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Imenshahidi M, Razavi BM, Faal A, Gholampoor A, Mousavi SM, Hosseinzadeh H. The Effect of Chronic Administration of Saffron (Crocus sativus) Stigma Aqueous Extract on Systolic Blood Pressure in Rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2013; 8:175-9. [PMID: 24624210 PMCID: PMC3941887 DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crocus sativus L. (saffron), which belongs to the Iridaceae family, is widely cultivated in Iran. Cardiovascular effects of saffron has been established in some studies but the effects of chronic administration of saffron (C. sativus) stigma aqueous extract on blood pressure has not been investigated. Objectives In this study the effects of saffron (C. sativus) stigma aqueous extract on blood pressure of normotensive and desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt induced hypertensive rats, in chronic exposure was evaluated. Materials and Methods Five weeks administration of three doses saffron aqueous extract (10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg/day) and spironolactone (50 mg/Kg/day) in different groups of normotensive and hypertensive rats (at the end of 4 weeks treatment by DOCA-salt) was carried out and their effects on mean systolic blood pressure (MSBP) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated using tail cuff method. The duration of the effect of saffron on systolic blood pressure (SBP), was also evaluated. Results Our results indicated that chronic administration of saffron aqueous extract could reduce the MSBP in DOCA salt treated rats in a dose dependent manner. This compound did not decrease the MSBP in normotensive rats. The data also showed that antihypertensive effects of saffron did not persist. Conclusions It is concluded that saffron aqueous extract possesses antihypertensive and normalizing effect on BP in chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Ayyoob Faal
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Ali Gholampoor
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | | | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
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202
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Saffron: A Natural Potent Antioxidant as a Promising Anti-Obesity Drug. Antioxidants (Basel) 2013; 2:293-308. [PMID: 26784466 PMCID: PMC4665515 DOI: 10.3390/antiox2040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with various diseases, particularly diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis and heart disease. Research on possibilities of herbal extracts and isolated compounds from natural products for treating obesity has an upward trend. Saffron (Crocus Sativus L. Iridaceae) is a source of plant polyphenols/carotenoids, used as important spice and food colorant in different parts of the world. It has also been used in traditional medicine for treatment of different types of illnesses since ancient times. Many of these medicinal properties of saffron can be attributed to a number of its compounds such as crocetin, crocins and other substances having strong antioxidant and radical scavenger properties against a variety of radical oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this article is to assess the potential role of saffron and its constituents in the regulation of metabolic functions, which can beneficially alter obesity pathophysiology.
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203
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Moallem SA, Afshar M, Etemad L, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Evaluation of teratogenic effects of crocin and safranal, active ingredients of saffron, in mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:285-91. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713500818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Saffron ( Crocus sativus) is a widely used food additive for its color and taste. Crocin and safranal are two main components of this plant. Numerous studies are underway to introduce saffron and its active ingredients as pharmacological agents. Safety assessments of these compounds are important parts of this endeavor. In this study, the effects of crocin and safranal administrations during embryogenesis have been investigated in mice. A total of 75 BALB/c pregnant mice were divided into six experimental and control groups. Four experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection of crocin (200 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg) daily or safranal (0.075 ml/kg or 0.225 ml/kg) on gestational days (GDs) 6 to 15. Control groups received normal saline or paraffin as solvents of crocin and safranal. Dams were dissected on GD18 and embryos were collected. Routine maternal and fetal parameters were recorded. Macroscopic observation of external malformations was also performed. Fetuses were then selected for double skeletal staining with alizarin red and alcian blue. All experimental groups caused significant decrease in length and weight of fetuses when compared with the control groups and revealed malformations such as minor skeletal malformations, mandible and calvaria malformations, and growth retardation. Minor skeletal malformations were the most commonly observed abnormality, which were statistically significant when compared with the control groups ( p < 0.05). The severities of malformations were comparable in the crocin- and safranal-treated groups. This study suggests that crocin or safranal can induce embryonic malformations when administered in pregnant mice. Due to the wide use of saffron, further elaborate studies to understand the malformation mechanisms of these ingredients are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Afshar
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Faculty of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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204
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Samarghandian S, Shabestari MM. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis induced by safranal in human prostate cancer cell line. Indian J Urol 2013; 29:177-83. [PMID: 24082436 PMCID: PMC3783695 DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Apoptosis, an important mechanism that contributes to cell growth reduction, is reported to be induced by Crocus sativus (Saffron) in different cancer types. However, limited effort has been made to correlate these effects to the active ingredients of saffron. The present study was designed to elucidate cytotoxic and apoptosis induction by safranal, the major coloring compound in saffron, in a human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3). Materials and Methods: PC-3 and human fetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells were cultured and exposed to safranal (5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/ml). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess cytotoxicity. DNA fragmentation was assessed by gel electrophoresis. Cells were incubated with different concentrations of safranal, and cell morphologic changes and apoptosis were determined by the normal inverted microscope, Annexin V, and propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Results: MTT assay revealed a remarkable and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect of safranal on PC-3 cells in comparison with non-malignant cell line. The morphologic alterations of the cells confirmed the MTT results. The IC50 values against PC-3 cells were found to be 13.0 0.07 and 6.4 0.09 μg/ml at 48 and 72 h, respectively. Safranal induced an early and late apoptosis in the flow cytometry histogram of treated cells, indicating apoptosis is involved in this toxicity. DNA analysis revealed typical ladders as early as 48 and 72 h after treatment, indicative of apoptosis. Conclusions: Our preclinical study demonstrated a prostate cancer cell line to be highly sensitive to safranal-mediated growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death. Although the molecular mechanisms of safranal action are not clearly understood, it appears to have potential as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Health Strategic Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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205
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Tamaddonfard E, Farshid AA, Eghdami K, Samadi F, Erfanparast A. Comparison of the effects of crocin, safranal and diclofenac on local inflammation and inflammatory pain responses induced by carrageenan in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:1272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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206
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Pan TL, Wu TH, Wang PW, Leu YL, Sintupisut N, Huang CH, Chang FR, Wu YC. Functional proteomics reveals the protective effects of saffron ethanolic extract on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proteomics 2013; 13:2297-2311. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Long Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Tung-Ho Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Veterans General Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Hsun Huang
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology; Chang Gung University of Science and Technology; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
- Natural Medicinal Products Research Center and Center for Molecular Medicine; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
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207
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Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H, Movassaghi AR, Imenshahidi M, Abnous K. Protective effect of crocin on diazinon induced cardiotoxicity in rats in subchronic exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:547-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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208
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Golzari SEJ, Khan ZH, Ghabili K, Hosseinzadeh H, Soleimanpour H, Azarfarin R, Mahmoodpoor A, Aslanabadi S, Ansarin K. Contributions of Medieval Islamic Physicians to the History of Tracheostomy. Anesth Analg 2013; 116:1123-1132. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3182884313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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209
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Hosseinzadeh H, Mehri S, Abolhassani MM, Ramezani M, Sahebkar A, Abnous K. Affinity-based target deconvolution of safranal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:25. [PMID: 23514587 PMCID: PMC3614472 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and the purpose of the study Affinity-based target deconvolution is an emerging method for the identification of interactions between drugs/drug candidates and cellular proteins, and helps to predict potential activities and side effects of a given compound. In the present study, we hypothesized that a part of safranal pharmacological effects, one of the major constituent of Crocus sativus L., relies on its physical interaction with target proteins. Methods Affinity chromatography solid support was prepared by covalent attachment of safranal to agarose beads. After passing tissue lysate through the column, safranal-bound proteins were isolated and separated on SDS-PAGE or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and Mascot software. Results and major conclusion Data showed that safranal physically binds to beta actin, cytochrome b-c1 complex sub-unit 1, trifunctional enzyme sub-unit beta and ATP synthase sub-unit alpha and beta. These interactions may explain part of safranal’s pharmacological effects. However, phenotypic and/or biological relevance of these interactions remains to be elucidated by future pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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210
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Malaekeh-Nikouei B, Mousavi SH, Shahsavand S, Mehri S, Nassirli H, Moallem SA. Assessment of cytotoxic properties of safranal and nanoliposomal safranal in various cancer cell lines. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1868-73. [PMID: 23494763 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a widely used food additive used for its color and taste. It has been reported that saffron possesses significant in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor activity. In the present study, anti-tumor effects of safranal, the major aromatic compound in saffron, and its liposomal form were investigated. The role of apoptosis has also been explored in this toxicity. HeLa, MCF7 and L929 cell lines were cultured and exposed to safranal (0.01-3 mM) or liposomal safranal (0.04-0.32 mM). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to assess cytotoxicity. Apoptosis was evaluated by staining cells with propidium iodide and quantifying sub-Gl peak by flow cytometry. MTT assay revealed a significant and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect of safranal on HeLa and MCF7 cell lines. Liposomal safranal showed enhanced effect compared to the safranal solution, as compared by their IC50 concentrations. Flow cytometry results revealed induction of apoptosis by safranal. It might be concluded that safranal could be involved in saffron-induced cell death in HeLa and MCF7 cells. Liposome encapsulation improved anti-tumor effect of safranal. Safranal and particularly its liposomal form could be investigated as promising chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Malaekeh-Nikouei
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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211
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Rajaei Z, Hadjzadeh MAR, Nemati H, Hosseini M, Ahmadi M, Shafiee S. Antihyperglycemic and Antioxidant Activity of Crocin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Med Food 2013; 16:206-10. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ziba Rajaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mousa-Al-Reza Hadjzadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Nemati
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shafiee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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212
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Rahbani M, Mohajeri D, Rezaie A, Nazeri M. Protective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Saffron (Dried Stigmas of Crocus sativus L.) on Hepatic Tissue Injury in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2012.1985.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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213
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Farahmand SK, Samini F, Samini M, Samarghandian S. Safranal ameliorates antioxidant enzymes and suppresses lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide formation in aged male rat liver. Biogerontology 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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214
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Fernández-Sánchez L, Lax P, Esquiva G, Martín-Nieto J, Pinilla I, Cuenca N. Safranal, a saffron constituent, attenuates retinal degeneration in P23H rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43074. [PMID: 22900092 PMCID: PMC3416780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron, an extract from Crocus sativus, has been largely used in traditional medicine for its antiapoptotic and anticarcinogenic properties. In this work, we investigate the effects of safranal, a component of saffron stigmas, in attenuating retinal degeneration in the P23H rat model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. We demonstrate that administration of safranal to homozygous P23H line-3 rats preserves both photoreceptor morphology and number. Electroretinographic recordings showed higher a- and b-wave amplitudes under both photopic and scotopic conditions in safranal-treated versus non-treated animals. Furthermore, the capillary network in safranal-treated animals was preserved, unlike that found in untreated animals. Our findings indicate that dietary supplementation with safranal slows photoreceptor cell degeneration and ameliorates the loss of retinal function and vascular network disruption in P23H rats. This work also suggests that safranal could be potentially useful to retard retinal degeneration in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Martín-Nieto
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
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215
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Protective Effect of Scutellaria litwinowii Extract on Serum/Glucose-Deprived Cultured PC12 Cells and Determining the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:413279. [PMID: 22888343 PMCID: PMC3409551 DOI: 10.1155/2012/413279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the wide, positive reporting of the role of reactive oxygen species in ischemic brain injury, searching for antioxidant drugs within herbal remedies is logical. In this study, the protective effects of Scutellaria litwinowii Bornm. & Sint. on cell viability and reactive oxygen species production in cultured PC12 cells were investigated under serum/glucose-deprivation-induced cell death. After cells were seeded overnight, they were then deprived of serum/glucose for 24 h. Cells were treated with different concentrations of S. litwinowii extract (7.75–250 μg/mL). Cell viability was quantitated by MTT assay, and intracellular reactive oxygen species production was measured by flow cytometry. Serum/glucose-deprivation induced significant cell death after 24 h (P < 0.001). Treatment with S. litwinowii (7.75–250 μg/mL) reduced serum/glucose deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells after 24 h. A significant increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species production was seen following serum/glucose deprivation (P < 0.001). S. litwinowii (62 and 125 μg/mL, P < 0.01) treatment reversed the increased reactive oxygen species production following ischemic insult. This demonstrates that S. litwinowii extract protects PC12 cells against serum/glucose-deprivation-induced cell death by antioxidant mechanisms, which indicates the potential therapeutic application of S. litwinowii in managing cerebral ischemic and neurodegenerative disorders.
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216
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Tiveron AP, Melo PS, Bergamaschi KB, Vieira TMFS, Regitano-d’Arce MAB, Alencar SM. Antioxidant activity of Brazilian vegetables and its relation with phenolic composition. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:8943-8957. [PMID: 22942744 PMCID: PMC3430275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13078943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetables are widely consumed in Brazil and exported to several countries. This study was performed to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of vegetables commonly consumed in Brazil using five different methods, namely DPPH and ABTS free radical, β-carotene bleaching, reduction of Fe(3+) (FRAP), oxidative stability in Rancimat, and the chemical composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The content of phenolic compounds ranged from 1.2 mg GA/g (carrot) to 16.9 mg GA/g (lettuce). Vegetables presenting the highest antioxidant activity were lettuce (77.2 μmol Trolox/g DPPH(•); 447.1 μmol F(2+)/g FRAP), turmeric (118.6 μmol Trolox/g ABTS(•+); 92.8% β-carotene), watercress and broccoli (protective factor 1.29-Rancimat method). Artichoke, spinach, broccoli, and asparagus also showed considerable antioxidant activity. The most frequent phenolic compounds identified by GC-MS were ferulic, caffeic, p-coumaric, 2-dihydroxybenzoic, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acids, and quercetin. We observed antioxidant activity in several vegetables and our results point out their importance in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Severino M. Alencar
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-19-34294150; Fax: +55-19-34294288
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Boskabady MH, Tabatabaee A, Byrami G. The effect of the extract of Crocus sativus and its constituent safranal, on lung pathology and lung inflammation of ovalbumin sensitized guinea-pigs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:904-911. [PMID: 22743244 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Different pharmacological effects of Crocus sativus have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains in previous studies. In the present study, the prophylactic effect of the extract of C. sativus and its constituent, safranal on lung pathology and total and differential white blood cells (WBC) of sensitized guinea pigs was examined. Guinea pigs were sensitized with injection and inhalation of ovalbumin (OA). One group of sensitized guinea pigs were given drinking water alone (group S) and three groups were given drinking water containing three concentrations of safranal (S+SA1, S+SA2 and S+SA3 groups), three groups, drinking water containing three concentrations of extract (S+CS1, S+CS2 and S+CS3 groups) and one group drinking water containing one concentration of dexamethasone (S+D group) (n=6, for all groups). The lung pathology was evaluated in control, non treated and treated sensitized groups. Total and differential WBC counts of lung lavage were also examined. All pathological indices in group S showed significant increased compared to control group (p<0.05 for lung congestion and p<0.001 for other groups). Total WBC number (p<0.001), eosinophyl percentage (p<0.001) in lung lavage and serum histamine levels (p<0.01) were also increased in sensitized animals compared to those of controls. Treatment of S animals with dexamethasone, all concentrations of the extract and safranal significantly improved lung pathological changes, most types of WBC and serum histamine levels compared to group S (p<0.05-0.001). Treatment of S group with first concentration of safranal also decreased total WBC. Treatment with safranal was more effective in improvement of most pathological changes, total and differential WBC count as well as serum histamine level (p<0.05-0.001). These results showed a preventive effect of the extract of C. sativus and its constituent safranal on lung inflammation of sensitized guinea pigs. The results also showed that the effect of the plant is perhaps due to its constituent safranal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Boskabady
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 177948564, Iran.
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Moallem SA, Hariri AT, Mahmoudi M, Hosseinzadeh H. Effect of aqueous extract of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) stigma against subacute effect of diazinon on specific biomarkers in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:141-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712452609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) stigma was studied against subacute toxicity of diazinon (DZN) on specific biochemical markers in rats. Vitamin E (200 IU/kg) and the aqueous extract of saffron at doses 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally three times per week alone or with DZN (20 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 weeks. Red blood cell (RBC) cholinesterase activity was inhibited by DZN and this effect was not affected by vitamin E or saffron plus DZN. The levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (inflammation marker), direct 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (oxidative stress marker) and soluble protein-100 β (S100β, neuronal damage marker) were increased significantly by DZN. The saffron extract inhibited the effect of DZN on these biomarkers levels. However, vitamin E was able to only reduce 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α and S100β levels. This study showed that the aqueous extract of saffron prevents DZN-induced rise of several specific inflammation, oxidative stress and neuronal damage biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Adel Moallem
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Alireza Timcheh Hariri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
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219
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Amin B, Hosseinzadeh H. Evaluation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of saffron, Crocus sativus L., and its constituents, safranal and crocin in allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in rats. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:888-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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220
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Gonda S, Parizsa P, Surányi G, Gyémánt G, Vasas G. Quantification of main bioactive metabolites from saffron (Crocus sativus) stigmas by a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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221
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Boskabady MH, Seyedhosseini Tamijani SM, Rafatpanah H, Rezaei A, Alavinejad A. The effect of Crocus sativus extract on human lymphocytes' cytokines and T helper 2/T helper 1 balance. J Med Food 2012; 14:1538-45. [PMID: 22145772 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of macerated extracts of Crocus sativus (Family Iridaceae) (saffron) on cell viability and cytokine release of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and nonstimulated cells were examined. The effects of three concentrations of macerated extract, dexamethasone, and saline on cell viability and production of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were evaluated. In cells stimulated with PHA, different concentrations of the extract significantly inhibited cell viability of lymphocytes (P<.001 for all concentrations). High concentrations of the extract (500 μg/mL) also inhibited secretion of IFN-γ in stimulated cells and IL-10 secretion in both stimulated and nonstimulated cells (P<.05 for all cases). The effects of high and low concentrations of the extract (500 and 50 μg/mL, respectively) on IL-4 secretion were lower than that of dexamethasone (P<.05 to P<.001). The extract showed a stimulatory effect on IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion in nonstimulated cells. The ratios of IFN-γ to IL-4 in the presence of all concentrations of saffron on stimulated cells were significantly higher than for the control group (P<.05 to P<.01). These results indicated that the extract of saffron leads to increased ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Department of Physiology and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Buali Institute, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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222
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Ramadan A, Soliman G, Mahmoud SS, Nofal SM, Abdel-Rahman RF. Evaluation of the safety and antioxidant activities of Crocus sativus and Propolis ethanolic extracts. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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223
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Tzanidi C, Proestos C, Markaki P. Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus L.</i>) Inhibits Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> Production by <i>Aspergillus parasiticus</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.23037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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224
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Neuroprotective Effect of Crocin on Acrylamide-induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:227-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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225
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Zheng CJ, Li L, Ma WH, Han T, Qin LP. Chemical constituents and bioactivities of the liposoluble fraction from different medicinal parts of Crocus sativus. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:756-763. [PMID: 21639689 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.547206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Crocus sativus Linn. (Iridaceae), commonly known as saffron, becomes more and more popular due to its versatile biological and medicinal properties. At present, studies mainly focus on the traditional medicinal part, the saffron stigma, with less attention to the other parts of saffron, such as the perianth, the stamen, and the corm, which are high yield compared to the stigma and also possess various pharmacological effects. OBJECTIVE To determine the chemical compositions, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities of the ether fractions from the stamen, perianth, and stigma of saffron. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical constituents of the ether fractions from different parts of saffron were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Several pathogenic fungi isolates and tumor cell lines were employed to evaluate the antifungal and cytotoxic activities of these three ether fractions. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was used to determine the free radical-scavenging activity. RESULTS The ether fractions composition of the three C. sativus parts are different from each other, but lauric acid, hexadecanoic acid, 4-hydroxydihydro-2(3H)-furanone, and stigmasterol were the common constituents shared by all the three fractions. The stamen ether fraction displayed the strongest antifungal and cytotoxic activities, whereas both of the saffron stamen and perianth ether fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activities. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the saffron stamen and perianth possess significant antifungal, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities as well as the stigma, though not to the same extent, prompting us to expand the medicinal resource and make best use of this valuable plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Guohe Road, Shanghai, PR China
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226
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Boskabady MH, Rahbardar MG, Jafari Z. The effect of safranal on histamine (H1) receptors of guinea pig tracheal chains. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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227
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Ulbricht C, Conquer J, Costa D, Hollands W, Iannuzzi C, Isaac R, Jordan JK, Ledesma N, Ostroff C, Serrano JMG, Shaffer MD, Varghese M. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Saffron (Crocus sativus) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2011; 8:58-114. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.547666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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228
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Esmaeili N, Ebrahimzadeh H, Abdi K, Safarian S. Determination of some phenolic compounds in Crocus sativus L. corms and its antioxidant activities study. Pharmacogn Mag 2011; 7:74-80. [PMID: 21472084 PMCID: PMC3065162 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.75906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that phenolic compounds are constituents of many plants. In this study, the total phenolics content in Crocus sativus L. corms in dormancy and waking stages were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Analysis was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after silylation by N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl trifluroacetamide (MSTFA) + %1 trimethyl iodosilane (TMIS). Numerous compounds were detected and 11 compounds were identified. The highest phenolics content in waking corms was observed for gentisic acid (5.693 ± 0.057 μg/g) and the lowest for gallic acid (0.416 ± 0.006 μg/g); also these two phenolic compounds are the highest (0.929 ± 0.015 μg/g) and lowest (0.017 ± 0.001 μg/g) phenolics in dormant corms, respectively. The results from quantization and GC-MS analysis showed a high concentration of phenolic compounds in waking corms than the dormant stage. Furthermore, the radical scavenging activities of saffron corms were studied by 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and EC (50)values were determined about 2055 ppm and 8274 ppm for waking and dormant corms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Esmaeili
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Abdi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Safarian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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229
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Anti-inflammatory effects of crocin and crocetin in rat brain microglial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 648:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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230
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On-line HPLC-ABTS screening and HPLC-DAD-MS/MS identification of free radical scavengers in Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) fruit extracts. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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231
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232
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Sub-acute effects of diazinon on biochemical indices and specific biomarkers in rats: Protective effects of crocin and safranal. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2803-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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233
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Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N, Safarinejad S. A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on semen parameters and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Phytother Res 2010; 25:508-16. [PMID: 20824894 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Male factor infertility is a multifactorial disorder that affects a significant percentage of infertile couples; however, many of them remained untreated. In recent years, considerable numbers of infertile men have sought 'herbal remedies' as an effective treatment. Among 'herbal remedies', saffron is recommended for male infertility in our community. The effect of saffron was evaluated compared with placebo for the treatment of idiopathic male factor infertility. The study included 260 infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) who were randomized to saffron 60 mg/day (130, group 1) or a similar regimen of placebo (130, group 2) for 26 weeks. The two groups were compared for changes in semen parameters and total seminal plasma antioxidant capacity. Saffron administration did not result in beneficial effects. At the end of the study no statistically significant improvements were observed in either group in any of the studied semen parameters (sperm density, morphology and motility) (all p = 0.1). At the end of the trial, patients in group 1 had a mean motility of 25.7 ± 2.4%, which was not statistically different from the mean of 24.9 ± 2.8% in the placebo group (p = 0.1). Normal sperm morphology was 18.7 ± 4.7% and 18.4 ± 4.3%, in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.1). Patients treated with saffron and placebo had a mean sperm density of 20.5 ± 4.6% and 21.4 ± 4.6% per mL, respectively (p = 0.1). Saffron administration did not improve total seminal plasma antioxidant capacity, compared with baseline (p = 0.1) and placebo subjects (p = 0.1). Based on Pearson correlations, each semen parameter did not correlate significantly with treatment duration, including sperm density (r = 0.146, p = 0.13), percent of motile sperm (r = 0.145, p = 0.15) and percent of sperm with normal morphology (r = 0.125, p = 0.30). Saffron does not statistically significantly improve semen parameters in infertile men with idiopathic OAT. If medical professionals want to prescribe herbal remedies for male infertility, previous rigorous scientific investigations, documenting their safety and efficacy are required.
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234
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Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Jaafar HZ. Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. stigma phenolic and flavonoid compounds and its antioxidant activity. Molecules 2010; 15:6244-56. [PMID: 20877220 PMCID: PMC6257777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15096244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) belongs to the Iridaceae family. The stigma of saffron has been widely used as spice, medicinal plant, and food additive in the Mediterranean and Subtropical countries. Recently, attention has been paid to the identification of new sources of safe natural antioxidants for the food industry. The antioxidant activities of spices are mainly attributed to their phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Saffron is one of the spices believed to possess antioxidant properties, but information on its antioxidant activity and phenolic, flavonoids compound are rather limited, therefore this research was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of saffron stigmas extracted with different solvents. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds of saffron were also examined using reversed phase (RP)-HPLC. Results showed that saffron stigma possess antioxidant activity. The free radical scavenging and ferric reducing power activities were higher for the methanolic extract of saffron stigma at a concentration of 300 μg/mL, with values of 68.2% and 78.9%, respectively, as compared to the corresponding boiling water and ethanolic extracts, but the activities were lower than those of antioxidant standards such as BHT and α-tocopherol. The obtained total phenolics value for methanolic saffron extract was 6.54 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW), and for total flavonoids, 5.88 ± 0.12 mg rutin equivalent/g DW, which were also higher than values obtained from the ethanolic and boiling water extracts. In addition, the RP-HPLC analyses indicated the presence of gallic acid and pyrogallol as two bioactive compounds. In summary, saffron stigmas showed antioxidant activity and methanol appeared to be the best solvent to extract the active components, among which the presence of gallic acid and pyrogallol might contribute towards the stigma's antioxidant properties. Hence, saffron stigma could be applied as a natural antioxidant source for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Oskoueian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rudi Hendra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hawa Z.E. Jaafar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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235
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Bathaie SZ, Mousavi SZ. New Applications and Mechanisms of Action of Saffron and its Important Ingredients. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50:761-86. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390902773003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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236
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Gupta M. Pharmacological Properties and Traditional Therapeutic Uses of Important Indian Spices: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910902963271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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237
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Abstract
The objective of antiaging medicine is to interfere in the normal human biological aging process. Is there any scientific basis to justify classifying antiaging medicine as a medical specialty and not a branch of basic biological science? This review evaluated 110 papers, nine of which (8.2% of the total) reported studies involving human subjects. Only one of these studies was randomized and double-blinded (Jadad 2). In accordance with their classification of recommendations and level of evidence, these studies were considered CII. Three of the nine articles were published in journals with an impact factor over 1.110. Therefore, there does not appear to be any solid scientific and/or clinical evidence that would justify the application of antiaging medicine in current medical practice.
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238
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Shen X, Wang Y, Wang F. Characterisation and biological activities of proanthocyanidins from the barks of Pinus massonian and Acacia mearnsii. Nat Prod Res 2010; 24:590-8. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410903194472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Shen
- a College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , China
| | - Youdong Wang
- a College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , China
| | - Fei Wang
- a College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , China
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239
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ŞEN NEJDET, KAR YAKUP, TEKELİ YENER. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF BLACK CUMIN (NIGELLA SATIVA L.) SEEDS CULTIVATING IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF TURKEY. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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240
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Protective Effect of Saffron Extract and Crocin on Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated High Glucose-Induced Toxicity in PC12 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:185-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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241
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Potential of Crocus sativus (saffron) and its Constituent, Crocin, as Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant in Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:358-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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242
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Tamaddonfard E, Hamzeh-Gooshchi N. Effect of crocin on the morphine-induced antinociception in the formalin test in rats. Phytother Res 2009; 24:410-3. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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243
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Shamsa A, Hosseinzadeh H, Molaei M, Shakeri MT, Rajabi O. Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot study. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:690-693. [PMID: 19427775 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) was studied on male erectile dysfunction (ED). Twenty male patients with ED were followed for ten days in which each morning they took a tablet containing 200mg of saffron. Patients underwent the nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) test and the international index of erectile function questionnaire (IIEF-15) at the start of the treatment and at the end of the ten days. After the ten days of taking saffron there was a statistically significant improvement in tip rigidity and tip tumescence as well as base rigidity and base tumescence. ILEF-15 total scores were significantly higher in patients after saffron treatment (before treatment 22.15+/-1.44; after treatment 39.20+/-1.90, p<0.001). Saffron showed a positive effect on sexual function with increased number and duration of erectile events seen in patients with ED even only after taking it for ten days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shamsa
- Urology Department, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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244
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Kanakis C, Tarantilis P, Pappas C, Bariyanga J, Tajmir-Riahi H, Polissiou M. An overview of structural features of DNA and RNA complexes with saffron compounds: Models and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 95:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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245
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Zhang Z, Du X, Wang F. Biological activities of procyanidins from the bark ofPinus caribaeaMorelet. Nat Prod Res 2009; 23:696-703. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410802242984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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246
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Ordoudi SA, Befani CD, Nenadis N, Koliakos GG, Tsimidou MZ. Further examination of antiradical properties of Crocus sativus stigmas extract rich in crocins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3080-3086. [PMID: 19284715 DOI: 10.1021/jf804041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Data for antiradical properties of saffron extract and its bioactive constituents (crocins, crocetin) are limited and poorly discussed in comparison with those of extracts containing potent scavengers. Further examination was sought using the Folin-Ciocalteu (F-C) reagent and various free radical species produced in cell-free or cell model systems. Oregano and turmeric methanol extracts, rich in well established scavengers, and also crocetin, rosmarinic acid, and curcumin, representing the major types of constituents in the three studied extracts, were used as "reference". On the same weight basis, saffron extract activity was found to be rather negligible in all cell-free systems with regard to that found for reference ones. On the contrary, in the human monocyte system, saffron extracts or free crocetin were found to reduce ROS production as effectively as the phenolic antioxidants. Our findings point out that saffron extracts exhibit a remarkable intracellular antioxidant activity that cannot be revealed using assays repeatedly applied to the evaluation of phenolic-type antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Ordoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, Chemistry School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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247
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The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus) extract for healing of second-degree burn wounds in rats. Keio J Med 2009; 57:190-5. [PMID: 19110531 DOI: 10.2302/kjm.57.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of pollen of saffron extract cream in the treatment of thermal induced burn wounds and to compare its results with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) in rats. Animals were divided into four groups and administrated a topical cream including control, base, saffron (20%) or SSD (1%) at 24 hour after a burn injury that was induced by hot water. In special days, according to a pre-planned schedule, animal's weight, wound size, as well as skin histo-pathology were determined in different groups under topical treatments. On day 25, average size of wound was 5.5, 4, 0.9 and 4.1 cm2 in control, base, saffron and silver groups. The wound size of saffron group was significantly smaller than other groups. Histological comparison has shown that saffron significantly increased re-epithelialization in burn wounds, as compared to other cream-treated wounds. Although the exact mechanism of saffron is unclear, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of saffron may have contributed to the wound healing. The results of this study raise the possibility of potential efficacy of saffron in accelerating wound healing in burn injuries.
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Hoshyar R, Bathaie SZ, Ashrafi M. Interaction of safranal and picrocrocin with ctDNA and their preferential mechanisms of binding to GC- and AT-rich oligonucleotides. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 27:665-73. [PMID: 19040376 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) shows different biological properties, some of which relate to its special components including safranal (deglycosylated picrocrocin). In our previous study on the mechanism of saffron functions, interaction of saffron carotenoids with DNA and oligonucleotides was reported. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction of safranal with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA), oligo(GC)15, and oligo(AT)15 in comparison with picrocrocin. Circular dichroism (CD) and fluorometric results show the nonintercalative/minor groove binding of the mentioned ligands to ctDNA. The CD plots indicate that picrocrocin interacts with DNA and oligonucleotides at lower concentrations than safranal does, which is accompanied by B- to C-DNA transition. At higher concentrations, it induces more conformational changes, that is, unstacking of DNA and oligonucleotides bases, the same as saffron carotenoids. However, similar results are obtained for safranal interaction with ctDNA (56% AT) and oligo(AT)15, but after adding safranal (with a free aldehyde group) to oligo(GC)15, the CD spectra show some changes (two positive and a displaced negative peaks) that are characteristics of triple-helix DNA. Thus, the mechanism for B- to H-DNA transition, due to the interaction of safranal with GC-rich sequences, is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Hoshyar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Kumar R, Singh V, Devi K, Sharma M, Singh M, Ahuja P. State of Art of Saffron (Crocus sativusL.) Agronomy: A Comprehensive Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120802458503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nemati H, Boskabady MH, Ahmadzadef Vostakolaei H. Stimulatory effect of Crocus sativus (saffron) on beta2-adrenoceptors of guinea pig tracheal chains. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 15:1038-1045. [PMID: 18771905 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To study the mechanism(s) of the relaxant effects of Crocus sativus (Iridaceae), the stimulatory effect of aqueous-ethanolic extracts of this plant and one of its constituent, safranal was examined on beta-adrenoceptors in tracheal chains of guinea pigs. The beta(2)-adrenergic stimulatory was tested by performing the cumulative concentration-response curves of isoprenaline-induced relaxation of pre-contracted isolated guinea pig tracheal chains. The studied solutions were included two concentrations of aqueous-ethanolic extract from Crocus sativus (0.1 and 0.2g%), safranal (1.25 and 2.5 microg), 10nM propranolol, and saline. The study was done in two different conditions including: non-incubated (group 1, n=9) and incubated tissues with 1 microM chlorpheniramine (group 2, n=6). The results showed clear leftward shifts in isoprenaline curves obtained in the presence of only higher concentration of the extract in group 1 and its both concentrations in group 2 compared with that of saline. The EC(50) (the effective concentration of isoprenaline, causing 50% of maximum response) obtained in the presence of both concentrations of the extract (0.17+/-0.06 and 0.12+/-0.02) and safranal (0.22+/-0.05 and 0.22+/-0.05) in group 1 and only in the presence of two concentrations of the extract (1.16+/-0.31 and 0.68+/-0.21) in group 2 was significantly lower compared to saline (1.00+/-0.22 and 4.06+/-1.04 for groups 1 and 2, respectively) (p<0.05-0.001). The maximum responses obtained in the presence of both concentrations of the extract and safranal in group 1 were significantly lower than that of saline (p<0.005 for all cases). All values (CR-1=(EC(50) obtained in the presence of active substances/EC(50), obtained in the presence of saline)-1) obtained in the presence of higher concentrations of extract in group 1, its both concentrations and higher concentration of safranal in group 2 were negative and there were significant differences in this value between propranolol and those obtained in the presence of extract and safranal (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The results indicated a relatively potent stimulatory effect of the extract from Crocus sativus on beta(2)-adrenoceptors which is partially due to its constituent, safranal. A possible inhibitory effect of the plant on histamine (H(1)) receptors was also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nemati
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Khorassan 91735, Iran
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