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Tijink BM, Perk LR, Budde M, Stigter-van Walsum M, Visser GWM, Kloet RW, Dinkelborg LM, Leemans CR, Neri D, van Dongen GAMS. (124)I-L19-SIP for immuno-PET imaging of tumour vasculature and guidance of (131)I-L19-SIP radioimmunotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1235-44. [PMID: 19259661 PMCID: PMC2709218 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The human monoclonal antibody (MAb) fragment L19-SIP is directed against extra domain B (ED-B) of fibronectin, a marker of tumour angiogenesis. A clinical radioimmunotherapy (RIT) trial with 131I-L19-SIP was recently started. In the present study, after GMP production of 124I and efficient production of 124I-L19-SIP, we aimed to demonstrate the suitability of 124I-L19-SIP immuno-PET for imaging of angiogenesis at early-stage tumour development and as a scouting procedure prior to clinical 131I-L19-SIP RIT. Methods 124I was produced in a GMP compliant way via 124Te(p,n)124I reaction and using a TERIMO™ module for radioiodine separation. L19-SIP was radioiodinated by using a modified version of the IODO-GEN method. The biodistribution of coinjected 124I- and 131I-L19-SIP was compared in FaDu xenograft-bearing nude mice, while 124I PET images were obtained from mice with tumours of <50 to ∼700 mm3. Results 124I was produced highly pure with an average yield of 15.4 ± 0.5 MBq/μAh, while separation yield was ∼90% efficient with <0.5% loss of TeO2. Overall labelling efficiency, radiochemical purity and immunoreactive fraction were for 124I-L19-SIP: ∼80 , 99.9 and >90%, respectively. Tumour uptake was 7.3 ± 2.1, 10.8 ± 1.5, 7.8 ± 1.4, 5.3 ± 0.6 and 3.1 ± 0.4%ID/g at 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h p.i., resulting in increased tumour to blood ratios ranging from 6.0 at 24 h to 45.9 at 72 h p.i.. Fully concordant labelling and biodistribution results were obtained with 124I- and 131I-L19-SIP. Immuno-PET with 124I-L19-SIP using a high-resolution research tomograph PET scanner revealed clear delineation of the tumours as small as 50 mm3 and no adverse uptake in other organs. Conclusions 124I-MAb conjugates for clinical immuno-PET can be efficiently produced. Immuno-PET with 124I-L19-SIP appeared qualified for sensitive imaging of tumour neovasculature and for predicting 131I-L19-SIP biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Tijink
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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202
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Schneider DW, Heitner T, Alicke B, Light DR, McLean K, Satozawa N, Parry G, Yoo J, Lewis JS, Parry R. In vivo biodistribution, PET imaging, and tumor accumulation of 86Y- and 111In-antimindin/RG-1, engineered antibody fragments in LNCaP tumor-bearing nude mice. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:435-43. [PMID: 19223400 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.055608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To optimize in vivo tissue uptake kinetics and clearance of engineered monoclonal antibody (mAb) fragments for radiotherapeutic and radiodiagnostic applications, we compared the biodistribution and tumor localization of four (111)In- and (86)Y-labeled antibody formats, derived from a single antimindin/RG-1 mAb, in a prostate tumor model. The IgG, diabody, single-chain variable domain (scFv), and novel miniantibody formats, composed of the human IgE-C(H)4 and a modified IgG1 hinge linked to scFv domains, were compared. METHODS Antibodies were first derivatized with the bifunctional chelator CHX-A''-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and then bound to the radiometal to create radiolabeled immunoconjugates. Human LNCaP xenografts were grown in nude mice, and (111)In- or (86)Y-labeled antibodies were administered intravenously. Tissues were harvested at different times, and the level of antibody deposition was determined by measuring radioactivity. Whole-body small-animal PET of mice receiving (86)Y-labeled antibodies was performed at 6 time points and colocalized with simultaneous micro-CT imaging. RESULTS The biodistributions of (111)In and (86)Y antibodies were quite similar. The blood, tumor, kidney, and liver tissues contained varying levels of radioactivity. The antibody accumulation in the tumor correlated with molecular size. The IgG steadily increased with time to 24.1 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 48 h. The miniantibody accumulated at a similar rate to reach a lower level (14.2 %ID/g) at 48 h but with a higher tumor-to-blood ratio than the IgG. Tumor accumulation of the diabody peaked at 3 h, reaching a much lower level (3.7 %ID/g). A combination of rapid clearance and lower relative affinity of the scFv precluded deposition in the tumor. Small-animal PET results correlated well with the biodistribution results, with similar tumor localization patterns. CONCLUSION The larger antibody formats (IgG and miniantibody) gave higher tumor uptake levels than did the smaller formats (diabody and scFv). These larger formats may be more suitable for radioimmunotherapy applications, evidenced by the preclinical efficacy previously shown by a report on the IgG format. The smaller formats were rapidly cleared from circulation, and the diabody, which accumulated in the tumor, may be more suitable for radiodiagnostic applications.
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203
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Astrof S, Hynes RO. Fibronectins in vascular morphogenesis. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:165-75. [PMID: 19219555 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin is an extracellular matrix protein found only in vertebrate organisms containing endothelium-lined vasculature and is required for cardiovascular development in fish and mice. Fibronectin and its splice variants containing EIIIA and EIIIB domains are highly upregulated around newly developing vasculature during embryogenesis and in pathological conditions including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and tumorigenesis. However, their molecular roles in these processes are not entirely understood. We review genetic studies examining functions of fibronectin and its splice variants during embryonic cardiovascular development, and discuss potential roles of fibronectin in vascular disease and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Astrof
- Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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204
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Abstract
During last two decades, the chimerization and humanization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have led to the approval of several for the treatment of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and transplant rejection. Additional approaches have been used to further improve their in vivo activity. These include combining them with other modalities such as chemotherapy and redesigning them for improved pharmacokinetics, effector function, and signaling activity. The latter has taken advantage of new insights emerging from an increased understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in the interaction of immunoglobulin G with Fc receptors and complement as well as the negative signaling resulting from the hypercrosslinking of their target antigens. Hence, mAbs have been redesigned to include mutations in their Fc portions, thereby endowing them with enhanced or decreased effector functions and more desirable pharmacokinetic properties. Their valency has been increased to decrease their dissociation rate from cells and enhance their ability to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In this review we discuss these redesigned mAbs and current data concerning their evaluation both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yun Liu
- The Cancer Immunobiology Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8576, USA.
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205
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ten Hagen TLM, Seynhaeve ALB, Eggermont AMM. Tumor necrosis factor-mediated interactions between inflammatory response and tumor vascular bed. Immunol Rev 2009; 222:299-315. [PMID: 18364010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumor therapy with chemotherapeutics greatly depends on the efficiency with which drugs are delivered to tumor cells. The typical characteristics of the tumor physiology promote but also appose accumulation of blood-borne agents. The leaky tumor vasculature allows easy passage of drugs. However, the disorganized vasculature causes heterogeneous blood flow, and together with the often-elevated interstitial fluid pressure, this state results in poor intratumoral drug levels and failure of treatment. Manipulation of the tumor vasculature could overcome these barriers and promote drug delivery. Targeting the vasculature has several advantages. The endothelial lining is readily accessible and the first to be encountered after systemic injection. Second, endothelial cells tend to be more stable than tumor cells and thus less likely to develop resistance to therapy. Third, targeting the tumor vasculature can have dual effects: (i) manipulation of the vasculature can enhance concomitant chemotherapy, and (ii) subsequent destruction of the vasculature can help to kill the tumor. In particular, tumor necrosis factor alpha is studied. Its action on solid tumors, both directly through tumor cell killing and destruction of the tumor vasculature and indirectly through manipulation of the tumor physiology, is complex. Understanding the mechanism of TNF and agents with comparable action on solid tumors is an important focus to further develop combination immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo L M ten Hagen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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206
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Villani ME, Morgun B, Brunetti P, Marusic C, Lombardi R, Pisoni I, Bacci C, Desiderio A, Benvenuto E, Donini M. Plant pharming of a full-sized, tumour-targeting antibody using different expression strategies. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:59-72. [PMID: 18793269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to obtain a human antibody against the tumour-associated antigen tenascin-C (TNC) and to compare the yield and quality of plant-produced antibody in either stable transgenics or using a transient expression system. To this end, the characterization of a full-sized human immunoglobulin G (IgG) [monoclonal antibody H10 (mAb H10)], derived from a selected single-chain variable fragment (scFv) and produced in plants, is presented. The human mAb gene was engineered for plant expression, and Nicotiana tabacum transgenic lines expressing both heavy (HC) and light (LC) chain were obtained and evaluated for antibody expression levels, in vivo assembly and functionality. Affinity-purified H10 from transgenics (yield, 0.6-1.1 mg/kg fresh weight) revealed that more than 90% of HC was specifically degraded, leading to the formation of functional antigen-binding fragments (Fab). Consequently, H10 was transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants through an Agrobacterium-mediated gene-transfer system. Moreover, the use of the p19 silencing suppressor gene from artichoke mottled crinkle virus raised antibody expression levels by an order of magnitude (yields of purified H10, 50-100 mg/kg fresh weight). Approximately 75% of purified protein consisted of full-sized antibody functionally binding to TNC (K(D) = 14 nm), and immunohistochemical analysis on tumour tissues revealed specific accumulation around tumour blood vessels. The data indicate that the purification yields of mAb H10, using a transient expression system boosted by the p19 silencing suppressor, are exceptionally high when compared with the results reported previously, providing a technique for the over-expression of anticancer mAbs by a rapid, cost-effective, molecular farming approach.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Protein Engineering
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Tenascin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Transformation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Villani
- ENEA, Dipartimento BAS, Sezione Genetica e Genomica Vegetale, C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00123, Rome, Italy
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207
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Abstract
Conventionally, antibody phage display has been used to isolate recombinant antibodies that are monovalent in their interaction with target antigens. These antibodies can be reengineered for expression in mammalian cell culture as full-length, monospecific immunoglobulins. An emerging branch of research has sought to generate bivalent recombinant antibodies by manipulating the length of the linker separating heavy- and light-chain variable domains in single-chain Fv proteins, thereby promoting inter-scFv interaction and the formation of "diabodies." With careful control, this can generate scFv-based proteins able to bind two very distinct targets, "bispecific diabodies." Further manipulation enables the assembly of higher-order complexes.
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208
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Mårlind J, Kaspar M, Trachsel E, Sommavilla R, Hindle S, Bacci C, Giovannoni L, Neri D. Antibody-mediated delivery of interleukin-2 to the stroma of breast cancer strongly enhances the potency of chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6515-24. [PMID: 18927291 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is an interest in the discovery of biopharmaceuticals, which are well tolerated and which potentiate the action of anthracyclines and taxanes in breast cancer therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have produced a recombinant fusion protein, composed of the human antibody fragment scFv(F16) fused to human interleukin-2 (F16-IL2), and tested its therapeutic performance in the MDA-MB-231 xenograft model of human breast cancer. The F16 antibody is specific to the alternatively spliced A1 domain of tenascin-C, which is virtually undetectable in normal tissues but is strongly expressed in the neovasculature and stroma of breast cancer. RESULTS When used as monotherapy, F16-IL2 displayed a strikingly superior therapeutic benefit compared with unconjugated recombinant IL-2. The administration of doxorubicin either before (8 days, 24 h, or 2 h) or simultaneously with the injection of F16-IL2 did not decrease the accumulation of immunocytokine in the tumor as measured by quantitative biodistribution analysis. Therapy experiments, featuring five once per week coadministrations of 20 mug F16-IL2 and doxorubicin, showed a statistically significant reduction of tumor growth rate and prolongation of survival at a 4 mg/kg doxorubicin dose but not at a 1 mg/kg dose. By contrast, combination of F16-IL2 with paclitaxel (5 and 1 mg/kg) exhibited a significant therapeutic benefit compared with paclitaxel alone at both dose levels. F16-IL2, alone or in combination with doxorubicin, was well tolerated in cynomolgus monkeys at doses equivalent to the ones now used in clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS F16-IL2 may represent a new useful biopharmaceutical for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mårlind
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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209
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Zuberbühler K, Palumbo A, Bacci C, Giovannoni L, Sommavilla R, Kaspar M, Trachsel E, Neri D. A general method for the selection of high-level scFv and IgG antibody expression by stably transfected mammalian cells. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 22:169-74. [PMID: 19022802 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of mammalian cell lines capable of high-yield expression of recombinant antibodies is typically performed by screening multiple individual clones by limiting dilution techniques. A number of experimental strategies have recently been devised to identify high-expressing clones, but protocols are often difficult to implement, time consuming, costly and limited in terms of number of clones which can be screened. In this article, we describe new vectors for the expression of recombinant antibodies in IgG format and in other formats, based on the single-chain Fv module, as well as a high-throughput screening procedure, based on the direct staining of antibodies transiting the membrane of a stably transfected cell, followed by preparative sorting using a high-speed cell sorter. This procedure allows, in one step, to deposit single cells into individual wells of a 96-well microtiter plate (thus facilitating cloning) and to preferentially recover those rare cell populations which express dramatically higher levels of recombinant antibody. Using cell cultures followed by affinity purification techniques, we could confirm that the new vectors and the new screening procedure reliably yield high-expression clones and homogenous protein preparations. We expect that these techniques should find broad applicability for both academic and industrial antibody engineering research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Zuberbühler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland
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210
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Complete eradication of human B-cell lymphoma xenografts using rituximab in combination with the immunocytokine L19-IL2. Blood 2008; 113:2275-83. [PMID: 19005180 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-160747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody-mediated delivery of therapeutic agents to sites of angiogenesis is an attractive strategy for anticancer therapy, but is largely unexplored in hematologic malignancies. In the present study, we show that the extra domain B (EDB) of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, is expressed in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and that the human monoclonal anti-EDB antibody L19 can selectively localize to the lymphoma-associated subendothelial extracellular matrix. In vivo, the preferential accumulation of the antibody at the tumor site was confirmed by quantitative biodistribution analyses with radioiodinated antibody preparations. The fusion protein L19-IL2, which mediates the delivery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the neovasculature, displayed a superior antilymphoma activity compared with unconjugated IL-2 in localized and systemic xenograft models of NHL. When coadministered with rituximab, L19-IL2 induced complete remissions of established localized lymphomas and provided long-lasting protection from disseminated lymphoma. The combined use of rituximab and L19-IL2, which dramatically increases the infiltration of immune effector cells in lymphomas, may deserve clinical investigations, facilitated by the fact that L19-IL2 is currently being studied in phase II clinical trials in patients with solid tumors.
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211
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Deyev SM, Lebedenko EN. Multivalency: the hallmark of antibodies used for optimization of tumor targeting by design. Bioessays 2008; 30:904-18. [PMID: 18693269 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-precision tumor targeting with conventional therapeutics is based on the concept of the ideal drug as a "magic bullet"; this became possible after techniques were developed for production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Innovative DNA technologies have revolutionized this area and enhanced clinical efficiency of mAbs. The experience of applying small-size recombinant antibodies (monovalent binding fragments and their derivatives) to cancer targeting showed that even high-affinity monovalent interactions provide fast blood clearance but only modest retention time on the target antigen. Conversion of recombinant antibodies into multivalent format increases their functional affinity, decreases dissociation rates for cell-surface and optimizes biodistribution. In addition, it allows the creation of bispecific antibody molecules that can target two different antigens simultaneously and do not exist in nature. Different multimerization strategies used now in antibody engineering make it possible to optimize biodistribution and tumor targeting of recombinant antibody constructs for cancer diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Deyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Shemyakin/Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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212
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Abstract
Antibodies have attained a central role as targeted therapeutics, with several significant drugs on the market and many more in clinical development for oncological applications. Expansion of the role of antibodies in cancer imaging has been accelerated by a number of factors, including the recognition that antibodies can provide a powerful class of molecular imaging probes for interrogating cell surfaces in vivo. Identification of relevant cell surface biomarkers as imaging targets, coupled with advances in antibody technology, facilitate the generation of antibodies optimized for noninvasive imaging. Developments in imaging instrumentation and radionuclide availability have paved the way for broader evaluation and implementation of radioimmunoscintigraphy and immunoPET. Antibody imaging can provide a sensitive, noninvasive means for molecular characterization of cell surface phenotype in vivo, which can in turn guide diagnosis, prognosis, therapy selection, and monitoring of treatment in cancer.
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213
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Pedretti M, Soltermann A, Arni S, Weder W, Neri D, Hillinger S. Comparative immunohistochemistry of L19 and F16 in non-small cell lung cancer and mesothelioma: two human antibodies investigated in clinical trials in patients with cancer. Lung Cancer 2008; 64:28-33. [PMID: 18799229 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The antibody-mediated targeted delivery of therapeutics to tumor sites is an attractive avenue for combating cancer while sparing normal tissues. Indeed, five derivatives of the human monoclonal antibodies L19 and F16, specific to splice isoforms of fibronectin and tenascin-C, are currently being investigated in clinical trials in patients with malignancies. Until now, a comparative immunohistochemical analysis of these antibodies, which recognize components of the modified extracellular matrix, was missing. Here, we report that the majority of NSCLC and mesothelioma specimens are stained with both antibodies in the stroma, while non-tumoral lung and mesothelium samples rarely exhibit reactivity with either L19 or F16. In our analysis, the anti-tenascin F16 antibody was found to generally exhibit a stronger staining of desmoplastic stroma surrounding tumor. This superior performance was found to be particularly striking in the case of low-grade non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pedretti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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214
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Rybak JN, Trachsel E, Scheuermann J, Neri D. Ligand-based vascular targeting of disease. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:22-40. [PMID: 17154429 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review illustrates the basic principles of ligand-based vascular targeting and presents some of the most advanced results obtained in this field, not only in terms of biopharmaceuticals, which are currently being investigated in clinical and preclinical studies, but also in terms of enabling technologies that facilitate target and ligand discovery. Whereas most of the vascular targeting research activities have so far concentrated on tumoral angiogenesis, the development of non-oncological applications has recently gained momentum and is likely to become an important area of modern pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha-N Rybak
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland
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215
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Villa A, Trachsel E, Kaspar M, Schliemann C, Sommavilla R, Rybak JN, Rösli C, Borsi L, Neri D. A high-affinity human monoclonal antibody specific to the alternatively spliced EDA domain of fibronectin efficiently targets tumor neo-vasculature in vivo. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2405-13. [PMID: 18271006 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The alternatively spliced extra-domain B of fibronectin is one of the best characterized markers of tumor angiogenesis. Similarly, the extra-domain A (EDA), which can also be inserted in the fibronectin transcript by a mechanism of alternative splicing, has been shown to preferentially accumulate around new blood vessels in certain tumors, but this antigen has not been investigated so far as a target for antibody-based biomolecular intervention. We here describe the generation of 3 human monoclonal antibodies (named F8, B7 and D5), which recognize the same epitope of EDA, but which differ in terms of their dissociation constant to the human antigen (K(D) = 3.1, 16 and 17 nM, measured for monomeric preparations of the F8, B7 and D5 antibodies, respectively, in recombinant scFv format). When the 3 antibody fragments were cloned and expressed with a 5 amino acid linker, the 3 resulting homodimeric antibody preparations displayed comparable tumor: organ ratios in quantitative biodistribution studies, performed in immunocompetent 129SvEv mice, bearing subcutaneous syngeneic F9 murine tumors. The percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) values in tumors 24 hr after intravenous injection were 9.3, 10.2 and 13 for F8, B7 and D5, respectively. The F8 antibody may serve as useful building block for the development of antibody-based targeted anti-cancer therapeutics. Preclinical and clinical investigations are facilitated by the fact that F8 recognizes the human and mouse antigen with comparable affinity, and by the observation that EDA over-expression is detectable not only in solid tumors, but also in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Villa
- Philochem AG, c/o ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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216
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Kischel P, Waltregny D, Castronovo V. Identification of accessible human cancer biomarkers using ex vivo chemical proteomic strategies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 4:727-39. [PMID: 18067412 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.6.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One promising avenue towards the development of more selective, better anticancer drugs lies in the targeted delivery of bioactive compounds to the tumor environment by means of binding molecules specific for tumor-associated biomarkers. Eligibility of such markers for therapeutic ideally use three criteria: accessibility from the bloodstream; expression at sufficient level, and no (or much lower) expression in normal tissues. Most current discovery strategies (such as biomarker searching into body fluids) provide no clue as to whether proteins of interest are accessible, in human tissues, to suitable high-affinity ligands, such as systemically delivered monoclonal antibodies. To address this limitation, our group recently developed two methodologies based on chemical proteomic modifications, enabling the discovery of proteins accessible from the bloodstream and the extracellular space in human pathological tissues. In this review, we will discuss the potential benefits of these methodologies for the fast discovery of therapeutically valuable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Kischel
- Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research, University of Liège, Metastasis Research Laboratory, Center for Experimental Cancer Research, Bât. B23, CHU Sart-Tilman Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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217
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Abstract
Great efforts are being made to develop antiangiogenesis drugs for treatment of cancer as well as other diseases. Some of the compounds are already in clinical trials. Imaging techniques allowing noninvasive monitoring of corresponding molecular processes can provide helpful information for planning and controlling corresponding therapeutic approaches but will also be of interest for basic science. Current nuclear medicine techniques focus on the development of tracer targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) system, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), the ED-B domain of a fibronectin isoform, and the integrin alphavbeta3. In this chapter, the recent tracer developments as well as the preclinical and the clinical evaluations are summarized and the potential of the different approaches to characterize angiogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Haubner
- Universitätsklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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218
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Haubner R. Noninvasive Determination of Angiogenesis. Cancer Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374212-4.50092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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219
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Rybak JN, Roesli C, Kaspar M, Villa A, Neri D. The extra-domain A of fibronectin is a vascular marker of solid tumors and metastases. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10948-57. [PMID: 18006840 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising new avenues for the development of more selective and efficacious cancer therapies relies on the antibody-mediated targeted delivery of bioactive agents (e.g., cytokines) to the tumor environment. The identification of quantitative differences in the expression of accessible vascular proteins in metastatic lesions and host organs facilitate the development of antibody-based strategies, which should be highly efficient and selective, considering the fact that an over-exuberant neovasculature is a characteristic feature of aggressive cancers, and that tumor blood vessels are readily accessible for i.v. administered therapeutic agents. Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer. The availability of metastasis-specific antigens accessible from the bloodstream will allow a selective delivery of therapeutic agents to metastatic lesions using antibodies as vehicles. Using a combination of vascular biotinylation of 129Sv mice bearing F9 liver metastases and mass spectrometry, we have identified 435 accessible proteins in metastasis and host organ specimens, of which 117 were exclusively detected in metastases. In particular, we found that the alternatively spliced extra-domain A (EDA) of fibronectin is strongly expressed in the neovasculature of liver metastases, while being undetectable in most normal organs. A human antibody to EDA was used to show EDA expression in the neovasculature of metastases and primary tumors of human cancer patients and to target mouse liver metastases and subcutaneous tumors in vivo. Human antibody fragments specific to the EDA domain of fibronectin promise to serve as general vehicles for the efficient and selective delivery of imaging agents or therapeutic molecules to metastatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jascha-N Rybak
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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220
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Sheikholvaezin A, Eriksson D, Ahlström KR, Johansson L, Stigbrand T. Tumor radioimmunolocalization in nude mice by mono- and divalent- single-chain Fv antiplacental alkaline phosphatase antibodies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007; 22:64-72. [PMID: 17627415 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One single-chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) and a new recombinant covalently linked dimeric scFv antibody (sc(Fv)(2)) against placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) were investigated for selective tumor targeting. The biological behavior of these new antibodies was compared to that of the original native antibody, H7 MAb. The sc(Fv)(2)) antibody displayed convincing tumor localization properties with a rapid excretion pattern comparable to the scFv, but with a longer retention time in the tumor, and higher tumor-to-nontumor ratio (27:1), compared to the scFv (15:1), at 48 hours. For the sc(Fv)(2) antibody, more than 50% of the remaining activity in the mouse was present in the tumor between 24 and 48 hours after the injection. With this antibody, scintigraphic visualization of the tumor was also possible 1 week after the injection. It is concluded that this sc(Fv)(2) antibody fragment, with two binding sites, displays properties suitable for in vivo targeting of PLAP expressing tumors.
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221
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Astrof S, Crowley D, Hynes RO. Multiple cardiovascular defects caused by the absence of alternatively spliced segments of fibronectin. Dev Biol 2007; 311:11-24. [PMID: 17706958 PMCID: PMC2080666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternatively spliced variants of fibronectin (FN) containing exons EIIIA and EIIIB are expressed around newly forming vessels in development and disease but are downregulated in mature vasculature. The sequences and patterns of expression of these splice variants are highly conserved among vertebrates, suggestive of their biological importance; however the functions of EIIIA and EIIIB-containing FNs are unknown. To understand the role(s) of these splice variants, we deleted both EIIIA and EIIIB exons from the FN gene and observed embryonic lethality with incomplete penetrance by embryonic day 10.5. Deletion of both EIIIA and EIIIB exons did not affect synthesis or cell surface deposition of FN, indicating that embryonic lethality was due specifically to the absence of EIIIA and EIIIB exons from FN. EIIIA/EIIIB double-null embryos displayed multiple embryonic cardiovascular defects, including vascular hemorrhage, failure of remodeling embryonic and yolk sac vasculature, defective placental angiogenesis and heart defects. In addition, we observed defects in coverage and association with dorsal aortae of alpha-smooth-muscle-actin-positive cells. Our studies indicate that the presence or absence of EIIIA and EIIIB exons alters the function of FN and demonstrate the requirement for these alternatively spliced exons in cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Astrof
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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222
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Kaspar M, Trachsel E, Neri D. The antibody-mediated targeted delivery of interleukin-15 and GM-CSF to the tumor neovasculature inhibits tumor growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4940-8. [PMID: 17510424 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-targeting immunocytokines represent a new class of anticancer pharmaceutical agents, which often display a superior therapeutic index compared with the corresponding unconjugated cytokines. In this article, we have studied the anticancer properties of interleukin-15 (IL-15) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), fused to the human antibody fragment scFv(L19), specific to the EDB domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis. The immunocytokines L19-IL-15 and L19-GM-CSF were expressed in mammalian cells and purified to homogeneity, revealing no loss of cytokine activity in in vitro assays. Furthermore, the ability of the two immunocytokines to selectively localize to tumors in vivo was confirmed by biodistribution analysis with radioiodinated protein preparations. L19-IL-15 and L19-GM-CSF displayed a potent antitumor activity both in s.c. and in metastatic F9 and C51 murine models of cancer in immunocompetent mice. This therapeutic action was superior compared with IL-15-based and GM-CSF-based fusion proteins, containing antibodies of irrelevant specificity in the mouse, which were used as non-tumor-targeting controls. For both L19-IL-15 and L19-GM-CSF immunocytokines, CD8(+) T cells seemed to mostly contribute to the therapeutic action as shown by in vivo cell depletion experiments. The results presented in this article are of clinical significance, considering the fact that the sequence of EDB is identical in mouse and man and that the tumor-targeting ability of the L19 antibody has been extensively shown in clinical trials in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Kaspar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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223
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Abstract
Vascular development requires correct interactions among endothelial cells, pericytes and surrounding cells. These interactions involve many cell adhesion interactions, including cell-matrix interactions both with basement membranes and with surrounding extracellular matrices. Investigations of the contributions of these various interactions in vascular development and angiogenesis have been rather uneven and incomplete over the past 10-15 years. There has been considerable concentration on a few receptors, matrix proteins and proteolytic fragments with the goal of finding means to control angiogenesis. Many other potential contributors have received much less attention. Even for those molecules that have been subject to intensive investigation, our knowledge is incomplete. This review will survey the spectrum of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and cell-matrix adhesion receptors (particularly integrins) that are likely to contribute to angiogenesis and discuss what is known and not known about the roles of each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Hynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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224
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Roesli C, Neri D, Rybak JN. In vivo protein biotinylation and sample preparation for the proteomic identification of organ- and disease-specific antigens accessible from the vasculature. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:192-9. [PMID: 17406232 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of bioactive molecules to diseased organs or tissues by means of binding molecules specific to markers of diseases represents a promising area of pharmaceutical intervention. The availability of markers of pathology, ideally accessible from the vasculature, is crucial for such strategies. To this aim, here we present a protocol based on terminal perfusion of mice with a reactive ester derivate of biotin that enables the covalent modification of proteins readily accessible from the bloodstream. Biotinylated proteins from total organ or tissue extracts are (i) purified on streptavidin resin in the presence of strong detergents, (ii) digested on the resin and (iii) subjected to proteomic analysis. This technology is applicable to comparative proteomic investigations of differentially expressed, accessible proteins in numerous animal models having different physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Roesli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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225
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Dearling JLJ, Pedley RB. Technological advances in radioimmunotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:457-69. [PMID: 17537620 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a method of selectively delivering radionuclides with toxic emissions to cancer cells, while reducing the dose to normal tissues. Although primary tumours can often be treated successfully with external beam radiotherapy or surgery, metastases often escape detection and treatment, leading to therapy failure, and these can be treated with systemic targeted therapies such as RIT. This review describes more recent developments in the field, including both technological developments from the laboratory and increasingly encouraging findings from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L J Dearling
- Cancer Research UK Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, University College London (Hampstead Campus), London, UK.
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226
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Abstract
During cancer progression, the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue in which the tumor grows is extensively remodeled, both by degradation of preexisting ECM molecules and by the neosynthesis of ECM components, which in many cases are not present in the ECM of normal tissues. Fibronectin (FN), a class of high-molecular-weight adhesive glycoproteins, plays a prominent role in mediating ECM function, because of its high abundance and its interaction with cellular components. Furthermore, the generation of tumor-associated FN isoforms allows the development of specific ligands (e.g., antibodies), which can be used for the selective delivery of therapeutic agents to the tumor environment. In view of these considerations, it is not surprising that FN is being used as a target for biomolecular intervention, both for the development of inhibitory molecules that block the interaction of FN with integrins and other receptors on the cell surface, and for the development of ligand-based targeted imaging and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we briefly present the essential properties of FN, and we then focus on the therapeutic strategies that are currently in preclinical or clinical development and feature FN as a target, or that are based on FN fragments so as to promote tumor-growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Kaspar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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227
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El-Emir E, Dearling JLJ, Huhalov A, Robson MP, Boxer G, Neri D, van Dongen GAMS, Trachsel E, Begent RHJ, Pedley RB. Characterisation and radioimmunotherapy of L19-SIP, an anti-angiogenic antibody against the extra domain B of fibronectin, in colorectal tumour models. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1862-70. [PMID: 17519905 PMCID: PMC2359968 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a characteristic feature of tumours and other disorders. The human monoclonal antibody L19- SIP targets the extra domain B of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis expressed in a range of tumours. The aim of this study was to investigate whole body distribution, tumour localisation and the potential of radioimmunotherapy with the L19-small immunoprotein (SIP) in colorectal tumours. Two colorectal tumour models with highly different morphologies, the SW1222 and LS174T xenografts, were used in this study. Localisation and retention of the L19-SIP antibody at tumour vessels was demonstrated using immunohistochemistry and Cy3-labelled L19-SIP. Whole body biodistribution studies in both tumour models were carried out with 125I-labelled L19-SIP. Finally, 131I-labelled antibody was used to investigate the potential of radioimmunotherapy in SW1222 tumours. Using immunohistochemistry, we confirmed extra domain B expression in the tumour vasculature. Immunofluorescence demonstrated localisation and retention of injected Cy3-labelled L19-SIP at the abluminal side of tumour vessels. Biodistribution studies using a 125I-labelled antibody showed selective tumour uptake in both models. Higher recorded values for localisation were found in the SW1222 tumours than in the LS174T (7.9 vs 6.6 %ID g−1), with comparable blood clearance for both models. Based on these results, a radioimmunotherapy study was performed in the SW1222 xenograft using 131I-Labelled L19-SIP (55.5 MBq), which showed selective tumour uptake, tumour growth inhibition and improved survival. Radio- and fluorescence-labelled L19-SIP showed selective localisation and retention at vessels of two colorectal xenografts. Furthermore, 131I-L19-SIP shows potential as a novel treatment of colorectal tumours, and provides the foundation to investigate combined therapies in the same tumour models.
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Affiliation(s)
- E El-Emir
- 1Cancer Research UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School (UCL), Hampstead Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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228
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Trachsel E, Bootz F, Silacci M, Kaspar M, Kosmehl H, Neri D. Antibody-mediated delivery of IL-10 inhibits the progression of established collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R9. [PMID: 17261171 PMCID: PMC1860067 DOI: 10.1186/ar2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody-mediated targeted delivery of cytokines to sites of disease is a promising avenue for cancer therapy, but it is largely unexplored for the treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions. Using both radioactive and fluorescent techniques, the human monoclonal antibodies L19 and G11 (specific to two markers of angiogenesis that are virtually undetectable in normal adult tissues) were found to selectively localize at arthritic sites in the murine collagen-induced model of rheumatoid arthritis following intravenous (i.v.) administration. The same animal model was used to study the therapeutic action of the L19 antibody fused to the cytokines IL-2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-10. Whereas L19-IL-2 and L19-TNF treatment led to increased arthritic scores and paw swellings, the fusion protein L19-IL-10 displayed a therapeutic activity, which was superior to the activity of IL-10 fused to an antibody of irrelevant specificity in the mouse. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 has been investigated for the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but clinical development plans have been discontinued because of a lack of efficacy. Because the antigen recognised by L19 is strongly expressed at sites of arthritis in humans and identical in both mice and humans, it suggests that the fusion protein L19-IL-10 might help overcome some of the clinical limitations of IL-10 and provide a therapeutic benefit to patients with chronic inflammatory disorders, including arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Trachsel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Paulistrasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bootz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Paulistrasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Silacci
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Paulistrasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Kaspar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Paulistrasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hartwig Kosmehl
- Institute of Pathology, Helios Klinikum Erfurt, Nordhaeuser Strasse 74, D-99089 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Paulistrasse 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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229
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Alamillo JM, Monger W, Sola I, García B, Perrin Y, Bestagno M, Burrone OR, Sabella P, Plana‐Durán J, Enjuanes L, Lomonossoff GP, García JA. Use of virus vectors for the expression in plants of active full-length and single chain anti-coronavirus antibodies. Biotechnol J 2007; 1:1103-11. [PMID: 17004304 PMCID: PMC7161777 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200600143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To extend the potential of antibodies and their derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed both a small immune protein (SIP) and a full‐length antibody in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus X (PVX) and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The agr;SIP molecule consisted of a single chain antibody (scFv) specific for the porcine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) linked to the α‐CH3 domain from human IgA. To express the full‐length IgA, the individual light and heavy chains from the TGEV‐specific mAb 6A.C3 were inserted into separate PVX constructs and plants were co‐infected with both constructs. Western blot analysis revealed the efficient expression of both the SIP and IgA molecules. Analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that both the plant‐expressed αSIP and IgA molecules could bind to and neutralize TGEV in tissue culture, indicating that active molecules were produced. Oral administration of crude extracts from antibody‐expressing plant tissue to 2‐day‐old piglets showed that both the αSIP and full‐length IgA molecules can provide in vivo protection against TGEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa M. Alamillo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, C‐6, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Sola
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolande Perrin
- John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
- Universitéde Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205 Compiègne Cédex, France
| | - Marco Bestagno
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Oscar R. Burrone
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Patricia Sabella
- Fort Dodge Veterinaria SA, Carretera de Comprodon, Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Plana‐Durán
- Fort Dodge Veterinaria SA, Carretera de Comprodon, Girona, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan A. García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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230
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Bestagno M, Sola I, Dallegno E, Sabella P, Poggianella M, Plana-Durán J, Enjuanes L, Burrone OR. Recombinant dimeric small immunoproteins neutralize transmissible gastroenteritis virus infectivity efficiently in vitro and confer passive immunity in vivo. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:187-195. [PMID: 17170451 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small immunoproteins (SIPs) are single-chain molecules comprising the variable regions of an antibody assembled in a single polypeptide (scFv) and joined to the immunoglobulin heavy-chain dimerizing domain. To investigate the potential of these molecules to provide protection against enteric infections when supplied orally, SIPs were generated against Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), a highly pathogenic porcine virus. Different variants of TGEV-specific SIPs were created, of ε and α isotypes, by exploiting the dimerizing domains εCH4 and αCH3 of human and swine origin. Transfected cells secreted these recombinant mini-antibodies efficiently, mainly as dimers stabilized covalently by inter-chain disulphide bridges. The specificity and functionality of the recombinant TGEV-specific SIPs were determined by in vitro binding, neutralization and infection-interference assays. The neutralization indices of the TGEV-specific SIPs were all very similar to that of the original TGEV-specific mAb, thus confirming that the immunological properties have been preserved in the recombinant SIPs. In vivo protection experiments on newborn piglets have, in addition, demonstrated a strong reduction of virus titre in infected tissues of animals treated orally with TGEV-specific SIPs. It has therefore been demonstrated that it is possible to confer passive immunization to newborn pigs by feeding them with recombinant SIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bestagno
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus Univ. Autonoma Madrid, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliana Dallegno
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Patricia Sabella
- Fort-Dodge Veterinaria SA, Department of Research and Development, Vall de Bianya, 17813 Girona, Spain
| | - Monica Poggianella
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Juan Plana-Durán
- Fort-Dodge Veterinaria SA, Department of Research and Development, Vall de Bianya, 17813 Girona, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Campus Univ. Autonoma Madrid, Darwin 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar R Burrone
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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231
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Trachsel E, Kaspar M, Bootz F, Detmar M, Neri D. A human mAb specific to oncofetal fibronectin selectively targets chronic skin inflammation in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:881-6. [PMID: 17185984 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The antibody-based targeted delivery of bioactive agents to sites of angiogenesis is an attractive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, but is largely unexplored for chronic inflammatory diseases. In this article, we show that the extra domain B (EDB) domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, is expressed in psoriatic lesions, and that the anti-EDB human antibody L19 can selectively localize to chronically inflamed skin in vivo. The L19-based delivery of the cytokines IL10 and IL12 did not improve or worsen inflammation in a mouse model of chronic skin inflammation, which overexpressed vascular endothelial growth factor under the control of the keratin-14 promoter. By contrast, the L19-based targeted delivery of the proinflammatory cytokine IL2 or of the photosensitizer Sn(IV) chlorin e6 resulted in an increased swelling and reddening of inflamed skin. These results indicate that antibodies specific to components of the modified extracellular matrix can selectively accumulate at chronically inflamed sites in vivo. This observation now stimulates the search for bioactive molecules which can be fused to antibodies and which may confer a therapeutic benefit as a result of their preferential accumulation in psoriatic lesions and other sites of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Trachsel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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232
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Moosmayer D, Berndorff D, Chang CH, Sharkey RM, Rother A, Borkowski S, Rossi EA, McBride WJ, Cardillo TM, Goldenberg DM, Dinkelborg LM. Bispecific antibody pretargeting of tumor neovasculature for improved systemic radiotherapy of solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5587-95. [PMID: 17000696 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extra domain B (ED-B) fibronectin is a specific tumor matrix marker for targeting angiogenesis in solid tumors. In this study, the radiotherapeutic potential of the directly radioiodinated divalent anti-ED-B antibody fragment, L19 small immunoprotein (L19-SIP; 75,000 Da), was compared with a pretargeting approach using the bispecific antibody AP39xm679 (bsMAb; 75,000 Da). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The bsMAb was prepared by coupling an anti-ED-B single-chain Fv (AP39) to the Fab' of the murine antibody m679, which binds to the small peptidic hapten histamine-succinyl-glycine (HSG). As an effector molecule for the pretargeting approach, the 111In-labeled HSG-DOTA complex was injected 25 or 41 hours after the bsMAb. The kinetics of both the iodinated bsMAb and the pretargeted 111In-labeled HSG hapten were investigated in mice bearing human glioblastoma xenografts (U251) and compared with the kinetics and tumor accumulation of radioiodinated L19-SIP. 111In and 125I were used as surrogate marker for the therapeutic radioisotopes 90Y/177Lu and 131I, respectively. RESULTS Tumor uptake of the pretargeted 111In-labeled peptide was significantly higher than 125I-L19-SIP over 7 days. At the calculated maximally tolerated dose for each agent (with the kidney being the dose-limiting organ for pretargeting and the bone marrow for direct targeting), a mouse tumor dose of 146 Gy could be given by pretargeting versus 45 Gy delivered by the direct approach. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that pretargeting of ED-B with AP39xm679 and subsequent injection of the 90Y-hapten-peptide would improve the therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors by >3-fold compared with directly radiolabeled 131I-L19-SIP.
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233
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Grabulovski D, Kaspar M, Neri D. A novel, non-immunogenic Fyn SH3-derived binding protein with tumor vascular targeting properties. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3196-204. [PMID: 17130124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609211200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of novel binding molecules based on protein frameworks ("scaffolds") represents an emerging field in protein engineering, with the potential to replace antibodies for many research and clinical applications. Here, we describe the design, construction, characterization, and use of a novel human Fyn SH3 phage library, containing 1.2 x 10(9) individual clone members. We also present the isolation and in vitro characterization of Fyn SH3-derived proteins binding to the extra-domain B of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis. One specific binding clone, named D3, was further evaluated and showed a remarkable ability to stain vascular structures in tumor sections. Furthermore, quantitative biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing mice revealed the ability of D3 to selectively accumulate in the tumor. In contrast to human scFv antibody fragments administered to mice, neither Fyn SH3 WT nor the D3 mutant was immunogenic in mice after four intravenous injections. The extra-domain B binding D3 protein opens new biomedical opportunities for the in vivo imaging of solid tumors and for the delivery of toxic agents to the tumoral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Grabulovski
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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234
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Monger W, Alamillo JM, Sola I, Perrin Y, Bestagno M, Burrone OR, Sabella P, Plana-Duran J, Enjuanes L, Garcia JA, Lomonossoff GP. An antibody derivative expressed from viral vectors passively immunizes pigs against transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection when supplied orally in crude plant extracts. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:623-31. [PMID: 17309733 PMCID: PMC7167628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential of antibody derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed a small immune protein (SIP) in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus X (PVX) and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The epsilonSIP molecule consisted of a single-chain antibody (scFv) specific for the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) linked to the epsilon-CH4 domain from human immunoglobulin E (IgE). In some constructs, the sequence encoding the epsilonSIP molecule was flanked by the leader peptide from the original murine antibody at its N-terminus and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (HDEL) at its C-terminus to allow the expressed protein to be directed to, and retained within, the endoplasmic reticulum. Western blot analysis of samples from Nicotiana clevelandii or cowpea tissue infected with constructs revealed the presence of SIP molecules which retained their ability to dimerize. The analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that the plant-expressed epsilonSIP molecules could bind to and neutralize TGEV in tissue culture, the levels of binding and neutralization reflecting the level of expression. Oral administration of crude extracts from SIP-expressing plant tissue to 2-day-old piglets demonstrated that the extracts which showed the highest levels of in vitro neutralization could also provide in vivo protection against challenge with TGEV.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/immunology
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/mortality
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Plant Extracts/immunology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- Plant Leaves/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Swine
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/genetics
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Monger
- John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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235
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Gafner V, Trachsel E, Neri D. An engineered antibody-interleukin-12 fusion protein with enhanced tumor vascular targeting properties. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2205-12. [PMID: 16823838 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The antibody-mediated targeted delivery of interleukin-12 (IL12) to the EDB domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, is a promising avenue for enhancing the therapeutic index of this anti-cancer cytokine. Previous experiments, based on sequential fusion of a single-chain IL12 derivative to the anti-EDB antibody fragment scFv(L19) had yielded a therapeutic fusion protein [IL12-scFv(L19)-FLAG], which displayed an impressive therapeutic activity in murine models of cancer, in spite of a tumor uptake, which was less efficient compared to the parental unmodified scFv(L19). In this article, we describe the comparative analysis of 3 recombinant fusion proteins comprising the scFv(L19) and IL12 moieties. One of them, in which the p40 and p35 form a covalent heterodimer and in which each subunit is fused to a molecule of scFv(L19), displays an excellent tumor targeting performance in vivo, as assessed by quantitative biodistribution analysis, and a potent anti-tumor effect, superior to the one of IL12-scFv(L19)-FLAG. These results may have a clinical impact, considering the fact that the tumor targeting ability of scFv(L19) in patients with cancer has been demonstrated using scintigraphic methods, and that 2 scFv(L19)-based antibody-cytokine fusion are currently entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Gafner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
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236
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Poggianella M, Bestagno M, Burrone OR. The extracellular membrane-proximal domain of human membrane IgE controls apoptotic signaling of the B cell receptor in the mature B cell line A20. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3597-605. [PMID: 16951319 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag engagement of BCR in mature B cells can deliver specific signals, which decide cell survival or cell death. Circulating membrane IgE+ (mIgE+) cells are found in extremely low numbers. We hypothesized that engagement of an epsilonBCR in a mature isotype-switched B cell could induce apoptosis. We studied the role of the extracellular membrane-proximal domain (EMPD) of human mIgE upon BCR engagement with anti-Id Abs. Using mutants lacking the EMPD, we show that this domain is involved in controlling Ca2+ mobilization in immunoreceptors of both gamma and epsilon isotypes, as well as apoptosis in signaling originated only from the epsilonBCR. We mapped to the epsilonCH4 ectodomain the region responsible for apoptosis in EMPD-deleted receptors. Ca2+ mobilization was not related to apoptotic signaling. This apoptotic pathway was caspase independent, involved ERK1/2 phosphorylation and was partially rescued by CD40 costimulation. We therefore conclude that the EMPD of human mIgE is a key control element of apoptotic signaling delivered through engagement of epsilonBCR within the context of a mature B cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Poggianella
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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237
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Spaeth N, Wyss MT, Pahnke J, Biollaz G, Trachsel E, Drandarov K, Treyer V, Weber B, Neri D, Buck A. Radioimmunotherapy targeting the extra domain B of fibronectin in C6 rat gliomas: a preliminary study about the therapeutic efficacy of iodine-131-labeled SIP(L19). Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:661-6. [PMID: 16843841 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite aggressive treatment protocols, patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme still experience poor outcome. Therefore, new adjuvant therapeutic options such as radioimmunotherapy (RIT) have been studied and have resulted in significant survival benefit. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of a novel radioimmunotherapeutic approach targeting the extra domain B (EDB) of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, in glioma-bearing rats. METHODS C6 gliomas were induced intracerebrally in Wistar rats. Ten to 11 days later, 220-360 MBq of iodine-131-labeled anti-EDB SIP(L19) ("small immunoprotein") was administered intravenously into nine animals, yielding a radiation dose of 13-21 Gy. Another nine rats served as controls. Then the following parameters were compared: median survival time, tumor size and histology. RESULTS Histological examination of the tumors revealed typical glioblastoma characteristics. Eleven of 18 rats developed a tumor size bigger than 150 mm(3). When these animals were used for survival analysis, median survival did significantly differ between groups [22 days (therapy; n=7) vs. 16 days (control; n=4); P<.0176]. CONCLUSIONS In this preliminary trial, (131)I-SIP(L19)-RIT showed promising potential in treating C6 gliomas, warranting further studies. However, larger trials with preferentially higher doses are needed to confirm this finding and, potentially, to further increase the efficacy of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Spaeth
- PET Center, Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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238
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Hajitou A, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Vascular targeting: recent advances and therapeutic perspectives. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2006; 16:80-8. [PMID: 16546688 PMCID: PMC7172921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability to deliver therapeutics site—specifically in vivo—remains a major challenge for the treatment of malignant, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and degenerative diseases. The need to target agents safely, efficiently, and selectively has become increasingly evident because of progress in vascular targeting. The vascular endothelium is a central target for intervention, given its multiple roles in the physiology (in health) and pathophysiology (in disease) and its direct accessibility to circulating ligands. In cancer, the expression of specific molecules on the surface of vascular endothelial and perivascular cells might enable direct therapeutic targeting. The use of in vivo phage display has significantly contributed to the identification of such targets, which have been successfully used for directed vascular targeting in preclinical animal models. Several animal studies have been performed by using fused molecules between tumor endothelium-directed molecules and immunomodulatory, procoagulant, or cytotoxic molecules. In addition to delivery of therapeutic agents, vascular targeted gene therapies based on both ligand-directed delivery of gene vectors to tumor endothelium and transcriptional targeting have also emerged. In this review, we discuss ligand-directed vascular targeting strategies with an emphasis on recent developments related to phage-display-based screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Address correspondence to: Renata Pasqualini and Wadih Arap, Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Wadih Arap
- Address correspondence to: Renata Pasqualini and Wadih Arap, Departments of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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239
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Trachsel E, Neri D. Antibodies for angiogenesis inhibition, vascular targeting and endothelial cell transcytosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:735-54. [PMID: 16822576 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is increasingly recognized as a target for biomedical intervention, not only for its accessibility to molecular agents coming from the blood-stream, but also for the active role played by endothelial cell proliferation to support diseases such as cancer, blinding ocular disorders and chronic inflammatory conditions. The notion that solid tumors cannot grow beyond a size of few millimeters without inducing the proliferation of new blood vessels has stimulated the search for mediators of angiogenesis and for inhibitors of this process, culminating in the approval of a humanized monoclonal antibody to VEGF-A for oncology applications. In parallel, researchers have begun to consider imaging and therapeutic strategies based on the selective delivery of bioactive agents to the new blood vessels, mediated by monoclonal antibody derivatives. Recently, the field of vascular targeting research has been extended to the investigation of molecular agents that may mediate endothelial cell transcytosis, in the hope to overcome this body barrier for drug delivery. This article reviews some of the most significant advances in these areas, and outlines future challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Trachsel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str.10, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI G396, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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240
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Brack SS, Silacci M, Birchler M, Neri D. Tumor-targeting properties of novel antibodies specific to the large isoform of tenascin-C. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:3200-8. [PMID: 16707621 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The targeted delivery of bioactive molecules with antibodies specific to tumor-associated antigens represents a promising strategy for improving the efficacy of tumor therapy. The large isoform of tenascin-C, an abundant glycoprotein of the tumor extracellular matrix, is strongly overexpressed in adult tissue undergoing tissue remodeling, including wound healing and neoplasia, and has been implicated in a variety of different cancers while being virtually undetectable in most normal adult tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used antibody phage technology to generate good-quality human recombinant antibodies (F16 and P12) specific to the alternatively spliced domains A1 and D of the large isoform of tenascin-C. The tumor-targeting properties of F16 and P12 were assessed by biodistribution studies in tumor xenografts using the antibodies in small immunoprotein (SIP) format. RESULTS SIP(F16) selectively accumulated at the tumor site with 4.5%ID/g at 24 hours in the U87 glioblastoma model but was rapidly cleared from other organs (tumor-to-organ ratios, approximately 10:1). The accumulation of SIP(P12) in the tumor was lower compared with SIP(F16) and persistent levels of radioactivity were observed in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the F16 antibody, specific to domain A1 of tenascin-C, is a promising building block for the development of antibody-based pharmaceuticals in view of its excellent tumor-targeting performance and the strong expression of the antigen in a variety of primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Brack
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland
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241
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Castronovo V, Waltregny D, Kischel P, Roesli C, Elia G, Rybak JN, Neri D. A chemical proteomics approach for the identification of accessible antigens expressed in human kidney cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:2083-91. [PMID: 16861259 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600164-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising avenue toward the development of more selective anticancer drugs consists in the targeted delivery of bioactive molecules to the tumor environment by means of binding molecules specific to tumor-associated markers. We have used a chemical proteomics approach based on the ex vivo perfusion and biotinylation of accessible structures within surgically resected human kidneys with tumor to gain information about accessible and abundant antigens that are overexpressed in human cancer. This procedure led to the selective labeling with biotin of vascular structures. Biotinylated proteins were purified on streptavidin resin and identified using mass spectrometric methodologies, revealing 637 proteins, 184 of which were only found in tumor specimens and 223 of which were only found in portions of normal kidneys. Immunohistochemical and PCR analysis confirmed that several of the putative cancer antigens identified in this study are indeed preferentially expressed in tumors. In conclusion, we have developed a methodology that allows the identification of accessible biomarkers in human tissues. The tumor-associated antigens identified in this study may be suitable targets for antibody-based anticancer therapies. The experimental approach described here should be applicable to other surgical specimens and to other pathologies as well as to the study of basic physiological and immunological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Castronovo
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Center of Experimental Cancer Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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242
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Calfa CI, Rosenblatt JD, Cho HM, Webster K, Shin SU. Antibodies and antibody-fusion proteins as anti-angiogenic, anti-tumor agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.uct.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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243
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Huang BC, Davern S, Kennel SJ. Mono and bivalent binding of a scFv and covalent diabody to murine laminin-1 using radioiodinated proteins and SPR measurements: effects on tissue retention in vivo. J Immunol Methods 2006; 313:149-60. [PMID: 16750217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phage display techniques identified a scFv, 15-9, which binds to murine laminin-1 and accumulated selectively in tumors. In this study, a covalent diabody was constructed by changing the amino acid residues at positions VH44 and VL100 to cysteine residues so that the diabody form could be stabilized via a disulfide bond. The covalent diabody was expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified by affinity chromatography. The binding properties were measured by surface plasmon resonance and solid phase binding of (125)I diabody and scFv. Data from the plasmon resonance method yielded calculated K(D)s of 4.4 x 10(-10) M for the covalent diabody and 9.9 x 10(-8) M for the scFv. K(D)s calculated from solid phase binding of radioiodinated proteins were 1.7-2.1 x 10(-10) M and 2.1-2.4 x 10(-8) M respectively. The rate of dissociation of (125)I scFv from solid phase laminin was independent of laminin concentration; however, the dissociation of the (125)I diabody was dependent both on the concentration of laminin and on the concentration of the diabody. Specifically, high concentrations of laminin yielded very slow rates of diabody dissociation indicating that bivalent attachments had formed. When higher amounts of diabody were used that essentially saturated the laminin sites with univalent binding, the dissociation rate was similar to that for the scFv indicating univalent binding. Biodistribution studies in tumor-bearing SCID mice showed that the covalent diabody improved the ratio of tumor/muscle 2 fold over that obtained with the scFv, although the absolute amount of protein bound to the tumor site was not significantly different for the two forms. The data also showed that retention of the diabody in the tumor and kidney, sites where laminin is present in high concentration, was much longer compared to that of scFv. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that both scFv and diabody forms bind to available laminin in vivo with similar association kinetics, but that in situations of high target concentration, the diabody can bind bivalently and is thus retained at the binding site much longer than the scFv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-cheng Huang
- Life Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge TN 37831-6101, USA
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244
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Balza E, Mortara L, Sassi F, Monteghirfo S, Carnemolla B, Castellani P, Neri D, Accolla RS, Zardi L, Borsi L. Targeted Delivery of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α to Tumor Vessels Induces a Therapeutic T Cell–Mediated Immune Response that Protects the Host Against Syngeneic Tumors of Different Histologic Origin. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:2575-82. [PMID: 16638868 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to demonstrate that a single systemic administration of L19mTNFalpha (a fusion protein constituted by the scFv L19 specific for the oncofetal ED-B domain of fibronectin and tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFalpha) in combination with melphalan induced complete and long-lasting tumor eradication in tumor-bearing mice and triggered the generation of a specific T cell-based immune response that protects the animals from a second tumor challenge, as well as from challenges with syngeneic tumor cells of different histologic origin. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS Treatment with L19mTNFalpha, in combination with melphalan, induced complete tumor regression in 83% of BALB/c mice with WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma and 33% of animals with C51 colon carcinoma. All cured mice rejected challenges with the same tumor cells and, in a very high percentage of animals, also rejected challenges with syngeneic tumor cells of different histologic origin. In adoptive immunity transfer experiments, the splenocytes from tumor-cured mice protected naive mice both from C51 colon carcinoma and from WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma. Similar results were also obtained in adoptive immunity transfer experiments using severely immunodepressed mice. Experiments using depleted splenocytes showed that T cells play a major role in tumor rejection. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the selective targeting of mTNFalpha to the tumor enhances its immunostimulatory properties to the point of generating a therapeutic immune response against different histologically unrelated syngeneic tumors. These findings predicate treatment approaches for cancer patients based on the targeted delivery of TNFalpha to the tumor vasculature.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Fibronectins/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Melphalan/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Balza
- Department of Translational Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Unit of Innovative Therapies, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Genoa, Italy
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245
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Cao P, Zhang S, Gong Z, Tang X, Cao M, Hu Y. Development of a compact anti-BAFF antibody in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:151-7. [PMID: 16625393 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 03/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies, especially single-chain antibody fragment (scFv), can be applied as detection reagents and even substitute for some reagents used in immunoassays. For scFv fragments, there is no such universal system available up to now. We have constructed vectors for the convenient, rapid expression of a novel compact antibody composed of anti-B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) scFv and the Fc portion (the hinge region, CH2, and CH3 domains) of the human IgG1 in Escherichia coli. After expression in bacteria as inclusion bodies, the recombinant antibody was purified and refolded in vitro. The scFv-Fc antibody was demonstrated to retain high binding affinity to antigen, including membrane-bound BAFF and soluble BAFF, and to possess some human IgG crystallizable fragment domain functions, such as human complement C1q and protein A binding. Both size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography column analysis and Western blotting of proteins subjected to nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that scFv-Fc antibody is homodimeric with relative molecular mass of 110 kDa. These findings suggest that the compact antibody may be useful in diagnostic application for the prediction of BAFF relevant to autoimmune diseases in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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246
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Fabbrini M, Trachsel E, Soldani P, Bindi S, Alessi P, Bracci L, Kosmehl H, Zardi L, Neri D, Neri P. Selective occlusion of tumor blood vessels by targeted delivery of an antibody-photosensitizer conjugate. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:1805-13. [PMID: 16217760 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The irregular vasculature and high interstitial pressure of solid tumors hinder the delivery of cytotoxic agents to cancer cells. As a consequence, the doses of chemotherapy necessary to achieve complete tumor eradication are associated with unacceptably high toxicities. The selective thrombosis of tumor blood vessels has been postulated as an alternative avenue for combating cancer, depriving tumors of nutrients and oxygen and causing an avalanche of tumor cell deaths. The human antibody L19, specific to the EDB domain of fibronectin, a marker of angiogenesis, is capable of selective in vivo localization around tumor blood vessels and is thus a suitable agent for delivering toxic payloads to the tumor neovasculature. Here we show that a chemical conjugate of the L19 antibody with the photosensitizer bis(triethanolamine)Sn(IV) chlorin e(6), after intravenous injection and irradiation with red light, caused an arrest of tumor growth in mice with subcutaneous tumors. By contrast, a photosensitizer conjugate obtained with an antibody of identical pharmacokinetic properties but irrelevant specificity did not exhibit a significant therapeutic effect. These results confirm that vascular targeting strategies, aimed at the selective occlusion/disruption of tumor blood vessels, have a significant anticancer therapeutic potential and encourage the use of antibody-photosensitizer conjugates for the therapy of superficial tumors and possibly other angiogenesis-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fabbrini
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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247
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Berndorff D, Borkowski S, Sieger S, Rother A, Friebe M, Viti F, Hilger CS, Cyr JE, Dinkelborg LM. Radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors by targeting extra domain B fibronectin: identification of the best-suited radioimmunoconjugate. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7053s-7063s. [PMID: 16203802 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1004-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of extra domain B (ED-B) fibronectin is always associated with angiogenic processes and can be exclusively observed in tissues undergoing growth and/or extensive remodeling. Due to this selective expression, ED-B fibronectin is an interesting target for radioimmunotherapy of malignant diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the most appropriate ED-B-targeting radioimmunoconjugate for the therapy of solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three ED-B fibronectin-binding human antibody formats of L19 were investigated: dimeric single-chain Fv (approximately 50 kDa), "small immunoprotein" (SIP, approximately 80 kDa), and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1, approximately 150 kDa). These L19 derivatives were either labeled with I-125 or with In-111 (using MX-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, MX-DTPA). Pharmacokinetics and tumor accumulation of the radiolabeled immunoconjugates were investigated in F9 (murine teratocarcinoma) tumor-bearing mice. Subsequently, dosimetry for the corresponding therapeutic isotopes I-13-1 and Y-90 was done. After testing the myelotoxicity of I-131-L19-SIP and I-131-L19-IgG1 in non-tumor-bearing mice, the therapeutic efficacy of these iodinated antibody formats was finally investigated in F9 tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS The most favorable therapeutic index was found for I-131-L19-SIP followed by I-131-L19-IgG1. The therapeutic index of all In-111-labeled derivatives was significantly inferior. Considering the bone marrow as the dose-limiting organ, it was calculated that activities of 74 MBq I-131-L19-SIP and 25 MBq I-131-L19-IgG1 could be injected per mouse without causing severe myelotoxicity. The best therapeutic efficacy was observed using I-131-L19-SIP, resulting in significant tumor growth delay and prolonged survival after a single injection. CONCLUSION Compared with other L19-based radioimmunoconjugates, I-131-L19-SIP is characterized by superior antitumor efficacy and toxicity profile in the F9 teratocarcinoma animal model. These results indicate that ED-B fibronectin-targeted radioimmunotherapy using I-131-L19-SIP has potential to be applied to treatment of solid cancers.
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248
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Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are well established as an important class of drugs in modern medicine. The exquisite specificity and affinity for a specific target offered by antibodies has also encouraged their development as delivery vehicles for agents such as radionuclides to target tissues, for radioimmunoimaging and radioimmunotherapy. Specifically, in nuclear medicine, radionuclide-conjugated antibody molecules make it possible to image diseased loci with greater sensitivity than other imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, two radionuclide-conjugated antibodies have recently been approved for the therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, optimal implementation of antibodies has been limited by the extended circulation persistence that is characteristic of native antibodies, which is responsible for increased background activity in radioimmunoimaging applications and dose-related normal organ toxicities in radioimmunotherapy. In this article the current status of radiolabelled intact antibodies is reviewed, focusing on strategies to improve their pharmacokinetic properties to suit a desired application. Examples from the literature that represent different approaches to accomplishing this task in terms of their successes as well as limitations, and perspectives for the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Kenanova
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California-Los Angeles, 700 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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249
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Sung M, Poon GMK, Gariépy J. The importance of valency in enhancing the import and cell routing potential of protein transduction domain-containing molecules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1758:355-63. [PMID: 16442074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are peptides that afford the internalization of cargo macromolecules (including plasmid DNA, proteins, liposomes, and nanoparticles). In the case of polycationic peptides, the efficiency of PTDs to promote cellular uptake is directly related to their molecular mass or their polyvalent presentation. Similarly, the efficiency of routing to the nucleus increases with the number of nuclear localization signals (NLS) associated with a cargo. The quantitative enhancement, however, depends on the identity of the PTD sequence as well as the targeted cell type. Thus the choice and multivalent presentation of PTD and NLS sequences are important criteria guiding the design of macromolecules intended for specific intracellular localization. This review outlines synthetic and recombinant strategies whereby PTDs and signal sequences can be assembled into multivalent peptide dendrimers and promote the uptake and routing of their cargoes. In particular, the tetramerization domain of the tumour suppressor p53 (p53tet) is emerging as a useful scaffold to present multiple routing and targeting moieties. Short cationic peptides fused to the 31-residue long p53tet sequence resulted in tetramers displaying a significant enhancement (up to 1000 fold) in terms of their ability to be imported into cells and delivered to the cell nucleus in relation to their monomeric analogues. The design of future polycationic peptide dendrimers as effective delivering vehicles will need to incorporate selective cell targeting functions and provide solutions to the issue of endosomal entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sung
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9
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250
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Silacci M, Brack S, Schirru G, Mårlind J, Ettorre A, Merlo A, Viti F, Neri D. Design, construction, and characterization of a large synthetic human antibody phage display library. Proteomics 2005; 5:2340-50. [PMID: 15880779 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in proteomic research allow the identification of several hundred protein components in complex biological specimens. Structural information is typically lost during proteomic investigations. For this reason, the rapid isolation of monoclonal antibodies specific to proteins of interest would allow the study of structurally intact biological specimens, thus providing complementary proteomic information. Here, we describe the design, construction, characterization, and use of a large synthetic human antibody phage display library (ETH-2-Gold) containing three billion individual antibody clones. A large repertoire of antibodies with similar biochemical properties was produced by appending short variable complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) onto three antibody germline segments (DP47, DPK22, and DPL16), which are frequently found in human antibodies. The ETH-2-Gold library exhibits efficient display of antibody fragments on filamentous phage, as assessed by immunoblot. Furthermore, the library is highly functional, since >90% of clones express soluble antibodies in bacteria and since good quality monoclonal antibodies have been isolated against 16 different antigens. The usefulness of the library as a tool for generating monoclonal antibodies for biomedical applications was tested using the C-domain of tenascin-C (a marker of angiogenesis) as antigen and showing that specific antibodies to this target were able to stain vascular structures in tumor sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Silacci
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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