201
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Kruk J, Szymańska R, Nowicka B, Dłużewska J. Function of isoprenoid quinones and chromanols during oxidative stress in plants. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:636-643. [PMID: 26970272 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoid quinones and chromanols in plants fulfill both signaling and antioxidant functions under oxidative stress. The redox state of the plastoquinol pool (PQ-pool), which is modulated by interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress, has a major regulatory function in both short- and long-term acclimatory responses. By contrast, the scavenging of ROS by prenyllipids affects signaling pathways where ROS play a role as signaling molecules. As the primary antioxidants, isoprenoid quinones and chromanols are synthesized under high-light stress in response to any increased production of ROS. During photo-oxidative stress, these prenyllipids are continuously synthesized and oxidized to other compounds. In turn, their oxidation products (hydroxy-plastochromanol, plastoquinol-C, plastoquinone-B) can still have an antioxidant function. The oxidation products of isoprenoid quinones and chromanols formed specifically in the face of singlet oxygen, can be indicators of singlet oxygen stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dłużewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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202
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Li W. Bringing Bioactive Compounds into Membranes: The UbiA Superfamily of Intramembrane Aromatic Prenyltransferases. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 41:356-370. [PMID: 26922674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The UbiA superfamily of intramembrane prenyltransferases catalyzes a key biosynthetic step in the production of ubiquinones, menaquinones, plastoquinones, hemes, chlorophylls, vitamin E, and structural lipids. These lipophilic compounds serve as electron and proton carriers for cellular respiration and photosynthesis, as antioxidants to reduce cell damage, and as structural components of microbial cell walls and membranes. This article reviews the biological functions and enzymatic activities of representative members of the superfamily, focusing on the remarkable recent research progress revealing that the UbiA superfamily is centrally implicated in several important physiological processes and human diseases. Because prenyltransferases in this superfamily have distinctive substrate preferences, two recent crystal structures are compared to illuminate the general mechanism for substrate recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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203
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Conti V, Izzo V, Corbi G, Russomanno G, Manzo V, De Lise F, Di Donato A, Filippelli A. Antioxidant Supplementation in the Treatment of Aging-Associated Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 26903869 PMCID: PMC4751263 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is generally considered as the consequence of an imbalance between pro- and antioxidants species, which often results into indiscriminate and global damage at the organismal level. Elderly people are more susceptible to oxidative stress and this depends, almost in part, from a decreased performance of their endogenous antioxidant system. As many studies reported an inverse correlation between systemic levels of antioxidants and several diseases, primarily cardiovascular diseases, but also diabetes and neurological disorders, antioxidant supplementation has been foreseen as an effective preventive and therapeutic intervention for aging-associated pathologies. However, the expectations of this therapeutic approach have often been partially disappointed by clinical trials. The interplay of both endogenous and exogenous antioxidants with the systemic redox system is very complex and represents an issue that is still under debate. In this review a selection of recent clinical studies concerning antioxidants supplementation and the evaluation of their influence in aging-related diseases is analyzed. The controversial outcomes of antioxidants supplementation therapies, which might partially depend from an underestimation of the patient specific metabolic demand and genetic background, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Conti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
| | - Viviana Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giusy Russomanno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valentina Manzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
| | - Federica De Lise
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Donato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Filippelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Baronissi, Italy
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204
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Higashi T, Tanaka H, Yoshimatsu A, Ikeda H, Arima K, Honjo M, Iwamoto C, Motoyama K, Arima H. Improvement of Pharmaceutical Properties of Isoprenoid Compounds through the Formation of Cyclodextrin Pseudorotaxane-Like Supramolecules. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:340-5. [PMID: 26852798 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to design cyclodextrin (CyD)-based pseudorotaxane-like supramolecular complexes with various isoprenoid compounds, such as reduced coenzyme Q10 (R-CoQ10), squalene, tocotrienol, and teprenone, and to evaluate their pharmaceutical properties. Squalene, tocotrienol, and teprenone formed precipitates with β-CyD and γ-CyD in aqueous solution, whereas R-CoQ10 formed precipitates with γ-CyD aqueous solution. The results of powder X-ray diffraction and (1)H-NMR analyses indicated that these precipitates are derived from pseudorotaxane-like supramolecular complexes. The photostability of teprenone was markedly improved by complexation with CyDs, especially in the γ-CyD system. In addition, the dispersion rates of teprenone in the γ-CyD system were higher than those in the β-CyD system, compared with the corresponding physical mixtures. In conclusion, pharmaceutical properties such as photostability and dispersion rates of isoprenoid compounds were improved by the formation of pseudorotaxane-like supramolecular complexes with β-CyD and/or γ-CyD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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205
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Ravcheev DA, Thiele I. Genomic Analysis of the Human Gut Microbiome Suggests Novel Enzymes Involved in Quinone Biosynthesis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 26904004 PMCID: PMC4746308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquinone and menaquinone are membrane lipid-soluble carriers of electrons that are essential for cellular respiration. Eukaryotic cells can synthesize ubiquinone but not menaquinone, whereas prokaryotes can synthesize both quinones. So far, most of the human gut microbiome (HGM) studies have been based on metagenomic analysis. Here, we applied an analysis of individual HGM genomes to the identification of ubiquinone and menaquinone biosynthetic pathways. In our opinion, the shift from metagenomics to analysis of individual genomes is a pivotal milestone in investigation of bacterial communities, including the HGM. The key results of this study are as follows. (i) The distribution of the canonical pathways in the HGM genomes was consistent with previous reports and with the distribution of the quinone-dependent reductases for electron acceptors. (ii) The comparative genomics analysis identified four alternative forms of the previously known enzymes for quinone biosynthesis. (iii) Genes for the previously unknown part of the futalosine pathway were identified, and the corresponding biochemical reactions were proposed. We discuss the remaining gaps in the menaquinone and ubiquinone pathways in some of the microbes, which indicate the existence of further alternate genes or routes. Together, these findings provide further insight into the biosynthesis of quinones in bacteria and the physiology of the HGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Ravcheev
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ines Thiele
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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206
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Campbell R, Freitag S, Bryan GJ, Stewart D, Taylor MA. Environmental and Genetic Factors Associated with Solanesol Accumulation in Potato Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1263. [PMID: 27610114 PMCID: PMC4996988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Solanesol is a high value 45-carbon, unsaturated, all-trans-nonaprenol isoprenoid. Recently solanesol has received particular attention because of its utility, both in its own right and as a precursor in the production of numerous compounds used in the treatment of disease states. Solanesol is found mainly in solanaceous crops such as potato, tomato, tobacco and pepper where it accumulates in the foliage. There is considerable potential to explore the extraction of solanesol from these sources as a valuable co-product. In this study we have characterized the genetic variation in leaf solanesol content in a biparental, segregating diploid potato population. We demonstrate that potato leaf solanesol content is genetically controlled and identify several quantitative trait loci associated with leaf solanesol content. Transient over-expression of genes from the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) pathways, either singly or in combination, resulted in enhanced accumulation of solanesol in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana, providing insights for genetically engineering the pathway. We also demonstrate that in potato, leaf solanesol content is enhanced by up to six-fold on exposure to moderately elevated temperature and show corresponding changes in expression patterns of MEP and MVA genes. Our combined approaches offer new insights into solanesol accumulation and strategies for developing a bio-refinery approach to potato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Campbell
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Sabine Freitag
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Glenn J. Bryan
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
| | - Mark A. Taylor
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton InstituteDundee, UK
- *Correspondence: Mark A. Taylor
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207
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Klahn P, Brönstrup M. New Structural Templates for Clinically Validated and Novel Targets in Antimicrobial Drug Research and Development. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:365-417. [PMID: 27704270 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of bacterial resistance against current antibiotic drugs necessitates a continuous renewal of the arsenal of efficacious drugs. This imperative has not been met by the output of antibiotic research and development of the past decades for various reasons, including the declining efforts of large pharma companies in this area. Moreover, the majority of novel antibiotics are chemical derivatives of existing structures that represent mostly step innovations, implying that the available chemical space may be exhausted. This review negates this impression by showcasing recent achievements in lead finding and optimization of antibiotics that have novel or unexplored chemical structures. Not surprisingly, many of the novel structural templates like teixobactins, lysocin, griselimycin, or the albicidin/cystobactamid pair were discovered from natural sources. Additional compounds were obtained from the screening of synthetic libraries and chemical synthesis, including the gyrase-inhibiting NTBI's and spiropyrimidinetrione, the tarocin and targocil inhibitors of wall teichoic acid synthesis, or the boronates and diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octane as novel β-lactamase inhibitors. A motif that is common to most clinically validated antibiotics is that they address hotspots in complex biosynthetic machineries, whose functioning is essential for the bacterial cell. Therefore, an introduction to the biological targets-cell wall synthesis, topoisomerases, the DNA sliding clamp, and membrane-bound electron transport-is given for each of the leads presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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208
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Ismail A, Leroux V, Smadja M, Gonzalez L, Lombard M, Pierrel F, Mellot-Draznieks C, Fontecave M. Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis: Evidence for a Substrate Access Channel in the FAD-Dependent Monooxygenase Coq6. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004690. [PMID: 26808124 PMCID: PMC4726752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coq6 is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, a polyisoprenylated benzoquinone lipid essential to the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this putative flavin-dependent monooxygenase is proposed to hydroxylate the benzene ring of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) precursor at position C5. We show here through biochemical studies that Coq6 is a flavoprotein using FAD as a cofactor. Homology models of the Coq6-FAD complex are constructed and studied through molecular dynamics and substrate docking calculations of 3-hexaprenyl-4-hydroxyphenol (4-HP6), a bulky hydrophobic model substrate. We identify a putative access channel for Coq6 in a wild type model and propose in silico mutations positioned at its entrance capable of partially (G248R and L382E single mutations) or completely (a G248R-L382E double-mutation) blocking access to the channel for the substrate. Further in vivo assays support the computational predictions, thus explaining the decreased activities or inactivation of the mutated enzymes. This work provides the first detailed structural information of an important and highly conserved enzyme of ubiquinone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ismail
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Sup’Biotech, IONIS Education Group, Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent Leroux
- Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL*), Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Smadja
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Gonzalez
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Murielle Lombard
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Pierrel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Microorganismes, Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Mellot-Draznieks
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Collège de France, Paris, France
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209
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Elling FJ, Becker KW, Könneke M, Schröder JM, Kellermann MY, Thomm M, Hinrichs KU. Respiratory quinones in Archaea: phylogenetic distribution and application as biomarkers in the marine environment. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:692-707. [PMID: 26472620 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of respiratory quinone electron carriers among cultivated organisms provides clues on both the taxonomy of their producers and the redox processes these are mediating. Our study of the quinone inventories of 25 archaeal species belonging to the phyla Eury-, Cren- and Thaumarchaeota facilitates their use as chemotaxonomic markers for ecologically important archaeal clades. Saturated and monounsaturated menaquinones with six isoprenoid units forming the alkyl chain may serve as chemotaxonomic markers for Thaumarchaeota. Other diagnostic biomarkers are thiophene-bearing quinones for Sulfolobales and methanophenazines as functional quinone analogues of the Methanosarcinales. The ubiquity of saturated menaquinones in the Archaea in comparison to Bacteria suggests that these compounds may represent an ancestral and diagnostic feature of the Archaea. Overlap between quinone compositions of distinct thermophilic and halophilic archaea and bacteria may indicate lateral gene transfer. The biomarker potential of thaumarchaeal quinones was exemplarily demonstrated on a water column profile of the Black Sea. Both, thaumarchaeal quinones and membrane lipids showed similar distributions with maxima at the chemocline. Quinone distributions indicate that Thaumarchaeota dominate respiratory activity at a narrow interval in the chemocline, while they contribute only 9% to the microbial biomass at this depth, as determined by membrane lipid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Elling
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kevin W Becker
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Könneke
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan M Schröder
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Y Kellermann
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Michael Thomm
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie und Archaeenzentrum, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- Organic Geochemistry Group, MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences & Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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210
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Arshad A, Speth DR, de Graaf RM, Op den Camp HJM, Jetten MSM, Welte CU. A Metagenomics-Based Metabolic Model of Nitrate-Dependent Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane by Methanoperedens-Like Archaea. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1423. [PMID: 26733968 PMCID: PMC4683180 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane oxidation is an important process to mitigate the emission of the greenhouse gas methane and further exacerbating of climate forcing. Both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms have been reported to catalyze methane oxidation with only a few possible electron acceptors. Recently, new microorganisms were identified that could couple the oxidation of methane to nitrate or nitrite reduction. Here we investigated such an enrichment culture at the (meta) genomic level to establish a metabolic model of nitrate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (nitrate-AOM). Nitrate-AOM is catalyzed by an archaeon closely related to (reverse) methanogens that belongs to the ANME-2d clade, tentatively named Methanoperedens nitroreducens. Methane may be activated by methyl-CoM reductase and subsequently undergo full oxidation to carbon dioxide via reverse methanogenesis. All enzymes of this pathway were present and expressed in the investigated culture. The genome of the archaeal enrichment culture encoded a variety of enzymes involved in an electron transport chain similar to those found in Methanosarcina species with additional features not previously found in methane-converting archaea. Nitrate reduction to nitrite seems to be located in the pseudoperiplasm and may be catalyzed by an unusual Nar-like protein complex. A small part of the resulting nitrite is reduced to ammonium which may be catalyzed by a Nrf-type nitrite reductase. One of the key questions is how electrons from cytoplasmically located reverse methanogenesis reach the nitrate reductase in the pseudoperiplasm. Electron transport in M. nitroreducens probably involves cofactor F420 in the cytoplasm, quinones in the cytoplasmic membrane and cytochrome c in the pseudoperiplasm. The membrane-bound electron transport chain includes F420H2 dehydrogenase and an unusual Rieske/cytochrome b complex. Based on genome and transcriptome studies a tentative model of how central energy metabolism of nitrate-AOM could work is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Arshad
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Daan R Speth
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rob M de Graaf
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Huub J M Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mike S M Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia U Welte
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands
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211
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Moon Y, Jeong Y, Kook D, Hong S. Rh(III)-catalyzed direct C-H/C-H cross-coupling of quinones with arenes assisted by a directing group: identification of carbazole quinones as GSKβ inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3918-23. [PMID: 25708198 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rh-catalyzed direct C-H/C-H cross-coupling reaction of various (hetero)arenes with quinones is developed. This protocol is effective for a broad range of both quinone and arene substrates and a wide range of directing groups for this reaction, affording structurally diverse aryl-substituted quinones with high synthetic utility. Moreover, the present synthetic route allowed for the rapid construction of the carbazole quinone moiety that was identified as a new inhibitor scaffold for GSKβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngtaek Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
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212
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Botham KM, Napolitano M, Bravo E. The Emerging Role of Disturbed CoQ Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Development and Progression. Nutrients 2015; 7:9834-46. [PMID: 26633474 PMCID: PMC4690053 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterised by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver, is the most common liver disorder, the causes of its development and progression to the more serious non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remain incompletely understood. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a key factor in both these processes, and mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation are also believed to play a part. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a powerful antioxidant found in all cell membranes which has an essential role in mitochondrial respiration and also has anti-inflammatory properties. NAFLD has been shown to be associated with disturbances in plasma and liver CoQ concentrations, but the relationship between these changes and disease development and progression is not yet clear. Dietary supplementation with CoQ has been found to be hepatoprotective and to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation as well as improving mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that it may be beneficial in NAFLD. However, studies using animal models or patients with NAFLD have given inconclusive results. Overall, evidence is now emerging to indicate that disturbances in CoQ metabolism are involved in NAFLD development and progression to NASH, and this highlights the need for further studies with human subjects to fully clarify its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Botham
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College St., London NW1-0TU, UK.
| | - Mariarosaria Napolitano
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy.
| | - Elena Bravo
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy.
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213
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Huang Z, Kwon O, Esguerra KVN, Lumb JP. A divergent and selective synthesis of ortho- and para-quinones from phenols. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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214
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Fungal biosynthesis of the bibenzoquinone oosporein to evade insect immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11365-70. [PMID: 26305932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones are widely distributed in nature and exhibit diverse biological or pharmacological activities; however, their biosynthetic machineries are largely unknown. The bibenzoquinone oosporein was first identified from the ascomycete insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana>50 y ago. The toxin can also be produced by different plant pathogenic and endophytic fungi with an array of biological activities. Here, we report the oosporein biosynthetic machinery in fungi, a polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway including seven genes for quinone biosynthesis. The PKS oosporein synthase 1 (OpS1) produces orsellinic acid that is hydroxylated to benzenetriol by the hydroxylase OpS4. The intermediate is oxidized either nonenzymatically to 5,5'-dideoxy-oosporein or enzymatically to benzenetetrol by the putative dioxygenase OpS7. The latter is further dimerized to oosporein by the catalase OpS5. The transcription factor OpS3 regulates intrapathway gene expression. Insect bioassays revealed that oosporein is required for fungal virulence and acts by evading host immunity to facilitate fungal multiplication in insects. These results contribute to the known mechanisms of quinone biosynthesis and the understanding of small molecules deployed by fungi that interact with their hosts.
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215
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Zhou T, Li L, Li B, Song H, Wang B. Ir(III)-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of NH Isoquinolones with Benzoquinone. Org Lett 2015; 17:4204-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Baiquan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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216
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Chen Y, Sun Y, Song H, Guo Z. Structural Basis for the ATP-dependent Configuration of Adenylation Active Site in Bacillus subtilis o-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA Synthetase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23971-83. [PMID: 26276389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
o-Succinylbenzoyl-CoA synthetase, or MenE, is an essential adenylate-forming enzyme targeted for development of novel antibiotics in the menaquinone biosynthesis. Using its crystal structures in a ligand-free form or in complex with nucleotides, a conserved pattern is identified in the interaction between ATP and adenylating enzymes, including acyl/aryl-CoA synthetases, adenylation domains of nonribosomal peptide synthetases, and luciferases. It involves tight gripping interactions of the phosphate-binding loop (P-loop) with the ATP triphosphate moiety and an open-closed conformational change to form a compact adenylation active site. In MenE catalysis, this ATP-enzyme interaction creates a new binding site for the carboxylate substrate, allowing revelation of the determinants of substrate specificities and in-line alignment of the two substrates for backside nucleophilic substitution reaction by molecular modeling. In addition, the ATP-enzyme interaction is suggested to play a crucial catalytic role by mutation of the P-loop residues hydrogen-bonded to ATP. Moreover, the ATP-enzyme interaction has also clarified the positioning and catalytic role of a conserved lysine residue in stabilization of the transition state. These findings provide new insights into the adenylation half-reaction in the domain alteration catalytic mechanism of the adenylate-forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozong Chen
- From the Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yueru Sun
- From the Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haigang Song
- From the Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- From the Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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217
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Le DQ, Morishita A, Tokonami S, Nishino T, Shiigi H, Miyake M, Nagaoka T. Voltammetric Detection and Profiling of Isoprenoid Quinones Hydrophobically Transferred From Bacterial Cells. Anal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dung Quynh Le
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Aya Morishita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Shiho Tokonami
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishino
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiigi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Masami Miyake
- Department
of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Ohrai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nagaoka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen, Naka, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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218
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Demethylmenaquinol is a substrate of Escherichia coli nitrate reductase A (NarGHI) and forms a stable semiquinone intermediate at the NarGHI quinol oxidation site. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:739-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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219
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Kimura Y, Kawakami T, Yu LJ, Yoshimura M, Kobayashi M, Wang-Otomo ZY. Characterization of the quinones in purple sulfur bacteriumThermochromatium tepidum. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1761-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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220
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Spicher L, Kessler F. Unexpected roles of plastoglobules (plastid lipid droplets) in vitamin K1 and E metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 25:123-9. [PMID: 26037391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherol (vitamin E) and phylloquinone (vitamin K1) are lipid-soluble antioxidants that can only be synthesized by photosynthetic organisms. These compounds function primarily at the thylakoid membrane but are also present in chloroplast lipid droplets, also known as plastoglobules (PG). Depending on environmental conditions and stage of plant development, changes in the content, number and size of PG occur. PG are directly connected to the thylakoid membrane via the outer lipid leaflet. Apart from storage, PG are active in metabolism and likely trafficking of diverse lipid species. This review presents recent advances on how plastoglobules are implicated in the biosynthesis and metabolism of vitamin E and K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Spicher
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université de Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université de Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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221
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Chen J, Yao M, Pagba CV, Zheng Y, Fei L, Feng Z, Barry BA. Directly probing redox-linked quinones in photosystem II membrane fragments via UV resonance Raman scattering. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:558-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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222
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Szymańska R, Nowicka B, Gabruk M, Glińska S, Michlewska S, Dłużewska J, Sawicka A, Kruk J, Laitinen R. Physiological and antioxidant responses of two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana in different light and temperature conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:194-209. [PMID: 25214438 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During their lifetime, plants need to adapt to a changing environment, including light and temperature. To understand how these factors influence plant growth, we investigated the physiological and antioxidant responses of two Arabidopsis accessions, Shahdara (Sha) from the Shahdara valley (Tajikistan, Central Asia) in a mountainous area and Lovvik-5 (Lov-5) from northern Sweden to different light and temperature conditions. These accessions originate from different latitudes and have different life strategies, both of which are known to be influenced by light and temperature. We showed that both accessions grew better in high-light and at a lower temperature (16°C) than in low light and at 23°C. Interestingly, Sha had a lower chlorophyll content but more efficient non-photochemical quenching than Lov-5. Sha, also showed a higher expression of vitamin E biosynthetic genes. We did not observe any difference in the antioxidant prenyllipid level under these conditions. Our results suggest that the mechanisms that keep the plastoquinone (PQ)-pool in more oxidized state could play a role in the adaptation of these accessions to their local climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Szymańska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Michał Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Sława Glińska
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, 90-237, Poland
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, 90-237, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dłużewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Anna Sawicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Roosa Laitinen
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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223
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Bull JN, West CW, Verlet JRR. Anion resonances and above-threshold dynamics of coenzyme Q0. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:16125-35. [PMID: 26030180 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02145f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Temporary radical anions (resonances) of isolated co enzyme Q0 (CQ0) and their associated above-threshold dynamics have been studied using frequency-, angle-, and time-resolved photoelectron imaging (FAT-PI). Experimental energetics and dynamics are supported with ab initio calculations. All results support that CQ0 exhibits similar resonances and energetics compared with the smaller para-benzoquinone subunit, which is commonly considered as a prototype electrophore for larger biological para-quinone species. However, the above-threshold dynamics in CQ0 relative to para-benzoquinone show significantly enhanced prompt detachment compared with internal conversion, particularly around the photoexcitation energy of 3.10 eV. The change in dynamics can be attributed to a combination of an increase in the shape character of the optically-accessible resonance at this energy, a decrease in the autodetachment lifetime due to the higher density of states in the neutral, and a decrease in the probability that the wavepacket formed in the Franck-Condon window can access the local conical intersection in CQ0 over the timescale of autodetachment. Overall, this study serves as a clear example in understanding the trends in spectroscopy and dynamics in relating a simple prototypical para-quinone electrophore to a more complex biochemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK.
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224
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Hoyo J, Guaus E, Torrent-Burgués J, Sanz F. Biomimetic Monolayer Films of Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Incorporating Plastoquinone. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6170-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hoyo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Guaus
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Juan Torrent-Burgués
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fausto Sanz
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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225
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Abstract
Quinol oxidation in the catalytic quinol oxidation site (Qo site) of cytochrome (cyt) bc1 complexes is the key step of the Q cycle mechanism, which laid the ground for Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory of energy conversion. Bifurcated electron transfer upon quinol oxidation enables proton uptake and release on opposite membrane sides, thus generating a proton gradient that fuels ATP synthesis in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. The Qo site architecture formed by cyt b and Rieske iron–sulfur protein (ISP) impedes harmful bypass reactions. Catalytic importance is assigned to four residues of cyt b formerly described as PEWY motif in the context of mitochondrial complexes, which we now denominate Qo motif as comprehensive evolutionary sequence analysis of cyt b shows substantial natural variance of the motif with phylogenetically specific patterns. In particular, the Qo motif is identified as PEWY in mitochondria, α- and ε-Proteobacteria, Aquificae, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, and chloroplasts. PDWY is present in Gram-positive bacteria, Deinococcus–Thermus and haloarchaea, and PVWY in β- and γ-Proteobacteria. PPWF only exists in Archaea. Distinct patterns for acidophilic organisms indicate environment-specific adaptations. Importantly, the presence of PDWY and PEWY is correlated with the redox potential of Rieske ISP and quinone species. We propose that during evolution from low to high potential electron-transfer systems in the emerging oxygenic atmosphere, cyt bc1 complexes with PEWY as Qo motif prevailed to efficiently use high potential ubiquinone as substrate, whereas cyt b with PDWY operate best with low potential Rieske ISP and menaquinone, with the latter being the likely composition of the ancestral cyt bc1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Kao
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carola Hunte
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
- *Corresponding author: E-mail:
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226
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Santiago M, Matano LM, Moussa SH, Gilmore MS, Walker S, Meredith TC. A new platform for ultra-high density Staphylococcus aureus transposon libraries. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:252. [PMID: 25888466 PMCID: PMC4389836 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus readily develops resistance to antibiotics and achieving effective therapies to overcome resistance requires in-depth understanding of S. aureus biology. High throughput, parallel-sequencing methods for analyzing transposon mutant libraries have the potential to revolutionize studies of S. aureus, but the genetic tools to take advantage of the power of next generation sequencing have not been fully developed. RESULTS Here we report a phage-based transposition system to make ultra-high density transposon libraries for genome-wide analysis of mutant fitness in any Φ11-transducible S. aureus strain. The high efficiency of the delivery system has made it possible to multiplex transposon cassettes containing different regulatory elements in order to make libraries in which genes are over- or under-expressed as well as deleted. By incorporating transposon-specific barcodes into the cassettes, we can evaluate how null mutations and changes in gene expression levels affect fitness in a single sequencing data set. Demonstrating the power of the system, we have prepared a library containing more than 690,000 unique insertions. Because one unique feature of the phage-based approach is that temperature-sensitive mutants are retained, we have carried out a genome-wide study of S. aureus genes involved in withstanding temperature stress. We find that many genes previously identified as essential are temperature sensitive and also identify a number of genes that, when disrupted, confer a growth advantage at elevated temperatures. CONCLUSIONS The platform described here reliably provides mutant collections of unparalleled genotypic diversity and will enable a wide range of functional genomic studies in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Santiago
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Leigh M Matano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Samir H Moussa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Timothy C Meredith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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227
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In vivo antimalarial activity and mechanisms of action of 4-nerolidylcatechol derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3271-80. [PMID: 25801563 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05012-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Nerolidylcatechol (1) is an abundant antiplasmodial metabolite that is isolated from Piper peltatum roots. O-Acylation or O-alkylation of compound 1 provides derivatives exhibiting improved stability and significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity. The aim of this work was to study the in vitro inhibition of hemozoin formation, inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum cultures, and in vivo antimalarial activity of several 4-nerolidylcatechol derivatives. 1,2-O,O-Diacetyl-4-nerolidylcatechol (2) inhibited in vitro hemozoin formation by up to 50%. In metabolic labeling studies using [1-(n)-(3)H]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, diester 2: significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of isoprenoid metabolites ubiquinone 8, menaquinone 4, and dolichol 12 in cultures of P. falciparum 3D7. Similarly, 2-O-benzyl-4-nerolidylcatechol (3) significantly inhibited the biosynthesis of dolichol 12. P. falciparum in vitro protein synthesis was not affected by compounds 2 or 3. At oral doses of 50 mg per kg of body weight per day, compound 2 suppressed Plasmodium berghei NK65 in infected BALB/c mice by 44%. This in vivo result for derivative 2 represents marked improvement over that obtained previously for natural product 1. Compound 2 was not detected in mouse blood 1 h after oral ingestion or in mixtures with mouse blood/blood plasma in vitro. However, it was detected after in vitro contact with human blood or blood plasma. Derivatives of 4-nerolidylcatechol exhibit parasite-specific modes of action, such as inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis and inhibition of hemozoin formation, and they therefore merit further investigation for their antimalarial potential.
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228
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Deng
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kálmán J. Szabó
- Department of Organic
Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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229
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Design and synthesis of novel isoxazole tethered quinone-amino Acid hybrids. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2015; 2014:721291. [PMID: 25709839 PMCID: PMC4331483 DOI: 10.1155/2014/721291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of isoxazole tethered quinone-amino acid hybrids has been designed and synthesized involving 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction followed by an oxidation reaction using cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN). Using this method, for the first time various isoxazole tethered quinone-phenyl alanine and quinone-alanine hybrids were synthesized from simple commercially available 4-bromobenzyl bromide, propargyl bromide, and 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in good yield.
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230
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231
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Donnarumma D, Golfieri G, Brier S, Castagnini M, Veggi D, Bottomley MJ, Delany I, Norais N. Neisseria meningitis GNA1030 is a ubiquinone-8 binding protein. FASEB J 2015; 29:2260-7. [PMID: 25713028 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-263954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bexsero, a new vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB), is composed of 3 main recombinant proteins and an outer membrane vesicle component. One of the main bactericidal antigens, neisseria heparin binding antigen (NHBA), is present as a fusion protein with the accessory protein genome-derived neisserial antigen (GNA) 1030 to further increase its immunogenicity. The gene encoding for GNA1030 is present and highly conserved in all Neisseria strains, and although orthologs are present in numerous species, its biologic function is unknown. Native mass spectrometry was used to demonstrate that GNA1030 forms a homodimer associated with 2 molecules of ubiquinone-8 (Ub8), a cofactor mainly involved in the electron transport chain and with antioxidant properties. Disc diffusion assays on the wild-type and knockout mutant of GNA1030, in the presence of various compounds, suggested that GNA1030 is not involved in oxidative stress or electron chain transport per se, although it contributes to constitutive refilling of the inner membrane with Ub8. These studies shed light on an accessory protein present in Bexsero and reveal functional insights into the family of related proteins. On the basis of our findings, we propose to name the protein neisseria ubiquinone binding protein (NUbp).
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232
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Xie LX, Williams KJ, He CH, Weng E, Khong S, Rose TE, Kwon O, Bensinger SJ, Marbois BN, Clarke CF. Resveratrol and para-coumarate serve as ring precursors for coenzyme Q biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:909-19. [PMID: 25681964 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (Q or ubiquinone) is a redox-active polyisoprenylated benzoquinone lipid essential for electron and proton transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The aromatic ring 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HB) is commonly depicted as the sole aromatic ring precursor in Q biosynthesis despite the recent finding that para-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) also serves as a ring precursor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Q biosynthesis. In this study, we employed aromatic (13)C6-ring-labeled compounds including (13)C6-4HB, (13)C6-pABA, (13)C6-resveratrol, and (13)C6-coumarate to investigate the role of these small molecules as aromatic ring precursors in Q biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, S. cerevisiae, and human and mouse cells. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, neither E. coli nor the mammalian cells tested were able to form (13)C6-Q when cultured in the presence of (13)C6-pABA. However, E. coli cells treated with (13)C6-pABA generated (13)C6-ring-labeled forms of 3-octaprenyl-4-aminobenzoic acid, 2-octaprenyl-aniline, and 3-octaprenyl-2-aminophenol, suggesting UbiA, UbiD, UbiX, and UbiI are capable of using pABA or pABA-derived intermediates as substrates. E. coli, S. cerevisiae, and human and mouse cells cultured in the presence of (13)C6-resveratrol or (13)C6-coumarate were able to synthesize (13)C6-Q. Future evaluation of the physiological and pharmacological responses to dietary polyphenols should consider their metabolism to Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian X Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Cuiwen H He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Emily Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - San Khong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Tristan E Rose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Beth N Marbois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
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233
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Krute CN, Carroll RK, Rivera FE, Weiss A, Young RM, Shilling A, Botlani M, Varma S, Baker BJ, Shaw LN. The disruption of prenylation leads to pleiotropic rearrangements in cellular behavior inStaphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2015; 95:819-32. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N. Krute
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Ronan K. Carroll
- Department of Biological Sciences; Ohio University; Athens OH USA
| | - Frances E. Rivera
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Andy Weiss
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Andrew Shilling
- Department of Chemistry; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Mohsen Botlani
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Sameer Varma
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Bill J. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
| | - Lindsey N. Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology; University of South Florida; Tampa FL USA
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Miret JA, Munné-Bosch S. Redox signaling and stress tolerance in plants: a focus on vitamin E. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1340:29-38. [PMID: 25586886 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants are subject to specific redox processes, in which photosynthesis plays a prominent role. Chloroplasts function in light at high oxygen tensions and are enormous generators of reactive oxygen species, mainly singlet oxygen. This side product of photosynthesis inflicts damage to thylakoid membranes at high concentrations, but at the same time it is an essential component of cellular signaling. Detoxification of singlet oxygen is achieved by different means, including quenching and scavenging by tocopherols, responsible for controlling singlet oxygen levels, and the extent of lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts. Here, environmental conditions leading to excess light in chloroplasts will be used to show the importance of singlet oxygen, tocopherols, and lipid peroxidation in cell signaling. Defects in antioxidant protection (e.g., tocopherol deficiency) can lead to increased photo-oxidative damage, but also to the activation of defense pathways, illustrating the phenotypic plasticity evolved by plants to withstand stress. Most importantly, these studies show how redox signaling processes are integrated within the cell and illustrate the great capacity of plants to adapt to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Miret
- Plant Biology Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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235
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Qi Z, Li X. Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H activation of benzamides: Coupling with quinones. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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236
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Sarewicz M, Osyczka A. Electronic connection between the quinone and cytochrome C redox pools and its role in regulation of mitochondrial electron transport and redox signaling. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:219-43. [PMID: 25540143 PMCID: PMC4281590 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration, an important bioenergetic process, relies on operation of four membranous enzymatic complexes linked functionally by mobile, freely diffusible elements: quinone molecules in the membrane and water-soluble cytochromes c in the intermembrane space. One of the mitochondrial complexes, complex III (cytochrome bc1 or ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase), provides an electronic connection between these two diffusible redox pools linking in a fully reversible manner two-electron quinone oxidation/reduction with one-electron cytochrome c reduction/oxidation. Several features of this homodimeric enzyme implicate that in addition to its well-defined function of contributing to generation of proton-motive force, cytochrome bc1 may be a physiologically important point of regulation of electron flow acting as a sensor of the redox state of mitochondria that actively responds to changes in bioenergetic conditions. These features include the following: the opposing redox reactions at quinone catalytic sites located on the opposite sides of the membrane, the inter-monomer electronic connection that functionally links four quinone binding sites of a dimer into an H-shaped electron transfer system, as well as the potential to generate superoxide and release it to the intermembrane space where it can be engaged in redox signaling pathways. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding how cytochrome bc1 may accomplish this regulatory physiological function, what is known and remains unknown about catalytic and side reactions within the quinone binding sites and electron transfers through the cofactor chains connecting those sites with the substrate redox pools. We also discuss the developed molecular mechanisms in the context of physiology of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sarewicz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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237
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Shibata M, Shimada H. Simultaneous analyses of oxidized and reduced forms of photosynthetic quinones by high-performance liquid chromatography. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2014; 1153:99-113. [PMID: 24777792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plastoquinones and phylloquinones are the major plant quinones localized in chloroplasts, and they act as photosynthetic electron redox mediators in thylakoid membranes. These quinones are analyzed by two processes: extraction with organic solvents and quinone assay by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Solvent choice is very important from the viewpoint of stability of the redox state in the extraction processes and during storage of plant quinones. We introduce procedures and solvents to avoid changes in the redox state of quinones, in addition to achieving high extraction efficiency. Traditional methods have problems of low sensitivity and require preparation steps to remove interfering substances, such as plant pigments. HPLC systems have been developed utilizing the fluorescent properties of quinols (reduced forms) to measure quinones. Plastoquinones were detected by reversed-phase HPLC with dual detectors (ultra-violet and fluorescence detection). However, the peak of phylloquinone and plastoquinone isomers with shorter side chains often overlaps with a large peak of fast-eluting pigments. To address these issues, HPLC with fluorescence detection after post-column reduction to convert quinones to fluorescent quinol was applied for measurement of fast-eluting quinones (low hydrophobicity quinones and quinols) such as phylloquinone. Using post-column reduction methods with sodium borohydride or platinum black, not only the reduced forms (fluorescent) but also the oxidized forms (non-fluorescent) could be clearly measured by HPLC with a fluorescence detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Shibata
- Faculty of Education, Biological Institute, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
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238
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Fischer A, Niklowitz P, Menke T, Döring F. Promotion of growth by Coenzyme Q10 is linked to gene expression in C. elegans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:920-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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239
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Jain S, Caforio A, Fodran P, Lolkema JS, Minnaard AJ, Driessen AJM. Identification of CDP-archaeol synthase, a missing link of ether lipid biosynthesis in Archaea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:1392-1401. [PMID: 25219966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Archaeal membrane lipid composition is distinct from Bacteria and Eukarya, consisting of isoprenoid chains etherified to the glycerol carbons. Biosynthesis of these lipids is poorly understood. Here we identify and characterize the archaeal membrane protein CDP-archaeol synthase (CarS) that catalyzes the transfer of the nucleotide to its specific archaeal lipid substrate, leading to the formation of a CDP-activated precursor (CDP-archaeol) to which polar head groups are attached. The discovery of CarS enabled reconstitution of the entire archaeal lipid biosynthesis pathway in vitro, starting from simple isoprenoid building blocks and using a set of five purified enzymes. The cell free synthetic strategy for archaeal lipids we describe opens opportunity for studies of archaeal lipid biochemistry. Additionally, insights into archaeal lipid biosynthesis reported here allow addressing the evolutionary hypothesis of the lipid divide between Archaea and Bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samta Jain
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antonella Caforio
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Fodran
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Juke S Lolkema
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arnold J M Driessen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands.
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240
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Tohge T, Obata T, Fernie AR. Biosynthesis of the essential respiratory cofactor ubiquinone from phenylalanine in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1403-1405. [PMID: 25013082 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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241
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Kiyota H, Okuda Y, Ito M, Hirai MY, Ikeuchi M. Engineering of cyanobacteria for the photosynthetic production of limonene from CO2. J Biotechnol 2014; 185:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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242
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Nguyen TPT, Casarin A, Desbats MA, Doimo M, Trevisson E, Santos-Ocaña C, Navas P, Clarke CF, Salviati L. Molecular characterization of the human COQ5 C-methyltransferase in coenzyme Q10 biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1628-38. [PMID: 25152161 PMCID: PMC4331671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coq5 catalyzes the only C-methylation involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q (Q or ubiquinone) in humans and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As one of eleven polypeptides required for Q production in yeast, Coq5 has also been shown to assemble with the multi-subunit complex termed the CoQ-synthome. In humans, mutations in several COQ genes cause primary Q deficiency, and a decrease in Q biosynthesis is associated with mitochondrial, cardiovascular, kidney and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we characterize the human COQ5 polypeptide and examine its complementation of yeast coq5 point and null mutants. We show that human COQ5 RNA is expressed in all tissues and that the COQ5 polypeptide is associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane on the matrix side. Previous work in yeast has shown that point mutations within or adjacent to conserved COQ5 methyltransferase motifs result in a loss of Coq5 function but not Coq5 steady state levels. Here, we show that stabilization of the CoQ-synthome within coq5 point mutants or by over-expression of COQ8 in coq5 null mutants permits the human COQ5 homolog to partially restore coq5 mutant growth on respiratory media and Q6 content. Immunoblotting against the human COQ5 polypeptide in isolated yeast mitochondria shows that the human Coq5 polypeptide migrates in two-dimensional blue-native/SDS-PAGE at the same high molecular mass as other yeast Coq proteins. The results presented suggest that human and Escherichia coli Coq5 homologs expressed in yeast retain C-methyltransferase activity but are capable of rescuing the coq5 yeast mutants only when the CoQ-synthome is assembled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa P T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Alberto Casarin
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Maria Andrea Desbats
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Mara Doimo
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Eva Trevisson
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Carlos Santos-Ocaña
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Placido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA.
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy.
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243
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Fernández-Ayala DJM, Jiménez-Gancedo S, Guerra I, Navas P. Invertebrate models for coenzyme q10 deficiency. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:170-9. [PMID: 25126050 DOI: 10.1159/000362751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human syndrome of coenzyme Q (CoQ) deficiency is a heterogeneous mitochondrial disease characterized by a diminution of CoQ content in cells and tissues that affects all the electron transport processes CoQ is responsible for, like the electron transference in mitochondria for respiration and ATP production and the antioxidant capacity that it exerts in membranes and lipoproteins. Supplementation with external CoQ is the main attempt to address these pathologies, but quite variable results have been obtained ranging from little response to a dramatic recovery. Here, we present the importance of modeling human CoQ deficiencies in animal models to understand the genetics and the pathology of this disease, although the election of an organism is crucial and can sometimes be controversial. Bacteria and yeast harboring mutations that lead to CoQ deficiency are unable to grow if they have to respire but develop without any problems on media with fermentable carbon sources. The complete lack of CoQ in mammals causes embryonic lethality, whereas other mutations produce tissue-specific diseases as in humans. However, working with transgenic mammals is time and cost intensive, with no assurance of obtaining results. Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have been used for years as organisms to study embryonic development, biogenesis, degenerative pathologies, and aging because of the genetic facilities and the speed of working with these animal models. In this review, we summarize several attempts to model reliable human CoQ deficiencies in invertebrates, focusing on mutant phenotypes pretty similar to those observed in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J M Fernández-Ayala
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Sandra Jiménez-Gancedo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Guerra
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo Olavide - CSIC, and CIBERER Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Seville, Spain
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244
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Zhi XY, Yao JC, Tang SK, Huang Y, Li HW, Li WJ. The futalosine pathway played an important role in menaquinone biosynthesis during early prokaryote evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:149-60. [PMID: 24398376 PMCID: PMC3914697 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) is an important component of the electron-transfer system in prokaryotes. One of its precursors, 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate, can be synthesized from chorismate by the classical MK pathway. Interestingly, in some bacteria, chorismate can also be converted to 1,4-dihydroxy-6-naphthoate by four enzymes encoded by mqnABCD in an alternative futalosine pathway. In this study, six crucial enzymes belonging to these two independent nonhomologous pathways were identified in the predicted proteomes of prokaryotes representing a broad phylogenetic distribution. Although the classical MK pathway was found in 32.1% of the proteomes, more than twice the proportion containing the futalosine pathway, the latter was found in a broader taxonomic range of organisms (18 of 31 phyla). The prokaryotes equipped with the classical MK pathway were almost all aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, but those with the futalosine pathway were not only aerobic or facultatively anaerobic but also anaerobic. Phylogenies of enzymes of the classical MK pathway indicated that its genes in archaea were probably acquired by an ancient horizontal gene transfer from bacterial donors. Therefore, the organization of the futalosine pathway likely predated that of the classical MK pathway in the evolutionary history of prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and the Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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245
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Yoo H, Widhalm JR, Qian Y, Maeda H, Cooper BR, Jannasch AS, Gonda I, Lewinsohn E, Rhodes D, Dudareva N. An alternative pathway contributes to phenylalanine biosynthesis in plants via a cytosolic tyrosine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2833. [PMID: 24270997 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine is a vital component of proteins in all living organisms, and in plants is a precursor for thousands of additional metabolites. Animals are incapable of synthesizing phenylalanine and must primarily obtain it directly or indirectly from plants. Although plants can synthesize phenylalanine in plastids through arogenate, the contribution of an alternative pathway via phenylpyruvate, as occurs in most microbes, has not been demonstrated. Here we show that plants also utilize a microbial-like phenylpyruvate pathway to produce phenylalanine, and flux through this route is increased when the entry point to the arogenate pathway is limiting. Unexpectedly, we find the plant phenylpyruvate pathway utilizes a cytosolic aminotransferase that links the coordinated catabolism of tyrosine to serve as the amino donor, thus interconnecting the extra-plastidial metabolism of these amino acids. This discovery uncovers another level of complexity in the plant aromatic amino acid regulatory network, unveiling new targets for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Yoo
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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246
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Silva-Jiménez H, Ortega Á, García-Fontana C, Ramos JL, Krell T. Multiple signals modulate the activity of the complex sensor kinase TodS. Microb Biotechnol 2014; 8:103-15. [PMID: 24986263 PMCID: PMC4321377 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reason for the existence of complex sensor kinases is little understood but thought to lie in the capacity to respond to multiple signals. The complex, seven-domain sensor kinase TodS controls in concert with the TodT response regulator the expression of the toluene dioxygenase pathway in Pseudomonas putida F1 and DOT-T1E. We have previously shown that some aromatic hydrocarbons stimulate TodS activity whereas others behave as antagonists. We show here that TodS responds in addition to the oxidative agent menadione. Menadione but no other oxidative agent tested inhibited TodS activity in vitro and reduced PtodX expression in vivo. The menadione signal is incorporated by a cysteine-dependent mechanism. The mutation of the sole conserved cysteine of TodS (C320) rendered the protein insensitive to menadione. We evaluated the mutual opposing effects of toluene and menadione on TodS autophosphorylation. In the presence of toluene, menadione reduced TodS activity whereas toluene did not stimulate activity in the presence of menadione. It was shown by others that menadione increases expression of glucose metabolism genes. The opposing effects of menadione on glucose and toluene metabolism may be partially responsible for the interwoven regulation of both catabolic pathways. This work provides mechanistic detail on how complex sensor kinases integrate different types of signal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortencia Silva-Jiménez
- Department of Environmental Protection, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C/ Prof. Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
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247
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Sato M, Torres-Bacete J, Sinha PK, Matsuno-Yagi A, Yagi T. Essential regions in the membrane domain of bacterial complex I (NDH-1): the machinery for proton translocation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:279-87. [PMID: 24973951 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (complex I/NDH-1) is the first and largest enzyme of the respiratory chain which has a central role in cellular energy production and is implicated in many human neurodegenerative diseases and aging. It is believed that the peripheral domain of complex I/NDH-1 transfers the electron from NADH to Quinone (Q) and the redox energy couples the proton translocation in the membrane domain. To investigate the mechanism of the proton translocation, in a series of works we have systematically studied all membrane subunits in the Escherichia coli NDH-1 by site-directed mutagenesis. In this mini-review, we have summarized our strategy and results of the mutagenesis by depicting residues essential for proton translocation, along with those for subunit connection. It is suggested that clues to understanding the driving forces of proton translocation lie in the similarities and differences of the membrane subunits, highlighting the communication of essential charged residues among the subunits. A possible proton translocation mechanism with all membrane subunits operating in unison is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki Sato
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM-256, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA,
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248
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Murai M, Matsunobu K, Kudo S, Ifuku K, Kawamukai M, Miyoshi H. Identification of the Binding Site of the Quinone-Head Group in Mitochondrial Coq10 by Photoaffinity Labeling. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3995-4003. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500347s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental
Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
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249
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Zeyhle P, Bauer JS, Kalinowski J, Shin-ya K, Gross H, Heide L. Genome-based discovery of a novel membrane-bound 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine prenyltransferase from a marine actinomycete. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99122. [PMID: 24892559 PMCID: PMC4044012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, novel prenylated derivatives of 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine have been isolated from the marine sponge-associated Streptomyces sp. SpC080624SC-11. Genome sequencing of this strain now revealed a gene cluster containing all genes necessary for the synthesis of the phenazine and the isoprenoid moieties. Unexpectedly, however, the cluster did not contain a gene with similarity to previously investigated phenazine prenyltransferases, but instead a gene with modest similarity to the membrane-bound prenyltransferases of ubiquinone and menaquinone biosynthesis. Expression of this gene in E. coli and isolation of the membrane fraction proved that the encoded enzyme, Mpz10, catalyzes two successive prenylations of 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine. Mpz10 is the first example of a membrane-bound enzyme catalyzing the prenylation of a phenazine substrate, and one of few examples of membrane-bound enzymes involved in the prenylation of aromatic secondary metabolites in microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Zeyhle
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith S. Bauer
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kazuo Shin-ya
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harald Gross
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Heide
- Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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250
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Szymańska R, Nowicka B, Kruk J. Hydroxy-plastochromanol and plastoquinone-C as singlet oxygen products during photo-oxidative stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1464-1473. [PMID: 24329808 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have shown that hydroxy-plastochromanol and plastoquinone-C, the hydroxy derivatives of plastochromanol and plastoquinone-9, respectively, are specifically formed from the parent compounds upon action of singlet oxygen and can be regarded as stable, specific, natural products of singlet oxygen action during photo-oxidative stress in vivo. The presented data indicate that plastoquinone-C formation dominates mainly during relatively short periods of high light stress where efficient production of singlet oxygen takes place, whereas hydroxy-plastochromanol is rather formed under conditions of long-term, less pronounced generation of singlet oxygen. An interesting observation was that hydroxy-plastochromanol is formed even at very low light conditions (5-10 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)), indicating that singlet oxygen is generated not only during high light stress but also its formation by photosystem II is inseparably connected with the functioning of this photosystem even at the lowest light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Szymańska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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