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Pałucha-Poniewiera A, Pilc A. Glutamate-Based Drug Discovery for Novel Antidepressants. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:873-83. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1213234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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202
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Wagner G, Gussew A, Köhler S, de la Cruz F, Smesny S, Reichenbach JR, Bär KJ. Resting state functional connectivity of the hippocampus along the anterior–posterior axis and its association with glutamatergic metabolism. Cortex 2016; 81:104-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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203
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Veronezi BP, Moffa AH, Carvalho AF, Galhardoni R, Simis M, Benseñor IM, Lotufo PA, Machado-Vieira R, Daskalakis ZJ, Brunoni AR. Evidence for increased motor cortical facilitation and decreased inhibition in atypical depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:172-82. [PMID: 27028276 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a clinically heterogeneous condition. However, the role of cortical glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-mediated activity, implicated in MDD pathophysiology, has not been explored in different MDD subtypes. Our aim was to assess the atypical and melancholic depression subtypes regarding potential differences in GABA and glutamate receptor-mediated activity through established transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neurophysiological measures from the motor cortex. METHOD We evaluated 81 subjects free of antidepressant medication, including 21 healthy controls and 20 patients with atypical, 20 with melancholic, and 20 with undifferentiated MDD. Single and paired-pulse TMS paradigms were used to evaluate intracortical facilitation (ICF), cortical silent period (CSP), and short intracortical inhibition (SICI), which index glutamate, GABAB receptor-, and GABAA receptor-mediated activity respectively. RESULTS Patients with MDD demonstrated significantly decreased mean CSP values than healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.22-0.3, P < 0.01 for all comparisons). Atypical depression presented a distinct cortical excitability pattern of decreased cortical inhibition and increased cortical facilitation, that is, an increased mean ICF and SICI ratios than other depression subtypes (d = 0.22-0.33, P < 0.01 for all comparisons). CONCLUSION Different MDD subtypes may demonstrate different neurophysiology in relation to GABAA and glutamatergic activity. TMS as an investigational tool might be useful to distinguish between different MDD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Veronezi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation, University Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A H Moffa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation, University Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - R Galhardoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Arts, Science and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Pain Center, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Medicine School of University City of São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Simis
- Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinics Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I M Benseñor
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation, University Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P A Lotufo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation, University Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Z J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention and Campbell Family Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A R Brunoni
- Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation, University Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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204
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Goryawala MZ, Sheriff S, Maudsley AA. Regional distributions of brain glutamate and glutamine in normal subjects. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1108-16. [PMID: 27351339 PMCID: PMC4962701 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) play an important role in neuronal regulation and are of value as MRS-observable diagnostic biomarkers. In this study the relative concentrations of these metabolites have been measured in multiple regions in the normal brain using a short-TE whole-brain MRSI measurement at 3 T combined with a modified data analysis approach that used spatial averaging to obtain high-SNR spectra from atlas-registered anatomic regions or interest. By spectral fitting of high-SNR spectra this approach yielded reliable measurements across a wide volume of the brain. Spectral averaging also demonstrated increased SNR and improved fitting accuracy for the sum of Glu and Gln (Glx) compared with individual voxel fitting. Results in 26 healthy controls showed relatively constant Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr throughout the cerebrum, although with increased values in the anterior cingulum and paracentral lobule, and increased Gln/Cr in the superior motor area. The deep gray-matter regions of thalamus, putamen, and pallidum show lower Glu/Cr compared with cortical white-matter regions. Lobar measurements demonstrated reduced Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr in the cerebellum as compared with the cerebrum, where white-matter regions show significantly lower Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr as compared with gray-matter regions across multiple brain lobes. Regression analysis showed no significant effect of gender on Glu/Cr or Gln/Cr measurement; however, Glx/Cr ratio was found to be significantly negatively correlated with age in some lobar brain regions. In summary, this methodology provides the spectral quality necessary for reliable separation of Glu and Gln at 3 T from a single MRSI acquisition enabling generation of regional distributions of metabolites over a large volume of the brain, including cortical regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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205
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Abstract
Converging evidence demonstrates that physical activity evokes a brain state characterized by distinctive changes in brain metabolism and cortical function. Human studies have shown that physical activity leads to a generalized increase in electroencephalography power across regions and frequencies, and a global increase in brain nonoxidative metabolism of carbohydrate substrates. This nonoxidative consumption of carbohydrate has been hypothesized to include increased de novo synthesis of amino acid neurotransmitters, especially glutamate and GABA. Here, we conducted a series of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in human volunteers before and after vigorous exercise (≥80% of predicted maximal heart rate). Results showed that the resonance signals of both glutamate and GABA increased significantly in the visual cortex following exercise. We further demonstrated a similar increase in glutamate following exercise in an executive region, the anterior cingulate cortex. The increase in glutamate was similar when using echo times of 30 and 144 ms, indicating that exercise-related T2 relaxation effects across this range of relaxation times did not account for the findings. In addition, we found preliminary evidence that more physical activity during the preceding week predicts higher resting glutamate levels. Overall, the results are consistent with an exercise-induced expansion of the cortical pools of glutamate and GABA, and add to a growing understanding of the distinctive brain state associated with physical activity. A more complete understanding of this brain state may reveal important insights into mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise in neuropsychiatric disorders, neurorehabilitation, aging, and cognition.
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206
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Hirose N, Saitoh A, Kamei J. Involvement of glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the expression of increased head-dipping behaviors in the hole-board tests of olfactory bulbectomized mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:313-20. [PMID: 27353857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory bulbectomized (OB) mice produce agitated anxiety-like behaviors in the hole-board test, which was expressed by an increase in head-dipping counts and a decrease in head-dipping latencies. However, the associated mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, MK-801 (10, 100μg/kg), a selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, significantly and dose-dependently suppressed the increased head-dipping behaviors in OB mice, without affecting sham mice. Similar results were obtained with another selective NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 treatment in OB mice. On the other hand, muscimol, a selective aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agonist produced no effects on these hyperemotional behaviors in OB mice at a dose (100μg/kg) that produced anxiolytic-like effects in sham mice. Interestingly, glutamine contents and glutamine/glutamate ratios were significantly increased in the amygdala and frontal cortex of OB mice compared to sham mice. Based on these results, we concluded that the glutamatergic NMDA receptors are involved in the expression of increased head-dipping behaviors in the hole-board tests of OB mice. Accordingly, the changes in glutamatergic transmission in frontal cortex and amygdala may play important roles in the expression of these abnormal behaviors in OB mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Hirose
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Saitoh
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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207
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Jiménez-Sánchez L, Castañé A, Pérez-Caballero L, Grifoll-Escoda M, López-Gil X, Campa L, Galofré M, Berrocoso E, Adell A. Activation of AMPA Receptors Mediates the Antidepressant Action of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Infralimbic Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2778-2789. [PMID: 26088969 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used with success in treatment-resistant depression, little is known about its mechanism of action. We examined the antidepressant-like activity of short (1 h) DBS applied to the infralimbic prefrontal cortex in the forced swim test (FST) and the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT). We also used in vivo microdialysis to evaluate the release of glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex and c-Fos immunohistochemistry to determine the brain regions activated by DBS. One hour of DBS of the infralimbic prefrontal cortex has antidepressant-like effects in FST and NSFT, and increases prefrontal efflux of glutamate, which would activate AMPA receptors (AMPARs). This effect is specific of the infralimbic area since it is not observed after DBS of the prelimbic subregion. The activation of prefrontal AMPARs would result in a stimulation of prefrontal output to the brainstem, thus increasing serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex. Further, the activation of prefrontal AMPARs is necessary and sufficient condition for the antidepressant response of 1 h DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jiménez-Sánchez
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Anna Castañé
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Caballero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Marc Grifoll-Escoda
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Xavier López-Gil
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Current address: Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Leticia Campa
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Mireia Galofré
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cadiz, Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Albert Adell
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.,Current address: Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander 39011, Spain
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208
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Minelli A, Congiu C, Ventriglia M, Bortolomasi M, Bonvicini C, Abate M, Sartori R, Gainelli G, Gennarelli M. Influence of GRIK4 genetic variants on the electroconvulsive therapy response. Neurosci Lett 2016; 626:94-8. [PMID: 27222927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have shown the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the function of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In particular, patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD) and chronic depression have lower levels of glutamate/glutamine than controls, and ECT can reverse this deficit. Genetic factors might contribute to modulating the mechanisms underlying ECT. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between three polymorphisms (rs1954787, rs4936554 and rs11218030) of the glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 4 (GRIK4) gene and responsiveness to ECT treatment in a sample of one hundred individuals, TRD or depressive Bipolar Disorder patients resistant to pharmacological treatments. The results revealed that GRIK4 variants were significantly associated with the response to ECT. In particular, we found that patients carrying the G allele of the GRIK4 rs11218030 had a significantly poorer response to ECT (p=2.71×10(-4)), showing five times the risk of relapse after ECT compared to the AA homozygotes. Analogously, patients carrying the GG rs1954787 genotype and rs4936554A allele carriers presented a double risk of lack of response after ECT (p=0.013 and p=0.040, respectively). In conclusion, the current study provides new evidence, indicating that some GRIK4 variants modulate the response to ECT in patients with depression resistant to treatment, suggesting a role for kainate receptor modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Biology and Genetic Division, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Congiu
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Biology and Genetic Division, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariacarla Ventriglia
- Department of Neuroscience, Fatebenefratelli Foundation, AFaR Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital-Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Abate
- Psychiatric Hospital "Villa Santa Chiara", Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sartori
- Department of Philosophy, Education, Psychology University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Biology and Genetic Division, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Genetic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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209
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Byrne ML, Whittle S, Allen NB. The Role of Brain Structure and Function in the Association Between Inflammation and Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:389-400. [PMID: 26910795 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder and related symptoms have been shown to be associated with inflammation, and this association is likely to be mediated through changes in brain structure and function. This article provides a systematic review of studies that have used brain imaging techniques to identify neural mechanisms linking inflammation and depressive symptoms. METHODS A systematic search of online databases identified 26 studies that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS In general, increased peripheral inflammation was associated with differences in function in several subcortical regions, as well as medial and ventral prefrontal regions-both at rest (7 studies) and during exposure to emotional stimuli (14 studies). Also, increased activation in some of these regions was associated with depression (18 studies). Too few studies have measured neuroinflammation markers (three) or brain structure (three), so generalizations about these mechanisms cannot yet be made. CONCLUSIONS This review supports the view that peripheral inflammation is an etiological process that may influence depression via effects on brain function. Several methodological inconsistencies in the extant literature need to be addressed, most notably a lack of formal mediational testing in longitudinal designs and inconsistencies across imaging methods and inflammation induction and measurement techniques. Further work is also required to establish the mechanisms by which basal inflammation levels influence brain function and depressive symptoms in both healthy and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Byrne
- From the Department of Psychology (Byrne, Allen), The University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre (Whittle), Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; and Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences (Allen), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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210
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Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Pastorello BF, Leite CDC, Henning A, Moreno RA, Garcia Otaduy MC. Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Lactate and Glutathione Levels in Euthymic Bipolar I Disorder: 1H-MRS Study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw032. [PMID: 27207914 PMCID: PMC5006200 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are 2 closely integrated processes implicated in the physiopathology of bipolar disorder. Advanced proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques enable the measurement of levels of lactate, the main marker of mitochondrial dysfunction, and glutathione, the predominant brain antioxidant. The objective of this study was to measure brain lactate and glutathione levels in bipolar disorder and healthy controls. METHODS Eighty-eight individuals (50 bipolar disorder and 38 healthy controls) underwent 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (2x2x4.5cm(3)) using a 2-D JPRESS sequence. Lactate and glutathione were quantified using the ProFit software program. RESULTS Bipolar disorder patients had higher dorsal anterior cingulate cortex lactate levels compared with controls. Glutathione levels did not differ between euthymic bipolar disorder and controls. There was a positive correlation between lactate and glutathione levels specific to bipolar disorder. No influence of medications on metabolites was observed. CONCLUSION This is the most extensive magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of lactate and glutathione in bipolar disorder to date, and results indicated that euthymic bipolar disorder patients had higher levels of lactate, which might be an indication of altered mitochondrial function. Moreover, lactate levels correlated with glutathione levels, indicating a compensatory mechanism regardless of bipolar disorder diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Gerhardt Soeiro-de-Souza
- Mood Disorders Unit (GRUDA), Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (IPq-FMUSP) (Drs Soeiro-de-Souza and Moreno), Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance LIM44, Department and Institute of Radiology (InRad-FMUSP) (Drs Pastorello, Costa Leite, and Otaduy), and Genetics and Pharmacogenetics Unit (PROGENE), Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine (Dr Soeiro-de-Souza), University of São Paulo (IPq-FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Dr Henning); Max Planck Institute of Biological Cybernetics, Tubingen, Germany (Dr Henning).
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211
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Mocking RJT, Figueroa CA, Rive MM, Geugies H, Servaas MN, Assies J, Koeter MWJ, Vaz FM, Wichers M, van Straalen JP, de Raedt R, Bockting CLH, Harmer CJ, Schene AH, Ruhé HG. Vulnerability for new episodes in recurrent major depressive disorder: protocol for the longitudinal DELTA-neuroimaging cohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009510. [PMID: 26932139 PMCID: PMC4785288 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder (MDD) is widely prevalent and severely disabling, mainly due to its recurrent nature. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying MDD-recurrence may help to identify high-risk patients and to improve the preventive treatment they need. MDD-recurrence has been considered from various levels of perspective including symptomatology, affective neuropsychology, brain circuitry and endocrinology/metabolism. However, MDD-recurrence understanding is limited, because these perspectives have been studied mainly in isolation, cross-sectionally in depressed patients. Therefore, we aim at improving MDD-recurrence understanding by studying these four selected perspectives in combination and prospectively during remission. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In a cohort design, we will include 60 remitted, unipolar, unmedicated, recurrent MDD-participants (35-65 years) with ≥ 2 MDD-episodes. At baseline, we will compare the MDD-participants with 40 matched controls. Subsequently, we will follow-up the MDD-participants for 2.5 years while monitoring recurrences. We will invite participants with a recurrence to repeat baseline measurements, together with matched remitted MDD-participants. Measurements include questionnaires, sad mood-induction, lifestyle/diet, 3 T structural (T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging) and blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) and MR-spectroscopy. fMRI focusses on resting state, reward/aversive-related learning and emotion regulation. With affective neuropsychological tasks we will test emotional processing. Moreover, we will assess endocrinology (salivary hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate) and metabolism (metabolomics including polyunsaturated fatty acids), and store blood for, for example, inflammation analyses, genomics and proteomics. Finally, we will perform repeated momentary daily assessments using experience sampling methods at baseline. We will integrate measures to test: (1) differences between MDD-participants and controls; (2) associations of baseline measures with retro/prospective recurrence-rates; and (3) repeated measures changes during follow-up recurrence. This data set will allow us to study different predictors of recurrence in combination. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The local ethics committee approved this study (AMC-METC-Nr.:11/050). We will submit results for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentation at (inter)national scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NTR3768.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline A Figueroa
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Rive
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Geugies
- University of Groningen, Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Program for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle N Servaas
- University of Groningen, Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Program for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten W J Koeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Disease, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Wichers
- University of Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P van Straalen
- Laboratory of General Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi de Raedt
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Claudi L H Bockting
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Aart H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Neuroimaging Center, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Program for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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212
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Masaki C, Sharpley AL, Godlewska BR, Berrington A, Hashimoto T, Singh N, Vasudevan SR, Emir UE, Churchill GC, Cowen PJ. Effects of the potential lithium-mimetic, ebselen, on brain neurochemistry: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7 tesla. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1097-104. [PMID: 26758281 PMCID: PMC4759215 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lithium is an effective treatment for bipolar disorder, but safety issues complicate its clinical use. The antioxidant drug, ebselen, may be a possible lithium-mimetic based on its ability to inhibit inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), an action which it shares with lithium. OBJECTIVES Our primary aim was to determine whether ebselen lowered levels of inositol in the human brain. We also assessed the effect of ebselen on other brain neurometabolites, including glutathione, glutamate, glutamine, and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers were tested on two occasions receiving either ebselen (3600 mg over 24 h) or identical placebo in a double-blind, random-order, crossover design. Two hours after the final dose of ebselen/placebo, participants underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) at 7 tesla (T) with voxels placed in the anterior cingulate and occipital cortex. Neurometabolite levels were calculated using an unsuppressed water signal as a reference and corrected for individual cerebrospinal fluid content in the voxel. RESULTS Ebselen produced no effect on neurometabolite levels in the occipital cortex. In the anterior cingulate cortex, ebselen lowered concentrations of inositol (p = 0.028, Cohen's d = 0.60) as well as those of glutathione (p = 0.033, d = 0.58), glutamine (p = 0.024, d = 0.62), glutamate (p = 0.01, d = 0.73), and Glx (p = 0.001, d = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that ebselen produces a functional inhibition of IMPase in the human brain. The effect of ebselen to lower glutamate is consistent with its reported ability to inhibit the enzyme, glutaminase. Ebselen may have potential as a repurposed treatment for bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Masaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Ann L Sharpley
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Beata R Godlewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Adam Berrington
- The Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
- Current Address: Centre for Neuroimaging Studies, PO 089, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sridhar R Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Uzay E Emir
- The Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Grant C Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
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213
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González-Sepúlveda M, Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Valverde O. Chronic pain causes a persistent anxiety state leading to increased ethanol intake in CD1 mice. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:188-203. [PMID: 26681793 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115622238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders and chronic pain are closely linked, but limited progress has been made in understanding the role of chronic and neuropathic pain in the aetiopathogenesis of depression. To explore the pathological mechanisms that mediate the association between pain and depressive-like behaviours, we studied the time-dependent effect of neuropathic pain on the development of anxiety-like and despair behaviours in CD1 mice. We analysed behavioural data, neuroinflammation reactions and changes in neurotransmitter (glutamate and serotonin) levels in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Sciatic-operated mice displayed long-lasting anxiety-like and despair behaviours, starting 5 and 20 days after partial sciatic nerve ligation, respectively. Glutamatergic neurotransmission and IL-1β cytokine expression were enhanced in the prefrontal cortex of mice with neuropathic pain. We found no change in serotonin metabolism, cytokine IL-6 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. While sciatic-operated mice exposed to intermittent ethanol intake (20% v/v) using the drinking in the dark procedure consumed higher amounts of ethanol than sham-operated mice, thermal allodynia and despair behaviour were not attenuated by ethanol consumption. Our findings reveal an association between glutamatergic neurotransmission and pain-induced mood disorders, and indicate that moderate ethanol consumption does not relieve nociceptive and depressive behaviours associated with chronic pain in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-Sepúlveda
- Grup de Recerca en Neurobiologia del Comportament (GReNeC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Valverde
- Grup de Recerca en Neurobiologia del Comportament (GReNeC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain Neuroscience Research Programme, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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214
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Croarkin PE, Nakonezny PA, Wall CA, Murphy LL, Sampson SM, Frye MA, Port JD. Transcranial magnetic stimulation potentiates glutamatergic neurotransmission in depressed adolescents. Psychiatry Res 2016; 247:25-33. [PMID: 26651598 PMCID: PMC4716879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission may have a role in the pathophysiology of adolescent depression. The present pilot study examined changes in cortical glutamine/glutamate ratios in depressed adolescents receiving high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ten adolescents with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder received up to 30 sessions of 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 120% motor threshold with 3000 pulses per session applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans of the anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were collected at 3T with 8-cm(3) voxels. Glutamate metabolites were quantified with 2 distinct proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequences in each brain region. After repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and at 6 months of follow-up, glutamine/glutamate ratios increased in the anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with both measurements. The increase in the glutamine/glutamate ratio reached statistical significance with the TE-optimized PRESS sequence in the anterior cingulate cortex. Glutamine/glutamate ratios increased in conjunction with depressive symptom improvement. This reached statistical significance with the TE-optimized PRESS sequence in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may modulate glutamate neurochemistry in depressed adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States.
| | - Paul A Nakonezny
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | | | - Lauren L Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Shirlene M Sampson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - John D Port
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE An enhanced version of the ProFit fitting tool was developed and validated to improve the quantification of two-dimensional JRPESS spectroscopic data. METHODS The proposed enhancements were achieved by flexible organization of prior knowledge, configurations for different situations, the inclusion of measured macromolecular baseline contribution, additional baseline splines and a model-free lineshape based on self-deconvolution. The new software was tested and tuned on simulated data and subsequently applied to in vivo intrasubject and intersubject data. RESULTS Fit results of simulated and acquired spectra show good overall quality suggesting the potential reliable detection of up to 18 metabolites on a 3T system yielding Cramer-Lower-Bounds below 20%. CONCLUSION The proposed enhanced version of ProFit together with two-dimensional J-resolved spectroscopy offers the opportunity to reliably detect a wide selection of important brain metabolites on 3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fuchs
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH & University Zurich, Switzerland
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216
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Savitz J, Morris HM, Drevets WC. Neuroimaging Studies of Bipolar Depression: Therapeutic Implications. BIPOLAR DEPRESSION: MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY, CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS, AND PHARMACOTHERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31689-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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217
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Verkhratsky A, Steardo L, Peng L, Parpura V. Astroglia, Glutamatergic Transmission and Psychiatric Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:307-326. [PMID: 27885635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are primary homeostatic cells of the central nervous system. They regulate glutamatergic transmission through the removal of glutamate from the extracellular space and by supplying neurons with glutamine. Glutamatergic transmission is generally believed to be significantly impaired in the contexts of all major neuropsychiatric diseases. In most of these neuropsychiatric diseases, astrocytes show signs of degeneration and atrophy, which is likely to be translated into reduced homeostatic capabilities. Astroglial glutamate uptake/release and glutamate homeostasis are affected in all forms of major psychiatric disorders and represent a common mechanism underlying neurotransmission disbalance, aberrant connectome and overall failure on information processing by neuronal networks, which underlie pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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218
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Muneer A. Bipolar Disorder: Role of Inflammation and the Development of Disease Biomarkers. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:18-33. [PMID: 26766943 PMCID: PMC4701682 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe and enduring psychiatric condition which in many cases starts during early adulthood and follows a relapsing and remitting course throughout life. In many patients the disease follows a progressive path with brief periods of inter-episode recovery, sub-threshold symptoms, treatment resistance and increasing functional impairment in the biopsychosocial domains. Knowledge about the neurobiology of bipolar disorder is increasing steadily and evidence from several lines of research implicates immuno-inflammatory mechanisms in the brain and periphery in the etiopathogenesis of this illness and its comorbidities. The main findings are an increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines during acute episodes with a decrease in neurotrophic support. Related to these factors are glial cell dysfunction, neuro-endocrine abnormalities and neurotransmitter aberrations which together cause plastic changes in the mood regulating areas of the brain and neuroprogression of the bipolar diathesis. Research in the above mentioned areas is providing an opportunity to discover novel biomarkers for the disease and the field is reaching a point where major breakthroughs can be expected in the not too distant future. It is hoped that with new discoveries fresh avenues will be found to better treat an otherwise recalcitrant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Muneer
- Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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219
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Anterior cingulate Glutamate-Glutamine cycle metabolites are altered in euthymic bipolar I disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2221-9. [PMID: 26476706 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) has been consistently associated with abnormalities in the Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine cycle. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have reported increased brain Glutamate (Glu) and Glx (Glu+Glutamine) in subjects with BD. However, data on separate measures of GABA and Glutamine (Gln) in BD are sparse due to overlapping resonant signals. The development of new sequence methods in the quantification of these metabolites has allowed a better understanding of the Glu/GABA-Gln cycle but data on this field of research remains sparse in BD. Eighty-eight subjects (50 euthymic BD and 38 HC) underwent 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; 2×2×4.5cm(3)) using a two-dimensional JPRESS sequence. GABA, Glutamine (Gln) and Glutamate (Glu) were quantified with the ProFit program. Using image segmentation and known creatine (Cre) concentrations for white and grey matter, metabolite concentrations were calculated for the excited MRS voxel. GABA levels did not differ between groups. Gln level was higher in euthymic BD patients than in healthy controls. The Glu level and Glu/Gln ratio were lower in BD patients than in controls. The use of anticonvulsants was associated with Gln increase but did not affect Glu or Glu/Gln. Neither lithium nor antipsychotic use influenced metabolite levels. The ACC MRS findings indicate that the glutamatergic function in euthymic medicated BD patients is altered relative to controls. Whether this feature is a metabolic signature of euthymic BD subjects should be the focus of future studies.
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220
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Zanca RM, Braren SH, Maloney B, Schrott LM, Luine VN, Serrano PA. Environmental Enrichment Increases Glucocorticoid Receptors and Decreases GluA2 and Protein Kinase M Zeta (PKMζ) Trafficking During Chronic Stress: A Protective Mechanism? Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:303. [PMID: 26617502 PMCID: PMC4642137 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) housing paradigms have long been shown beneficial for brain function involving neural growth and activity, learning and memory capacity, and for developing stress resiliency. The expression of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA2, which is important for synaptic plasticity and memory, is increased with corticosterone (CORT), undermining synaptic plasticity and memory. Thus, we determined the effect of EE and stress on modulating GluA2 expression in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Several markers were evaluated which include: plasma CORT, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), GluA2, and the atypical protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ). For 1 week standard-(ST) or EE-housed animals were treated with one of the following four conditions: (1) no stress; (2) acute stress (forced swim test, FST; on day 7); (3) chronic restraint stress (6 h/day for 7 days); and (4) chronic + acute stress (restraint stress 6 h/day for 7 days + FST on day 7). Hippocampi were collected on day 7. Our results show that EE animals had reduced time immobile on the FST across all conditions. After chronic + acute stress EE animals showed increased GR levels with no change in synaptic GluA2/PKMζ. ST-housed animals showed the reverse pattern with decreased GR levels and a significant increase in synaptic GluA2/PKMζ. These results suggest that EE produces an adaptive response to chronic stress allowing for increased GR levels, which lowers neuronal excitability reducing GluA2/PKMζ trafficking. We discuss this EE adaptive response to stress as a potential underlying mechanism that is protective for retaining synaptic plasticity and memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanna M Zanca
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen H Braren
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brigid Maloney
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Schrott
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Victoria N Luine
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, USA ; The Graduate Center of CUNY New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter A Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College City University of New York, New York, NY, USA ; The Graduate Center of CUNY New York, NY, USA
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221
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Libero LE, Reid MA, White DM, Salibi N, Lahti AC, Kana RK. Biochemistry of the cingulate cortex in autism: An MR spectroscopy study. Autism Res 2015; 9:643-57. [PMID: 26526126 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have uncovered structural and functional alterations in the cingulate cortex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Such abnormalities may underlie neurochemical imbalance. In order to characterize the neurochemical profile, the current study examined the concentration of brain metabolites in dorsal ACC (dACC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in high-functioning adults with ASD. Twenty high-functioning adults with ASD and 20 age-and-IQ-matched typically developing (TD) peers participated in this Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) study. LCModel was used in analyzing the spectra to measure the levels of N-Acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and glutamate/glutamine (Glx) in dACC and PCC. Groups were compared using means for the ratio of each metabolite to their respective Cr levels as well as on absolute internal-water-referenced measures of each metabolite. There was a significant increase in Cho in PCC for ASD adults, with a marginal increase in dACC. A reduction in NAA/Cr in dACC was found in ASD participants, compared to their TD peers. No significant differences in Glx/Cr or Cho/Cr were found in dACC. There were no statistically significant group differences in the absolute concentration of NAA, Cr, Glx, or NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and Glx/Cr in the PCC. Differences in the metabolic properties of dACC compared to PCC were also found. Results of this study provide evidence for possible cellular and metabolic differences in the dACC and PCC in adults with ASD. This may suggest neuronal dysfunction in these regions and may contribute to the neuropathology of ASD. Autism Res 2016, 9: 643-657. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Libero
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - David M White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nouha Salibi
- MR R&D, Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, Pennsylvania
| | - Adrienne C Lahti
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rajesh K Kana
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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222
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Mondelli V, Pariante CM. On the heart, the mind, and how inflammation killed the Cartesian dualism. Commentary on the 2015 Named Series: Psychological Risk Factors and Immune System Involvement in Cardiovascular Disease. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:14-17. [PMID: 26391234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2015 Named Series on "Psychological Risk Factors and Immune System Involvement in Cardiovascular Disease" was conceived with the idea of drawing attention to the interdisciplinary work aimed at investigating the relationships between the heart, metabolic system, brain, and mental health. In this commentary, we provide a brief overview of the manuscripts included in this Named Series and highlight how a better understanding of immune regulation will help us to move forward from the current "dualistic" perspective of the heart as separate from the mind to a more comprehensive understanding of the physiological links between cardiovascular and mental disorders. The manuscripts included in this Named Series range across a wide spectrum of topics, from understanding biological mechanisms explaining comorbidity between cardiovascular disease and psychiatric disorders to new insights into the dysregulation of inflammation associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Clearly, inflammation emerges as a cross-cutting theme across all studies. Data presented in this Series contribute to putting an end to an era in which the heart and the mind were considered to be separate entities in which the responses of one system did not affect the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mondelli
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK
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223
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Allaïli N, Valabrègue R, Auerbach EJ, Guillemot V, Yahia-Cherif L, Bardinet E, Jabourian M, Fossati P, Lehéricy S, Marjańska M. Single-voxel (1)H spectroscopy in the human hippocampus at 3 T using the LASER sequence: characterization of neurochemical profile and reproducibility. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1209-17. [PMID: 26282328 PMCID: PMC4573920 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is crucial for long-term episodic memory and learning. It undergoes structural change in aging and is sensitive to neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. MRS studies have seldom been performed in the hippocampus due to technical challenges. The reproducibility of MRS in the hippocampus has not been evaluated at 3 T. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the concentration of metabolites in a small voxel placed in the hippocampus and evaluate the reproducibility of the quantification. Spectra were measured in a 2.4 mL voxel placed in the left hippocampus covering the body and most of the tail of the structure in 10 healthy subjects across three different sessions and quantified using LCModel. High-quality spectra were obtained, which allowed a reliable quantification of 10 metabolites including glutamate and glutamine. Reproducibility of MRS was evaluated with coefficient of variation, standard errors of measurement, and intraclass correlation coefficients. All of these measures showed improvement with increased number of averages. Changes of less than 5% in concentration of N-acetylaspartate, choline-containing compounds, and total creatine and of less than 10% in concentration of myo-inositol and the sum of glutamate and glutamine can be confidently detected between two measurements in a group of 20 subjects. A reliable and reproducible neurochemical profile of the human hippocampus was obtained using MRS at 3 T in a small hippocampal volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najib Allaïli
- Institut du cerveau et de la Moelle épinière – ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France
- Inserm U 1127, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75013, France
- APHP – Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis – Lariboisière – Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabrègue
- Institut du cerveau et de la Moelle épinière – ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France
- Inserm U 1127, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Edward J. Auerbach
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Vincent Guillemot
- Inserm U 1127, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- ICM, Plate-forme de Bio-informatique/Biostatistique, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Yahia-Cherif
- Institut du cerveau et de la Moelle épinière – ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France
- Inserm U 1127, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Institut du cerveau et de la Moelle épinière – ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France
- Inserm U 1127, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Fossati
- Department of Psychiatry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- Institut du cerveau et de la Moelle épinière – ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche – CENIR, Paris, France
- Inserm U 1127, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Paris, France
- Department of Neuroradiology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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224
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Taylor R, Neufeld RWJ, Schaefer B, Densmore M, Rajakumar N, Osuch EA, Williamson PC, Théberge J. Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy of glutamate in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: anterior cingulate activity during a color-word Stroop task. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2015; 1:15028. [PMID: 27336037 PMCID: PMC4849454 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Glutamate abnormalities have been suggested to be associated with symptoms of schizophrenia. Using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-fMRS), it is possible to monitor glutamate dynamically in the activated brain areas, which has yet to be reported in schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that subjects with schizophrenia would have weaker glutamatergic responses in the anterior cingulate to a color-word Stroop Task. AIMS: The aim of this study was to gain insight into the health of GLU neurotransmission and the GLU-GLN cycle in SZ using a 1H-fMRS protocol. Methods: Spectra were acquired from the anterior cingulate of 16 participants with schizophrenia, 16 healthy controls and 16 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) while performing the Stroop task in a 7T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. 1H-fMRS spectra were acquired for 20 min in which there were three 4-min blocks of cross fixation interleaved with two 4-min blocks of the Stroop paradigm. Results: A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a main effect of time for glutamate concentrations of all groups (P<0.001). The healthy control group increased glutamate concentrations in the first run of the Stroop task (P=0.006) followed by a decrease in the recovery period (P=0.007). Neither the schizophrenia (P=0.107) nor MDD (P=0.081) groups had significant glutamate changes in the first run of the task, while the schizophrenia group had a significant increase in glutamine (P=0.005). The MDD group decreased glutamate concentrations in the second run of the task (P=0.003), as did all the groups combined (P=0.003). Conclusions: 1H-fMRS data were successfully acquired from psychiatric subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorder using a cognitive paradigm for the first time. Future study designs should further elucidate the glutamatergic response to functional activation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reggie Taylor
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard W J Neufeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Betsy Schaefer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario , London, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Nagalingam Rajakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A Osuch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter C Williamson
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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225
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Colic L, Demenescu LR, Li M, Kaufmann J, Krause AL, Metzger C, Walter M. Metabolic mapping reveals sex-dependent involvement of default mode and salience network in alexithymia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:289-98. [PMID: 26341904 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alexithymia, a personality construct marked by difficulties in processing one's emotions, has been linked to the altered activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Although longitudinal studies reported sex differences in alexithymia, what mediates them is not known. To investigate sex-specific associations of alexithymia and neuronal markers, we mapped metabolites in four brain regions involved differentially in emotion processing using a point-resolved spectroscopy MRS sequence in 3 Tesla. Both sexes showed negative correlations between alexithymia and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in pregenual ACC (pgACC). Women showed a robust negative correlation of the joint measure of glutamate and glutamine (Glx) to NAA in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), whereas men showed a weak positive association of Glx to NAA in dorsal ACC (dACC). Our results suggest that lowered neuronal integrity in pgACC, a region of the default mode network (DMN), might primarily account for the general difficulties in emotional processing in alexithymia. Association of alexithymia in women extends to another region in the DMN-PCC, while in men a region in the salience network (SN) was involved. These observations could be representative of sex specific regulation strategies that include diminished internal evaluation of feelings in women and cognitive emotion suppression in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Colic
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Magdeburg, Germany Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - L R Demenescu
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Magdeburg, Germany Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Li
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Magdeburg, Germany Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Kaufmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A L Krause
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Magdeburg, Germany Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Metzger
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Magdeburg, Germany Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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226
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Abnormal high-energy phosphate molecule metabolism during regional brain activation in patients with bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1079-84. [PMID: 25754079 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests bioenergetic abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD). In the brain, phosphocreatine (PCr) acts a reservoir of high-energy phosphate (HEP) bonds, and creatine kinases (CK) catalyze the transfer of HEP from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to PCr and from PCr back to ATP, at times of increased need. This study examined the activity of this mechanism in BD by measuring the levels of HEP molecules during a stimulus paradigm that increased local energy demand. Twenty-three patients diagnosed with BD-I and 22 healthy controls (HC) were included. Levels of phosphorus metabolites were measured at baseline and during visual stimulation in the occipital lobe using (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4T. Changes in metabolite levels showed different patterns between the groups. During stimulation, HC had significant reductions in PCr but not in ATP, as expected. In contrast, BD patients had significant reductions in ATP but not in PCr. In addition, PCr/ATP ratio was lower at baseline in patients, and there was a higher change in this measure during stimulation. This pattern suggests a disease-related failure to replenish ATP from PCr through CK enzyme catalysis during tissue activation. Further studies measuring the CK flux in BD are required to confirm and extend this finding.
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227
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Ehrlich A, Schubert F, Pehrs C, Gallinat J. Alterations of cerebral glutamate in the euthymic state of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:73-80. [PMID: 26050195 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) mostly remains unclear. However, some findings argue for a dysfunction in glutamatergic neurotransmission in BD. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3T was used to determine glutamate concentrations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the hippocampus (HC) of euthymic outpatients with BP-I disorder and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. In patients with BD, glutamate concentrations were significantly increased in the ACC and decreased in the HC compared with concentrations in controls. Significant group differences were also measured for N-acetyl aspartate and choline; no differences were found for other metabolites examined. An inverse correlation was observed for glutamate concentrations in the ACC and number of episodes. The findings of the study add to the concept of abnormalities in glutamatergic regulation in the ACC and HC in patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ehrlich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital, St. Hedwig Krankenhaus, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Schubert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Pehrs
- Cluster Languages of Emotion, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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228
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Postpartum Depression: An Overview. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:913843. [PMID: 26347585 PMCID: PMC4548101 DOI: 10.1155/2015/913843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression is a frequent and disabling condition whose pathophysiology is still unclear. In recent years, the study of the neural correlates of mental disorders has been increasingly approached using magnetic resonance techniques. In this review we synthesize the results from studies on postpartum depression in the context of structural, functional, and spectroscopic magnetic resonance studies of major depression as a whole. Compared to the relative wealth of data available for major depression, magnetic resonance studies of postpartum depression are limited in number and design. A systematic literature search yielded only eleven studies conducted on about one hundred mothers with postpartum depression overall. Brain magnetic resonance findings in postpartum depression appear to replicate those obtained in major depression, with minor deviations that are not sufficient to delineate a distinct neurobiological profile for this condition, due to the small samples used and the lack of direct comparisons with subjects with major depression. However, it seems reasonable to expect that studies conducted in larger populations, and using a larger variety of brain magnetic resonance techniques than has been done so far, might allow for the identification of neuroimaging signatures for postpartum depression.
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229
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Bernstein HG, Meyer-Lotz G, Dobrowolny H, Bannier J, Steiner J, Walter M, Bogerts B. Reduced density of glutamine synthetase immunoreactive astrocytes in different cortical areas in major depression but not in bipolar I disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:273. [PMID: 26321908 PMCID: PMC4530620 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for disturbances within the glutamate system in patients with affective disorders, which involve disruptions of the glutamate–glutamine-cycle. The mainly astroglia-located enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of ammonia and glutamate to form glutamine, thus playing a central role in glutamate and glutamine homoeostasis. However, GS is also expressed in numerous oligodendrocytes (OLs), another class of glial cells implicated in mood disorder pathology. To learn more about the role of glia-associated GS in mental illnesses, we decided to find out if numerical densities of glial cells immunostained for the enzyme protein differ between subjects with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), and psychically healthy control cases. Counting of GS expressing astrocytes (ACs) and OLs in eight cortical and two subcortical brain regions of subjects with mood disorder (N = 14), BD (N = 15), and controls (N = 16) revealed that in major depression the densities of ACs were significantly reduced in some cortical but not subcortical gray matter areas, whereas no changes were found for OLs. In BD no alterations of GS-immunoreactive glia were found. From our findings we conclude that (1) GS expressing ACs are prominently involved in glutamate-related disturbances in major depression, but not in BD and (2) GS expressing OLs, though being present in significant numbers in prefrontal cortical areas, play a minor (if any) role in mood disorder pathology. The latter assumption is supported by findings of others showing that – at least in the mouse brain cortex – GS immunoreactive oligodendroglial cells are unable to contribute to the glutamate–glutamine-cycle due to the complete lack of amino acid transporters (Takasaki et al., 2010).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jana Bannier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
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230
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Indirect evidence of selective glial involvement in glutamate-based mechanisms of mood regulation in depression: meta-analysis of absolute prefrontal neuro-metabolic concentrations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1109-17. [PMID: 26028038 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) measures glutamatergic metabolites namely glutamate and glutamine located in neurons and astrocytes respectively. In this meta-analysis the contribution of glutamatergic neurotransmission to depressive symptoms was evaluated together with other putative prefrontal metabolites described in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, and in relation to treatment effects. A comprehensive literature search up to 2014 identified 17 reports which measured absolute concentrations of neurometabolites in the prefrontal cortex with (1)H MRS meeting criteria for inclusion in this meta-analysis. Excess of heterogeneity was investigated with meta-regressions. The analyses showed an exclusive reduction in absolute values of the composite measure of Glutamine and Glutamate (Glx) in the prefrontal cortex in depression, correlating in meta-regression analyses with treatment severity. Glutamate measurements in isolation did not differ vs. healthy controls or in relation to treatment and/or clinical improvement. Similarly there were no significant changes in other neurometabolites at baseline and following treatment. The analysis supports a role for glutamatergic dysfunction in the pathogeneses of mood dysregulation. The reduction in the absolute Glx values in the absence of changes in glutamate levels, suggests a possible modulatory role of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of depression.
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231
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Simões RV, Cruz-Lemini M, Bargalló N, Gratacós E, Sanz-Cortés M. Brain metabolite differences in one-year-old infants born small at term and association with neurodevelopmental outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:210.e1-210.e11. [PMID: 25891998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed brain metabolite levels by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in 1-year-old infants born small at term, as compared with infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and their association with neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. STUDY DESIGN A total of 40 infants born small (birthweight <10th centile for gestational age) and 30 AGA infants underwent brain MRS at age 1 year on a 3-T scanner. Small-born infants were subclassified as late intrauterine growth restriction or as small for gestational age, based on the presence or absence of prenatal Doppler and birthweight predictors of an adverse perinatal outcome, respectively. Single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) data were acquired from the frontal lobe at short echo time. Neurodevelopment was evaluated at 2 years of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, assessing cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional, and adaptive behavior scales. RESULTS As compared with AGA controls, infants born small showed significantly higher levels of glutamate and total N-acetylaspartate (NAAt) to creatine (Cr) ratio at age 1 year, and lower Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition scores at 2 years. The subgroup with late intrauterine growth restriction further showed lower estimated glutathione levels at age 1 year. Significant correlations were observed for estimated glutathione levels with adaptive scores, and for myo-inositol with language scores. Significant associations were also noticed for NAA/Cr with cognitive scores, and for glutamate/Cr with motor scores. CONCLUSION Infants born small show brain metabolite differences at 1 year of age, which are correlated with later neurodevelopment. These results support further research on MRS to develop imaging biomarkers of abnormal neurodevelopment.
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232
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Apšvalka D, Gadie A, Clemence M, Mullins PG. Event-related dynamics of glutamate and BOLD effects measured using functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) at 3T in a repetition suppression paradigm. Neuroimage 2015; 118:292-300. [PMID: 26072254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton MR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) complements other brain research methods by providing measures of neurometabolites noninvasively in a localized brain area. Improvements in MR scanner technologies, and data acquisition and analysis methods should allow functional (1)H-MRS (fMRS) to measure neurometabolite concentration changes during task-induced brain activation. The aim of the current study was to further develop event-related fMRS at 3T to investigate glutamate dynamics in response to repetition suppression. A secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses and glutamate dynamics in the same paradigm at the same time. A novel approach of interleaved water-suppressed (metabolite) and unsuppressed (water) fMRS was used to simultaneously detect the event-related dynamics of glutamate and BOLD signal to repetition suppression in the lateral occipital cortex of thirteen (N=13) volunteers. On average, (1)H-MRS-visible glutamate increased after novel visual stimuli presentations by 12% and decreased by 11-13% on repeated compared to novel presentations. The BOLD signal, as measured by water peak amplitude changes, showed significant difference between Task and Rest trials, and, on a GLM based analysis of the time series, demonstrated a significant difference between the novel and repeated trials, however appeared to be decoupled from the glutamate response as no correlation was found between the two. These results are the first demonstration that reductions in neuronal activity typical of repetition suppression effects are reflected by reduced glutamatergic and BOLD measures, that glutamate and BOLD responses may not be coupled as previously thought, and that these changes and relationships can be measured simultaneously using event-related fMRS at 3T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dace Apšvalka
- Bangor Imaging Center, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, UK
| | - Andrew Gadie
- Bangor Imaging Center, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, UK
| | - Matthew Clemence
- Philips Healthcare, Philips Centre, Guildford Business Park, Guildford, Surrey GU2 8HX, UK
| | - Paul G Mullins
- Bangor Imaging Center, School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2AS, UK.
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233
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Decreased quinolinic acid in the hippocampus of depressive patients: evidence for local anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective responses? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:321-9. [PMID: 25409655 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-014-0562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances of glutamatergic neurotransmission and mononuclear phagocyte system activation have been described uni- and bipolar depression (UD/BD). Linking the glutamate and immune hypotheses of depression, quinolinic acid (QUIN) is synthesized by activated microglia and acts as an endogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDA-R) agonist with neurotoxic properties. Recently, we observed an increased microglial QUIN expression in the subgenual and supracallosal, but not in the pregenual part of the anterior cingulate cortex in postmortem brains of suicide cases with severe depression. Since several hints point to a role of the hippocampus in depression, we extended our study and addressed the question whether microglial QUIN is also changed in subregions of the hippocampus (CA1 and CA2/3 areas) in these patients. Postmortem brains of 12 acutely depressed patients (UD, n = 6; BD, n = 6) and 10 neuropsychiatric healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects were analyzed using QUIN-immunohistochemistry. Hippocampal volumes were determined in order to assess possible neurotoxic or neurodegenerative aspects. Microglial QUIN expression in the whole group of depressed patients was either comparable (left CA1, right CA2/3) or decreased (right CA1: p = 0.004, left CA2/3: p = 0.044) relative to controls. Post hoc tests showed that QUIN was reduced both in UD and BD in the right CA1 field (UD, p = 0.048; BD, p = 0.031). No loss of hippocampal volume was detected. Our data indicate that UD and BD are associated with a local reduction in QUIN-immunoreactive microglia in the hippocampus and underline the importance of the NMDA-R signaling in depressive disorders.
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234
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Hermens DF, Naismith SL, Chitty KM, Lee RSC, Tickell A, Duffy SL, Paquola C, White D, Hickie IB, Lagopoulos J. Cluster analysis reveals abnormal hippocampal neurometabolic profiles in young people with mood disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:836-45. [PMID: 25795519 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While numerous studies have employed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to determine in vivo neurometabolite levels associated with mood disorders the findings in both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder have been mixed. Data-driven studies may shed new light on this literature by identifying distinct subgroups of patients who may benefit from different treatment strategies. The objective of the present study was to utilize hierarchical cluster analysis in order to generate new hypotheses with respect to neurometabolic profiling of mood disorder. Participants were 165 young persons (18-30 yrs) with a mood disorder and 40 healthy controls. Neurometabolite levels were recorded via proton-MRS ((1)H MRS). The ratios (relative to creatine) of glutamate (GLU), N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) and myo-inositol (MI) measured within the hippocampus. Self-reported and clinician rated symptoms as well as cognition were also measured. The unipolar depression (N=90) and bipolar disorder (N=75) groups did not significantly differ (from each other or controls) in their levels of GLU, NAA or MI. Cluster analyses derived four subgroups of patients who were distinguished by all three metabolites. There was a pattern of positive association between NAA and GLU, whereby clusters were abnormally increased (clusters 1, 2) or normal (cluster 4) or abnormally decreased (cluster 3) in these neurometabolites. These findings suggest that there are neurometabolic abnormalities in subgroups of young people with mood disorder, which may occur despite diagnostic similarities. Such evidence highlights that the underlying neurobiology of mood disorder is complex and MRS may have unique utility in delineating underlying neurobiology and targeting treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Hermens
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate M Chitty
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Rico S C Lee
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Tickell
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Shantel L Duffy
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Casey Paquola
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Django White
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
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235
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Croarkin PE, Thomas MA, Port JD, Baruth JM, Choi DS, Abulseoud OA, Frye MA. N-acetylaspartate normalization in bipolar depression after lamotrigine treatment. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:450-7. [PMID: 25495884 PMCID: PMC4655601 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a general marker of neuronal viability, and total NAA (tNAA), the combined signal of NAA and N-acetylaspartylglutamate, in bipolar depression before and after lamotrigine treatment. Given that NAA is synthesized through direct acetylation of aspartate by acetyl-coenzyme A-l-aspartate-N-acetyltransferase, we hypothesized that treatment with lamotrigine would be associated with an increase in NAA level. METHODS Patients with bipolar depression underwent two-dimensional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the anterior cingulate at baseline (n = 15) and after 12 weeks of lamotrigine treatment (n = 10). A group of age-matched healthy controls (n = 9) underwent scanning at baseline for comparison. RESULTS At baseline, patients with bipolar depression had significantly lower NAA [mean standard deviation (SD) = 1.13 (0.21); p = 0.02] than controls [mean (SD) = 1.37 (0.27)]. Significant increases in NAA [mean (SD) = 1.39 (0.21); p = 0.01] and tNAA [mean (SD) = 1.61 (0.25); p = 0.02] levels were found after 12 weeks of lamotrigine treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an NAA deficit in bipolar depression that is normalized after lamotrigine treatment. Future research is warranted to evaluate whether baseline NAA level is a potential biomarker for identifying lamotrigine response patterns and whether this functional brain change has an associated clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - M Albert Thomas
- Department of Radiology, Psychiatry, and Biomedical Engineering, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John D Port
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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236
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Taylor MJ. Could glutamate spectroscopy differentiate bipolar depression from unipolar? J Affect Disord 2015; 167:80-4. [PMID: 25082118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate differentiation of bipolar and unipolar depression is a key clinical challenge. A biological measure that could differentiate bipolar and unipolar depression might supplement clinical assessment. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy measurements of total glutamate and glutamine (Glx) in anterior cingulate cortex are one potential measure. The objective of this study was to assess the potential performance of this measure. METHODS Meta-analysis of data from eleven studies where anterior cingulate Glx of depressed patients has been compared to that of healthy controls was performed. Effect sizes for bipolar and unipolar depression were calculated as Standardised Mean Differences. The best estimate of test classification performance on the basis of observed effects was calculated. RESULTS People with unipolar depression had on average lower levels of Glx than healthy controls (effect size -1.05; 95% CI -058 to -1.53). People with bipolar depression tended towards higher Glx than healthy controls (effect size 0.40; 95% CI -0.04 to 0.85). This yielded a difference in Glx between unipolar and bipolar depression of effect size 1.46 (95% CI 0.80-2.11). Based on this difference, a test differentiating bipolar from unipolar depression by whether Glx was higher or lower than the average in healthy population would have sensitivity 0.66 and specificity 0.85. LIMITATIONS There is an absence of studies directly comparing unipolar and bipolar depressed patients. CONCLUSIONS On available data, measurement of anterior cingulate Glx is a promising potential tool for differentiation of bipolar and unipolar depression. This potential effect requires direct validation within mixed clinical cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King׳s College London, PO63, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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237
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The positive effect on ketamine as a priming adjuvant in antidepressant treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e573. [PMID: 26080090 PMCID: PMC4471295 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is an anesthetic with antidepressant properties. The rapid and lasting effect of ketamine observed in preclinical and clinical research makes it a promising therapeutic to improve current major depression (MD) treatment. Our work intended to evaluate whether the combined use of classic antidepressants (imipramine or fluoxetine) and ketamine would improve the antidepressant response. Using an animal model of depressive-like behavior, we show that the addition of ketamine to antidepressants anticipates the behavioral response and accelerates the neuroplastic events when compared with the use of antidepressants alone. In conclusion, our results suggest the need for a reappraisal of the current pharmacological treatment of MD.
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238
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Age-related increases in basal ganglia glutamate are associated with TNF, reduced motivation and decreased psychomotor speed during IFN-alpha treatment: Preliminary findings. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:17-22. [PMID: 25500218 PMCID: PMC4414678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-induced alterations in central nervous system (CNS) metabolism have focused on glutamate. At excessive concentrations, glutamate is toxic to glia and neurons, and inflammatory cytokines have been shown to influence glutamate turnover by blocking glutamate reuptake and increasing glutamate release. Increased glutamate has also been found in depression, a disorder associated with increased inflammation. Data by our group have shown increased glutamate as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in basal ganglia and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex of patients administered the inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-alpha. Given data that increasing age is associated with an exaggerated CNS inflammatory response, we examined whether older age (>55years) would be associated with a greater IFN-alpha-induced increase in CNS glutamate. Using a longitudinal design, 31 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) underwent MRS, blood sampling for inflammatory markers, and behavioral assessments before (Visit 1) and after 4weeks (Visit 2) of either IFN-alpha (n=17) or no treatment (n=14). Older patients treated with IFN-alpha exhibited a significantly greater increase in glutamate from Visit 1 to Visit 2 as reflected by the glutamate/creatine ratio (Glu/Cr) in left basal ganglia compared to older controls and younger IFN-alpha-treated and untreated subjects. In addition, increased Glu/Cr in older but not younger IFN-alpha-treated and untreated patients was associated with increased tumor necrosis factor, reduced motivation as measured by the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory and increased choice movement time on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Taken together, these preliminary data support the notion that older age may interact with inflammation to exaggerate the effects of inflammatory stimuli on CNS glutamate and behavior.
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239
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Cochran DM, Sikoglu EM, Hodge SM, Edden RA, Foley A, Kennedy DN, Moore CM, Frazier JA. Relationship among Glutamine, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Social Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015; 25:314-22. [PMID: 25919578 PMCID: PMC4442578 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2014.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been proposed. We compared glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of 13 males with ASD and 14 typically developing (TD) males (ages 13-17), and correlated these levels with intelligence quotient (IQ) and measures of social cognition. METHODS Social cognition was evaluated by administration of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). We acquired proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) data from the bilateral ACC using the single voxel point resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS) to quantify Glu and Gln, and Mescher-Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (MEGA-PRESS) to quantify GABA levels referenced to creatine (Cr). RESULTS There were higher Gln levels (p=0.04), and lower GABA/Cre levels (p=0.09) in the ASD group than in the TD group. There was no difference in Glu levels between groups. Gln was negatively correlated with RMET score (rho=-0.62, p=0.001) and IQ (rho=-0.56, p=0.003), and positively correlated with SRS scores (rho=0.53, p=0.007). GABA/Cre levels were positively correlated with RMET score (rho=0.34, p=0.09) and IQ (rho=0.36, p=0.07), and negatively correlated with SRS score (rho=-0.34, p=0.09). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an imbalance between glutamatergic neurotransmission and GABA-ergic neurotransmission in ASD. Higher Gln levels and lower GABA/Cre levels were associated with lower IQ and greater impairments in social cognition across groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cochran
- Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Elif M. Sikoglu
- Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Steven M. Hodge
- Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ann Foley
- Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David N. Kennedy
- Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Constance M. Moore
- Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Child and Adolescent NeuroDevelopment Initiative, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Kompus K, Westerhausen R, Craven AR, Kreegipuu K, Põldver N, Passow S, Specht K, Hugdahl K, Näätänen R. Resting-state glutamatergic neurotransmission is related to the peak latency of the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) for duration deviants: An1H-MRS-EEG study. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:1131-9. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Kompus
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - René Westerhausen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Psychology; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Alex R. Craven
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | | | - Nele Põldver
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Doctoral School of Behavioural, Social and Health Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - Susanne Passow
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Karsten Specht
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Engineering; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Division of Psychiatry; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
- Department of Radiology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Risto Näätänen
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Center of Functionally Integrated Neurosciences (CFIN); University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
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241
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Cohen-Gilbert JE, Sneider JT, Crowley DJ, Rosso IM, Jensen JE, Silveri MM. Impact of family history of alcoholism on glutamine/glutamate ratio in anterior cingulate cortex in substance-naïve adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:147-154. [PMID: 26025607 PMCID: PMC4618784 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies of individuals with family histories of alcoholism provide evidence suggesting neurobiological risk factors for alcoholism. Youth family history positive (FH+) for alcoholism exhibit increased impulsivity compared to family history negative (FH-) peers in conjunction with altered functional activation in prefrontal cortex, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This study examined glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln), amino acids vital to protein synthesis, cellular metabolism and neurotransmission, acquired from ACC and parieto-occipital cortex (POC) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 4T. Participants were 28 adolescents (13 male, 12-14 yrs) and 31 emerging adults (16 male, 18-25 yrs), stratified into FH- and FH+ groups. Significantly higher ACC Gln/Glu was observed in emerging adults versus adolescents in FH- but not FH+ groups. In FH- adolescents, higher impulsivity was significantly associated with higher ACC Gln/Glu. In FH+ emerging adults, higher impulsivity was negatively associated with ACC Gln/Glu. No differences or associations were observed for POC. These findings provide preliminary evidence that family history of alcoholism is associated with a neurochemical profile that may influence normative age differences in glutamatergic metabolites and their association with impulse control, which together could confer greater genetic risk of addiction later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Cohen-Gilbert
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, 2-West, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jennifer T Sneider
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, 2-West, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - David J Crowley
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, 2-West, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Isabelle M Rosso
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, 2-West, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - J Eric Jensen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, 2-West, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Marisa M Silveri
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Mail Stop 204, Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, 2-West, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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242
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Lener MS, Iosifescu DV. In pursuit of neuroimaging biomarkers to guide treatment selection in major depressive disorder: a review of the literature. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1344:50-65. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc S. Lener
- Department of Psychiatry; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Dan V. Iosifescu
- Department of Psychiatry; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
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243
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Huang F, Wang T, Lan Y, Yang L, Pan W, Zhu Y, Lv B, Wei Y, Shi H, Wu H, Zhang B, Wang J, Duan X, Hu Z, Wu X. Deletion of mouse FXR gene disturbs multiple neurotransmitter systems and alters neurobehavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:70. [PMID: 25870546 PMCID: PMC4378301 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor involved in bile acid synthesis and homeostasis. Dysfunction of FXR is involved in cholestasis and atherosclerosis. FXR is prevalent in liver, gallbladder, and intestine, but it is not yet clear whether it modulates neurobehavior. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that mouse FXR deficiency affects a specific subset of neurotransmitters and results in an unique behavioral phenotype. The FXR knockout mice showed less depressive-like and anxiety-related behavior, but increased motor activity. They had impaired memory and reduced motor coordination. There were changes of glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotoninergic, and norepinephrinergic neurotransmission in either hippocampus or cerebellum. FXR deletion decreased the amount of the GABA synthesis enzyme GAD65 in hippocampus but increased GABA transporter GAT1 in cerebral cortex. FXR deletion increased serum concentrations of many bile acids, including taurodehydrocholic acid, taurocholic acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), tauro-α-muricholic acid, tauro-ω-muricholic acid, and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA). There were also changes in brain concentrations of taurocholic acid, taurodehydrocholic acid, tauro-ω-muricholic acid, tauro-β-muricholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid (LCA). Taken together, the results from studies with FXR knockout mice suggest that FXR contributes to the homeostasis of multiple neurotransmitter systems in different brain regions and modulates neurobehavior. The effect appears to be at least partially mediated by bile acids that are known to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) inducing potential neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Lan
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Pan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yonghui Zhu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Boyang Lv
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Hailian Shi
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Duan
- Pharmacy Department, Shanghai East Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibi Hu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, the State Administration of TCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescriptions, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai, China
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244
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Terbeck S, Akkus F, Chesterman LP, Hasler G. The role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the pathogenesis of mood disorders and addiction: combining preclinical evidence with human Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:86. [PMID: 25852460 PMCID: PMC4364244 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we deliver an overview of the involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) activity and density in pathological anxiety, mood disorders and addiction. Specifically, we will describe mGluR5 studies in humans that employed Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and combined the findings with preclinical animal research. This combined view of different methodological approaches—from basic neurobiological approaches to human studies—might give a more comprehensive and clinically relevant view of mGluR5 function in mental health than the view on preclinical data alone. We will also review the current research data on mGluR5 along the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Firstly, we found evidence of abnormal glutamate activity related to the positive and negative valence systems, which would suggest that antagonistic mGluR5 intervention has prominent anti-addictive, anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects. Secondly, there is evidence that mGluR5 plays an important role in systems for social functioning and the response to social stress. Finally, mGluR5's important role in sleep homeostasis suggests that this glutamate receptor may play an important role in RDoC's arousal and modulatory systems domain. Glutamate was previously mostly investigated in non-human studies, however initial human clinical PET research now also supports the hypothesis that, by mediating brain excitability, neuroplasticity and social cognition, abnormal metabotropic glutamate activity might predispose individuals to a broad range of psychiatric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Terbeck
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth Plymouth, UK
| | - Funda Akkus
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gregor Hasler
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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245
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Lin AP, Ramadan S, Stern RA, Box HC, Nowinski CJ, Ross BD, Mountford CE. Changes in the neurochemistry of athletes with repetitive brain trauma: preliminary results using localized correlated spectroscopy. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:13. [PMID: 25780390 PMCID: PMC4361214 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The goal was to identify which neurochemicals differ in professional athletes with repetitive brain trauma (RBT) when compared to healthy controls using a relatively new technology, in vivo Localized COrrelated SpectroscopY (L-COSY). Methods To achieve this, L-COSY was used to examine five former professional male athletes with 11 to 28 years of exposure to contact sports. Each athlete who had had multiple symptomatic concussions and repetitive sub concussive trauma during their career was assessed by an experienced neuropsychologist. All athletes had clinical symptoms including headaches, memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression, and depression. Five healthy men, age and weight matched to the athlete cohort and with no history of brain trauma, were recruited as controls. Data were collected from the posterior cingulate gyrus using a 3 T clinical magnetic resonance scanner equipped with a 32 channel head coil. Results The variation of the method was calculated by repeated examination of a healthy control and phantom and found to be 10% and 5%, respectively, or less. The L-COSY measured large and statistically significant differences (P ≤0.05), between healthy controls and those athletes with RBT. Men with RBT showed higher levels of glutamine/glutamate (31%), choline (65%), fucosylated molecules (60%) and phenylalanine (46%). The results were evaluated and the sample size of five found to achieve a significance level P = 0.05 and a power of 90%. Differences in N-acetyl aspartate and myo-inositol between RBT and controls were small and were not statistically significance. Conclusions A study of a small cohort of professional athletes, with a history of RBT and symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy when compared with healthy controls using 2D L-COSY, showed elevations in brain glutamate/glutamine and choline as recorded previously for early traumatic brain injury. For the first time increases in phenylalanine and fucose are recorded in the brains of athletes with RBT. Larger studies utilizing the L-COSY method may offer an in-life method of diagnosis and personalized approach for monitoring the acute effects of mild traumatic brain injury and the chronic effects of RBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Lin
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Street HIM-820, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Saadallah Ramadan
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Street HIM-820, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Centre for MR in Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Robert A Stern
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA ; BU Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Hayden C Box
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Street HIM-820, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Christopher J Nowinski
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA ; Sports Legacy Institute, Waltham, MA 02451 USA
| | - Brian D Ross
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Street HIM-820, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Clinical Spectroscopy, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105 USA
| | - Carolyn E Mountford
- Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 4 Blackfan Street HIM-820, Boston, MA 02115 USA ; Centre for MR in Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308 Australia
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Freudenberg F, Celikel T, Reif A. The role of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in depression: central mediators of pathophysiology and antidepressant activity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:193-206. [PMID: 25783220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a major psychiatric disorder affecting more than 120 million people worldwide every year. Changes in monoaminergic transmitter release are suggested to take part in the pathophysiology of depression. However, more recent experimental evidence suggests that glutamatergic mechanisms might play a more central role in the development of this disorder. The importance of the glutamatergic system in depression was particularly highlighted by the discovery that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (particularly ketamine) exert relatively long-lasting antidepressant like effects with rapid onset. Importantly, the antidepressant-like effects of NMDA receptor antagonists, but also other antidepressants (both classical and novel), require activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Additionally, expression of AMPA receptors is altered in patients with depression. Moreover, preclinical evidence supports an important involvement of AMPA receptor-dependent signaling and plasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Here we summarize work published on the involvement of AMPA receptors in depression and discuss a possible central role for AMPA receptors in the pathophysiology, course and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Center for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 AA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kudryashova IV. Neurodegenerative changes in depression: Excitotoxicity or a deficit of trophic factors? NEUROCHEM J+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712415010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Passow S, Specht K, Adamsen TC, Biermann M, Brekke N, Craven AR, Ersland L, Grüner R, Kleven-Madsen N, Kvernenes OH, Schwarzlmüller T, Olesen RA, Hugdahl K. Default-mode network functional connectivity is closely related to metabolic activity. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2027-38. [PMID: 25644693 PMCID: PMC5006878 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the brain's default‐mode network (DMN) and its function has attracted a lot of attention in the field of neuroscience. However, the exact underlying mechanisms of DMN functional connectivity, or more specifically, the blood‐oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) signal, are still incompletely understood. In the present study, we combined 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoroglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS), and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) to investigate more directly the association between local glucose consumption, local glutamatergic neurotransmission and DMN functional connectivity during rest. The results of the correlation analyzes using the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC) as seed region showed spatial similarities between fluctuations in FDG‐uptake and fluctuations in BOLD signal. More specifically, in both modalities the same DMN areas in the inferior parietal lobe, angular gyrus, precuneus, middle, and medial frontal gyrus were positively correlated with the dPCC. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that local glucose consumption in the medial frontal gyrus, PCC and left angular gyrus was associated with functional connectivity within the DMN. We did not, however, find a relationship between glutamatergic neurotransmission and functional connectivity. In line with very recent findings, our results lend further support for a close association between local metabolic activity and functional connectivity and provide further insights towards a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of the BOLD signal. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2027–2038, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Passow
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; NORMENT Center of Excellence, University of Oslo, Norway
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Investigation of Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:202-9. [PMID: 25480359 PMCID: PMC4308441 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superior temporal cortices include brain regions dedicated to auditory processing and several lines of evidence suggest structural and functional abnormalities in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder within this brain region. However, possible glutamatergic dysfunction within this region has not been investigated in adult patients. METHODS Thirty patients with schizophrenia (38.67±12.46years of age), 28 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder (35.32±9.12years of age), and 30 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired using a 3.0T Siemens MAGNETOM TIM Trio MR system and single voxel Point REsolved Spectroscopy Sequence (PRESS) in order to quantify brain metabolites within the left and right Heschl's gyrus and planum temporale of superior temporal cortices. RESULTS There were significant abnormalities in glutamate (Glu) (F(2,78)=8.52, p<0.0001), N-acetyl aspartate (tNAA) (F(2,81)=5.73, p=0.005), creatine (tCr) (F(2,83)=5.91, p=0.004) and inositol (Ins) (F(2,82)=8.49, p<0.0001) concentrations in the left superior temporal cortex. In general, metabolite levels were lower for bipolar disorder patients when compared to healthy participants. Moreover, patients with bipolar disorder exhibited significantly lower tCr and Ins concentrations when compared to schizophrenia patients. In addition, we have found significant correlations between the superior temporal cortex metabolites and clinical measures. CONCLUSION As the left auditory cortices are associated with language and speech, left hemisphere specific abnormalities may have clinical significance. Our findings are suggestive of shared glutamatergic abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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DeLorenzo C, DellaGioia N, Bloch M, Sanacora G, Nabulsi N, Abdallah C, Yang J, Wen R, Mann JJ, Krystal JH, Parsey RV, Carson RE, Esterlis I. In vivo ketamine-induced changes in [¹¹C]ABP688 binding to metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:266-275. [PMID: 25156701 PMCID: PMC4277907 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At subanesthetic doses, ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist, increases glutamate release. We imaged the acute effect of ketamine on brain metabotropic glutamatergic receptor subtype 5 with a high-affinity positron emission tomography (PET) ligand [(11)C]ABP688 (E)-3-[2-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)ethynyl]-2-cyclohexen-1-one-O-(methyl-11C)oxime, a negative allosteric modulator of the metabotropic glutamatergic receptor subtype 5. METHODS Two [(11)C]ABP688 PET scans were performed in 10 healthy nonsmoking human volunteers (34 ± 13 years old); the two PET scans were performed on the same day-before (scan 1) and during intravenous ketamine administration (.23 mg/kg over 1 min, then .58 mg/kg over 1 hour; scan 2). The PET data were acquired for 90 min immediately after [(11)C]ABP688 bolus injection. Input functions were obtained through arterial blood sampling with metabolite analysis. RESULTS A significant reduction in [(11)C]ABP688 volume of distribution was observed in scan 2 relative to scan 1 of 21.3% ± 21.4%, on average, in the anterior cingulate, medial prefrontal cortex, orbital prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, parietal lobe, dorsal putamen, dorsal caudate, amygdala, and hippocampus. There was a significant increase in measurements of dissociative state after ketamine initiation (p < .05), which resolved after completion of the scan. CONCLUSIONS This study provides first evidence that ketamine administration decreases [(11)C]ABP688 binding in vivo in human subjects. The results suggest that [(11)C]ABP688 binding is sensitive to ketamine-induced effects, although the high individual variation in ketamine response requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine DeLorenzo
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, New York; Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, New York.
| | | | - Michael Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, Diagnostic, Yale University,Department of Child Study Center, Yale University
| | | | | | - Chadi Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Diagnostic, Yale University,Clinical Neuroscience Division, VA National Center for PTSD
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University
| | - Ruofeng Wen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University
| | | | - John H. Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Diagnostic, Yale University,Clinical Neuroscience Division, VA National Center for PTSD
| | - Ramin V. Parsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University,Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University
| | - Richard E. Carson
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical, Yale University,Department of Engineering, Yale University
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Diagnostic, Yale University,Department of Child Study Center, Yale University
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