration in metabolites and transcript expressions might provide information to explain the cytotoxicity of co-treatment of melatonin and oTR in NSCLC cells. Our study presents insights into the synergistic anticancer effect of the co-treatment of melatonin and oTR, which could be a potential future therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NSCLC patients.

Associations between rheumatoid arthritis and intestinal flora, with special emphasis on RA pathologic mechanisms to treatment strategies

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints. Individuals at risk for RA and people with RA develop intestinal dysbiosis. The changes in intestinal flora composition in preclinical and confirmed RA patients suggest that intestinal flora imbalance may play an important role in the induction and persistence of RA.

METHODS

Based on the current research on the interaction between RA and intestinal microbiota, intestinal microbiota metabolites and intestinal barrier changes. This paper systematically summarized the changes in intestinal microbiota in RA patients, the metabolites of intestinal flora, and the influence mechanism of intestinal barrier on RA, and further discussed the influence of drugs for RA on intestinal flora and its mechanism of action.

RESULTS

Compared with healthy controls, α diversity analysis of intestinal flora showed no significant difference, β diversity analysis showed significant differences. The intestinal flora produces bioactive metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and aromatic amino acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects. Abnormal intestinal flora leads to impaired barrier function and mucosal immune dysfunction, promoting the development of inflammation. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and chemical drugs can also alleviate RA by regulating intestinal flora, intestinal flora metabolites, and intestinal barrier. Intestinal flora is closely related to the pathogenesis of RA and may become potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

CONCLUSIONS

Intestinal flora and its metabolites play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as RA, and are expected to become a new target for clinical diagnosis and treatment, providing a new idea for targeted treatment of RA.

PANoptosis-related long non-coding RNA signature to predict the prognosis and immune landscapes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Background

Cancer growth is significantly influenced by processes such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis that underlie PANoptosis, a proinflammatory programmed cell death. Several studies have examined the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). However, the predictive value of lncRNAs related to PANoptosis for PAAD has not been established.

Methods

The Clinical Genome Atlas database was used to obtain the transcriptome 、clinical data and the corresponding mutation data of the patients with PAAD in this study. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis was employed to obtain prognosis-related lncRNAs for constructing a risk signature. According to the median risk score of the signature, patients with PAAD were grouped into low- and high-risk groups to further compare the survival prognosis of different risk groups. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves, c-index analysis, nomograms, principal component analysis and univariate Cox and multivariate Cox regression were performed for the internal validation of the signature. In addition, enrichment analysis of different genes was performed using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Lastly, differences in tumor mutation burden (TMB), immune function, tumor immune dysfunction and rejection (TIDE), and drug response were determined for the two risk groups.

Results

The signature was constructed with six PANoptosis-related lncRNAs (AC067817.2、LINC02004、AC243829.1、AC092171.5、AP005233.2、AC004687.1) that predicted the prognosis of the patients with PAAD. Survival curves showed that patients in the two risk groups had statistically significant differences in prognosis (P < 0.05), and multi-cox regression analysis identified risk score as an independent risk factor for PAAD prognosis, and internal validation of nomograms showed high confidence in the signature. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed functional and pathway differences between the high- and low-risk groups. TMB evaluation demonstrated that patients in the high-risk group had a higher frequency of mutations. The TIDE score indicated that the high-risk group had a lower risk of immunotherapy escape and better immunotherapy outcomes. Additionally, the two risk groups revealed significantly different responses to 11 anticancer drugs.

Conclusion

We identified a novel risk signature for PANoptosis-related lncRNAs, which is a standalone prognostic indicator for PAAD. The PANoptosis-related lncRNA risk signature may be relevant for immunotherapy and a therapeutic target for PAAD.

Cardiovascular/anti-inflammatory drugs repurposed for treating or preventing cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials

BACKGROUND

Due to encouraging pre-clinical data and supportive observational studies, there has been growing interest in applying cardiovascular drugs (including aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, statins, and metformin) approved to treat diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus to the field of oncology. Moreover, given growing costs with cancer care, these medications have offered a potentially more affordable avenue to treat or prevent recurrence of cancer. We sought to investigate the anti-cancer effects of drugs repurposed from cardiology or anti-inflammatories to treat cancer. We specifically evaluated the following drug classes: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, aspirin, metformin, and both angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. We also included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) because they exert a similar mechanism to aspirin by blocking prostaglandins and reducing inflammation that is thought to promote the development of cancer.

METHODS

We performed a systematic literature review using PubMed and Web of Science with search terms including "aspirin," "NSAID," "statin" (including specific statin drug names), "metformin," "ACE inhibitors," and "ARBs" (including specific anti-hypertensive drug names) in combination with "cancer." Searches were limited to human studies published between 2000 and 2023.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The number and percentage of studies reported positive results and pooled estimates of overall survival, progression-free survival, response, and disease-free survival.

RESULTS

We reviewed 3094 titles and included 67 randomized clinical trials. The most common drugs that were tested were metformin (n = 21; 30.9%), celecoxib (n = 20; 29.4%), and simvastatin (n = 8; 11.8%). There was only one study that tested cardiac glycosides and none that studied ACE inhibitors. The most common tumor types were non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 19; 27.9%); breast (n = 8; 20.6%), colorectal (n = 7; 10.3%), and hepatocellular (n = 6; 8.8%). Most studies were conducted in a phase II trial (n = 38; 55.9%). Most studies were tested in metastatic cancers (n = 49; 72.1%) and in the first-line setting (n = 36; 521.9%). Four studies (5.9%) were stopped early because of difficulty with accrual. The majority of studies did not demonstrate an improvement in either progression-free survival (86.1% of studies testing progression-free survival) or in overall survival (94.3% of studies testing overall survival). Progression-free survival was improved in five studies (7.4%), and overall survival was improved in three studies (4.4%). Overall survival was significantly worse in two studies (3.8% of studies testing overall survival), and progression-free survival was worse in one study (2.8% of studies testing progression-free survival).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Despite promising pre-clinical and population-based data, cardiovascular drugs and anti-inflammatory medications have overall not demonstrated benefit in the treatment or preventing recurrence of cancer. These findings may help guide future potential clinical trials involving these medications when applied in oncology.

Metabolomic modelling and neuroprotective effects of carvacrol against acrylamide toxicity in rat's brain and sciatic nerve

The study aimed to investigate the harmful effects of acrylamide (AA), which forms in carbohydrate-rich foods at temperatures above 120°C, on the central and peripheral nervous systems and to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effects of carvacrol (CRV). Male Wistar Albino rats were subjected to AA (40 mg/kg/bw/day) and CRV (50 mg/kg/bw/day) for 15 days. Following the last administration, evaluations revealed disrupted gait, heightened thermal sensitivity and altered paw withdrawal thresholds in AA-exposed rats. Notably, AA reduced glutathione (GSH) and raised malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both brain and sciatic nerve tissues. AA raised nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), caspase 3 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) gene expressions while decreasing NR4A2. CRV co-administration mitigated gait abnormalities, elevated GSH levels and lowered MDA levels in both tissues. CRV also modulated gene expression, reducing Nrf2 and NF-κB while increasing NR4A2. Histopathological signs of AA-induced neurodegeneration and elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein levels observed in brain and sciatic nerve tissues were rectified with simultaneous administration of CRV, thereby demonstrating neuroprotective efficacy in both regions. This study is pioneering in demonstrating CRV's neuroprotective potential against AA-induced neurotoxicity in both central and peripheral nervous systems, effectively addressing limitations in the literature. In conclusion, the study revealed AA-induced neurodegeneration in the brain and sciatic nerve, with CRV significantly mitigating this neurotoxicity. This novel research underscores CRV's promise as a neuroprotective agent against AA-induced adverse effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

The role of long noncoding RNA DGCR5 in cancers: Focus on molecular targets

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are major components of cellular transcripts that are emerging as important players in various biological pathways. Due to their specific expression and functional diversity in a variety of cancers, lncRNAs have promising applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Studies have shown that lncRNA DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 5 (DGCR5) with high specificity and accuracy has the potential to become biomarkers in cancers. LncRNA DGCR5 can be noninvasively extracted from body fluids, tissues, and cells, and can be used as independent or auxiliary biomarkers to improve the accuracy of diagnosis or prognosis. Now, the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs such as DGCR5 were explored as therapeutic targets, which have been investigated in clinical trials of several cancers. The DGCR5 lacks an appropriate animal model, which is necessary to gain greater knowledge of their functions. While some studies on the uses of DGCR5 have been carried out, the small sample size makes them unreliable. In this review, we presented a compilation of recent publications addressing the potential of lncRNA DGCR5 that could be considered as biomarkers or therapeutic targets, with the hopes of providing promised implications for future cancer therapy.

The dopamine transporter antagonist vanoxerine inhibits G9a and suppresses cancer stem cell functions in colon tumors

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), functionally characterized by self-renewal and tumor-initiating activity, contribute to decreased tumor immunogenicity, while fostering tumor growth and metastasis. Targeting G9a histone methyltransferase (HMTase) effectively blocks CSC functions in colorectal tumors by altering pluripotent-like molecular networks; however, existing molecules directly targeting G9a HMTase activity failed to reach clinical stages due to safety concerns. Using a stem cell-based phenotypic drug-screening pipeline, we identified the dopamine transporter (DAT) antagonist vanoxerine, a compound with previously demonstrated clinical safety, as a cancer-specific downregulator of G9a expression. Here we show that gene silencing and chemical antagonism of DAT impede colorectal CSC functions by repressing G9a expression. Antagonizing DAT also enhanced tumor lymphocytic infiltration by activating endogenous transposable elements and type-I interferon response. Our study unveils the direct implication of the DAT-G9a axis in the maintenance of CSC populations and an approach to improve antitumor immune response in colon tumors.

Non-coding RNAs in disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of transcripts that, by definition, are not translated into proteins. Since their discovery, ncRNAs have emerged as important regulators of multiple biological functions across a range of cell types and tissues, and their dysregulation has been implicated in disease. Notably, much research has focused on the link between microRNAs (miRNAs) and human cancers, although other ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also emerging as relevant contributors to human disease. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs in cancer and other major human diseases, notably cardiovascular, neurological and infectious diseases. Further, we discuss the potential use of ncRNAs as biomarkers of disease and as therapeutic targets.

Dynamic interplay of nuclear receptors in tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance: Shifting gears in malignant transformations and applications in cancer therapeutics

Recent advances have brought forth the complex interplay between tumor cell plasticity and its consequential impact on drug resistance and tumor recurrence, both of which are critical determinants of neoplastic progression and therapeutic efficacy. Various forms of tumor cell plasticity, instrumental in facilitating neoplastic cells to develop drug resistance, include epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) alternatively termed epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) attributes, and transdifferentiation into diverse cell lineages. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that play an essential role in regulating a multitude of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. NRs have been implicated to play a critical role in modulating gene expression associated with tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how NRs regulate these key aspects of cancer biology. We discuss the diverse mechanisms through which NRs influence tumor cell plasticity, including EMT, stemness, and metastasis. Further, we explore the intricate relationship between NRs and drug resistance, highlighting the impact of NR signaling on chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. We also discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting NRs to overcome tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review also provides valuable insights into the current clinical trials that involve agonists or antagonists of NRs modulating various aspects of tumor cell plasticity, thereby delineating the potential of NRs as therapeutic targets for improved cancer treatment outcomes.

Orphan Nuclear Receptor Family 4A (NR4A) Members NR4A2 and NR4A3 Selectively Modulate Elements of the Monocyte Response to Buffered Hypercapnia

Hypercapnia occurs when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood exceeds 45 mmHg. Hypercapnia is associated with several lung pathologies and is transcriptionally linked to suppression of immune and inflammatory signalling through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we propose Orphan Nuclear Receptor Family 4A (NR4A) family members NR4A2 and NR4A3 as potential transcriptional regulators of the cellular response to hypercapnia in monocytes. Using a THP-1 monocyte model, we investigated the sensitivity of NR4A family members to CO2 and the impact of depleting NR4A2 and NR4A3 on the monocyte response to buffered hypercapnia (10% CO2) using RNA-sequencing. We observed that NR4A2 and NR4A3 are CO2-sensitive transcription factors and that depletion of NR4A2 and NR4A3 led to reduced CO2-sensitivity of mitochondrial and heat shock protein (Hsp)-related genes, respectively. Several CO2-sensitive genes were, however, refractory to depletion of NR4A2 and NR4A3, indicating that NR4As regulate certain elements of the cellular response to buffered hypercapnia but that other transcription factors also contribute. Bioinformatic analysis of conserved CO2-sensitive genes implicated several novel putative CO2-sensitive transcription factors, of which the ETS Proto-Oncogene 1 Transcription Factor (ETS-1) was validated to show increased nuclear expression in buffered hypercapnia. These data give significant insights into the understanding of immune responses in patients experiencing hypercapnia.

Casticin ameliorates osteoarthritic cartilage damage in rats through PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic, disabling knee joint lesion in which degeneration and defects in articular cartilage are the most important features. Casticin (CAS) is a flavonoid extracted from the Chinese herb Vitex species that has anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic and mechanistic effects of CAS on cartilage damage in KOA. A KOA rat model was established by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), and cartilage morphological changes were assessed by histological analysis and micro-CT scans. Subsequently, chondrocytes were treated with 10 ng/mL IL-1β to establish an OA model. CCK-8 assays and EdU assays were performed to assess the viability of CAS-treated chondrocytes. Western blotting, flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342/PI Double Stain were used to detect chondrocyte apoptosis. Western blotting, qRT‒PCR and ELISA were used to detect changes in inflammatory mediators. In addition, cartilage matrix-related indices were detected by Western blotting, qRT‒PCR and immunofluorescence (IF) analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting were performed to detect the expression of p-PI3K, p-AKT and HIF-1α in vivo and in vitro. Micro-CT, pathological sections and related scores showed that CAS improved the alterations in bony structures and reduced cartilage damage and osteophyte formation in the ACLT model. In vivo, CAS attenuated IL-1β-induced cartilage matrix degradation, apoptosis and the inflammatory response. In addition, CAS inhibited the expression of the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway in the ACLT animal model and IL-1β cell model. CAS may ameliorate cartilage damage in OA by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α signaling pathway, suggesting that CAS is a potential strategy for the treatment of OA.

Oral supplementation of gut microbial metabolite indole-3-acetate alleviates diet-induced steatosis and inflammation in mice

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries. There is growing evidence that dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and disruption of microbiota-host interactions contribute to the pathology of NAFLD. We previously demonstrated that gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolite indole-3-acetate (I3A) was decreased in both cecum and liver of high-fat diet-fed mice and attenuated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and Tnfa and fatty acid-induced inflammatory responses in an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent manner in hepatocytes. In this study, we investigated the effect of orally administered I3A in a mouse model of diet-induced NAFLD. Western diet (WD)-fed mice given sugar water (SW) with I3A showed dramatically decreased serum ALT, hepatic triglycerides (TG), liver steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, lobular inflammation, and hepatic production of inflammatory cytokines, compared to WD-fed mice given only SW. Metagenomic analysis show that I3A administration did not significantly modify the intestinal microbiome, suggesting that I3A's beneficial effects likely reflect the metabolite's direct actions on the liver. Administration of I3A partially reversed WD-induced alterations of liver metabolome and proteome, notably, decreasing expression of several enzymes in hepatic lipogenesis and β-oxidation. Mechanistically, we also show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of I3A in macrophages. The potency of I3A in alleviating liver steatosis and inflammation clearly demonstrates its potential as a therapeutic modality for preventing the progression of steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

Bis-Indole Derivatives as Dual Nuclear Receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) and NR4A2 Ligands

Bis-indole derived compounds such as 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(3,5-disubstitutedphenyl) methane (DIM-3,5) and the corresponding 4-hydroxyl analogs (DIM8-3,5) are NR4A1 ligands that act as inverse NR4A1 agonists and are potent inhibitors of tumor growth. The high potency of several DIM-3,5 analogs (IC50 < 1 mg/kg/day), coupled with the >60% similarity of the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of NR4A1 and NR4A2 and the pro-oncogenic activities of both receptors lead us to hypothesize that these compounds may act as dual NR4A1 and NR4A2 ligands. Using a fluorescence binding assay, it was shown that 22 synthetic DIM8-3,5 and DIM-3,5 analogs bound the LBD of NR4A1 and NR4A2 with most KD values in the low µM range. Moreover, the DIM-3,5 and DIM8-3,5 analogs also decreased NR4A1- and NR4A2-dependent transactivation in U87G glioblastoma cells transfected with GAL4-NR4A1 or GAL4-NR4A2 chimeras and a UAS-luciferase reporter gene construct. The DIM-3,5 and DIM8-3,5 analogs were cytotoxic to U87 glioblastoma and RKO colon cancer cells and the DIM-3,5 compounds were more cytotoxic than the DIM8-3,5 compounds. These studies show that both DIM-3,5 and DIM8-3,5 compounds previously identified as NR4A1 ligands bind both NR4A1 and NR4A2 and are dual NR4A1/2 ligands.

CM1, a Chrysin Derivative, Protects from Endotoxin-Induced Lethal Shock by Regulating the Excessive Activation of Inflammatory Responses

Sepsis, a leading cause of death worldwide, is a harmful inflammatory condition that is primarily caused by an endotoxin released by Gram-negative bacteria. Effective targeted therapeutic strategies for sepsis are lacking. In this study, using an in vitro and in vivo mouse model, we demonstrated that CM1, a derivative of the natural polyphenol chrysin, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inducing the expression of the ubiquitin-editing protein TNFAIP3 and the NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Interestingly, CM1 attenuated the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced production of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathways. In addition, CM1 induced the expression of TNFAIP3 and SIRT1 on TLR4-stimulated primary macrophages; however, the anti-inflammatory effect of CM1 was abolished by the siRNA-mediated silencing of TNFAPI3 or by the genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of SIRT1. Importantly, intravenous administration of CM1 resulted in decreased susceptibility to endotoxin-induced sepsis, thereby attenuating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration into the lung compared to control mice. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CM1 has therapeutic potential for diverse inflammatory diseases, including sepsis.

A novel ferroptosis-related gene signature for overall survival prediction in patients with gastric cancer

The global diagnosis rate and mortality of gastric cancer (GC) are among the highest. Ferroptosis and iron-metabolism have a profound impact on tumor development and are closely linked to cancer treatment and patient's prognosis. In this study, we identified six PRDEGs (prognostic ferroptosis- and iron metabolism-related differentially expressed genes) using LASSO-penalized Cox regression analysis. The TCGA cohort was used to establish a prognostic risk model, which allowed us to categorize GC patients into the high- and the low-risk groups based on the median value of the risk scores. Our study demonstrated that patients in the low-risk group had a higher probability of survival compared to those in the high-risk group. Furthermore, the low-risk group exhibited a higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) and a longer 5-year survival period when compared to the high-risk group. In summary, the prognostic risk model, based on the six genes associated with ferroptosis and iron-metabolism, performs well in predicting the prognosis of GC patients.

Nanotherapeutic approaches for delivery of long non-coding RNAs: an updated review with emphasis on cancer

The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise a wide range of RNA species whose length exceeds 200 nucleotides, which regulate the expression of genes and cellular functions in a wide range of organisms. Several diseases, including malignancy, have been associated with lncRNA dysregulation. Due to their functions in cancer development and progression, lncRNAs have emerged as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Several studies have investigated the anti-cancer properties of lncRNAs; however, only a few lncRNAs have been found to exhibit tumor suppressor properties. Furthermore, their length and poor stability make them difficult to synthesize. Thus, to overcome the instability of lncRNAs, poor specificity, and their off-target effects, researchers have constructed nanocarriers that encapsulate lncRNAs. Recently, translational medicine research has focused on delivering lncRNAs into tumor cells, including cancer cells, through nano-drug delivery systems in vivo. The developed nanocarriers can protect, target, and release lncRNAs under controlled conditions without appreciable adverse effects. To deliver lncRNAs to cancer cells, various nanocarriers, such as exosomes, microbubbles, polymer nanoparticles, 1,2-dioleyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane chloride nanocarriers, and virus-like particles, have been successfully developed. Despite this, every nanocarrier has its own advantages and disadvantages when it comes to delivering nucleic acids effectively and safely. This article examines the current status of nanocarriers for lncRNA delivery in cancer therapy, focusing on their potential to enhance cancer treatment.

Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel-Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

The synthesis of indoles and their derivatives, more specifically bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs), has been an area of great interest in organic chemistry, since these compounds exhibit a range of interesting biological and pharmacological properties. BIMs are naturally found in cruciferous vegetables and have been shown to be effective antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer agents. Traditionally, the synthesis of BIMs has been achieved upon the acidic condensation of an aldehyde with indole, utilizing a variety of protic or Lewis acids. However, due to the increased environmental awareness of our society, the focus has shifted towards the development of greener synthetic technologies, like photocatalysis, organocatalysis, the use of nanocatalysts, microwave irradiation, ball milling, continuous flow, and many more. Thus, in this review, we summarize the medicinal properties of BIMs and the developed BIM synthetic protocols, utilizing the reaction between aldehydes with indoles, while focusing on the more environmentally friendly methods developed over the years.

Delineating the role of nuclear receptors in colorectal cancer, a focused review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent form of cancer globally, causing a significant number of deaths, surpassing 0.9 million in the year 2020. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, CRC ranks third in incidence and second in mortality in both males and females. Despite extensive studies over the years, there is still a need to establish novel therapeutic targets to enhance the patients' survival rate in CRC. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) that regulate numerous essential biological processes such as differentiation, development, physiology, reproduction, and cellular metabolism. Dysregulation and anomalous expression of different NRs has led to multiple alterations, such as impaired signaling cascades, mutations, and epigenetic changes, leading to various diseases, including cancer. It has been observed that differential expression of various NRs might lead to the initiation and progression of CRC, and are correlated with poor survival outcomes in CRC patients. Despite numerous studies on the mechanism and role of NRs in this cancer, it remains of significant scientific interest primarily due to the diverse functions that various NRs exhibit in regulating key hallmarks of this cancer. Thus, modulating the expression of NRs with their agonists and antagonists, based on their expression levels, holds an immense prospect in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutical modalities of CRC. In this review, we primarily focus on the role and mechanism of NRs in the pathogenesis of CRC and emphasized the significance of targeting these NRs using a variety of agents, which may represent a novel and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of this cancer.

The potential of aryl hydrocarbon receptor as receptors for metabolic changes in tumors

Cancer cells can alter their metabolism to meet energy and molecular requirements due to unfavorable environments with oxygen and nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming is common in a tumor microenvironment (TME). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor, which can be activated by many exogenous and endogenous ligands. Multiple AhR ligands can be produced by both TME and tumor cells. By attaching to various ligands, AhR regulates cancer metabolic reprogramming by dysregulating various metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. These regulated pathways greatly contribute to cancer cell growth, metastasis, and evading cancer therapies; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we review the relationship between TME and metabolism and describe the important role of AhR in cancer regulation. We also focus on recent findings to discuss the idea that AhR acts as a receptor for metabolic changes in tumors, which may provide new perspectives on the direction of AhR research in tumor metabolic reprogramming and future therapeutic interventions.

RhoB expression associated with chemotherapy response and prognosis in colorectal cancer

PURPOSE

To examine the role of RhoB expression in relation to chemotherapy response, clinical outcomes and associated signaling pathways in colorectal cancer patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 5 colon cancer cell lines, zebrafish embryos and 260 colorectal cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin (OXL). The methods consisted of CRISPR/Cas9, reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase-3 activity, autophagy flux, in-silico RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Gene expression analysis and pathway analysis were conducted using RNA-seq data.

RESULTS

All cancer lines tested, including SW480, SW480-KO13 (RhoB knockout), SW480-KO55 (RhoB knockout), HCT116 and HCT116-OE (RhoB overexpressed), exhibited cytotoxicity to 5-FU and OXL. RhoB knockout cell lines demonstrated significantly reduced migration compared to the control cell lines. Furthermore, RhoB played a role in caspase-3-dependent apoptosis, regulation of ROS production and autophagic flux. The mRNA sequencing data indicated lower expression levels of oncogenes in RhoB knockout cell lines. The zebrafish model bearing SW480-KO showed a light trend toward tumor regression. RhoB expression by immunohistochemistry in patients was increased from normal mucosa to tumor samples. In patients who received chemotherapy, high RhoB expression was related to worse survival compared to low RhoB expression. Furthermore, the molecular docking analysis revealed that OXL had a higher binding affinity for RhoB than 5-FU, with a binding affinity of -7.8 kcal/mol and HADDOCK predicted molecular interactions between RhoB and caspase 3 protein. Gene-set enrichment analysis supported these findings, showing that enrichment of DNA damage response pathway and p53 signaling in RhoB overexpression treatment group, while the RhoB knockout treatment group exhibited enrichment in the negative regulation pathway of cell migration.

CONCLUSION

RhoB was negatively associated with chemotherapy response and survival in colorectal cancers. Therefore, RhoB inhibition may enhance chemotherapeutic responses and patient survival.

Exploring the nexus of nuclear receptors in hematological malignancies

Hematological malignancies (HM) represent a subset of neoplasms affecting the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic systems, categorized primarily into leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Their prognosis varies considerably, with a frequent risk of relapse despite ongoing treatments. While contemporary therapeutic strategies have extended overall patient survival, they do not offer cures for advanced stages and often lead to challenges such as acquisition of drug resistance, recurrence, and severe side effects. The need for innovative therapeutic targets is vital to elevate both survival rates and patients' quality of life. Recent research has pivoted towards nuclear receptors (NRs) due to their role in modulating tumor cell characteristics including uncontrolled proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis evasion, invasion and migration. Existing evidence emphasizes NRs' critical role in HM. The regulation of NR expression through agonists, antagonists, or selective modulators, contingent upon their levels, offers promising clinical implications in HM management. Moreover, several anticancer agents targeting NRs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This review highlights the integral function of NRs in HM's pathophysiology and the potential benefits of therapeutically targeting these receptors, suggesting a prospective avenue for more efficient therapeutic interventions against HM.

Carnosic Acid against Lung Cancer: Induction of Autophagy and Activation of Sestrin-2/LKB1/AMPK Signalling

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents 80% of all lung cancer cases and is characterized by low survival rates due to chemotherapy and radiation resistance. Novel treatment strategies for NSCLC are urgently needed. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), a tumor suppressor prevalently mutated in NSCLC, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which in turn inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and activates unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) to promote autophagy. Sestrin-2 is a stress-induced protein that enhances LKB1-dependent activation of AMPK, functioning as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC. In previous studies, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract (RE) activated the AMPK pathway while inhibiting mTORC1 to suppress proliferation, survival, and migration, leading to the apoptosis of NSCLC cells. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer potential of carnosic acid (CA), a bioactive polyphenolic diterpene compound found in RE. The treatment of H1299 and H460 NSCLC cells with CA resulted in concentration and time-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation assessed with crystal violet staining and 3H-thymidine incorporation, and concentration-dependent inhibition of survival, assessed using a colony formation assay. Additionally, CA induced apoptosis of H1299 cells as indicated by decreased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels, increased cleaved caspase-3, -7, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) levels, and increased nuclear condensation. These antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects coincided with the upregulation of sestrin-2 and the phosphorylation/activation of LKB1 and AMPK. Downstream of AMPK signaling, CA increased levels of autophagy marker light chain 3 (LC3), an established marker of autophagy; inhibiting autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3MA) blocked the antiproliferative effect of CA. Overall, these data indicate that CA can inhibit NSCLC cell viability and that the underlying mechanism of action of CA involves the induction of autophagy through a Sestrin-2/LKB1/AMPK signaling cascade. Future experiments will use siRNA and small molecule inhibitors to better elucidate the role of these signaling molecules in the mechanism of action of CA as well as tumor xenograft models to assess the anticancer properties of CA in vivo.