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Andrick BJ, Schwab AI, Cauley B, O'Donnell LA, Meng WS. Predicting Hemagglutinin MHC-II Ligand Analogues in Anti-TNFα Biologics: Implications for Immunogenicity of Pharmaceutical Proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135451. [PMID: 26270649 PMCID: PMC4536234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of overlapping immunogenic peptides between three pharmaceutical biologics and influenza viruses. Clinical studies have shown that subsets of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) develop anti-drug antibodies towards anti-TNFα biologics. We postulate that common infectious pathogens, including influenza viruses, may sensitize RA patients toward recombinant proteins. We hypothesize that embedded within infliximab (IFX), adalimumab (ADA), and etanercept (ETN) are ligands of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) that mimic T cell epitopes derived from influenza hemagglutinin (HA). The rationale is that repeated administration of the biologics would reactivate HA-primed CD4 T cells, stimulating B cells to produce cross-reactive antibodies. Custom scripts were constructed using MATLAB to compare MHC-II ligands of HA and the biologics; all ligands were predicted using tools in Immune Epitope Database and Resources (IEDB). We analyzed three HLA-DR1 alleles (0101, 0401 and 1001) that are prominent in RA patients, and two alleles (0103 and 1502) that are not associated with RA. The results indicate that 0401 would present more analogues of HA ligands in the three anti-TNFα biologics compared to the other alleles. The approach led to identification of potential ligands in IFX and ADA that shares sequence homology with a known HA-specific CD4 T cell epitope. We also discovered a peptide in the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR-3) of ADA that encompasses both a potential CD4 T cell epitope and a known B cell epitope in HA. The results may help generate new hypotheses for interrogating patient variability of immunogenicity of the anti-TNFα drugs. The approach would aid development of new recombinant biologics by identifying analogues of CD4 T cell epitopes of common pathogens at the preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Andrick
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, United States of America
| | - Alexandra I Schwab
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, United States of America
| | - Brianna Cauley
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, United States of America
| | - Lauren A O'Donnell
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, United States of America
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, United States of America
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202
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Massilamany C, Gangaplara A, Reddy J. Environmental microbes and uveitis: is microbial exposure always bad? Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:469-75. [PMID: 25833717 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The eye generally is considered to be an immune-privileged organ, but this notion is being increasingly challenged as ocular antigens can be expressed in the generative lymphoid organs, resulting in attainment of self-tolerance. What triggers a break in this tolerant state is a fundamental question in autoimmunity research. The general belief is that exposure to environmental microbes can break self-tolerance in genetically susceptible individuals, leading to the induction of autoimmune responses. The molecular mimicry hypothesis has been proposed as one major mechanistic, pathway through which microbes, by generating cross-reactive immune responses, can induce ocular damage of the kind that might occur in uveitis. However, our recent data suggest that exposure to microbial products containing mimicry epitopes for retinal antigens can potentially be beneficial to the host. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms with particular reference to the molecular mimicry hypothesis as it relates to immune-mediated uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Massilamany
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Gangaplara
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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203
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Aas-Hanssen K, Thompson KM, Bogen B, Munthe LA. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Molecular Mimicry between Anti-dsDNA CDR3 Idiotype, Microbial and Self Peptides-As Antigens for Th Cells. Front Immunol 2015; 6:382. [PMID: 26284067 PMCID: PMC4517057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is marked by a T helper (Th) cell-dependent B cell hyperresponsiveness, with frequent germinal center reactions, and gammaglobulinemia. A feature of SLE is the finding of IgG autoantibodies specific for dsDNA. The specificity of the Th cells that drive the expansion of anti-dsDNA B cells is unresolved. However, anti-microbial, anti-histone, and anti-idiotype Th cell responses have been hypothesized to play a role. It has been entirely unclear if these seemingly disparate Th cell responses and hypotheses could be related or unified. Here, we describe that H chain CDR3 idiotypes from IgG+ B cells of lupus mice have sequence similarities with both microbial and self peptides. Matched sequences were more frequent within the mutated CDR3 repertoire and when sequences were derived from lupus mice with expanded anti-dsDNA B cells. Analyses of histone sequences showed that particular histone peptides were similar to VDJ junctions. Moreover, lupus mice had Th cell responses toward histone peptides similar to anti-dsDNA CDR3 sequences. The results suggest that Th cells in lupus may have multiple cross-reactive specificities linked to the IgVH CDR3 Id-peptide sequences as well as similar DNA-associated protein motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Aas-Hanssen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Keith M Thompson
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; KG Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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204
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Granzyme B mediated function of Parvovirus B19-specific CD4(+) T cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e39. [PMID: 26246896 PMCID: PMC4524951 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel conception of CD4(+) T cells with cytolytic potential (CD4(+) CTL) is emerging. These cells appear to have a part in controlling malignancies and chronic infections. Human parvovirus B19 can cause a persistent infection, yet no data exist on the presence of B19-specific CD4(+) CTLs. Such cells could have a role in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune disorders reported to be associated with B19. We explored the cytolytic potential of human parvovirus B19-specific T cells by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) with recombinant B19-VP2 virus-like particles. The cytolytic potential was determined by enzyme immunoassay-based quantitation of granzyme B (GrB) and perforin from the tissue culture supernatants, by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and by detecting direct cytotoxicity. GrB and perforin responses with the B19 antigen were readily detectable in B19-seropositive individuals. T-cell depletion, HLA blocking and ICS experiments showed GrB and perforin to be secreted by CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells with strong GrB responses were found to exhibit direct cytotoxicity. As anticipated, ICS of B19-specific CD4(+) T cells showed expected co-expression of GrB, perforin and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Unexpectedly, also a strong co-expression of GrB and interleukin 17 (IL-17) was detected. These cells expressed natural killer (NK) cell surface marker CD56, together with the CD4 surface marker. To our knowledge, this is the first report on virus-specific CD4(+) CTLs co-expressing CD56 antigen. Our results suggest a role for CD4(+) CTL in B19 immunity. Such cells could function within both immune regulation and triggering of autoimmune phenomena such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis.
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205
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Riedhammer C, Weissert R. Antigen Presentation, Autoantigens, and Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:322. [PMID: 26136751 PMCID: PMC4470263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is in the center of the immune system, both in host defense against pathogens, but also when the system is unbalanced and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) develop. It is not just by chance that a major histocompatibility complex gene is the major genetic susceptibility locus in MS; a feature that MS shares with other autoimmune diseases. The exact etiology of the disease, however, has not been fully understood yet. T cells are regarded as the major players in the disease, but most probably a complex interplay of altered central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, T-cell and B-cell functions, characteristics of putative autoantigens, and a possible interference of environmental factors like microorganisms are at work. In this review, new data on all these different aspects of antigen presentation and their role in MS will be discussed, probable autoantigens will be summarized, and comparisons to other autoimmune diseases will be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Riedhammer
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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206
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis progressing to multiple sclerosis: are infectious triggers involved? Immunol Res 2015; 60:16-22. [PMID: 24668297 PMCID: PMC7091333 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are demyelinating disorders affecting the central nervous system. An autoimmune aetiology has been proposed for both. ADEM principally affects adolescents following acute infection by a variety of pathogens and has also been reported to occur following vaccination. ADEM typically resolves following medical treatment, whereas MS follows a more relapsing and remitting course. The pathogenesis of MS remains unclear, but it is thought that a combination of infectious and non-infectious environmental factors and host genetics act synergistically to cause disease. A variety of viruses, including Epstein Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, have been implicated as possible infectious triggers. The similar clinical and pathological presentation of ADEM and MS presents a diagnostic challenge for distinguishing ADEM from a first episode of MS. Some cases of ADEM progress to MS for reasons that are not currently clear. This review examines the evidence for infectious agents as triggers for ADEM progressing to MS and suggests potential methods that may facilitate identification of infectious agents that may be responsible for the pathogenesis of ADEM to MS.
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207
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Bian ML, Haigh O, Munster D, Harris M, Cotterill A, Miles JJ, Vuckovic S. Reactivated CD4+Tm cells of T1D patients and siblings display an exaggerated effector phenotype with heightened sensitivity to activation-induced cell death. Diabetes 2015; 64:2161-71. [PMID: 25552594 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in effector memory has been proposed to contribute to autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Using a unique cohort of age- and sex-matched T1D patients, nonaffected siblings, and unrelated control children, we undertook a detailed analysis of proliferation, activation, effector responses, and apoptosis in reactivated CD4(+)Tm cells during T-cell receptor stimulation. Across cohorts, there was no difference in the proliferation of reactivated CD4(+)Tm cells. In T1D patients and siblings, CD4(+)Tm cells easily acquired the activated CD25(+) phenotype and effectively transitioned from a central (CD62L(+)Tcm) to an effector memory (CD62L(-)Tem) phenotype with an elevated cytokine "signature" comprising interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin-10 in T1D patients and IFN-γ in siblings. This amplified Tem phenotype also exhibited an exaggerated immune shutdown with heightened sensitivity to activation-induced cell death and Fas-independent apoptosis. Apoptosis resulted in the elimination of one-half of the effector memory in T1D patients and siblings compared with one-third of the effector memory in control subjects. These data suggest genetic/environment-driven immune alteration in T1D patients and siblings that manifests in an exaggerated CD4(+)Tem response and shutdown by apoptosis. Further immunological studies are required to understand how this exaggerated CD4(+)Tem response fits within the pathomechanisms of T1D and how the effector memory can be modulated for disease treatment and/or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lei Bian
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oscar Haigh
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Munster
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - John J Miles
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Institute of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, U.K. School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Slavica Vuckovic
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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208
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Multiple Sclerosis and T Lymphocytes: An Entangled Story. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:528-46. [PMID: 25946987 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the prototypic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination, axonal damage, activation of glial cells, and immune cell infiltration. Despite intensive years of research, the etiology of this neurological disorder remains elusive. Nevertheless, the abundance of immune cells such as T lymphocytes and their products in CNS lesions of MS patients supports the notion that MS is an immune-mediated disorder. An important body of evidence gathered from MS animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), points to the central contribution of CD4 T lymphocytes in disease pathogenesis. Both Th1 (producing interferon-γ) and Th17 (producing interleukin 17) CD4 T lymphocytes targeting CNS self-antigens have been implicated in MS and EAE pathobiology. Moreover, several publications suggest that CD8 T lymphocytes also participate in the development of MS lesions. The migration of activated T lymphocytes from the periphery into the CNS has been identified as a crucial step in the formation of MS lesions. Several factors promote such T cell extravasation including: molecules (e.g., cell adhesion molecules) implicated in the T cell-blood brain barrier interaction, and chemokines produced by neural cells. Finally, once in the CNS, T lymphocytes need to be reactivated by local antigen presenting cells prior to enter the parenchyma where they can initiate damage. Further investigations will be necessary to elucidate the impact of environmental factors (e.g., gut microbiota) and CNS intrinsic properties (e.g., microglial activation) on this inflammatory neurological disease.
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209
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van Heemst J, Jansen DTSL, Polydorides S, Moustakas AK, Bax M, Feitsma AL, Bontrop-Elferink DG, Baarse M, van der Woude D, Wolbink GJ, Rispens T, Koning F, de Vries RRP, Papadopoulos GK, Archontis G, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. Crossreactivity to vinculin and microbes provides a molecular basis for HLA-based protection against rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6681. [PMID: 25942574 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The HLA locus is the strongest risk factor for anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)(+) rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite considerable efforts in the last 35 years, this association is poorly understood. Here we identify (citrullinated) vinculin, present in the joints of ACPA(+) RA patients, as an autoantigen targeted by ACPA and CD4(+) T cells. These T cells recognize an epitope with the core sequence DERAA, which is also found in many microbes and in protective HLA-DRB1*13 molecules, presented by predisposing HLA-DQ molecules. Moreover, these T cells crossreact with vinculin-derived and microbial-derived DERAA epitopes. Intriguingly, DERAA-directed T cells are not detected in HLA-DRB1*13(+) donors, indicating that the DERAA epitope from HLA-DRB1*13 mediates (thymic) tolerance in these donors and explaining the protective effects associated with HLA-DRB1*13. Together our data indicate the involvement of pathogen-induced DERAA-directed T cells in the HLA-RA association and provide a molecular basis for the contribution of protective/predisposing HLA alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen van Heemst
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diahann T S L Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ioanian Islands, Argostoli, Cephallonia 28100, Greece
| | - Marieke Bax
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk L Feitsma
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diënne G Bontrop-Elferink
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Baarse
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Wolbink
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Koning
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René R P de Vries
- Department of Immunohematology and Bloodtransfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Epirus Institute of Technology, Arta 47100, Greece
| | | | - Tom W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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210
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Babad J, Mukherjee G, Follenzi A, Ali R, Roep BO, Shultz LD, Santamaria P, Yang OO, Goldstein H, Greiner DL, DiLorenzo TP. Generation of β cell-specific human cytotoxic T cells by lentiviral transduction and their survival in immunodeficient human leucocyte antigen-transgenic mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:398-413. [PMID: 25302633 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several β cell antigens recognized by T cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are also T cell targets in the human disease. While numerous antigen-specific therapies prevent diabetes in NOD mice, successful translation of rodent findings to patients has been difficult. A human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-transgenic mouse model incorporating human β cell-specific T cells might provide a better platform for evaluating antigen-specific therapies. The ability to study such T cells is limited by their low frequency in peripheral blood and the difficulty in obtaining islet-infiltrating T cells from patients. We have worked to overcome this limitation by using lentiviral transduction to 'reprogram' primary human CD8 T cells to express three T cell receptors (TCRs) specific for a peptide derived from the β cell antigen islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP265-273 ) and recognized in the context of the human class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule HLA-A2. The TCRs bound peptide/MHC multimers with a range of avidities, but all bound with at least 10-fold lower avidity than the anti-viral TCR used for comparison. One exhibited antigenic recognition promiscuity. The β cell-specific human CD8 T cells generated by lentiviral transduction with one of the TCRs released interferon (IFN)-γ in response to antigen and exhibited cytotoxic activity against peptide-pulsed target cells. The cells engrafted in HLA-A2-transgenic NOD-scid IL2rγ(null) mice and could be detected in the blood, spleen and pancreas up to 5 weeks post-transfer, suggesting the utility of this approach for the evaluation of T cell-modulatory therapies for T1D and other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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211
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Nelson RW, Beisang D, Tubo NJ, Dileepan T, Wiesner DL, Nielsen K, Wüthrich M, Klein BS, Kotov DI, Spanier JA, Fife BT, Moon JJ, Jenkins MK. T cell receptor cross-reactivity between similar foreign and self peptides influences naive cell population size and autoimmunity. Immunity 2015; 42:95-107. [PMID: 25601203 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) cross-reactivity between major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII)-binding self and foreign peptides could influence the naive CD4(+) T cell repertoire and autoimmunity. We found that nonamer peptides that bind to the same MHCII molecule only need to share five amino acids to cross-react on the same TCR. This property was biologically relevant because systemic expression of a self peptide reduced the size of a naive cell population specific for a related foreign peptide by deletion of cells with cross-reactive TCRs. Reciprocally, an incompletely deleted naive T cell population specific for a tissue-restricted self peptide could be triggered by related microbial peptides to cause autoimmunity. Thus, TCR cross-reactivity between similar self and foreign peptides can reduce the size of certain foreign peptide-specific T cell populations and might allow T cell populations specific for tissue-restricted self peptides to cause autoimmunity after infection.
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212
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Lecendreux M, Libri V, Jaussent I, Mottez E, Lopez R, Lavault S, Regnault A, Arnulf I, Dauvilliers Y. Impact of cytokine in type 1 narcolepsy: Role of pandemic H1N1 vaccination ? J Autoimmun 2015; 60:20-31. [PMID: 25892508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the identification of susceptibility genes and environmental exposures (pandemic influenza 2009 vaccination) provide strong support that narcolepsy type 1 is an immune-mediated disease. Considering the limited knowledge regarding the immune mechanisms involved in narcolepsy whether related to flu vaccination or not and the recent progresses in cytokine measurement technology, we assessed 30 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors using the Luminex technology in either peripheral (serum) or central (CSF) compartments in a large population of 90 children and adult patients with narcolepsy type 1 in comparison to 58 non-hypocretin deficient hypersomniacs and 41 healthy controls. Furthermore, we compared their levels in patients with narcolepsy whether exposed to pandemic flu vaccine or not, and analyzed the effect of age, duration of disease and symptom severity. Comparison for sera biomarkers between narcolepsy (n = 84, 54 males, median age: 15.5 years old) and healthy controls (n = 41, 13 males, median age: 20 years old) revealed an increased stimulation of the immune system with high release of several pro- and anti-inflammatory serum cytokines and growth factors with interferon-γ, CCL11, epidermal growth factor, and interleukin-2 receptor being independently associated with narcolepsy. Increased levels of interferon-γ, CCL11, and interleukin-12 were found when close to narcolepsy onset. After several adjustments, only one CSF biomarker differed between narcolepsy (n = 44, 26 males, median age: 15 years old) and non-hypocretin deficient hypersomnias (n = 57, 24 males, median age: 36 years old) with higher CCL 3 levels found in narcolepsy. Comparison for sera biomarkers between patients with narcolepsy who developed the disease post-pandemic flu vaccination (n = 36) to those without vaccination (n = 48) revealed an increased stimulation of the immune system with high release of three cytokines, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted, CXCL10, and CXCL9, being independently and significantly increased in the group exposed to the vaccine. No significant differences were found between narcoleptics whether exposed to flu vaccination or not for CSF biomarkers except for a lower CXCL10 level found in the exposed group. To conclude, we highlighted the role of sera cytokine with pro-inflammatory properties and especially interferon-γ being independently associated with narcolepsy close to disease onset. The activity of the interferon-γ network was also increased in the context of narcolepsy after the pandemic flu vaccination being a potential key player in the immune mechanism that triggers narcolepsy and that coordinates the immune response necessary for resolving vaccination assaults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lecendreux
- AP-HP, Pediatric Sleep Center, CHU Robert-Debré, Paris, France; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France
| | - Valentina Libri
- Inserm UMS20, Centre d'Immunologie Humaine (CIH) Institut Pasteur, France
| | - Isabelle Jaussent
- Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Estelle Mottez
- Inserm UMS20, Centre d'Immunologie Humaine (CIH) Institut Pasteur, France
| | - Régis Lopez
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Lavault
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Sleep Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, France; Brain Research Institute (CRICM-UPMC-Paris6; Inserm UMR_S 975; CNRS UMR 7225), Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Armelle Regnault
- Aviesan/Institut Multi-Organismes Immunologie, Hématologie et Pneumologie (ITMO IHP), France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Sleep Disorders Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, France; Brain Research Institute (CRICM-UPMC-Paris6; Inserm UMR_S 975; CNRS UMR 7225), Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (CNR narcolepsie-hypersomnie), France; Inserm U1061, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, France.
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Palanichamy A, Apeltsin L, Kuo TC, Sirota M, Wang S, Pitts SJ, Sundar PD, Telman D, Zhao LZ, Derstine M, Abounasr A, Hauser SL, von Büdingen HC. Immunoglobulin class-switched B cells form an active immune axis between CNS and periphery in multiple sclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:248ra106. [PMID: 25100740 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), lymphocyte--in particular B cell--transit between the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery may contribute to the maintenance of active disease. Clonally related B cells exist in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood (PB) of MS patients; however, it remains unclear which subpopulations of the highly diverse peripheral B cell compartment share antigen specificity with intrathecal B cell repertoires and whether their antigen stimulation occurs on both sides of the blood-brain barrier. To address these questions, we combined flow cytometric sorting of PB B cell subsets with deep immune repertoire sequencing of CSF and PB B cells. Immunoglobulin (IgM and IgG) heavy chain variable (VH) region repertoires of five PB B cell subsets from MS patients were compared with their CSF Ig-VH transcriptomes. In six of eight patients, we identified peripheral CD27(+)IgD(-) memory B cells, CD27(hi)CD38(hi) plasma cells/plasmablasts, or CD27(-)IgD(-) B cells that had an immune connection to the CNS compartment. Pinpointing Ig class-switched B cells as key component of the immune axis thought to contribute to ongoing MS disease activity strengthens the rationale of current B cell-targeting therapeutic strategies and may lead to more targeted approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracy C Kuo
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shengzhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94148 USA
| | - Steven J Pitts
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Purnima D Sundar
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dilduz Telman
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lora Z Zhao
- Rinat-Pfizer Inc., 230 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mia Derstine
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94148 USA
| | - Aya Abounasr
- Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94148 USA
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214
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215
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Mallucci G, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Bernstock JD, Pluchino S. The role of immune cells, glia and neurons in white and gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 127-128:1-22. [PMID: 25802011 PMCID: PMC4578232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is one of the most common causes of chronic neurological disability beginning in early to middle adult life. Multiple sclerosis is idiopathic in nature, yet increasing correlative evidence supports a strong association between one's genetic predisposition, the environment and the immune system. Symptoms of multiple sclerosis have primarily been shown to result from a disruption in the integrity of myelinated tracts within the white matter of the central nervous system. However, recent research has also highlighted the hitherto underappreciated involvement of gray matter in multiple sclerosis disease pathophysiology, which may be especially relevant when considering the accumulation of irreversible damage and progressive disability. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the interplay between inflammation, glial/neuronal damage and regeneration throughout the course of multiple sclerosis via the analysis of both white and gray matter lesional pathology. Further, we describe the common pathological mechanisms underlying both relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis, and analyze how current (as well as future) treatments may interact and/or interfere with its pathology. Understanding the putative mechanisms that drive disease pathogenesis will be key in helping to develop effective therapeutic strategies to prevent, mitigate, and treat the diverse morbidities associated with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mallucci
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bldg10/Rm5B06, MSC 1401, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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216
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Homo-β-amino acid containing MBP(85-99) analogs alleviate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8205. [PMID: 25644378 PMCID: PMC4314633 DOI: 10.1038/srep08205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MBP(85–99), an immuno-dominant epitope of myelin basic protein which binds to the major histocompatibility complex haplotype HLA-DR2 is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J5, an antagonist of MBP(85–99), that blocks the binding of MBP(85–99) to soluble HLA-DR2b much more efficiently than glatiramer acetate (a random copolymer comprising major MHC and T-cell receptor contact residues), was transformed into analogs with superior biological half-lives and antagonistic-activities by substitution of some of its residues with homo-β-amino acids. S18, the best analog obtained ameliorated symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at least twice more effectively than glatiramer acetate or J5. S18 displayed marked resistance to proteolysis in-vitro; biological impact of which was evident in the form of delayed clinical onset of disease and prolonged therapeutic-benefits. Besides active suppression of MBP(85–99)-reactive CD4+ T-cells in-vitro and in-vivo S18 treatment also generated IL-4 producing CD4+ T-cell clones, through which protective effect could be transferred passively.
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217
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Voigt A, Nguyen CQ. Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus Type-I: A Unique Association with Myelopathy in Sjögren's Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4. [PMID: 25914892 PMCID: PMC4408866 DOI: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000e123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville Florida, USA
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville Florida, USA ; Center for Orphan Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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218
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Maoz-Segal R, Andrade P. Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity. INFECTION AND AUTOIMMUNITY 2015. [PMCID: PMC7151819 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63269-2.00054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The term Molecular mimicry describes the sequence similarity between foreign (microorganism's peptides) and self peptides (the host's antigen). This phenomenon has been recently discovered as a one of the major mechanism in which there is a break-down of self-tolerance of the immune system following autoimmunity. After a short preface, the chapter contains examples of common infectious agents and their role in autoimmune diseases. Later on, it describes the autoimmune diseases in which there was found a relation to infectious agents via molecular mimicry mechanism. The data is summarized in two tables.
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219
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Severa M, Rizzo F, Giacomini E, Salvetti M, Coccia EM. IFN-β and multiple sclerosis: cross-talking of immune cells and integration of immunoregulatory networks. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 26:229-39. [PMID: 25498525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by autoimmune inflammation affecting the central nervous system and subsequent neurodegeneration. Historically, damage was thought to be mediated exclusively by auto-antigen-activated pro-inflammatory T cells. However, more recently, we are gaining increasing knowledge on the pathogenic role played in MS by B cells, dendritic cells and monocytes. IFN-β therapy was one the first approved therapy for MS for its ability to reduce relapse rate and MRI lesion activity and to significantly decrease risk of disability progression. IFN-β-mediated mechanisms of action, even if not completely understood, mainly rely on its multifaceted pleiotropic effects resulting in sustained anti-inflammatory properties directed toward almost every immune cell type. Here, we will discuss in detail literature data characterizing the pathogenic activity of the different immune cell subsets involved in MS pathogenesis and how IFN-β therapy regulates their function by modulating bystander responses. We believe that the effectiveness of this drug in MS treatment, even if in use for a long time, can unveil new insights on this disease and still teach a lesson to researchers in the MS field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS) - Neurology and Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs; Sapienza, University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital Site, Italy
| | - Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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220
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Pender MP, Burrows SR. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: potential opportunities for immunotherapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e27. [PMID: 25505955 PMCID: PMC4237030 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) causing progressive disability. Many observations implicate Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of MS, namely universal EBV seropositivity, high anti-EBV antibody levels, alterations in EBV-specific CD8+ T-cell immunity, increased spontaneous EBV-induced transformation of peripheral blood B cells, increased shedding of EBV from saliva and accumulation of EBV-infected B cells and plasma cells in the brain. Several mechanisms have been postulated to explain the role of EBV in the development of MS including cross-reactivity between EBV and CNS antigens, bystander damage to the CNS by EBV-specific CD8+ T cells, activation of innate immunity by EBV-encoded small RNA molecules in the CNS, expression of αB-crystallin in EBV-infected B cells leading to a CD4+ T-cell response against oligodendrocyte-derived αB-crystallin and EBV infection of autoreactive B cells, which produce pathogenic autoantibodies and provide costimulatory survival signals to autoreactive T cells in the CNS. The rapidly accumulating evidence for a pathogenic role of EBV in MS provides ground for optimism that it might be possible to prevent and cure MS by effectively controlling EBV infection through vaccination, antiviral drugs or treatment with EBV-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Adoptive immunotherapy with in vitro-expanded autologous EBV-specific CD8+ T cells directed against viral latent proteins was recently used to treat a patient with secondary progressive MS. Following the therapy, there was clinical improvement, decreased disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging and reduced intrathecal immunoglobulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Pender
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital , Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott R Burrows
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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221
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Schneider DA, von Herrath MG. Potential viral pathogenic mechanism in human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2009-18. [PMID: 25073445 PMCID: PMC4153966 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, as a result of as yet unknown triggering events, auto-aggressive CD8(+) T cells, together with a significant number of other inflammatory cells, including CD8(+) T lymphocytes with unknown specificity, infiltrate the pancreas, leading to insulitis and destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial disease caused by an interactive combination of genetic and environmental factors. Viruses are major environmental candidates with known potential effects on specific key points in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and recent findings seem to confirm this presumption. However, we still lack well-grounded mechanistic explanations for how exactly viruses may influence type 1 diabetes aetiology. In this review we provide a summary of experimentally defined viral mechanisms potentially involved in the ontology of type 1 diabetes and discuss some novel hypotheses of how viruses may affect the initiation and natural history of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius A. Schneider
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Matthias G. von Herrath
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Novo Nordisk Type 1 Diabetes Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
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222
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Lossius A, Johansen JN, Vartdal F, Robins H, Jūratė Šaltytė B, Holmøy T, Olweus J. High-throughput sequencing of TCR repertoires in multiple sclerosis reveals intrathecal enrichment of EBV-reactive CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3439-52. [PMID: 25103993 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has long been suggested as a pathogen in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to determine the diversity, compartmentalization, persistence, and EBV-reactivity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires in MS. TCR-β genes were sequenced in paired samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood from patients with MS and controls with other inflammatory neurological diseases. The TCR repertoires were highly diverse in both compartments and patient groups. Expanded T-cell clones, represented by TCR-β sequences >0.1%, were of different identity in CSF and blood of MS patients, and persisted for more than a year. Reference TCR-β libraries generated from peripheral blood T cells reactive against autologous EBV-transformed B cells were highly enriched for public EBV-specific sequences and were used to quantify EBV-reactive TCR-β sequences in CSF. TCR-β sequences of EBV-reactive CD8+ T cells, including several public EBV-specific sequences, were intrathecally enriched in MS patients only, whereas those of EBV-reactive CD4+ T cells were also enriched in CSF of controls. These data provide evidence for a clonally diverse, yet compartmentalized and persistent, intrathecal T-cell response in MS. The presented strategy links TCR sequence to intrathecal T-cell specificity, demonstrating enrichment of EBV-reactive CD8+ T cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lossius
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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223
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Steinman L. Why are prions and amyloid structures immune suppressive and other intriguing questions facing neuroimmunologists in the future. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:602-7. [PMID: 25193013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The immune system plays a major role in certain diseases of the brain like multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, while the brain may play a major role in modulating certain immunologic diseases of the periphery like inflammatory bowel disease. The most significant developments in neuroimmunology will involve explorations of the roles for the immune system in neurodegenerative conditions often associated with the presence of amyloid deposits. Here I present my personal perspectives on four of the most intriguing challenges that we face in the future of neuroimmunology: (1) Why are the traditional hallmarks of innate and adaptive inflammation conspicuously absent from brains of individuals with prion disease and amyloid pathology? (2) What is the role of adaptive and innate immunity in progressive forms of multiple sclerosis? (3) Is molecular mimicry an adequate explanation for the initiation of neuroinflammatory disease and for exacerbations in conditions like multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, and neuromyelitis optica? (4) Do neural pathways regulate inflammatory diseases outside the nervous system?
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Affiliation(s)
- L Steinman
- 279 Campus, Dr. Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine B002, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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224
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Bradl M, Lassmann H. Experimental models of neuromyelitis optica. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:74-82. [PMID: 24345221 PMCID: PMC4065348 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the most important inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), for example, multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), were extremely hard to differentiate, often with severe consequences for affected patients. This changed with the discovery of NMO‐immunoglobulin G (IgG), a specific autoantibody which was detected in the vast majority of NMO patients, and with the demonstration that this autoantibody targets aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel found on astrocytes in the CNS. These findings paved the way for the generation of experimental models of NMO. This chapter will discuss the contribution of experimental models to NMO research and what key questions remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bradl
- Department Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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225
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Molecular mimicry and clonal deletion: A fresh look. J Theor Biol 2014; 375:71-76. [PMID: 25172771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, I trace the historic background of clonal deletion and molecular mimicry, two major pillars underlying our present understanding of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. Clonal deletion originated as a critical element of the clonal selection theory of antibody formation in order to explain tolerance of self. If we did have complete clonal deletion, there would be major voids, the infamous "black holes", in our immune repertoire. For comprehensive, protective adaptive immunity, full deletion is necessarily a rare event. Molecular mimicry, the sharing of epitopes among self and non-self antigens, is extraordinary common and provides the evidence that complete deletion of self-reactive clones is rare. If molecular mimicry were not common, protective adaptive immunity could not be all-encompassing. By taking a fresh look at these two processes together we can envision their evolutionary basis and understand the need for regulatory devices to prevent molecular mimicry from progressing to autoimmune disease.
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226
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Blyuss KB, Nicholson LB. Understanding the roles of activation threshold and infections in the dynamics of autoimmune disease. J Theor Biol 2014; 375:13-20. [PMID: 25150457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Onset and development of autoimmunity have been attributed to a number of factors, including genetic predisposition, age and different environmental factors. In this paper we discuss mathematical models of autoimmunity with an emphasis on two particular aspects of immune dynamics: breakdown of immune tolerance in response to an infection with a pathogen, and interactions between T cells with different activation thresholds. We illustrate how the explicit account of T cells with different activation thresholds provides a viable model of immune dynamics able to reproduce several types of immune behaviour, including normal clearance of infection, emergence of a chronic state, and development of a recurrent infection with autoimmunity. We discuss a number of open research problems that can be addressed within the same modelling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Blyuss
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
| | - L B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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227
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Lucca LE, Desbois S, Ramadan A, Ben-Nun A, Eisenstein M, Carrié N, Guéry JC, Sette A, Nguyen P, Geiger TL, Mars LT, Liblau RS. Bispecificity for myelin and neuronal self-antigens is a common feature of CD4 T cells in C57BL/6 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3267-77. [PMID: 25135834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of multiple ligands by a single TCR is an intrinsic feature of T cell biology, with important consequences for physiological and pathological processes. Polyspecific T cells targeting distinct self-antigens have been identified in healthy individuals as well as in the context of autoimmunity. We have previously shown that the 2D2 TCR recognizes the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein epitope (MOG)35-55 as well as an epitope within the axonal protein neurofilament medium (NF-M15-35) in H-2(b) mice. In this study, we assess whether this cross-reactivity is a common feature of the MOG35-55-specific T cell response. To this end, we analyzed the CD4 T cell response of MOG35-55-immunized C57BL/6 mice for cross-reactivity with NF-M15-35. Using Ag recall responses, we established that an important proportion of MOG35-55-specific CD4 T cells also responded to NF-M15-35 in all mice tested. To study the clonality of this response, we analyzed 22 MOG35-55-specific T cell hybridomas expressing distinct TCR. Seven hybridomas were found to cross-react with NF-M15-35. Using an alanine scan of NF-M18-30 and an in silico predictive model, we dissected the molecular basis of cross-reactivity between MOG35-55 and NF-M15-35. We established that NF-M F24, R26, and V27 proved important TCR contacts. Strikingly, the identified TCR contacts are conserved within MOG38-50. Our data indicate that due to linear sequence homology, part of the MOG35-55-specific T cell repertoire of all C57BL/6 mice also recognizes NF-M15-35, with potential implications for CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana E Lucca
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Sabine Desbois
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Abdulraouf Ramadan
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Miriam Eisenstein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nadège Carrié
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92109
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Lennart T Mars
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse F-31300, France; Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse F-31300, France; Département d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France
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228
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Rastall DPW, Aldhamen YA, Seregin SS, Godbehere S, Amalfitano A. ERAP1 functions override the intrinsic selection of specific antigens as immunodominant peptides, thereby altering the potency of antigen-specific cytolytic and effector memory T-cell responses. Int Immunol 2014; 26:685-95. [PMID: 25087231 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is a critical component of the adaptive immune system that has been shown to increase or decrease the presentation of specific peptides on MHC class I molecules. Here, we have demonstrated that ERAP1 functions are not only important during the presentation of antigen-derived peptides, but these functions can also completely change which antigen-derived peptides ultimately become selected as immunodominant T-cell epitopes. Our results suggest that ERAP1 may do this by destroying epitopes that would otherwise become immunodominant in the absence of adequate ERAP1 functionality. We further establish that ERAP1-mediated influences on T-cell functions are both qualitative and quantitative, by demonstrating that loss of ERAP1 function redirects CTL killing toward a different set of antigen-derived epitopes and increases the percent of antigen-specific memory T cells elicited by antigen exposure. As a result, our studies suggest that normal ERAP1 activity can act to suppress the numbers of T effector memory cells that respond to a given antigen. This unique finding may shed light on why certain ERAP1 single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with several autoimmune diseases, for example, by significantly altering the robustness and quality of CD8+ T-cell memory responses to antigen-derived peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P W Rastall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yasser A Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sergey S Seregin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Godbehere
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrea Amalfitano
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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229
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Malecek K, Grigoryan A, Zhong S, Gu WJ, Johnson LA, Rosenberg SA, Cardozo T, Krogsgaard M. Specific increase in potency via structure-based design of a TCR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2587-99. [PMID: 25070852 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with Ag-specific T lymphocytes is a powerful strategy for cancer treatment. However, most tumor Ags are nonreactive "self" proteins, which presents an immunotherapy design challenge. Recent studies have shown that tumor-specific TCRs can be transduced into normal PBLs, which persist after transfer in ∼30% of patients and effectively destroy tumor cells in vivo. Although encouraging, the limited clinical responses underscore the need for enrichment of T cells with desirable antitumor capabilities prior to patient transfer. In this study, we used structure-based design to predict point mutations of a TCR (DMF5) that enhance its binding affinity for an agonist tumor Ag-MHC (peptide-MHC [pMHC]), Mart-1 (27L)-HLA-A2, which elicits full T cell activation to trigger immune responses. We analyzed the effects of selected TCR point mutations on T cell activation potency and analyzed cross-reactivity with related Ags. Our results showed that the mutated TCRs had improved T cell activation potency while retaining a high degree of specificity. Such affinity-optimized TCRs have demonstrated to be very specific for Mart-1 (27L), the epitope for which they were structurally designed. Although of somewhat limited clinical relevance, these studies open the possibility for future structural-based studies that could potentially be used in adoptive immunotherapy to treat melanoma while avoiding adverse autoimmunity-derived effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Malecek
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Program in Structural Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Arsen Grigoryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Shi Zhong
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Wei Jun Gu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Laura A Johnson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Steven A Rosenberg
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Program in Structural Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Interdisciplinary Melanoma Cooperative Group, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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230
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Birnbaum ME, Mendoza JL, Sethi DK, Dong S, Glanville J, Dobbins J, Özkan E, Davis MM, Wucherpfennig KW, Garcia KC. Deconstructing the peptide-MHC specificity of T cell recognition. Cell 2014; 157:1073-87. [PMID: 24855945 PMCID: PMC4071348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to survey a universe of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presented peptide antigens whose numbers greatly exceed the diversity of the T cell repertoire, T cell receptors (TCRs) are thought to be cross-reactive. However, the nature and extent of TCR cross-reactivity has not been conclusively measured experimentally. We developed a system to identify MHC-presented peptide ligands by combining TCR selection of highly diverse yeast-displayed peptide-MHC libraries with deep sequencing. Although we identified hundreds of peptides reactive with each of five different mouse and human TCRs, the selected peptides possessed TCR recognition motifs that bore a close resemblance to their known antigens. This structural conservation of the TCR interaction surface allowed us to exploit deep-sequencing information to computationally identify activating microbial and self-ligands for human autoimmune TCRs. The mechanistic basis of TCR cross-reactivity described here enables effective surveillance of diverse self and foreign antigens without necessitating degenerate recognition of nonhomologous peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Birnbaum
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Juan L. Mendoza
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dhruv K. Sethi
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shen Dong
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jacob Glanville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jessica Dobbins
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Engin Özkan
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kai W. Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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231
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Stadinski BD, Huseby ES. Identifying environmental antigens that activate myelin-specific T cells. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:231-2. [PMID: 24820694 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human genetic and environmental factors underlie susceptibility to the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). How the environment influences the pathogenesis of MS has been difficult to parse. A recent paper in Cell shows that environmental antigens that activate myelin-specific T cells can be identified with unprecedented accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Stadinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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232
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Microbial view of central nervous system autoimmunity. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4207-13. [PMID: 24746689 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Not much is known about the initial events leading to the development of the central nervous system (CNS)-specific autoimmune disorder Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Environmental factors are suspected to trigger the pathogenic events in people with genetic disease susceptibility. Historically, many infectious microbes were linked to MS, but no infection has ever been demonstrated to be the cause of the disease. Recent emerging evidence from animal models of MS suggests a causal link with resident commensal bacteria. Microbial organisms may trigger the activation of CNS-specific, auto-aggressive lymphocytes either through molecular mimicry or via bystander activation. In addition, several gut microbial metabolites and bacterial products may interact with the immune system to modulate CNS autoimmunity.
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233
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Abstract
αβ T cells are an integral part of protective immunity against pathogens. After precursor cells arise in the adult bone marrow or fetal liver, they migrate to the thymus where they rearrange their T-cell receptor genes (TCR) and undergo selection on the basis of their interactions with ligands expressed by thymic stroma and other cells. Those that survive then exit the thymus to populate the peripheral immune compartment, where they patrol the blood and lymphoid systems. The composition of this pre-immune peripheral repertoire is critically important in determining the robustness of an immune response. In both mice and humans, the magnitude and diversity of a response are directly correlated with the frequency of precursor T cells. Equally relevant are the functional characteristics of these lymphocytes. Engagement of a specific antigen to the TCR activates signaling pathways in the naive T cell that result in cellular proliferation and the acquisition of particular effector functions. A portion of these persist following the resolution of infection and become memory cells. These memory cells can mount a faster and stronger response when they encounter the same antigen at a later time. As the molecular basis for TCR ligand interaction has become better defined, it is clear that some T cells can recognize multiple distinct ligands and therefore T-cell memory developed by exposure to one ligand may play a significant role in the response to a different antigen. Thus, there is an increasing focus on understanding how exposure to related or unrelated antigens influences the T-cell repertoire and impacts subsequent immunity. In this review, we discuss the issue of TCR cross-reactivity in the development of memory phenotype CD4(+) T cells and the implications for pathogen-specific responses. We review both the human and mouse data and discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings in the contexts of infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Su
- The Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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234
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Getts DR, Chastain EML, Terry RL, Miller SD. Virus infection, antiviral immunity, and autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2014; 255:197-209. [PMID: 23947356 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As a group of disorders, autoimmunity ranks as the third most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western World. However, the etiology of most autoimmune diseases remains unknown. Although genetic linkage studies support a critical underlying role for genetics, the geographic distribution of these disorders as well as the low concordance rates in monozygotic twins suggest that a combination of other factors including environmental ones are involved. Virus infection is a primary factor that has been implicated in the initiation of autoimmune disease. Infection triggers a robust and usually well-coordinated immune response that is critical for viral clearance. However, in some instances, immune regulatory mechanisms may falter, culminating in the breakdown of self-tolerance, resulting in immune-mediated attack directed against both viral and self-antigens. Traditionally, cross-reactive T-cell recognition, known as molecular mimicry, as well as bystander T-cell activation, culminating in epitope spreading, have been the predominant mechanisms elucidated through which infection may culminate in an T-cell-mediated autoimmune response. However, other hypotheses including virus-induced decoy of the immune system also warrant discussion in regard to their potential for triggering autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which virus infection and antiviral immunity contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Getts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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235
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Oldstone MBA. Molecular mimicry: its evolution from concept to mechanism as a cause of autoimmune diseases. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2014; 33:158-65. [PMID: 24694269 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
On a clonal level, certain antibodies and T cells can interact with dissimilar antigens found in microbes and in host cells. More than 5% of over 800 monoclonal antibodies derived from multiple RNA and DNA viruses, as well as from a large number of T cell clones, engage in such interactions. Several of these cross-reactions, which we termed molecular mimicry, are against unique host proteins involved in autoimmune responses and diseases. Thus, molecular mimicry initiated as a host response to a virus or a microbial infection, but alternatively cross-reacting with an appropriate host-antigen, can be a mechanism for instigating an autoimmune disease. Molecular mimicry provides an explanation for the genetic observation that identical twins rarely manifest the same autoimmune disease and the documented epidemiologic evidence that microbial and/or viral infections often precede autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B A Oldstone
- The Scripps Research Institute , Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California
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236
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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237
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Mameli G, Cossu D, Cocco E, Masala S, Frau J, Marrosu MG, Sechi LA. Epstein-Barr virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides are cross recognized by anti-myelin basic protein antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 270:51-5. [PMID: 24642384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) have been associated to multiple sclerosis (MS). We searched for antibodies against the homologous peptides Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)400-413, MAP_0106c protein (MAP)121-132, and myelin basic protein (MBP)85-98 on a MS Sardinian cohort, showing that these antibodies are highly prevalent among MS patients compared to healthy controls. Competitive assay demonstrated that antibodies recognizing EBNA1400-413 and MAP121-132 cross-react with MBP85-98, possibly through a molecular mimicry mechanism. Indeed, the fact that peptides from different pathogens can be cross-recognized by antibodies targeting self-epitopes supports the hypothesis that EBV and MAP might trigger autoimmunity through a common target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mameli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Neurologiche, Università di Cagliari, Italy
| | - Speranza Masala
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - Jessica Frau
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Neurologiche, Università di Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Marrosu
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Neurologiche, Università di Cagliari, Italy
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia e Virologia, Università di Sassari, Italy.
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238
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Karussis D, Petrou P. The spectrum of post-vaccination inflammatory CNS demyelinating syndromes. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:215-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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239
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Bankoti J, Apeltsin L, Hauser SL, Allen S, Albertolle ME, Witkowska HE, von Büdingen HC. In multiple sclerosis, oligoclonal bands connect to peripheral B-cell responses. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:266-76. [PMID: 24375699 PMCID: PMC3961546 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine to what extent oligoclonal band (OCB) specificities are clonally interrelated and to what degree they are associated with corresponding B-cell responses in the peripheral blood (PB) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods Mass-spectrometric proteomic analysis of isoelectric focused (IEF) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immunoglobulin G (IgG) was used in combination with next-generation deep-immune repertoire sequencing of PB and CSF IgG heavy chain variable regions from MS patients. Results We find evidence for ongoing stimulation and maturation to antibody-expressing B cells to occur primarily inside the central nervous system (CNS) compartment. B cells participating in OCB production can also be identified in PB; these cells appear to migrate across the blood–brain barrier and may also undergo further antigen stimulation in the periphery. In individual patients, different bands comprising OCBs are clonally related. Interpretation Our data provide a high-resolution molecular analysis of OCBs and strongly support the concept that OCBs are not merely the terminal result of a targeted immune response in MS but represent a component of active B cell immunity that is dynamically supported on both sides of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishree Bankoti
- Departments of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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240
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Lomakin YA, Zakharova MY, Stepanov AV, Dronina MA, Smirnov IV, Bobik TV, Pyrkov AY, Tikunova NV, Sharanova SN, Boitsov VM, Vyazmin SY, Kabilov MR, Tupikin AE, Krasnov AN, Bykova NA, Medvedeva YA, Fridman MV, Favorov AV, Ponomarenko NA, Dubina MV, Boyko AN, Vlassov VV, Belogurov AA, Gabibov AG. Heavy-light chain interrelations of MS-associated immunoglobulins probed by deep sequencing and rational variation. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:305-14. [PMID: 24534716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms triggering most of autoimmune diseases are still obscure. Autoreactive B cells play a crucial role in the development of such pathologies and, in particular, production of autoantibodies of different specificities. The combination of deep-sequencing technology with functional studies of antibodies selected from highly representative immunoglobulin combinatorial libraries may provide unique information on specific features in the repertoires of autoreactive B cells. Here, we have analyzed cross-combinations of the variable regions of human immunoglobulins against the myelin basic protein (MBP) previously selected from a multiple sclerosis (MS)-related scFv phage-display library. On the other hand, we have performed deep sequencing of the sublibraries of scFvs against MBP, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Bioinformatics analysis of sequencing data and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies have shown that it is the variable fragments of antibody heavy chains that mainly determine both the affinity of antibodies to the parent autoantigen and their cross-reactivity. It is suggested that LMP1-cross-reactive anti-myelin autoantibodies contain heavy chains encoded by certain germline gene segments, which may be a hallmark of the EBV-specific B cell subpopulation involved in MS triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov A Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Yu Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Stepanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Dronina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V Smirnov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Bobik
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Yu Pyrkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina V Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Sharanova
- Russian State Medical University, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Moscow Multiple Sclerosis Center at the City Hospital #11, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitali M Boitsov
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Yu Vyazmin
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marsel R Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Genomics Core Facility, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey E Tupikin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Genomics Core Facility, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey N Krasnov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Bykova
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Medvedeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institut de Medicina Predictiva I Personalitzada del Càncer, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Marina V Fridman
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Favorov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms GosNIIGenetika, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia A Ponomarenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael V Dubina
- St. Petersburg Academic University, Nanotechnology Research and Education Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey N Boyko
- Russian State Medical University, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Moscow Multiple Sclerosis Center at the City Hospital #11, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentin V Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey A Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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241
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Vaughan K, Peters B, O'Connor KC, Martin R, Sette A. A molecular view of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalitis: what can we learn from the epitope data? J Neuroimmunol 2014; 267:73-85. [PMID: 24365494 PMCID: PMC4784960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An analysis to inventory all immune epitope data related to multiple sclerosis (MS) was performed using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). The analysis revealed that MS related data represent >20% of all autoimmune data, and that studies of EAE predominate; only 22% of the references describe human data. To date, >5800 unique peptides, analogs, mimotopes, and/or non-protein epitopes have been reported from 861 references, including data describing myelin-containing, as well as non-myelin antigens. This work provides a reference point for the scientific community of the universe of available data for MS-related adaptive immunity in the context of EAE and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Roland Martin
- Neuroimmunology and MS Research, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA, USA
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242
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Karussis D. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and the various related demyelinating syndromes: a critical review. J Autoimmun 2014; 48-49:134-42. [PMID: 24524923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by loss of motor and sensory function, that results from immune-mediated inflammation, demyelination and subsequent axonal damage. MS is one of the most common causes of neurological disability in young adults. Several variants of MS (and CNS demyelinating syndromes in general) have been nowadays defined in an effort to increase the diagnostic accuracy, to identify the unique immunopathogenic profile and to tailor treatment in each individual patient. These include the initial events of demyelination defined as clinically or radiologically isolated syndromes (CIS and RIS respectively), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and its variants (acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis-AHL, Marburg variant, and Balo's concentric sclerosis), Schilder's sclerosis, transverse myelitis, neuromyelitis optica (NMO and NMO spectrum of diseases), recurrent isolated optic neuritis and tumefactive demyelination. The differentiation between them is not only a terminological matter but has important implications on their management. For instance, certain patients with MS and prominent immunopathogenetic involvement of B cells and autoantibodies, or with the neuromyelitic variants of demyelination, may not only not respond well but even deteriorate under some of the first-line treatments for MS. The unique clinical and neuroradiological features, along with the immunological biomarkers help to distinguish these cases from classical MS. The use of such immunological and imaging biomarkers, will not only improve the accuracy of diagnosis but also contribute to the identification of the patients with CIS or RIS who, are at greater risk for disability progression (worse prognosis) or, on the contrary, will have a more benign course. This review summarizes in a critical way, the diagnostic criteria (historical and updated) and the definitions/characteristics of MS of the various variants/subtypes of CNS demyelinating syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Karussis
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Ein-Kerem, Israel.
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243
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Reichardt HM, Gold R, Lühder F. Glucocorticoids in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:1657-70. [PMID: 17144780 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.11.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert a variety of immunomodulatory activities. Since changes in glucocorticoid homeostasis impact on susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, and synthetic glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, a detailed understanding of their mechanism of action is desirable. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a common animal model that mirrors many hallmarks of multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS with presumed autoimmune origin. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis has been instrumental for many years in studying multiple sclerosis, revealing the blood-brain barrier, the microglia and T-cell apoptosis as major targets of glucocorticoids in this disease. Despite the great advances in the field, the answers to many questions concerning the mechanism of glucocorticoids; for example, the contribution of nongenomic effects or the cell-type specificity of their action, remain elusive. This review will critically discuss what we have learned so far from the analysis of animal models of the molecular mode of therapeutic and endogenous glucocorticoid action in multiple sclerosis. With this knowledge in mind, we should be able to further improve the management of multiple sclerosis using this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger M Reichardt
- University of Würzburg, Molecular Immunology, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Strasse 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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244
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Hartung HP, Aktas O, Menge T, Kieseier BC. Immune regulation of multiple sclerosis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:3-14. [PMID: 24507511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototype inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of this disease remains unknown, but an interplay between as yet unidentified environmental factors and susceptibility genes appears most likely. In consequence, these factors trigger a cascade, involving an inflammatory response within the CNS that results in demyelination, oligodendrocyte death, axonal damage, gliosis, and neurodegeneration. How these complex traits translate into the clinical presentation of the disease is a focus of ongoing research. The central hypothesis is that T lymphocytes with receptors for CNS myelin components are driving the disease. The initial activation of autoreactive lymphocytes is thought to take place in the systemic lymphoid organs, most likely through molecular mimickry or nonspecifically through bystander activation. These autoreactive lymphocytes can migrate to the CNS where they become reactivated upon encountering their target antigen, initiating an autoimmune inflammatory attack. This ultimately leads to demyelination and axonal damage. This chapter focuses on the role of T and B lymphocytes in the immunopathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Til Menge
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd C Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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245
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Farber DL, Yudanin NA, Restifo NP. Human memory T cells: generation, compartmentalization and homeostasis. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:24-35. [PMID: 24336101 PMCID: PMC4032067 DOI: 10.1038/nri3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells constitute the most abundant lymphocyte population in the body for the majority of a person's lifetime; however, our understanding of memory T cell generation, function and maintenance mainly derives from mouse studies, which cannot recapitulate the exposure to multiple pathogens that occurs over many decades in humans. In this Review, we discuss studies focused on human memory T cells that reveal key properties of these cells, including subset heterogeneity and diverse tissue residence in multiple mucosal and lymphoid tissue sites. We also review how the function and the adaptability of human memory T cells depend on spatial and temporal compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Farber
- 1] Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, BB1501, New York, New York 10032, USA. [2] Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, BB1501, New York 10032, USA
| | - Naomi A Yudanin
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 West 168th Street, BB1501, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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246
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Tselis
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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247
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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and other inflammatory demyelinating variants. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:601-11. [PMID: 24507537 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an immune-mediated inflammatory central nervous system disorder characterized by acute or subacute onset of multifocal neurologic deficits with headache and impaired conscious level. Acute haemorrhagic leuoko-encephalitis (AHEM) is a more sever, often fatal variant. These disorders often follows a viral illness or vaccination, and are usually monophasic, though (probably more commonly in childhood) a multiphasic variant of ADEM is recognized. Because of the relative non-specificity of the clinical presentation (a sub-acute encephalopathy with focal signs), the differential diagnosis is wide; and distinction from the first episode of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis can occasionally be difficult. Here the clinical and investigational features of these disorders and their treatment are discussed.
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248
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Zarnitsyna VI, Evavold BD, Schoettle LN, Blattman JN, Antia R. Estimating the diversity, completeness, and cross-reactivity of the T cell repertoire. Front Immunol 2013; 4:485. [PMID: 24421780 PMCID: PMC3872652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to recognize and combat a diverse array of pathogens the immune system has a large repertoire of T cells having unique T cell receptors (TCRs) with only a few clones specific for any given antigen. We discuss how the number of different possible TCRs encoded in the genome (the potential repertoire) and the number of different TCRs present in an individual (the realized repertoire) can be measured. One puzzle is that the potential repertoire greatly exceeds the realized diversity of naïve T cells within any individual. We show that the existing hypotheses fail to explain why the immune system has the potential to generate far more diversity than is used in an individual, and propose an alternative hypothesis of “evolutionary sloppiness.” Another immunological puzzle is why mice and humans have similar repertoires even though humans have over 1000-fold more T cells. We discuss how the idea of the “protecton,” the smallest unit of protection, might explain this discrepancy and estimate the size of “protecton” based on available precursor frequencies data. We then consider T cell cross-reactivity – the ability of a T cell clone to respond to more than one epitope. We extend existing calculations to estimate the extent of expected cross-reactivity between the responses to different pathogens. Our results are consistent with two observations: a low probability of observing cross-reactivity between the immune responses to two randomly chosen pathogens; and the ensemble of memory cells being sufficiently diverse to generate cross-reactive responses to new pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Louis N Schoettle
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
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249
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Peripheral blood CD8αα+CD11c+MHC-II+CD3- cells attenuate autoimmune glomerulonephritis in rats. Kidney Int 2013; 85:1078-90. [PMID: 24257693 PMCID: PMC4008668 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In an anti-GBM glomerulonephritis (GN) model, GN-resistant Lewis rats naturally recover from early glomerular inflammation. Here we investigated recovery mechanisms for development of a potential immunotherapy for autoimmune GN. Our previous studies suggested that glomeruli-infiltrating leukocytes with a phenotype of CD8αα+CD11c+MHC−II+CD3− (GIL CD8αα+ cells) were responsible for recovery through induction of T cell apoptosis. Now, we identified peripheral blood CD8αα+CD11c+MHC−II+CD3− cells (PBMC CD8αα+CD3− cells), which shared 9 markers with GIL CD8αα+ cells. Upon incubation, PBMC CD8αα+CD3− cells displayed a morphology resembling that of dendritic cells. Similar to GIL CD8αα+ cells, PBMC CD8αα+CD3− cells were capable of inducing T cell apoptosis in vitro. Hence, PBMC CD8αα+CD3− cells were likely the precursor of GIL CD8αα+ cells. We next tested their potential in vivo function. PBMC CD8αα+CD3− cells were able to infiltrate inflamed but not normal glomeruli. Isolated PBMC CD8αα+CD3− cells of Lewis rats were transferred into GN-prone Wistar Kyoto rats at early inflammatory stage (day 17–25). When examined at day 45, both histopathology and BUN/serum creatinine level showed significantly attenuated GN in 80% of cell recipient Wistar Kyoto rats. Separate experiments verified infiltration of transferred Lewis PBMC CD8αα+CD3− into the glomeruli, accompanied with apoptotic CD4+ T cells in the glomeruli of the recipient Wistar Kyoto rats. Thus, PBMC CD8αα+CD3− cells of Lewis rats were able to terminate ongoing autoimmune inflammation in the glomeruli.
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250
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A hypothesis regarding the cause of the functional somatic syndrome and suggestions in regard to its validation. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:881-2. [PMID: 24011907 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This hypothesis states that if the lymphocytes from some patients diagnosed as having the functional somatic syndrome were observed in the scanning electron microscope as they reacted with brain cells thought to be involved with the somatic syndrome, that unique changes in the anatomy of the T-cells would be observed.
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