201
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Xue W, Han Y, Tan J, Wang Y, Wang G, Wang H. Effects of Nanochitin on the Enhancement of the Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6637-6645. [PMID: 28605197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of different rates of nanochitin in soil on the grain yield and quality of winter wheat. Nanochitin obtained by acidic hydrolysis of shrimp chitin was a rod-like whisker possessing a hydrodynamic diameter of 143 nm and ζ potential of 55.7 mV. Two varieties of winter wheat, multi-spike wheat (MSW) and large spike wheat (LSW), were treated with the nanochitin suspension in outside pot experiments. The results showed that 0.006 g kg-1 of nanochitin in soil could significantly enhance the yield by 23.0% for MSW and 33.4% for LSW, with significant increases of net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentrations, and transpiration rate in flag leaf at the grain filling stage. Grain protein, iron, and zinc contents in wheat treated with nanochitin were also increased by 5.0, 10.3, and 22.1% for MSW and 33.4, 32.0, and 27.0% for LSW, respectively. This indicated that utilization of nanochitin has a great potential in future agriculture sustainability and crop production.
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202
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Venkatesan J, Singh SK, Anil S, Kim SK, Shim MS. Preparation, Characterization and Biological Applications of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles with Chitosan-Fucoidan Coating. Molecules 2018; 23:E1429. [PMID: 29895803 PMCID: PMC6099628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are gaining a great deal of attention in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, green synthesis of AgNPs was developed using seaweed polysaccharide fucoidan. The AgNPs were further coated with chitosan to form an electrolyte complex on the surface. The developed chitosan⁻fucoidan complex-coated AgNPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FT-IR results suggested strong polyelectrolyte complexation between fucoidan and chitosan. The developed chitosan⁻fucoidan complex-coated AgNPs significantly inhibited microbial growth. Moreover, the AgNPs showed efficient anticancer activity in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa). This study demonstrated that chitosan⁻fucoidan complex-coated AgNPs hold high potential for food and cosmeceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Venkatesan
- Yenepoya Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India.
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea.
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India.
- Marine Bioprocess Research Centre and Department of Marine Bio-Convergence Science, Pukyong National University, Sinseon-ro 365, Nam-gu, Busan 608739, Korea.
| | - Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai 600077, India.
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Centre and Department of Marine Bio-Convergence Science, Pukyong National University, Sinseon-ro 365, Nam-gu, Busan 608739, Korea.
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea.
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203
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Mehrabani MG, Karimian R, Rakhshaei R, Pakdel F, Eslami H, Fakhrzadeh V, Rahimi M, Salehi R, Kafil HS. Chitin/silk fibroin/TiO 2 bio-nanocomposite as a biocompatible wound dressing bandage with strong antimicrobial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:966-976. [PMID: 29782987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interconnected microporous biodegradable and biocompatible chitin/silk fibroin/TiO2 nanocomposite wound dressing with high antibacterial, blood clotting and mechanical strength properties were synthesized using freeze-drying method. The prepared nanocomposite dressings were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis. The prepared nanocomposite dressings showed high porosity above 90% with well-defined interconnected porous construction. Swelling and water uptake of the dressing were 93%, which is great for wound dressing applications. Haemostatic potential of the prepared dressings was studied and the results proved the higher blood clotting ability of the nanocomposites compared to pure components and commercially available products. Besides, cell viability, attachment and proliferation by MTT assay and DAPI staining on HFFF2 cell as a Human Caucasian Foetal Foreskin Fibroblast proved the cytocompatibility nature of the nanocomposite scaffolds with well improved proliferation and cell attachment. To determine the antimicrobial efficiencies, both disc diffusion method and colony counts were performed and results imply that nanocomposite scaffolds have high antimicrobial activity and could successfully inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Moreover, based on these results, the prepared chitin/silk fibroin/TiO2 nanocomposite dressing could serve as a kind of promising wound dressing with great antibacterial and antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ghanbari Mehrabani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Karimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rasul Rakhshaei
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Pakdel
- Connective tissues Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hosein Eslami
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Fakhrzadeh
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rahimi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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204
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Nanofiber technology in the ex vivo expansion of cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1707-1718. [PMID: 29753127 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (CB) can be used as an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation in hematological and non-hematological disorders. Despite several recognized advantages the limited cell number in CB one unit still restricts its clinical use. The success of transplantation greatly depends on the levels of total nucleated cell and CD34+ cell counts. Thus, many ex vivo strategies have been developed within the last decade in order to solve this obstacle, with more or less success, mainly determined by the degree of difficulty related with maintaining HSCs self-renewal and stemness properties after long-term expansion. Different research groups have developed very promising and diverse CB-derived HSC expansion strategies using nanofiber scaffolds. Here we review the state-of-the-art of nanofiber technology-based CB-derived HSC expansion.
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205
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Gaihre B, Uswatta S, Jayasuriya AC. Nano-scale characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite incorporated chitosan particles for bone repair. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 165:158-164. [PMID: 29477936 PMCID: PMC5987766 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, injectable porous spherical particles were fabricated using chitosan (CS) biopolymer, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA). TPP was primarily used as an ionic crosslinker to crosslink 2% (w/v) CS droplets. 2% (w/v) nHA was used to prepare nHA incorporated particles. The surface morphological properties and nanomechanical properties such as topography, deformation, adhesion, and dissipation of CS particles with and without nHA were studied using contact mode and peakforce quantitative nanomechanical property mapping mode in atomic force microscopy. The nHA spots have higher density than CS which leads to higher forces acting on the probe tip and higher energy dissipation to lift the tip from nHA areas. The cumulative release data showed that about 87% of total BMP-2 encapsulated within the particles was released by third week of experiment period. Degradation study was conducted to understand how the particles degradation occurs in the presence of phosphate buffered saline with continues shaking in an incubator at 37° C. In addition, BMP-2 release from the 2% nHA/CS particles was studied over a three weeks period and found that BMP-2 release was governed by the simple diffusion rather than the degradation of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Gaihre
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Suren Uswatta
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ambalangodage C Jayasuriya
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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206
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Al-Enizi AM, Zagho MM, Elzatahry AA. Polymer-Based Electrospun Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E259. [PMID: 29677145 PMCID: PMC5923589 DOI: 10.3390/nano8040259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning has been considered a promising and novel procedure to fabricate polymer nanofibers due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and high production rate, making this technique highly relevant for both industry and academia. It is used to fabricate non-woven fibers with unique characteristics such as high permeability, stability, porosity, surface area to volume ratio, ease of functionalization, and excellent mechanical performance. Nanofibers can be synthesized and tailored to suit a wide range of applications including energy, biotechnology, healthcare, and environmental engineering. A comprehensive outlook on the recent developments, and the influence of electrospinning on biomedical uses such as wound dressing, drug release, and tissue engineering, has been presented. Concerns regarding the procedural restrictions and research contests are addressed, in addition to providing insights about the future of this fabrication technique in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Al-Enizi
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moustafa M Zagho
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ahmed A Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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207
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Almasi H, Jafarzadeh P, Mehryar L. Fabrication of novel nanohybrids by impregnation of CuO nanoparticles into bacterial cellulose and chitosan nanofibers: Characterization, antimicrobial and release properties. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 186:273-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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208
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Silver nanoparticles-based hydrogel: Characterization of material parameters for pressure ulcer dressing applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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209
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Ali A, Ahmed S. A review on chitosan and its nanocomposites in drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:273-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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210
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Kamaraj S, Palanisamy UM, Kadhar Mohamed MSB, Gangasalam A, Maria GA, Kandasamy R. Curcumin drug delivery by vanillin-chitosan coated with calcium ferrite hybrid nanoparticles as carrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 116:48-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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211
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Jung HS, Kim MH, Shin JY, Park SR, Jung JY, Park WH. Electrospinning and wound healing activity of β-chitin extracted from cuttlefish bone. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 193:205-211. [PMID: 29773374 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A nanofibrous β-chitin web was fabricated via electrospinning for use as a novel wound dressing material. β-chitin was extracted from cuttlefish bone using deproteinization and demineralization. First, cuttlefish bone was alkali-treated to remove the proteins and was then treated with the acid for demineralization. The extracted β-chitin was dissolved in formic acid as solvent to evaluate its electrospinnability, and the electrospinnability increased remarkably when β-chitin was blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) than without. The blended β-chitin/PEO nanofibers had a fiber diameter of about 400 nm, and the diameter decreased after soaking in water to remove the PEO. The structural and physical properties of the β-chitin material and its nanofibers were characterized using Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), Scanning electron microscopy/Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), texturometry, viscometry and contact angle measurements, and an animal test was conducted to investigate the wound healing effect. The β-chitin nanofibers were found to have great potential as nanomaterials for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Seop Jung
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile Engineering System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Min Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile Engineering System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Ji Youn Shin
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile Engineering System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Se Ra Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 43134, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Jung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 43134, South Korea.
| | - Won Ho Park
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials and Textile Engineering System, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.
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212
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Turning Wood Autohydrolysate Directly into Food Packing Composite Films with Good Toughness. INT J POLYM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/2097340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based composite films were produced by incorporating wood autohydrolysate (WH), chitosan (CS), and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). In this work, WH was directly utilized without further purification, and CNC was introduced as the reinforced material to prepare WH-CS-CNC composite films with excellent properties. The effects of CNC on the properties of WH-CS-CNC composite films were investigated by characterizing their structures, mechanical properties, oxygen barrier, and thermal stability properties. The results suggested that CNC could improve tensile strength of the composite films, and the tensile strain at break could be up to 4.7%. Besides, the oxygen permeability of the prepared composite films could be as low as 3.57 cm3/day·m2·kPa, making them suitable for the food packaging materials. These above results showed that the addition of CNC is an effective method to enhance the toughness of composite films. In addition, WH-CS-CNC composite films have great potential in the field of sustainable food packing materials.
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213
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Garcia CEG, Martínez FAS, Bossard F, Rinaudo M. Biomaterials Based on Electrospun Chitosan. Relation between Processing Conditions and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030257. [PMID: 30966292 PMCID: PMC6414997 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, it is shown that pure chitosan nanofibers and films were prepared with success in 0.5 M acetic acid as solvent using poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) at different yields, allowing electrospinning of the blends. After processing, a neutralization step of chitosan followed by water washing is performed, preserving the initial morphology of chitosan materials. The influence of the yield in PEO in the blend on the degree of swelling and hydrophilicity of films and nanofibers is demonstrated. Then, the mechanical behavior of blended nanofibers and films used as reference are determined for small stress applied in the linear domain by DMA and by uniaxial traction up to rupture. The dried and wet states are covered for the first time. It is shown that the mechanical properties are increased when electrospinning is performed in the presence of PEO up to a 70/30 chitosan/PEO weight ratio even after PEO extraction. This result can be explained by a better dispersion of the chitosan in the presence of PEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Enrique Garcia Garcia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán #1451, C.P. Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Félix Armando Soltero Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán #1451, C.P. Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Frédéric Bossard
- Institute of Engineering Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LRP, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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214
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Saporito F, Sandri G, Rossi S, Bonferoni MC, Riva F, Malavasi L, Caramella C, Ferrari F. Freeze dried chitosan acetate dressings with glycosaminoglycans and traxenamic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 184:408-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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215
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216
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Improved antifungal activity and stability of chitosan nanofibers using cellulose nanocrystal on banknote papers. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 189:229-237. [PMID: 29580404 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms can spread on the surface of banknotes and cause many infectious diseases. Chitosan nanofibers (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are nanomaterials, which can affect the antimicrobial properties. In this study, the fungal species that grew on the surfaces of collected banknotes from different places were identified. To examine the antifungal effect of the both nanomaterials on the banknotes, the stable coatings using CNFs and CNCs emulsions were prepared by roller coating. The results revealed that the most colonies in the banknotes obtained from the bakeries and butcheries were Aspergillus sp., whereas the colonies in bus terminals and the hospitals were Aspergillus niger and Penicillium, respectively. The results showed that the CNCs had no antifungal effect alone on the aforementioned species, but it could improve the antifungal effect, adhesion, and stability of CNFs on the banknote surfaces. This study suggested a new approach to decrease the infection spreads through banknotes.
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217
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Qasim SB, Zafar MS, Najeeb S, Khurshid Z, Shah AH, Husain S, Rehman IU. Electrospinning of Chitosan-Based Solutions for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E407. [PMID: 29385727 PMCID: PMC5855629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning has been used for decades to generate nano-fibres via an electrically charged jet of polymer solution. This process is established on a spinning technique, using electrostatic forces to produce fine fibres from polymer solutions. Amongst, the electrospinning of available biopolymers (silk, cellulose, collagen, gelatine and hyaluronic acid), chitosan (CH) has shown a favourable outcome for tissue regeneration applications. The aim of the current review is to assess the current literature about electrospinning chitosan and its composite formulations for creating fibres in combination with other natural polymers to be employed in tissue engineering. In addition, various polymers blended with chitosan for electrospinning have been discussed in terms of their potential biomedical applications. The review shows that evidence exists in support of the favourable properties and biocompatibility of chitosan electrospun composite biomaterials for a range of applications. However, further research and in vivo studies are required to translate these materials from the laboratory to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad B Qasim
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, P.O. Box 45142, Riyadh 11512, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad S Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges, Riyadh 361724, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Altaf H Shah
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh 11512, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shehriar Husain
- Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75110, Pakistan.
| | - Ihtesham Ur Rehman
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK.
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218
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Wang Q, Yan X, Chang Y, Ren L, Zhou J. Fabrication and characterization of chitin nanofibers through esterification and ultrasound treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 180:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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219
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Mayerberger EA, Street RM, McDaniel RM, Barsoum MW, Schauer CL. Antibacterial properties of electrospun Ti3C2Tz(MXene)/chitosan nanofibers. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35386-35394. [PMID: 35547922 PMCID: PMC9087880 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospun natural polymeric bandages are highly desirable due to their low-cost, biodegradability, non-toxicity and antimicrobial properties. Functionalization of these nanofibrous mats with two-dimensional nanomaterials is an attractive strategy to enhance the antibacterial effects. Herein, we demonstrate an electrospinning process to produce encapsulated delaminated Ti3C2Tz (MXene) flakes within chitosan nanofibers for passive antibacterial wound dressing applications. In vitro antibacterial studies were performed on crosslinked Ti3C2Tz/chitosan composite fibers against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) – demonstrating a 95% and 62% reduction in colony forming units, respectively, following 4 h of treatment with the 0.75 wt% Ti3C2Tz – loaded nanofibers. Cytotoxicity studies to determine biocompatibility of the nanofibers indicated the antibacterial MXene/chitosan nanofibers are non-toxic. The incorporation of Ti3C2Tz single flakes on fiber morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy equipped with an energy-dispersive detector (TEM-EDS). Our results suggest that the electrospun Ti3C2Tz/chitosan nanofibers are a promising candidate material in wound healing applications. Electrospun natural polymeric bandages are highly desirable due to their low-cost, biodegradability, non-toxicity and antimicrobial properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reva M. Street
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Riki M. McDaniel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Michel W. Barsoum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Caroline L. Schauer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
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220
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Abstract
This review places an emphasis on chitosan intelligent hydrogels. The fabrication methods and mechanisms are introduced in this review and the interactions of the formation of hydrogels with both physical and chemical bonds are also introduced. The relationship between the structural characteristics and the corresponding functions of stimuli-responsive characteristics, self-healing functions and high mechanical strength properties of the chitosan hydrogels are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
| | - Fuchao Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication
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221
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Pant B, Park M, Ojha GP, Kim DU, Kim HY, Park SJ. Electrospun salicylic acid/polyurethane composite nanofibers for biomedical applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1376200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishweshwar Pant
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunendra Prasad Ojha
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Up Kim
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hak-Yong Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Zhang J, Ma S, Liu Z, Geng H, Lu X, Zhang X, Li H, Gao C, Zhang X, Gao P. Guided bone regeneration with asymmetric collagen-chitosan membranes containing aspirin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8855-8866. [PMID: 29276386 PMCID: PMC5733920 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s148179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Membranes allowing the sustained release of drugs that can achieve cell adhesion are very promising for guided bone regeneration. Previous studies have suggested that aspirin has the potential to promote bone regeneration. The purpose of this study was to prepare a local drug delivery system with aspirin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ACS) contained in an asymmetric collagen-chitosan membrane (CCM). Methods In this study, the ACS were fabricated using different concentrations of aspirin (5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, and 75 mg). The drug release behavior of ACS was studied. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the micromorphology of ACS and aspirin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles contained in chitosan-collagen membranes (ACS-CCM). In vitro bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured and critical-sized cranial defects on Sprague-Dawley rats were made to evaluate the effect of the ACS-CCM on bone regeneration. Results Drug release behavior results of ACS showed that the nanoparticles fabricated in this study could successfully sustain the release of the drug. TEM showed the morphology of the nanoparticles. SEM images indicated that the asymmetric membrane comprised a loose collagen layer and a dense chitosan layer. In vitro studies showed that ACS-CCM could promote the proliferation of BMSCs, and that the degree of differentiated BMSCs seeded on CCMs containing 50 mg of ACS was higher than that of other membranes. Micro-computed tomography showed that 50 mg of ACS-CCM resulted in enhanced bone regeneration compared with the control group. Conclusion This study shows that the ACS-CCM would allow the sustained release of aspirin and have further osteogenic potential. This membrane is a promising therapeutic approach to guiding bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Shiqing Ma
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Zihao Liu
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Hongjuan Geng
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Xin Lu
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Hongjie Li
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Chenyuan Gao
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
| | - Ping Gao
- School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin
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224
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Zhang Z, Jin F, Wu Z, Jin J, Li F, Wang Y, Wang Z, Tang S, Wu C, Wang Y. O-acylation of chitosan nanofibers by short-chain and long-chain fatty acids. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:203-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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225
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Cheng YL, Chen F. Preparation and characterization of photocured poly (ε-caprolactone) diacrylate/poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate/chitosan for photopolymerization-type 3D printing tissue engineering scaffold application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 81:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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226
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Hsueh CY, Tsai ML, Liu T. Enhancing saltiness perception using chitin nanofibers when curing tilapia fillets. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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227
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Hoseinpour Najar M, Minaiyan M, Taheri A. Preparation and in vivo evaluation of a novel gel-based wound dressing using arginine–alginate surface-modified chitosan nanofibers. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:689-701. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328217739562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective wound dressing with the ability to induce skin wound healing is a great challenge in medicine. Nanofibers are highly attractive for wound dressing preparation due to their properties such as hemostasis induction, good absorption of wound exudates, and facilitation of cell growth. Chitosan nanofibers have attracted great attention for application in wound dressings due to their accelerating effects on wound healing. In this study, arginine surface-modified chitosan nanofibers were successfully prepared by attachment of arginine molecules on the surface of chitosan nanofibers using sodium alginate through electrostatic interaction. The effect of pH on the amount of attached arginine was evaluated at three different pH values; 5, 6, and 7. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential of chitosan nanofibers before and after surface modification suggested the occurrence of the attachment of arginine to chitosan nanofibers. Scanning electron microscope images showed the nanofibrous structure of arginine surface-modified chitosan nanofibers with an average diameter ranging from 100 nm to 150 nm. The release of arginine from arginine surface-modified chitosan nanofibers gel showed a sustained release manner. The suitable viscosity and spreadability of arginine surface-modified chitosan nanofibers gel verified its easy application at the wound site. Arginine surface-modified chitosan nanofibers gel significantly improved the wound healing process including wound closure when tested in vivo using rat model. Additionally, histological examination and immunohistochemical studies showed the significant enhancement of the re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis in the skin of the animal group treated with arginine surface-modified chitosan nanofibers gel compared with the other control groups. These results suggested that arginine surface-modified chitosan nanofibers gel could be introduced as an effective wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Hoseinpour Najar
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Minaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azade Taheri
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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228
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Furuike T, Komoto D, Hashimoto H, Tamura H. Preparation of chitosan hydrogel and its solubility in organic acids. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1620-1625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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229
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Ultrasonic velocimetry studies on different salts of chitosan: Effect of ion size. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1596-1603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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230
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Ogawa Y, Azuma K, Izawa H, Morimoto M, Ochi K, Osaki T, Ito N, Okamoto Y, Saimoto H, Ifuku S. Preparation and biocompatibility of a chitin nanofiber/gelatin composite film. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1882-1889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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231
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Novel oleyl amine-modified polymannuronic acid micelle loading tacrolimus for therapy of allergic conjunctivitis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:862-873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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232
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Inhibiting influenza virus replication and inducing protection against lethal influenza virus challenge through chitosan nanoparticles loaded by siRNA. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 8:12-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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233
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Gun'ko VM, Savina IN, Mikhalovsky SV. Properties of Water Bound in Hydrogels. Gels 2017; 3:E37. [PMID: 30920534 PMCID: PMC6318700 DOI: 10.3390/gels3040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the importance of water in hydrogel (HG) properties and structure is analyzed. A variety of methods such as ¹H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, thermally stimulated depolarization current, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, rheometry, diffusion, adsorption, infrared spectroscopy are used to study water in HG. The state of HG water is rather non-uniform. According to thermodynamic features of water in HG, some of it is non-freezing and strongly bound, another fraction is freezing and weakly bound, and the third fraction is non-bound, free water freezing at 0 °C. According to structural features of water in HG, it can be divided into two fractions with strongly associated and weakly associated waters. The properties of the water in HG depend also on the amounts and types of solutes, pH, salinity, structural features of HG functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Gun'ko
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, 17 General Naumov Street, 03164 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Irina N Savina
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ Brighton, UK.
| | - Sergey V Mikhalovsky
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ Brighton, UK.
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234
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Shao J, Yu N, Kolwijck E, Wang B, Tan KW, Jansen JA, Walboomers XF, Yang F. Biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles incorporated into chitosan-based membranes. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:2771-2785. [PMID: 28967828 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the antibacterial potential and biological performance of silver nanoparticles in chitosan-based membranes. MATERIALS & METHODS Electrospun chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) membranes with different amounts of silver nanoparticles were evaluated for antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity in vitro and for tissue response in a rabbit subcutaneous model. RESULTS The nanoparticles displayed dose-dependent antibacterial properties against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, without showing noticeable cytotoxicity. The membranes with silver nanoparticles evoked a similar inflammatory response compared with the membranes without silver nanoparticles. CONCLUSION The antibacterial effect, combined with the findings on cyto- and biocompatibility warrants further investigation to the usefulness of chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) membranes with silver nanoparticles, for clinical applications like guided tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Shao
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Na Yu
- National Dental Centre Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave, 168938, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Eva Kolwijck
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ke Wei Tan
- National Dental Centre Singapore, 5 Second Hospital Ave, 168938, Singapore
| | - John A Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X Frank Walboomers
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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235
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Wijesena RN, Tissera ND, Abeyratne C, Bangamuwa OM, Ludowyke N, Dahanayake D, Gunasekara S, de Silva N, de Silva RM, de Silva KN. In-situ formation of supramolecular aggregates between chitin nanofibers and silver nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:295-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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236
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El-Kased RF, Amer RI, Attia D, Elmazar MM. Honey-based hydrogel: In vitro and comparative In vivo evaluation for burn wound healing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9692. [PMID: 28851905 PMCID: PMC5575255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey was used to treat wounds since ancient times till nowadays. The present study aimed at preparing a honey-based hydrogel and assay its antimicrobial properties and wound healing activity; in-vitro and in-vivo. Topical honey hydrogel formulations were prepared using three honey concentrations with gelling agents; chitosan and carbopol 934. The prepared formulae were evaluated for pH, spreadability, swelling index, in-vitro release and antimicrobial activity. The pH and spreadability were in the range of 4.3–6.8 and 5.7–8.6 cm, respectively. Chitosan-based hydrogel showed higher in-vitro honey release with diffusional exponent ‘n ≤ 0.5 indicates Fickian diffusion mechanism. Hydrogel formulae were assessed for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using Disc Diffusion antibiotic sensitivity test against common burn infections bacteria; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and Streptococcus pyogenes. The 75% honey-chitosan hydrogel showed highest antimicrobial activity. This formula was tested for in-vivo burn healing using burn-induced wounds in mice. The formula was evaluated for burn healing and antibacterial activities compared to commercial product. 75% honey-chitosan hydrogel was found to possess highest healing rate of burns. The present study concludes that 75% honey-chitosan hydrogel possesses greater wound healing activity compared to commercial preparation and could be safely used as an effective natural topical wound healing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham F El-Kased
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, BUE, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reham I Amer
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy, October, University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, BUE, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M M Elmazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, BUE, Cairo, Egypt
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237
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. The controlled release of drugs to the precise site of the disease using a nanocarrier vehicle increases the therapeutic efficiency of the drugs. Nanotechnology-based approaches used to endorse clinical improvement from a disease also help to understand the interaction of malignant cells with their microenvironment. Receptor-based targeting is another approach for drug delivery which is undergoing clinical trials. Nanoparticles (NPs) delivery has been proven to promise high loading capacity, less toxicity, and stability of the drugs or biomolecules compared to traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. The goal of this review is to present the current problems of breast cancer therapy and discuss the NP-based targeting to overcome the hurdles of conventional drug therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shriti Singh
- Department of Kriya Sharir, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - James W Lillard
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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238
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Ahmad M, Manzoor K, Singh S, Ikram S. Chitosan centered bionanocomposites for medical specialty and curative applications: A review. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:200-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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239
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Sampath Kumar N, Santhosh C, Vathaluru Sudakaran S, Deb A, Raghavan V, Venugopal V, Bhatnagar A, Bhat S, Andrews NG. Electrospun polyurethane and soy protein nanofibres for wound dressing applications. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chella Santhosh
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandP.O. Box 1627FI‐70211KuopioFinland
| | | | - Ananya Deb
- Department of Biomedical SciencesSchool of Biosciences and TechnologyVIT UniversityVelloreTamil Nadu 632014India
| | - Vimala Raghavan
- Centre for Nanotechnology ResearchVIT UniversityVelloreTamil Nadu 632014India
| | | | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandP.O. Box 1627FI‐70211KuopioFinland
| | - Savithri Bhat
- Department of BiotechnologyBMS College of EngineeringBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
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240
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Polymerization of PEDOT/PSS/Chitosan-Coated Electrodes for Electrochemical Bio-Sensing. COATINGS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings7070096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) has a variety of chemical and biomedical applications. Additionally, chitosan has been extensively used in industrial and medical fields. However, whether chitosan could be incorporated into conducting polymers of PEDOT/PSS is not clear. In this study, the PEDOT/PSS/chitosan coatings were electrochemically polymerized on the surface of 0.5 mm platinum (Pt) electrodes and the properties of electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the PEDOT/PSS/chitosan-coated electrodes were investigated. Furthermore, PEDOT/PSS/chitosan-coated electrodes used for electrochemical bio-sensing, using dexamethasone (Dex) as a model bio-sensing material, were examined. The results demonstrated that PEDOT/PSS/chitosan-coated electrodes were stable in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. The electrochemical CV curve areas, reflecting the charge delivery capacity, and the EIS of the PEDOT/PSS/chitosan-coated electrodes were sensitive to Dex, and the good linearity can be obtained between CV curve areas, the EIS and the concentration of Dex. In addition, electrochemical sensitivity of the PEDOT/PSS/chitosan-coated electrodes to Dex was much higher than ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy detection. All these results revealed that the PEDOT/PSS/chitosan-coated electrodes can be electrochemical polymerized and used for electrochemical bio-sensing.
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242
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Arkoun M, Daigle F, Heuzey M, Ajji A. Antibacterial electrospun chitosan-based nanofibers: A bacterial membrane perforator. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 5:865-874. [PMID: 28748074 PMCID: PMC5520865 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the antibacterial action of chitosan-based nanofibers (CNFs) obtained by the electrospinning process on the permeability of bacterial membranes. The bactericidal efficiency of CNFs was first determined against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium, and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua bacteria as a baseline. The results strongly suggest that CNFs interact with the negatively charged bacterial cell wall causing membrane rupture and inducing leakage of intracellular components among which are proteins and DNA. Results clearly indicate that the release of such components after contact with CNFs is an indication of membrane permeabilization and perforation, as pore formation was observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This work suggests a plausible antibacterial mechanism of action of CNFs and also provides clear evidence in favor of chitosan as a bacterial membrane disruptor and perforator. As a result, CNFs can find promising applications as bioactive food packaging materials capable to extend shelf life of food products while inhibiting the spread of alteration flora and foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Arkoun
- CREPEC Department of Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - France Daigle
- Department of microbiologyinfectiology and immunologyPavillon Roger‐GaudryUniversité de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Marie‐Claude Heuzey
- CREPEC Department of Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC Department of Chemical EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique de MontréalMontréalQCCanada
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243
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Diekjürgen D, Grainger DW. Polysaccharide matrices used in 3D in vitro cell culture systems. Biomaterials 2017; 141:96-115. [PMID: 28672214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides comprise a diverse class of polymeric materials with a history of proven biocompatibility and continual use as biomaterials. Recent focus on new matrices appropriate for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture offers new opportunities to apply polysaccharides as extracellular matrix mimics. However, chemical and structural bases for specific cell-polysaccharide interactions essential for their utility as 3-D cell matrices are not well defined. This review describes how these naturally sourced biomaterials satisfy several key properties for current 3D cell culture needs and can also be synthetically modified or blended with additional components to tailor their cell engagement properties. Beyond their benign interactions with many cell types in cultures, their economical and high quality sourcing, optical clarity for ex situ analytical interrogation and in situ gelation represent important properties of these polymers for 3D cell culture applications. Continued diversification of their versatile glycan chemistry, new bio-synthetic sourcing strategies and elucidation of new cell-specific properties are attractive to expand the polysaccharide polymer utility for cell culture needs. Many 3D cell culture priorities are addressed with the portfolio of polysaccharide materials available and under development. This review provides a critical analysis of their properties, capabilities and challenges in 3D cell culture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Diekjürgen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA
| | - David W Grainger
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA.
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244
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Deng Y, Ren J, Chen G, Li G, Wu X, Wang G, Gu G, Li J. Injectable in situ cross-linking chitosan-hyaluronic acid based hydrogels for abdominal tissue regeneration. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2699. [PMID: 28578386 PMCID: PMC5457437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal wall defect caused by open abdomen (OA) or abdominal trauma is a serious issue since it induces several clinical problems. Although a variety of prosthetic materials are commonly employed, complications occur including host soft tissue response, fistula formation and chronic patient discomfort. Recently, abundant natural polymers have been used for injectable hydrogel synthesis in tissue regeneration. In this study, we produced the chitosan - hyaluronic acid (CS/HA) hydrogel and investigated its effects on abdominal tissue regeneration. The physical and biological properties of the hydrogel were demonstrated to be suitable for application in abdominal wounds. In a rat model simulating open abdomen and large abdominal wall defect, rapid cellular response, sufficient ECM deposition and marked neovascularization were found after the application of the hydrogel, compared to the control group and fibrin gel group. Further, the possible mechanism of these findings was studied. Cytokines involved in angiogenesis and cellular response were increased and the skew toward M2 macrophages credited with the functions of anti-inflammation and tissue repair was showed in CS/HA hydrogel group. These findings suggested that CS/HA hydrogel could prevent the complications and was promising for abdominal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youming Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Guopu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guanwei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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245
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Aziz SB, Abdullah OG, Rasheed MA, Ahmed HM. Effect of High Salt Concentration (HSC) on Structural, Morphological, and Electrical Characteristics of Chitosan Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9060187. [PMID: 30970865 PMCID: PMC6431943 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) films doped with sodium triflate (NaTf) were prepared by the solution cast technique. The structural and morphological behaviors of the samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The XRD patterns were deconvoluted to estimate the degree of crystallinity of the samples. The SEM micrograph showed the crystalline structure of the sample contained 50 wt % of NaTf salt. The disappearance of broad peaks of chitosan at 2θ ≈ 21° and 2θ ≈ 32° confirmed the occurrence of ion association at 50 wt % of NaTf salt. In impedance plots, a low frequency spike region and a high frequency semicircle, were distinguishable for low salt concentrations. The highest ambient temperature direct current (DC) electrical conductivity obtained for CS:NaTf was found to be 2.41 × 10−4 S/cm for the sample containing 40 wt % of NaTf salt. The role of lattice energy of salts on DC ionic conductivity was also discussed. The temperature dependence of DC conductivity was found to follow the well-known Arrhenius relationship. From the alternating current (AC) conductivity spectra, three distinct regions were recognized for the samples with NaTf salt concentration ranging from 10 wt % to 30 wt %. The plateau region of AC spectra was used to estimate the DC conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujahadeen B Aziz
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq.
| | - Omed Gh Abdullah
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq.
| | - Mariwan A Rasheed
- Development Center for Research and Training (DCRT), University of Human Development, Qrga Street, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq.
| | - Hameed M Ahmed
- Advanced Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq.
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246
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Electrospinning of chitosan/PVA nanofibrous membrane at ultralow solvent concentration. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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247
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Mahmoudi N, Eslahi N, Mehdipour A, Mohammadi M, Akbari M, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Simchi A. Temporary skin grafts based on hybrid graphene oxide-natural biopolymer nanofibers as effective wound healing substitutes: pre-clinical and pathological studies in animal models. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:73. [PMID: 28361280 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, temporary skin grafts (TSG) based on natural biopolymers modified with carbon nanostructures have received considerable attention for wound healing. Developments are required to improve physico-mechanical properties of these materials to match to natural skins. Additionally, in-deep pre-clinical examinations are necessary to ensure biological performance and toxicity effect in vivo. In the present work, we show superior acute-wound healing effect of graphene oxide nanosheets embedded in ultrafine biopolymer fibers (60 nm) on adult male rats. Nano-fibrous chitosan-based skin grafts crosslinked by Genepin with physico-mechanical properties close to natural skins were prepared by electrospinning of highly concentrated chitosan- polyvinylpyrrolidone solutions containing graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. No surfactants and organic solvents were utilized to ensure high biocompatibility of the fibrous structure. In vitro evaluations by human skin fibroblast cells including live and dead assay and MTT results show that GO promote cell viability of porous nanofibrous membrane while providing enhanced bactericidal capacity. In vivo studies on rat's skin determine accelerated healing effect, i.e. a large open wound (1.5 × 1.5 cm2) is fully regenerated after 14-day of post operation while healing is observed for sterile gauze sponge (as the control). Pathological studies support thick dermis formation and complete epithelialization in the presence of 1.5 wt% GO nanosheets. Over 99% wound healing occurs after 21 days for the injury covered with TSG containing 1.5 wt% GO while this would takes weeks for the control. Therefore, the developed materials have a high potential to be used as TSG as pre-clinical testing has shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mahmoudi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box11155-9161, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 14588, Iran
| | - N Eslahi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mehdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box11155-9161, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 14588, Iran
| | - M Akbari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - A Samadikuchaksaraei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Simchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box11155-9161, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 14588, Iran.
- Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, P. O. Box 11365-9466, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 14588, Iran.
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248
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Rajendran D, Hussain A, Yip D, Parekh A, Shrirao A, Cho CH. Long-term liver-specific functions of hepatocytes in electrospun chitosan nanofiber scaffolds coated with fibronectin. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2119-2128. [PMID: 28371246 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new 3D liver model was developed using biomimetic nanofiber scaffolds and co-culture system consisting of hepatocytes and fibroblasts for the maintenance of long-term liver functions. The chitosan nanofiber scaffolds were fabricated by the electrospinning technique. To enhance cellular adhesion and spreading, the surfaces of the chitosan scaffolds were coated with fibronectin (FN) by adsorption and evaluated for various cell types. Cellular phenotype, protein expression, and liver-specific functions were extensively characterized by immunofluorescent and histochemical stainings, albumin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Cytochrome p450 detoxification assays, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrospun chitosan scaffolds exhibited a highly porous and randomly oriented nanofibrous structure. The FN coating on the surface of the chitosan nanofibers significantly enhanced cell attachment and spreading, as expected, as surface modification with this cell adhesion molecule on the chitosan surface is important for focal adhesion formation and integrin binding. Comparison of hepatocyte mono-cultures and co-cultures in 3D culture systems indicated that the hepatocytes in co-cultures formed colonies and maintained their morphologies and functions for prolonged periods of time. The 3D liver tissue model developed in this study will provide useful tools toward the development of engineered liver tissues for drug screening and tissue engineering applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2119-2128, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Rajendran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Ali Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Derek Yip
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Amit Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Anil Shrirao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854
| | - Cheul H Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102
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249
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Implications of molecular diversity of chitin and its derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3513-3536. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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250
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Thirumalraj B, Rajkumar C, Chen SM, Lin KY. Determination of 4-nitrophenol in water by use of a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with chitosan-crafted ZnO nanoneedles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 499:83-92. [PMID: 28364718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity and environmental pollution by nitro aromatic compounds in water samples is the most recognized problem in worldwide. Hence, we have developed a simple and highly sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in water samples based on a chitosan (CHT) crafted zinc oxide nanoneedles (ZnO NDs) modified screen printed carbon electrode. The CHT/ZnO NDs were characterized by Field emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction technique. The CHT/ZnO NDs modified electrode showed an enhanced electrocatalytic activity and lower potential detection towards 4-NP, compared with other modified electrodes. Under optimum conditions, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response of CHT/ZnO NDs modified electrode displayed a wide linear response range from 0.5 to 400.6μM towards the detection of 4-NP with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.23μM. The CHT/ZnO NDs modified electrode was used for specific and sensitive detection of 4-NP in presence of possible interfering species and common metal ions with long-term stability. In addition, the excellent analytical performance of the proposed sensor was successfully applied for determination of 4-NP in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Thirumalraj
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chellakannu Rajkumar
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Kuan-Yu Lin
- Electroanalysis and Bioelectrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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