201
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He R, Yu ZH, Zhang RY, Wu L, Gunawan AM, Lane BS, Shim JS, Zeng LF, He Y, Chen L, Wells CD, Liu JO, Zhang ZY. Exploring the Existing Drug Space for Novel pTyr Mimetic and SHP2 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:782-6. [PMID: 26191366 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are potential therapeutic targets for many diseases. Unfortunately, despite considerable drug discovery efforts devoted to PTPs, obtaining selective and cell permeable PTP inhibitors remains highly challenging. We describe a strategy to explore the existing drug space for previously unknown PTP inhibitory activities. This led to the discovery of cefsulodin as an inhibitor of SHP2, an oncogenic phosphatase in the PTP family. Crystal structure analysis of SHP2 interaction with cefsulodin identified sulfophenyl acetic amide (SPAA) as a novel phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetic. A structure-guided and SPAA fragment-based focused library approach produced several potent and selective SHP2 inhibitors. Notably, these inhibitors blocked SHP2-mediated signaling events and proliferation in several cancer cell lines. Thus, SPAA may serve as a new platform for developing chemical probes for other PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joong S. Shim
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun O. Liu
- Department
of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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202
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Chio CM, Yu X, Bishop AC. Rational design of allosteric-inhibition sites in classical protein tyrosine phosphatases. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2828-38. [PMID: 25828055 PMCID: PMC4451255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphotyrosine in protein substrates, are critical regulators of metazoan cell signaling and have emerged as potential drug targets for a range of human diseases. Strategies for chemically targeting the function of individual PTPs selectively could serve to elucidate the signaling roles of these enzymes and would potentially expedite validation of the therapeutic promise of PTP inhibitors. Here we report a novel strategy for the design of non-natural allosteric-inhibition sites in PTPs; these sites, which can be introduced into target PTPs through protein engineering, serve to sensitize target PTPs to potent and selective inhibition by a biarsenical small molecule. Building on the recent discovery of a naturally occurring cryptic allosteric site in wild-type Src-homology-2 domain containing PTP (Shp2) that can be targeted by biarsenical compounds, we hypothesized that Shp2's unusual sensitivity to biarsenicals could be strengthened through rational design and that the Shp2-specific site could serve as a blueprint for the introduction of non-natural inhibitor sensitivity in other PTPs. Indeed, we show here that the strategic introduction of a cysteine residue at a position removed from the Shp2 active site can serve to increase the potency and selectivity of the interaction between Shp2's allosteric site and the biarsenical inhibitor. Moreover, we find that 'Shp2-like' allosteric sites can be installed de novo in PTP enzymes that do not possess naturally occurring sensitivity to biarsenical compounds. Using primary-sequence alignments to guide our enzyme engineering, we have successfully introduced allosteric-inhibition sites in four classical PTPs-PTP1B, PTPH-1, FAP-1, and HePTP-from four different PTP subfamilies, suggesting that our sensitization approach can likely be applied widely across the classical PTP family to generate biarsenical-responsive PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Chio
- Amherst College, Department of Chemistry, Amherst, MA 01002, United States
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Amherst College, Department of Chemistry, Amherst, MA 01002, United States
| | - Anthony C Bishop
- Amherst College, Department of Chemistry, Amherst, MA 01002, United States.
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203
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Tautz L, Senis YA, Oury C, Rahmouni S. Perspective: Tyrosine phosphatases as novel targets for antiplatelet therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2786-97. [PMID: 25921264 PMCID: PMC4451376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the primary cause of most cases of myocardial infarction and stroke, the leading causes of death in the developed world. Platelets, highly specialized cells of the circulatory system, are key contributors to thrombotic events. Antiplatelet drugs, which prevent platelets from aggregating, have been very effective in reducing the mortality and morbidity of these conditions. However, approved antiplatelet therapies have adverse side effects, most notably the increased risk of bleeding. Moreover, there remains a considerable incidence of arterial thrombosis in a subset of patients receiving currently available drugs. Thus, there is a pressing medical need for novel antiplatelet agents with a more favorable safety profile and less patient resistance. The discovery of novel antiplatelet targets is the matter of intense ongoing research. Recent findings demonstrate the potential of targeting key signaling molecules, including kinases and phosphatases, to prevent platelet activation and aggregation. Here, we offer perspectives to targeting members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily, a major class of enzymes in signal transduction. We give an overview of previously identified PTPs in platelet signaling, and discuss their potential as antiplatelet drug targets. We also introduce VHR (DUSP3), a PTP that we recently identified as a major player in platelet biology and thrombosis. We review our data on genetic deletion as well as pharmacological inhibition of VHR, providing proof-of-principle for a novel and potentially safer VHR-based antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Tautz
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yotis A Senis
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cécile Oury
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Souad Rahmouni
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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204
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Liu CC, Lai CY, Yen WF, Lin YH, Chang HH, Tai TS, Lu YJ, Tsao HW, Ho IC, Miaw SC. Reciprocal regulation of C-Maf tyrosine phosphorylation by Tec and Ptpn22. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127617. [PMID: 25993510 PMCID: PMC4439128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
C-Maf plays an important role in regulating cytokine production in TH cells. Its transactivation of IL-4 is optimized by phosphorylation at Tyr21, Tyr92, and Tyr131. However, the molecular mechanism regulating its tyrosine phosphorylation remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Tec kinase family member Tec, but not Rlk or Itk, is a tyrosine kinase of c-Maf and that Tec enhances c-Maf-dependent IL-4 promoter activity. This effect of Tec is counteracted by Ptpn22, which physically interacts with and facilitates tyrosine dephosphorylation of c-Maf thereby attenuating its transcriptional activity. We further show that phosphorylation of Tyr21/92/131 of c-Maf is also critical for its recruitment to the IL-21 promoter and optimal production of this cytokine by TH17 cells. Thus, manipulating tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Maf through its kinases and phosphatases can have significant impact on TH cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Liu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Lai
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsin Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Tai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Tsao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shi-Chuen Miaw
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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205
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Structural and Biochemical Analysis of Tyrosine Phosphatase Related to Biofilm Formation A (TpbA) from the Opportunistic Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124330. [PMID: 25909591 PMCID: PMC4409338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are important for cell communication and growth in most bacteria, and are responsible for a number of human clinical infections and diseases. TpbA (PA3885) is a dual specific tyrosine phosphatase (DUSP) that negatively regulates biofilm formation in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by converting extracellular quorum sensing signals into internal gene cascade reactions that result in reduced biofilm formation. We have determined the three-dimensional crystal structure of wild-type TpbA from P. aeruginosa PAO1 in the phosphate-bound state and a TpbA (C132S) mutant with phosphotyrosine. Comparison between the phosphate-bound structure and the previously reported ligand-free TpbA structure reveals the extent of conformational changes that occur upon substrate binding. The largest changes occur in the functional loops that define the substrate binding site, including the PTP, general acid and α4-α5 loops. We further show that TpbA efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of two phosphotyrosine peptides derived from the periplasmic domain of TpbB (YfiN, PA1120), with a strong preference for dephosphorylating Tyr48 over Tyr62. This work adds to the small repertoire of DUSP structures in both the ligand-free and ligand-bound states, and provides a starting point for further study of the role of TpbA in biofilm formation.
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206
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Grosskopf S, Eckert C, Arkona C, Radetzki S, Böhm K, Heinemann U, Wolber G, von Kries JP, Birchmeier W, Rademann J. Selective inhibitors of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 block cellular motility and growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:815-26. [PMID: 25877780 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), an enzyme that is deregulated in numerous human tumors, were generated through a combination of chemical synthesis and structure-based rational design. Seventy pyridazolon-4-ylidenehydrazinyl benzenesulfonates were prepared and evaluated in enzyme assays. The binding modes of active inhibitors were simulated in silico using a newly generated crystal structure of SHP2. The most powerful compound, GS-493 (4-{(2Z)-2-[1,3-bis(4-nitrophenyl)-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-yliden]hydrazino}benzenesulfonic acid; 25) inhibited SHP2 with an IC50 value of 71±15 nM in the enzyme assay and was 29- and 45-fold more active toward SHP2 than against related SHP1 and PTP1B. In cell culture experiments compound 25 was found to block hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-stimulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HPAF) cells, as indicated by a decrease in the minimum neighbor distances of cells. Moreover, 25 inhibited cell colony formation in the non-small-cell lung cancer cell line LXFA 526L in soft agar. Finally, 25 was observed to inhibit tumor growth in a murine xenograft model. Therefore, the novel specific compound 25 strengthens the hypothesis that SHP2 is a relevant protein target for the inhibition of mobility and invasiveness of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grosskopf
- Institut für Pharmazie/Institut für Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.bcp.fu-berlin.de/ag-rademann; Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin (Germany); Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin (Germany)
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207
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Pavic K, Duan G, Köhn M. VHR/DUSP3 phosphatase: structure, function and regulation. FEBS J 2015; 282:1871-90. [PMID: 25757426 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia H1-related (VHR) phosphatase, also known as dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) 3, is a small member of the DUSP (also called DSP) family of phosphatases. VHR has a preference for phospho-tyrosine substrates, and has important roles in cellular signaling ranging from cell-cycle regulation and the DNA damage response to MAPK signaling, platelet activation and angiogenesis. VHR/DUSP3 has been implicated in several human cancers, where its tumor-suppressing and -promoting properties have been described. We give a detailed overview of VHR/DUSP3 phosphatase and compare it with its most closely related phosphatases DUSP13B, DUSP26 and DUSP27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pavic
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guangyou Duan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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208
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Chen KE, Li MY, Chou CC, Ho MR, Chen GC, Meng TC, Wang AJ. Substrate Specificity and Plasticity of FERM-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Structure 2015; 23:653-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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209
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Abstract
Recent developments in endocrinology, made possible by the combination of mouse genetics, integrative physiology and clinical observations have resulted in rapid and unanticipated advances in the field of skeletal biology. Indeed, the skeleton, classically viewed as a structural scaffold necessary for mobility, and regulator of calcium-phosphorus homoeostasis and maintenance of the haematopoietic niche has now been identified as an important regulator of male fertility and whole-body glucose metabolism, in addition to the classical insulin target tissues. These seminal findings confirm bone to be a true endocrine organ. This review is intended to detail the key events commencing from the elucidation of osteocalcin (OC) in bone metabolism to identification of new and emerging candidates that may regulate energy metabolism independently of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Oldknow
- Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - V E MacRae
- Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Farquharson
- Developmental BiologyThe Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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210
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Ramesh M, Krishnan N, Muthuswamy SK, Tonks NK. A novel phosphatidic acid-protein-tyrosine phosphatase D2 axis is essential for ERBB2 signaling in mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9646-59. [PMID: 25681440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.627968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a loss-of-function screen to investigate the role of classical protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in three-dimensional mammary epithelial cell morphogenesis and ERBB2 signaling. The study revealed a novel role for PTPD2 as a positive regulator of ERBB2 signaling. Suppression of PTPD2 attenuated the ERBB2-induced multiacinar phenotype in three-dimensional cultures specifically by inhibiting ERBB2-mediated loss of polarity and lumen filling. In contrast, overexpression of PTPD2 enhanced the ERBB2 phenotype. We also found that a lipid second messenger, phosphatidic acid, bound PTPD2 in vitro and enhanced its catalytic activity. Small molecule inhibitors of phospholipase D (PLD), an enzyme that produces phosphatidic acid in cells, also attenuated the ERBB2 phenotype. Exogenously added phosphatidic acid rescued the PLD-inhibition phenotype, but only when PTPD2 was present. These findings illustrate a novel pathway involving PTPD2 and the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid that promotes ERBB2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Ramesh
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, the Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, and
| | - Navasona Krishnan
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, the Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- From the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724,
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211
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Krüger J, Brachs S, Trappiel M, Kintscher U, Meyborg H, Wellnhofer E, Thöne-Reineke C, Stawowy P, Östman A, Birkenfeld AL, Böhmer FD, Kappert K. Enhanced insulin signaling in density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) knockout mice. Mol Metab 2015; 4:325-36. [PMID: 25830095 PMCID: PMC4354926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance can be triggered by enhanced dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor or downstream components in the insulin signaling cascade through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Downregulating density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) resulted in an improved metabolic status in previous analyses. This phenotype was primarily caused by hepatic DEP-1 reduction. Methods Here we further elucidated the role of DEP-1 in glucose homeostasis by employing a conventional knockout model to explore the specific contribution of DEP-1 in metabolic tissues. Ptprj−/− (DEP-1 deficient) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Metabolic phenotyping was combined with analyses of phosphorylation patterns of insulin signaling components. Additionally, experiments with skeletal muscle cells and muscle tissue were performed to assess the role of DEP-1 for glucose uptake. Results High-fat diet fed-Ptprj−/− mice displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, leptin levels and blood pressure were reduced in Ptprj−/− mice. DEP-1 deficiency resulted in increased phosphorylation of components of the insulin signaling cascade in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue after insulin challenge. The beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis in vivo was corroborated by increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells in which DEP-1 was downregulated, and in skeletal muscle of Ptprj−/− mice. Conclusion Together, these data establish DEP-1 as novel negative regulator of insulin signaling.
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Key Words
- DEP-1, density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- Density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Glucose homeostasis
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IR, insulin receptor
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- KO, knockout
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Phosphorylation
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Krüger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Trappiel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Meyborg
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst Wellnhofer
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Experimental Medicine, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Östman
- Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:03, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank D Böhmer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Kappert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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212
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Fox JL, Storey A. BMX Negatively Regulates BAK Function, Thereby Increasing Apoptotic Resistance to Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1345-55. [PMID: 25649765 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability of chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis, predominantly via the mitochondrial (intrinsic) apoptotic pathway, is thought to be a major determinant of the sensitivity of a given cancer to treatment. Intrinsic apoptosis, regulated by the BCL2 family, integrates diverse apoptotic signals to determine cell death commitment and then activates the nodal effector protein BAK to initiate the apoptotic cascade. In this study, we identified the tyrosine kinase BMX as a direct negative regulator of BAK function. BMX associates with BAK in viable cells and is the first kinase to phosphorylate the key tyrosine residue needed to maintain BAK in an inactive conformation. Importantly, elevated BMX expression prevents BAK activation in tumor cells treated with chemotherapeutic agents and is associated with increased resistance to apoptosis and decreased patient survival. Accordingly, BMX expression was elevated in prostate, breast, and colon cancers compared with normal tissue, including in aggressive triple-negative breast cancers where BMX overexpression may be a novel biomarker. Furthermore, BMX silencing potentiated BAK activation, rendering tumor cells hypersensitive to otherwise sublethal doses of clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents. Our finding that BMX directly inhibits a core component of the intrinsic apoptosis machinery opens opportunities to improve the efficacy of existing chemotherapy by potentiating BAK-driven cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Fox
- Department of Oncology, WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Alan Storey
- Department of Oncology, WIMM, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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213
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Mirenda M, Toffali L, Montresor A, Scardoni G, Sorio C, Laudanna C. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type γ is a JAK phosphatase and negatively regulates leukocyte integrin activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2168-79. [PMID: 25624455 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of signal transduction networks depends on protein kinase and phosphatase activities. Protein tyrosine kinases of the JAK family have been shown to regulate integrin affinity modulation by chemokines and mediated homing to secondary lymphoid organs of human T lymphocytes. However, the role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in leukocyte recruitment is still elusive. In this study, we address this issue by focusing on protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type γ (PTPRG), a tyrosine phosphatase highly expressed in human primary monocytes. We developed a novel methodology to study the signaling role of receptor type tyrosine phosphatases and found that activated PTPRG blocks chemoattractant-induced β2 integrin activation. Specifically, triggering of LFA-1 to high-affinity state is prevented by PTPRG activation. High-throughput phosphoproteomics and computational analyses show that PTPRG activation affects the phosphorylation state of at least 31 signaling proteins. Deeper examination shows that JAKs are critically involved in integrin-mediated monocyte adhesion and that PTPRG activation leads to JAK2 dephosphorylation on the critical 1007-1008 phosphotyrosine residues, implying JAK2 inhibition and thus explaining the antiadhesive role of PTPRG. Overall, the data validate a new approach to study receptor tyrosine phosphatases and show that, by targeting JAKs, PTPRG downmodulates the rapid activation of integrin affinity in human monocytes, thus emerging as a potential novel critical regulator of leukocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Mirenda
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; and
| | - Lara Toffali
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; and Center for Biomedical Computing, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Alessio Montresor
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; and Center for Biomedical Computing, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scardoni
- Center for Biomedical Computing, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Claudio Sorio
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; and
| | - Carlo Laudanna
- Division of General Pathology, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; and Center for Biomedical Computing, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
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214
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Stability of proICA512/IA-2 and its targeting to insulin secretory granules require β4-sheet-mediated dimerization of its ectodomain in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:914-27. [PMID: 25561468 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00994-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 1 diabetes autoantigen ICA512/IA-2/RPTPN is a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase of the insulin secretory granules (SGs) which regulates the size of granule stores, possibly via cleavage/signaling of its cytosolic tail. The role of its extracellular region remains unknown. Structural studies indicated that β2- or β4-strands in the mature ectodomain (ME ICA512) form dimers in vitro. Here we show that ME ICA512 prompts proICA512 dimerization in the endoplasmic reticulum. Perturbation of ME ICA512 β2-strand N-glycosylation upon S508A replacement allows for proICA512 dimerization, O-glycosylation, targeting to granules, and conversion, which are instead precluded upon G553D replacement in the ME ICA512 β4-strand. S508A/G553D and N506A/G553D double mutants dimerize but remain in the endoplasmic reticulum. Removal of the N-terminal fragment (ICA512-NTF) preceding ME ICA512 allows an ICA512-ΔNTF G553D mutant to exit the endoplasmic reticulum, and ICA512-ΔNTF is constitutively delivered to the cell surface. The signal for SG sorting is located within the NTF RESP18 homology domain (RESP18-HD), whereas soluble NTF is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. Hence, we propose that the ME ICA512 β2-strand fosters proICA512 dimerization until NTF prevents N506 glycosylation. Removal of this constraint allows for proICA512 β4-strand-induced dimerization, exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, O-glycosylation, and RESP18-HD-mediated targeting to granules.
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215
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Chio CM, Lim CS, Bishop AC. Targeting a cryptic allosteric site for selective inhibition of the oncogenic protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2. Biochemistry 2015; 54:497-504. [PMID: 25519989 PMCID: PMC4303306 DOI: 10.1021/bi5013595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Protein
tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) have been the subject of considerable
pharmaceutical-design efforts because of the ubiquitous connections
between misregulation of PTP activity and human disease. PTP-inhibitor
discovery has been hampered, however, by the difficulty in identifying
cell-permeable compounds that can selectively target PTP active sites,
and no PTP inhibitors have progressed to the clinic. The identification
of allosteric sites on target PTPs therefore represents a potentially
attractive solution to the druggability problem of PTPs. Here we report
that the oncogenic PTP Shp2 contains an allosteric-inhibition site
that renders the enzyme sensitive to potent and selective inhibition
by cell-permeable biarsenical compounds. Because Shp2 contains no
canonical tetracysteine biarsenical-binding motif, the enzyme’s
inhibitor-binding site is not readily predictable from its primary
or three-dimensional structure. Intriguingly, however, Shp2’s
PTP domain does contain a cysteine residue (C333) at a position that
is removed from the active site and is occupied by proline in other
classical PTPs. We show that Shp2’s unusual cysteine residue
constitutes part of a Shp2-specific allosteric-inhibition site, and
that Shp2’s sensitivity to biarsenicals is dependent on the
presence of the naturally occurring C333. The determinative role of
this residue in conferring inhibitor sensitivity is surprising because
C333’s side chain is inaccessible to solvent in Shp2 crystal
structures. The discovery of this cryptic Shp2 allosteric site may
provide a means for targeting Shp2 activity with high specificity
and suggests that buried-yet-targetable allosteric sites could be
similarly uncovered in other protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Chio
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College , Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
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216
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Coles CH, Jones EY, Aricescu AR. Extracellular regulation of type IIa receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases: mechanistic insights from structural analyses. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 37:98-107. [PMID: 25234613 PMCID: PMC4765084 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) exhibit a wide repertoire of cellular signalling functions. In particular, type IIa RPTP family members have recently been highlighted as hubs for extracellular interactions in neurons, regulating neuronal extension and guidance, as well as synaptic organisation. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress of structural biology investigations into the architecture of type IIa RPTP ectodomains and their interactions with extracellular ligands. Structural insights, in combination with biophysical and cellular studies, allow us to begin to piece together molecular mechanisms for the transduction and integration of type IIa RPTP signals and to propose hypotheses for future experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Coles
- Laboratory for Axon Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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217
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Abstract
The druggability of a target is defined by the likelihood of a certain target binding site to be amendable to functional modulation by a small molecule in vivo. Thus, druggability depends on the ability of the developed small molecule to reach the target site, the properties of the ligand binding pocket and our ability to develop chemical matter that efficiently interact with the drug binding site of interest. Historically enzymes have been the main drug targets because the inhibition of their activity can be easily assayed and catalytic centres are often attractive drug binding sites. However, despite considerable effort, a number of classical enzyme families have not been successfully targeted. More recently protein-protein interactions received considerable attention and several clinical inhibitors have now been developed. Despite the considerable progress made expanding target space, a large number of targets with a very strong rationale for targeting remain intractable. In the following chapter I will summarize progress made in developing inhibitors for challenging drug binding sites and emerging target families.
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218
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He XP, Zang Y, James TD, Li J, Chen GR. Probing disease-related proteins with fluorogenic composite materials. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 44:4239-4248. [PMID: 25474366 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00252k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Construction of composite materials based on the self-assembly of fluorescently labeled biomolecules with a variety of micro- or nano-quenching materials (by the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer mechanism) for the fluorogenic recognition of disease-related proteins has become a dynamic research topic in the field of fluorescence recognition. Here we summarize the recent progress on the composition of fluorescence dye-labeled biomolecules including sugars, peptides and nucleotides with organic (graphene and carbon nanotubes) and inorganic (gold nanoparticles) materials. Their application in the fluorescence detection of proteins and enzymes on both the molecular and cellular levels is discussed. Perspectives are proposed with respect to the future directions of employing these composite materials in the recognition of pathological proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yi Zang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 189 Guo Shoujing Rd., Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Guo-Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, PR China.
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219
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Modulation of the proteoglycan receptor PTPσ promotes recovery after spinal cord injury. Nature 2014; 518:404-8. [PMID: 25470046 PMCID: PMC4336236 DOI: 10.1038/nature13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a variety of disabilities due to limited neuronal regeneration and functional plasticity. It is well established that an upregulation of glial derived chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) within the glial scar and perineuronal net (PNN) creates a barrier to axonal regrowth and sprouting1–5. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase σ (PTPσ), along with its sister phosphatase Leukocyte common Antigen-Related (LAR), and the Nogo Receptors 1 and 3 (NgR) have recently been identified as receptors for the inhibitory glycosylated side chains of CSPGs6–8. We found that PTPσ plays a critical role in converting growth cones into a dystrophic state by tightly stabilizing them within CSPG-rich substrates. We generated a membrane-permeable peptide mimetic of the PTPσ wedge domain that binds to PTPσ and relieves CSPG-mediated inhibition. Systemic delivery of this peptide over weeks restored substantial serotonergic innervation to the spinal cord below the level of injury and facilitated functional recovery of both locomotor and urinary systems. Our results add a new layer of understanding to the critical role of PTPσ in mediating the growth-inhibited state of neurons due to CSPGs within the injured adult spinal cord.
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220
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Novel approaches for targeting kinases: allosteric inhibition, allosteric activation and pseudokinases. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:541-61. [PMID: 24649957 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are involved in many essential cellular processes and their deregulation can lead to a variety of diseases, including cancer. The pharmaceutical industry has invested heavily in the identification of kinase inhibitors to modulate these disease-promoting pathways, resulting in several successful drugs. However, the field is challenging as it is difficult to identify novel selective inhibitors with good pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. In addition, resistance to kinase inhibitor treatment frequently arises. The identification of non-ATP site targeting ('allosteric') inhibitors, the identification of kinase activators and the expansion of kinase target space to include the less studied members of the family, including atypical- and pseudo-kinases, are potential avenues to overcome these challenges. In this perspective, the opportunities and challenges of following these approaches and others will be discussed.
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221
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Husedzinovic A, Neumann B, Reymann J, Draeger-Meurer S, Chari A, Erfle H, Fischer U, Gruss OJ. The catalytically inactive tyrosine phosphatase HD-PTP/PTPN23 is a novel regulator of SMN complex localization. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:161-71. [PMID: 25392300 PMCID: PMC4294665 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This first systematic and comprehensive screen of human phosphatases for a regulatory role in the survival motor neuron (SMN) complex identifies the catalytically inactive, non–receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase PTPN23/HD-PTP as a novel SMN complex regulator. PTPN23 maintains a highly phosphorylated state of SMN, which is important for its function in snRNP assembly. The survival motor neuron (SMN) complex fulfils essential functions in the assembly of snRNPs, which are key components in the splicing of pre-mRNAs. Little is known about the regulation of SMN complex activity by posttranslational modification despite its complicated phosphorylation pattern. Several phosphatases had been implicated in the regulation of SMN, including the nuclear phosphatases PPM1G and PP1γ. Here we systematically screened all human phosphatase gene products for a regulatory role in the SMN complex. We used the accumulation of SMN in Cajal bodies of intact proliferating cells, which actively assemble snRNPs, as a readout for unperturbed SMN complex function. Knockdown of 29 protein phosphatases interfered with SMN accumulation in Cajal bodies, suggesting impaired SMN complex function, among those the catalytically inactive, non–receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase PTPN23/HD-PTP. Knockdown of PTPN23 also led to changes in the phosphorylation pattern of SMN without affecting the assembly of the SMN complex. We further show interaction between SMN and PTPN23 and document that PTPN23, like SMN, shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm. Our data provide the first comprehensive screen for SMN complex regulators and establish a novel regulatory function of PTPN23 in maintaining a highly phosphorylated state of SMN, which is important for its proper function in snRNP assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Husedzinovic
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility Programme, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Reymann
- ViroQuant-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BioQuant Centre, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Draeger-Meurer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ashwin Chari
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- ViroQuant-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BioQuant Centre, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter of the University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Gruss
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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222
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Chen KE, Lin SY, Wu MJ, Ho MR, Santhanam A, Chou CC, Meng TC, Wang AHJ. Reciprocal allosteric regulation of p38γ and PTPN3 involves a PDZ domain-modulated complex formation. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra98. [PMID: 25314968 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase p38γ (also known as MAPK12) and its specific phosphatase PTPN3 (also known as PTPH1) cooperate to promote Ras-induced oncogenesis. We determined the architecture of the PTPN3-p38γ complex by a hybrid method combining x-ray crystallography, small-angle x-ray scattering, and chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry. A unique feature of the glutamic acid-containing loop (E-loop) of the phosphatase domain defined the substrate specificity of PTPN3 toward fully activated p38γ. The solution structure revealed the formation of an active-state complex between p38γ and the phosphatase domain of PTPN3. The PDZ domain of PTPN3 stabilized the active-state complex through an interaction with the PDZ-binding motif of p38γ. This interaction alleviated autoinhibition of PTPN3, enabling efficient tyrosine dephosphorylation of p38γ. Our findings may enable structure-based drug design targeting the PTPN3-p38γ interaction as an anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-En Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ju Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ru Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Abirami Santhanam
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. National Core Facility for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ching Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10717, Taiwan.
| | - Andrew H J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. National Core Facility for Protein Structural Analysis, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11581, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10717, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11047, Taiwan.
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223
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Xiao P, Wang X, Wang HM, Fu XL, Cui FA, Yu X, Wen SS, Bi WX, Sun JP. The second-sphere residue T263 is important for the function and catalytic activity of PTP1B via interaction with the WPD-loop. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:84-95. [PMID: 25450460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases have diverse substrate specificities and intrinsic activities that lay the foundations for the fine-tuning of a phosphorylation network to precisely regulate cellular signal transduction. All classical PTPs share common catalytic mechanisms, and the important catalytic residues in the first sphere of their active sites have been well characterized. However, little attention has been paid to the second-sphere residues that are potentially important in defining the intrinsic activity and substrate specificity of PTPs. Here, we find that a conserved second-sphere residue, Thr263, located in the surface Q-loop is important for both the function and activity of PTPs. Using PTP1B as a study model, we found that mutations of Thr263 impaired the negative regulation role of PTP1B in insulin signaling. A detailed mechanistic study utilizing steady-state kinetics, Brønsted analysis and pH dependence in the presence of pNPP or phosphopeptide substrates revealed that Thr263 is required for the stabilization of the leaving group during catalysis. Further crystallographic studies and structural comparison revealed that Thr263 regulates the general acid function through modulation of the WPD-loop by the T263:F182/Y/H interaction pair, which is conserved in 26 out of 32 classical PTPs. In addition, the hydrophobic interaction between Thr263 and Arg1159 of the insulin receptor contributes to the substrate specificity of PTP1B. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the general role of the second-sphere residue Thr263 in PTP catalysis. Our findings suggest that the second sphere residues of PTP active site may play important roles in PTP-mediated function in both normal and diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial School Key Laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial School Key Laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- Shandong Provincial School Key Laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Fu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial School Key Laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Public Health, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fu-ai Cui
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Shandong Provincial School Key Laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Public Health, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shi-shuai Wen
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial School Key Laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Bi
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial School Key Laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China; Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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224
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Zhang M, March ME, Lane WS, Long EO. A signaling network stimulated by β2 integrin promotes the polarization of lytic granules in cytotoxic cells. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra96. [PMID: 25292215 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill target cells through the polarized release of the contents of intracellular perforin-containing granules. In natural killer (NK) cells, the binding of β2 integrin to members of the intercellular adhesion molecule family is sufficient to promote not only the adhesion of NK cells to target cells but also the polarization of intracellular lytic granules toward the target. We used NK cells in an experimental system designed to enable us to study the polarization of lytic granules in the absence of their release through degranulation, as well as β2 integrin signaling independently of inside-out signals from other receptors. Through a proteomics approach, we identified a signaling network centered on an integrin-linked kinase (ILK)-Pyk2-paxillin core that was required for granule and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) polarization. The conserved Cdc42-Par6 signaling pathway, which controls cell polarity, was also activated by ILK and was required for granule polarization toward the target cell. A subset of the signaling components required for polarization contributed also to the convergence of granules on the MTOC. These results delineate two connected signaling networks that are stimulated upon β2 integrin engagement and control the polarization of the MTOC and associated lytic granules toward the site of contact with target cells to mediate cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michael E March
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - William S Lane
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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225
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Maisonneuve P, Caillet-Saguy C, Raynal B, Gilquin B, Chaffotte A, Pérez J, Zinn-Justin S, Delepierre M, Buc H, Cordier F, Wolff N. Regulation of the catalytic activity of the human phosphatase PTPN4 by its PDZ domain. FEBS J 2014; 281:4852-65. [PMID: 25158884 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The human protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 4 (PTPN4) prevents cells death. Targeting its PDZ domain abrogates this protection and triggers apoptosis. We demonstrate here that the PDZ domain inhibits the phosphatase activity of PTPN4. The mere binding of a PDZ ligand is sufficient to release the catalytic inhibition. We combined analytical ultracentrifugation, small angle X-ray scattering and NMR to understand how the PDZ domain controls PTPN4 activity. We show that the physiologically active PTPN4 two-domain, encompassing the PDZ and the phosphatase domains, adopts a predominant compact conformation in solution. The PDZ ligand binding restores the catalytic competence of PTPN4 disrupting the transient interdomain communication. This study strengthens the emerging notion that PDZ domains can act as regulators of enzyme activity and therefore are active players in the dynamic regulation of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maisonneuve
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Unité de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire des Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Paris, France
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226
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Zhao S, Sedwick D, Wang Z. Genetic alterations of protein tyrosine phosphatases in human cancers. Oncogene 2014; 34:3885-94. [PMID: 25263441 PMCID: PMC4377308 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are enzymes that remove phosphate from tyrosine residues in proteins. Recent whole-exome sequencing of human cancer genomes reveals that many PTPs are frequently mutated in a variety of cancers. Among these mutated PTPs, protein tyrosine phosphatase T (PTPRT) appears to be the most frequently mutated PTP in human cancers. Beside PTPN11 which functions as an oncogene in leukemia, genetic and functional studies indicate that most of mutant PTPs are tumor suppressor genes. Identification of the substrates and corresponding kinases of the mutant PTPs may provide novel therapeutic targets for cancers harboring these mutant PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Shanghai Institution of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China [2] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [3] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D Sedwick
- 1] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Z Wang
- 1] Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA [2] Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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227
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Moretti DM, Ahuja LG, Nunes RD, Cudischevitch CO, Daumas-Filho CRO, Medeiros-Castro P, Ventura-Martins G, Jablonka W, Gazos-Lopes F, Senna R, Sorgine MHF, Hartfelder K, Capurro M, Atella GC, Mesquita RD, Silva-Neto MAC. Molecular analysis of Aedes aegypti classical protein tyrosine phosphatases uncovers an ortholog of mammalian PTP-1B implicated in the control of egg production in mosquitoes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104878. [PMID: 25137153 PMCID: PMC4138107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) are enzymes that catalyze phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation and modulate cell differentiation, growth and metabolism. In mammals, PTPs play a key role in the modulation of canonical pathways involved in metabolism and immunity. PTP1B is the prototype member of classical PTPs and a major target for treating human diseases, such as cancer, obesity and diabetes. These signaling enzymes are, hence, targets of a wide array of inhibitors. Anautogenous mosquitoes rely on blood meals to lay eggs and are vectors of the most prevalent human diseases. Identifying the mosquito ortholog of PTP1B and determining its involvement in egg production is, therefore, important in the search for a novel and crucial target for vector control. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted an analysis to identify the ortholog of mammalian PTP1B in the Aedes aegypti genome. We identified eight genes coding for classical PTPs. In silico structural and functional analyses of proteins coded by such genes revealed that four of these code for catalytically active enzymes. Among the four genes coding for active PTPs, AAEL001919 exhibits the greatest degree of homology with the mammalian PTP1B. Next, we evaluated the role of this enzyme in egg formation. Blood feeding largely affects AAEL001919 expression, especially in the fat body and ovaries. These tissues are critically involved in the synthesis and storage of vitellogenin, the major yolk protein. Including the classical PTP inhibitor sodium orthovanadate or the PTP substrate DiFMUP in the blood meal decreased vitellogenin synthesis and egg production. Similarly, silencing AAEL001919 using RNA interference (RNAi) assays resulted in 30% suppression of egg production. Conclusions/Significance The data reported herein implicate, for the first time, a gene that codes for a classical PTP in mosquito egg formation. These findings raise the possibility that this class of enzymes may be used as novel targets to block egg formation in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Monteiro Moretti
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lalima Gagan Ahuja
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Dutra Nunes
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cecília Oliveira Cudischevitch
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Renato Oliveira Daumas-Filho
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Medeiros-Castro
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ventura-Martins
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Willy Jablonka
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gazos-Lopes
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Senna
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique Ferreira Sorgine
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Klaus Hartfelder
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Margareth Capurro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mário Alberto Cardoso Silva-Neto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular (LabSiCel), Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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228
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Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 for therapeutic intervention. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1423-37. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases have been the focus of considerable research efforts aimed at developing novel therapeutics; however, these targets are often characterized as being ‘undruggable’ due to the challenge of achieving selectivity, potency and cell permeability. More recently, there has been renewed interest in developing inhibitors of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (PTPN11) in the light of its broad role in cancer, specifically juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and recent studies that implicate SHP2 as a key factor in breast cancer progression. Recent significant advances in the field of SHP2 inhibitor development raise the question: are we on the verge of a new era of protein tyrosine phosphatase-directed therapeutics? This article critically appraises recent developments, assesses ongoing challenges and presents a perspective on possible future directions.
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229
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Zeng LF, Zhang RY, Yu ZH, Li S, Wu L, Gunawan AM, Lane BS, Mali RS, Li X, Chan RJ, Kapur R, Wells CD, Zhang ZY. Therapeutic potential of targeting the oncogenic SHP2 phosphatase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6594-609. [PMID: 25003231 PMCID: PMC4136714 DOI: 10.1021/jm5006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The Src homology 2 domain containing
protein tyrosine phosphatase-2
(SHP2) is an oncogenic phosphatase associated with various kinds of
leukemia and solid tumors. Thus, there is substantial interest in
developing SHP2 inhibitors as potential anticancer and antileukemia
agents. Using a structure-guided and fragment-based library approach,
we identified a novel hydroxyindole carboxylic acid-based SHP2 inhibitor 11a-1, with an IC50 value of 200 nM
and greater than 5-fold selectivity against 20 mammalian PTPs. Structural
and modeling studies reveal that the hydroxyindole carboxylic acid
anchors the inhibitor to the SHP2 active site, while interactions
of the oxalamide linker and the phenylthiophene tail with residues
in the β5–β6 loop contribute
to 11a-1’s binding potency and selectivity.
Evidence suggests that 11a-1 specifically
attenuates the SHP2-dependent signaling inside the cell. Moreover, 11a-1 blocks growth factor mediated Erk1/2 and
Akt activation and exhibits excellent antiproliferative activity in
lung cancer and breast cancer as well as leukemia cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fan Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and §Chemical Genomics Core Facility, Indiana University School of Medicine , 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 United States
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Roda-Navarro P, Bastiaens PI. Dynamic recruitment of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPD1 to EGF stimulation sites potentiates EGFR activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103203. [PMID: 25062045 PMCID: PMC4111557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced activity of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases (PTPs) controls tyrosine phosphorylation levels and, consequently, is needed to prevent pathologies like cancer. Phosphatase activity is tightly regulated in space and time. Thus, in order to understand how phospho-tyrosine signalling is regulated, the intracellular dynamics of PTPs should be investigated. Here, we have studied the intracellular dynamics of PTPD1, a FERM (four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain-containing PTP that is over expressed in cancer cells and potentiates EGFR signalling. Whereas PTPD1 was excluded from E-cadherin rich cell-cell adhesions in epithelial cell monolayers, it diffused from the cytoplasm to those membranes in contact with the extracellular medium. Localisation of PTPD1 at the plasma membrane was mediated by its FERM domain and enabled the formation of EGFR/PTPD1-containing signalling complexes that pre-existed at the plasma membrane before EGF stimulation. PTPD1 and EGFR transiently co-localised at EGF stimulation sites until the formation of macropinosomes containing active species of EGFR. Interference of PTPD1 expression caused a decrease in EGFR phosphorylated species at the periphery of the cell. Presented data suggest that the transient formation of dynamic PTPD1/EGFR signalling complexes strengthens EGF signalling by promoting the spatial propagation of EGFR phosphorylated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University and ‘12 de Octubre’ Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (PR-N); (PIB)
| | - Philippe I. Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
- * E-mail: (PR-N); (PIB)
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231
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Andrographolide induces vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis through a SHP-1-PP2A-p38MAPK-p53 cascade. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5651. [PMID: 25007834 PMCID: PMC4090621 DOI: 10.1038/srep05651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal growth of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is considered a critical pathogenic process in inflammatory vascular diseases. We have previously demonstrated that protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A)-mediated NF-κB dephosphorylation contributes to the anti-inflammatory properties of andrographolide, a novel NF-κB inhibitor. In this study, we investigated whether andrographolide causes apoptosis, and characterized its apoptotic mechanisms in rat VSMCs. Andrographolide activated the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), leading to p53 phosphorylation. Phosphorylated p53 subsequently transactivated the expression of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein. Transfection with pp2a small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed andrographolide-induced p38MAPK activation, p53 phosphorylation, and caspase 3 activation. Andrographolide also activated the Src homology 1 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1), and induced PP2A dephosphorylation, both of which were inhibited by the SHP-1 inhibitor sodium stibogluconate (SSG) or shp-1 siRNA. SSG or shp-1 siRNA prevented andrographolide-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that andrographolide activates the PP2A-p38MAPK-p53-Bax cascade, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and VSMC death through an SHP-1-dependent mechanism.
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232
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Fullerene derivatives as a new class of inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3175-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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233
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Ahuja LG, Gopal B. Bi-domain protein tyrosine phosphatases reveal an evolutionary adaptation to optimize signal transduction. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2141-59. [PMID: 24206235 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The bi-domain protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) exemplify functional evolution in signaling proteins for optimal spatiotemporal signal transduction. Bi-domain PTPs are products of gene duplication. The catalytic activity, however, is often localized to one PTP domain. The inactive PTP domain adopts multiple functional roles. These include modulation of catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and stability of the bi-domain enzyme. In some cases, the inactive PTP domain is a receptor for redox stimuli. Since multiple bi-domain PTPs are concurrently active in related cellular pathways, a stringent regulatory mechanism and selective cross-talk is essential to ensure fidelity in signal transduction. RECENT ADVANCES The inactive PTP domain is an activator for the catalytic PTP domain in some cases, whereas it reduces catalytic activity in other bi-domain PTPs. The relative orientation of the two domains provides a conformational rationale for this regulatory mechanism. Recent structural and biochemical data reveal that these PTP domains participate in substrate recruitment. The inactive PTP domain has also been demonstrated to undergo substantial conformational rearrangement and oligomerization under oxidative stress. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS The role of the inactive PTP domain in coupling environmental stimuli with catalytic activity needs to be further examined. Another aspect that merits attention is the role of this domain in substrate recruitment. These aspects have been poorly characterized in vivo. These lacunae currently restrict our understanding of neo-functionalization of the inactive PTP domain in the bi-domain enzyme. It appears likely that more data from these research themes could form the basis for understanding the fidelity in intracellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalima Gagan Ahuja
- 1 Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India
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234
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are important enzymes that are involved in the regulation of cellular signaling. Evidence accumulated over the years has indicated that PTPs present exciting opportunities for drug discovery against diseases such as diabetes, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and tuberculosis. However, the highly conserved and partially positive charge of the catalytic sites of PTPs is a major challenge in the development of potent and highly selective PTP inhibitors. RECENT ADVANCES Here, we examine the strategy of developing bidentate inhibitors for selective inhibition of PTPs. Bidentate inhibitors are small-molecular-weight compounds with the ability to bind to both the active site and a non-conserved secondary phosphate binding site. This secondary phosphate binding site was initially discovered in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and, hence, most of the bidentate inhibitors reported in this review are PTP1B inhibitors. CRITICAL ISSUES Although bidentate inhibition is a good strategy for developing potent and selective inhibitors, the cell membrane permeability and pharmacokinetic properties of the inhibitors are also important for successful drug development. In this review, we will also summarize the various efforts made toward the development of phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetics for increasing cellular permeability. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Even though the secondary phosphate binding site was initially found in PTP1B, structural data have shown that a secondary binding site can also be found in other PTPs, albeit with varying degrees of accessibility. Along with improvements in pTyr mimetics, we believe that the future will see an increase in the number of orally bioavailable bidentate inhibitors against the various classes of PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Leng Low
- 1 Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences , Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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235
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Wen H, Li Y, Xi Y, Jiang S, Stratton S, Peng D, Tanaka K, Ren Y, Xia Z, Wu J, Li B, Barton MC, Li W, Li H, Shi X. ZMYND11 links histone H3.3K36me3 to transcription elongation and tumour suppression. Nature 2014; 508:263-8. [PMID: 24590075 DOI: 10.1038/nature13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of modified histones by 'reader' proteins plays a critical role in the regulation of chromatin. H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) is deposited onto the nucleosomes in the transcribed regions after RNA polymerase II elongation. In yeast, this mark in turn recruits epigenetic regulators to reset the chromatin to a relatively repressive state, thus suppressing cryptic transcription. However, much less is known about the role of H3K36me3 in transcription regulation in mammals. This is further complicated by the transcription-coupled incorporation of the histone variant H3.3 in gene bodies. Here we show that the candidate tumour suppressor ZMYND11 specifically recognizes H3K36me3 on H3.3 (H3.3K36me3) and regulates RNA polymerase II elongation. Structural studies show that in addition to the trimethyl-lysine binding by an aromatic cage within the PWWP domain, the H3.3-dependent recognition is mediated by the encapsulation of the H3.3-specific 'Ser 31' residue in a composite pocket formed by the tandem bromo-PWWP domains of ZMYND11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing shows a genome-wide co-localization of ZMYND11 with H3K36me3 and H3.3 in gene bodies, and its occupancy requires the pre-deposition of H3.3K36me3. Although ZMYND11 is associated with highly expressed genes, it functions as an unconventional transcription co-repressor by modulating RNA polymerase II at the elongation stage. ZMYND11 is critical for the repression of a transcriptional program that is essential for tumour cell growth; low expression levels of ZMYND11 in breast cancer patients correlate with worse prognosis. Consistently, overexpression of ZMYND11 suppresses cancer cell growth in vitro and tumour formation in mice. Together, this study identifies ZMYND11 as an H3.3-specific reader of H3K36me3 that links the histone-variant-mediated transcription elongation control to tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wen
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Center for Cancer Epigenetics, Center for Genetics and Genomics, and Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [3]
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- 1] MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [3]
| | - Yuanxin Xi
- 1] Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2]
| | - Shiming Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sabrina Stratton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Danni Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yongfeng Ren
- 1] MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Michelle C Barton
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Center for Cancer Epigenetics, Center for Genetics and Genomics, and Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [3] Genes and Development Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Teaxs 77030, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Haitao Li
- 1] MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China [2] Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaobing Shi
- 1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Center for Cancer Epigenetics, Center for Genetics and Genomics, and Center for Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [3] Genes and Development Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Teaxs 77030, USA
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236
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van Ameijde J, Overvoorde J, Knapp S, den Hertog J, Ruijtenbeek R, Liskamp RMJ. A versatile spectrophotometric protein tyrosine phosphatase assay based on 3-nitrophosphotyrosine containing substrates. Anal Biochem 2014; 448:9-13. [PMID: 24309020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A versatile assay for protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) employing 3-nitrophosphotyrosine containing peptidic substrates is described. These therapeutically important phosphatases feature in signal transduction pathways. The assay involves spectrophotometric detection of 3-nitrotyrosine production from 3-nitrophosphotyrosine containing peptidic substrates, which are accepted by many PTPs. Compared to conventional chromogenic phosphate derivatives, the more realistic peptidic substrates allow evaluating substrate specificity. The assay's applicability is demonstrated by determining kinetic parameters for several PTP-substrate combinations and inhibitor evaluation, as well as detection of PTP activity in lysates. The convenient new assay may assist further adoption of PTPs in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Ameijde
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, P.O. Box 85164, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, P.O. Box 85164, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Pamgene International Ltd., Wolvenhoek 10, P.O. Box 1345, 5200 BJ Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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237
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Pan C, Liu HD, Gong Z, Yu X, Hou XB, Xie DD, Zhu XB, Li HW, Tang JY, Xu YF, Yu JQ, Zhang LY, Fang H, Xiao KH, Chen YG, Wang JY, Pang Q, Chen W, Sun JP. Cadmium is a potent inhibitor of PPM phosphatases and targets the M1 binding site. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2333. [PMID: 23903585 PMCID: PMC3730172 DOI: 10.1038/srep02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium is a non-degradable pollutant. By screening the effects of a panel of metal ions on the phosphatase activity, we unexpectedly identified cadmium as a potent inhibitor of PPM1A and PPM1G. In contrast, low micromolar concentrations of cadmium did not inhibit PP1 or tyrosine phosphatases. Kinetic studies revealed that cadmium inhibits PPM phosphatases through the M1 metal ion binding site. In particular, the negative charged D441 in PPM1G specific recognized cadmium. Our results suggest that cadmium is likely a potent inhibitor of most PPM family members except for PHLPPs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that cadmium inhibits PPM1A-regulated MAPK signaling and PPM1G-regulated AKT signaling potently in vivo. Cadmium reversed PPM1A-induced cell cycle arrest and cadmium insensitive PPM1A mutant rescued cadmium induced cell death. Taken together, these findings provide a better understanding of the effects of the toxicity of cadmium in the contexts of human physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Pan
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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238
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Jeong DG, Wei CH, Ku B, Jeon TJ, Chien PN, Kim JK, Park SY, Hwang HS, Ryu SY, Park H, Kim DS, Kim SJ, Ryu SE. The family-wide structure and function of human dual-specificity protein phosphatases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:421-35. [PMID: 24531476 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713029866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dual-specificity protein phosphatases (DUSPs), which dephosphorylate both phosphoserine/threonine and phosphotyrosine, play vital roles in immune activation, brain function and cell-growth signalling. A family-wide structural library of human DUSPs was constructed based on experimental structure determination supplemented with homology modelling. The catalytic domain of each individual DUSP has characteristic features in the active site and in surface-charge distribution, indicating substrate-interaction specificity. The active-site loop-to-strand switch occurs in a subtype-specific manner, indicating that the switch process is necessary for characteristic substrate interactions in the corresponding DUSPs. A comprehensive analysis of the activity-inhibition profile and active-site geometry of DUSPs revealed a novel role of the active-pocket structure in the substrate specificity of DUSPs. A structure-based analysis of redox responses indicated that the additional cysteine residues are important for the protection of enzyme activity. The family-wide structures of DUSPs form a basis for the understanding of phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction and the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gwin Jeong
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Hua Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Jeon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Ngoc Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwan Kim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ya Park
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Ryu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Soo Kim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eon Ryu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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239
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Lui VWY, Peyser ND, Ng PKS, Hritz J, Zeng Y, Lu Y, Li H, Wang L, Gilbert BR, General IJ, Bahar I, Ju Z, Wang Z, Pendleton KP, Xiao X, Du Y, Vries JK, Hammerman PS, Garraway LA, Mills GB, Johnson DE, Grandis JR. Frequent mutation of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases provides a mechanism for STAT3 hyperactivation in head and neck cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:1114-9. [PMID: 24395800 PMCID: PMC3903220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319551111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The underpinnings of STAT3 hyperphosphorylation resulting in enhanced signaling and cancer progression are incompletely understood. Loss-of-function mutations of enzymes that dephosphorylate STAT3, such as receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases, which are encoded by the PTPR gene family, represent a plausible mechanism of STAT3 hyperactivation. We analyzed whole exome sequencing (n = 374) and reverse-phase protein array data (n = 212) from head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). PTPR mutations are most common and are associated with significantly increased phospho-STAT3 expression in HNSCC tumors. Expression of receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase T (PTPRT) mutant proteins induces STAT3 phosphorylation and cell survival, consistent with a "driver" phenotype. Computational modeling reveals functional consequences of PTPRT mutations on phospho-tyrosine-substrate interactions. A high mutation rate (30%) of PTPRs was found in HNSCC and 14 other solid tumors, suggesting that PTPR alterations, in particular PTPRT mutations, may define a subset of patients where STAT3 pathway inhibitors hold particular promise as effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noah D. Peyser
- Departments of Otolaryngology
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | | | - Jozef Hritz
- Structural Biology, and
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Hua Li
- Departments of Otolaryngology
| | | | | | - Ignacio J. General
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Zhenlin Ju
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Zhenghe Wang
- Department of Genetics and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | | | - Yu Du
- Departments of Otolaryngology
| | - John K. Vries
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Peter S. Hammerman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | | | - Daniel E. Johnson
- Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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240
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Selner NG, Luechapanichkul R, Chen X, Neel BG, Zhang ZY, Knapp S, Bell CE, Pei D. Diverse levels of sequence selectivity and catalytic efficiency of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. Biochemistry 2014; 53:397-412. [PMID: 24359314 PMCID: PMC3954597 DOI: 10.1021/bi401223r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The sequence selectivity of 14 classical protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) (PTPRA, PTPRB, PTPRC, PTPRD, PTPRO, PTP1B, SHP-1, SHP-2, HePTP, PTP-PEST, TCPTP, PTPH1, PTPD1, and PTPD2) was systematically profiled by screening their catalytic domains against combinatorial peptide libraries. All of the PTPs exhibit similar preference for pY peptides rich in acidic amino acids and disfavor positively charged sequences but differ vastly in their degrees of preference/disfavor. Some PTPs (PTP-PEST, SHP-1, and SHP-2) are highly selective for acidic over basic (or neutral) peptides (by >10(5)-fold), whereas others (PTPRA and PTPRD) show no to little sequence selectivity. PTPs also have diverse intrinsic catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM values against optimal substrates), which differ by >10(5)-fold due to different kcat and/or KM values. Moreover, PTPs show little positional preference for the acidic residues relative to the pY residue. Mutation of Arg47 of PTP1B, which is located near the pY-1 and pY-2 residues of a bound substrate, decreased the enzymatic activity by 3-18-fold toward all pY substrates containing acidic residues anywhere within the pY-6 to pY+5 region. Similarly, mutation of Arg24, which is situated near the C-terminus of a bound substrate, adversely affected the kinetic activity of all acidic substrates. A cocrystal structure of PTP1B bound with a nephrin pY(1193) peptide suggests that Arg24 engages in electrostatic interactions with acidic residues at the pY+1, pY+2, and likely other positions. These results suggest that long-range electrostatic interactions between positively charged residues near the PTP active site and acidic residues on pY substrates allow a PTP to bind acidic substrates with similar affinities, and the varying levels of preference for acidic sequences by different PTPs are likely caused by the different electrostatic potentials near their active sites. The implications of the varying sequence selectivity and intrinsic catalytic activities with respect to PTP in vivo substrate specificity and biological functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Selner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rinrada Luechapanichkul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xianwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Room 7-504, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charles E. Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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241
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Bellomo E, Massarotti A, Hogstrand C, Maret W. Zinc ions modulate protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity. Metallomics 2014; 6:1229-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00086b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel mechanism by which Zn2+ modulates PTP1B activity encompasses the binding to the closed and phospho-intermediate forms only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bellomo
- King's College London
- Metal Metabolism Group
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences
- School of Medicine
- London, UK
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Universitá degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”
- 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- King's College London
- Metal Metabolism Group
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences
- School of Medicine
- London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- King's College London
- Metal Metabolism Group
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences
- School of Medicine
- London, UK
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242
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Seifried A, Knobloch G, Duraphe PS, Segerer G, Manhard J, Schindelin H, Schultz J, Gohla A. Evolutionary and structural analyses of mammalian haloacid dehalogenase-type phosphatases AUM and chronophin provide insight into the basis of their different substrate specificities. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3416-31. [PMID: 24338473 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.503359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-type phosphatases are an emerging family of phosphatases with important functions in physiology and disease, yet little is known about the basis of their substrate specificity. Here, we characterize a previously unexplored HAD family member (gene annotation, phosphoglycolate phosphatase), which we termed AUM, for aspartate-based, ubiquitous, Mg(2+)-dependent phosphatase. AUM is a tyrosine-specific paralog of the serine/threonine-specific protein and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-directed HAD phosphatase chronophin. Comparative evolutionary and biochemical analyses reveal that a single, differently conserved residue in the cap domain of either AUM or chronophin is crucial for phosphatase specificity. We have solved the x-ray crystal structure of the AUM cap fused to the catalytic core of chronophin to 2.65 Å resolution and present a detailed view of the catalytic clefts of AUM and chronophin that explains their substrate preferences. Our findings identify a small number of cap domain residues that encode the different substrate specificities of AUM and chronophin.
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243
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Tai WT, Shiau CW, Li YS, Chen YL, Chu PY, Huang JW, Hsu CY, Hsu YC, Chen PJ, Chen KF. SC-60, a dimer-based sorafenib derivative, shows a better anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect than sorafenib in a preclinical hepatocellular carcinoma model. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 13:27-36. [PMID: 24275147 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is the first approved targeted therapeutic reagent for hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report that SC-60, a dimer-based sorafenib derivative, overcomes the resistance of sorafenib and shows a better anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effect in vitro and in vivo. SC-60 substantially increased SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) phosphatase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and purified SHP-1 proteins, suggesting that SC-60 affects SHP-1 directly. Molecular docking and truncated mutants of SHP-1 further confirmed that SC-60 interferes with the inhibitory N-SH2 domain to relieve the closed catalytic protein tyrosine phosphatase domain of SHP-1. Deletion of N-SH2 domain (dN1) or point mutation (D61A) of SHP-1 abolished the effect of SC-60 on SHP-1, p-STAT3, and apoptosis. Importantly, SC-60 exhibited significant survival benefits compared with sorafenib in a hepatocellular carcinoma orthotopic model via targeting the SHP-1/STAT3-related signaling pathway. In summary, dimer derivative of sorafenib, SC-60, is a SHP-1 agonist and may be a potent reagent for hepatocellular carcinoma-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tien Tai
- Corresponding Author: Kuen-Feng Chen, Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10016, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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244
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Cheng H, Gao T, Pan Z, Yang Q, Guo A, Xue Y. EKPD: a hierarchical database of eukaryotic protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:D496-502. [PMID: 24214991 PMCID: PMC3965077 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here EKPD (http://ekpd.biocuckoo.org), a hierarchical database of eukaryotic protein kinases (PKs) and protein phosphatases (PPs), the key molecules responsible for the reversible phosphorylation of proteins that are involved in almost all aspects of biological processes. As extensive experimental and computational efforts have been carried out to identify PKs and PPs, an integrative resource with detailed classification and annotation information would be of great value for both experimentalists and computational biologists. In this work, we first collected 1855 PKs and 347 PPs from the scientific literature and various public databases. Based on previously established rationales, we classified all of the known PKs and PPs into a hierarchical structure with three levels, i.e. group, family and individual PK/PP. There are 10 groups with 149 families for the PKs and 10 groups with 33 families for the PPs. We constructed 139 and 27 Hidden Markov Model profiles for PK and PP families, respectively. Then we systematically characterized ∼50,000 PKs and >10,000 PPs in eukaryotes. In addition, >500 PKs and >400 PPs were computationally identified by ortholog search. Finally, the online service of the EKPD database was implemented in PHP + MySQL + JavaScript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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245
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van Ameijde J, Overvoorde J, Knapp S, den Hertog J, Ruijtenbeek R, Liskamp RMJ. Real-Time Monitoring of the Dephosphorylating Activity of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Using Microarrays with 3-Nitrophosphotyrosine Substrates. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1349-1357. [PMID: 31986648 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases and kinases regulate the crucial phosphorylation post-translational modification. In spite of their similarly important role in many diseases and therapeutic potential, phosphatases have received arguably less attention. One reason for this is a scarcity of high-throughput phosphatase assays. Herein, a new real-time, dynamic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) substrate microarray assay measuring product formation is described. PTP substrates comprising a novel 3-nitrophosphotyrosine residue are immobilized in discrete spots. After reaction catalyzed by a PTP a 3-nitrotyrosine residue is formed that can be detected by specific, sequence-independent antibodies. The resulting microarray was successfully evaluated with a panel of recombinant PTPs and cell lysates, which afforded results comparable to data from other assays. Its parallel nature, convenience, and low sample requirements facilitate investigation of the therapeutically relevant PTP enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Ameijde
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) (0)30-253-6655.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CA Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - John Overvoorde
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ (U.K.)
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht (The Netherlands).,Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
| | - Rob Ruijtenbeek
- Pamgene International Ltd. Wolvenhoek 10, 5200 BJ Den Bosch (The Netherlands)
| | - Rob M J Liskamp
- Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) (0)30-253-6655.,School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, Glasgow University, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ (U.K.)
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246
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Li R, Xie DD, Dong JH, Li H, Li KS, Su J, Chen LZ, Xu YF, Wang HM, Gong Z, Cui GY, Yu X, Wang K, Yao W, Xin T, Li MY, Xiao KH, An XF, Huo Y, Xu ZG, Sun JP, Pang Q. Molecular mechanism of ERK dephosphorylation by striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Neurochem 2013; 128:315-329. [PMID: 24117863 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is an important regulator of neuronal synaptic plasticity, and its abnormal level or activity contributes to cognitive disorders. One crucial downstream effector and direct substrate of STEP is extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), which has important functions in spine stabilisation and action potential transmission. The inhibition of STEP activity toward phospho-ERK has the potential to treat neuronal diseases, but the detailed mechanism underlying the dephosphorylation of phospho-ERK by STEP is not known. Therefore, we examined STEP activity toward para-nitrophenyl phosphate, phospho-tyrosine-containing peptides, and the full-length phospho-ERK protein using STEP mutants with different structural features. STEP was found to be a highly efficient ERK tyrosine phosphatase that required both its N-terminal regulatory region and key residues in its active site. Specifically, both kinase interaction motif (KIM) and kinase-specific sequence of STEP were required for ERK interaction. In addition to the N-terminal kinase-specific sequence region, S245, hydrophobic residues L249/L251, and basic residues R242/R243 located in the KIM region were important in controlling STEP activity toward phospho-ERK. Further kinetic experiments revealed subtle structural differences between STEP and HePTP that affected the interactions of their KIMs with ERK. Moreover, STEP recognised specific positions of a phospho-ERK peptide sequence through its active site, and the contact of STEP F311 with phospho-ERK V205 and T207 were crucial interactions. Taken together, our results not only provide the information for interactions between ERK and STEP, but will also help in the development of specific strategies to target STEP-ERK recognition, which could serve as a potential therapy for neurological disorders. Regulation of phospho-ERK by STEP underlies important neuronal activities. A detailed enzymologic characterisation and cellular studies of STEP revealed that specific residues in KIM and active site mediated ERK recognition. Structural differences between the KIM-ERK interfaces and the active site among different ERK phosphatases could be targeted to develop specific STEP inhibitor, which has therapeutic potential for neurological disorders. PKA, protein kinase A & NGF, nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Di-Dong Xie
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jun-Hong Dong
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Weifang Medical University,Weifang, Shandong, 261042, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kang-Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jing Su
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Lai-Zhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Weihai campus, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Guo-Ying Cui
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Tao Xin
- Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Min-Yong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kun-Hong Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao-Fei An
- Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong University, School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University, School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Qi Pang
- Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic Degenerative Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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247
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Senis YA. Protein-tyrosine phosphatases: a new frontier in platelet signal transduction. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:1800-13. [PMID: 24015866 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activation must be tightly controlled in order to allow platelets to respond rapidly to vascular injury and prevent thrombosis from occurring. Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the main ways in which activation signals are transmitted in platelets. Although much is known about the protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that initiate and propagate activation signals, relatively little is known about the protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that modulate these signals in platelets. PTPs are a family of enzymes that dephosphorylate tyrosine residues in proteins and regulate signals transmitted within cells. PTPs have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes and autoimmunity, but their functions in hemostasis and thrombosis remain largely undefined. Exciting new findings from a number of groups have revealed that PTPs are in fact critical regulators of platelet activation and thrombosis. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the unique and important functions of PTPs in regulating platelet activity. Establishing the functions of PTPs in platelets is essential to better understand the molecular basis of thrombosis and may lead to the development of improved antithrombotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Senis
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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248
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Kumar GS, Zettl H, Page R, Peti W. Structural basis for the regulation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38α by the dual specificity phosphatase 16 MAP kinase binding domain in solution. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28347-56. [PMID: 23926106 PMCID: PMC3784751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.499178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) fulfill essential biological functions and are key pharmaceutical targets. Regulation of MAPKs is achieved via a plethora of regulatory proteins including activating MAPKKs and an abundance of deactivating phosphatases. Although all regulatory proteins use an identical interaction site on MAPKs, the common docking and hydrophobic pocket, they use distinct kinase interaction motif (KIM or D-motif) sequences that are present in linear, peptide-like, or well folded protein domains. It has been recently shown that a KIM-containing MAPK-specific dual specificity phosphatase DUSP10 uses a unique binding mode to interact with p38α. Here we describe the interaction of the MAPK binding domain of DUSP16 with p38α and show that despite belonging to the same dual specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family, its interaction mode differs from that of DUSP10. Indeed, the DUSP16 MAPK binding domain uses an additional helix, α-helix 4, to further engage p38α. This leads to an additional interaction surface on p38α. Together, these structural and energetic differences in p38α engagement highlight the fine-tuning necessary to achieve MAPK specificity and regulation among multiple regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heiko Zettl
- From the Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology
| | - Rebecca Page
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, and
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- From the Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology
- Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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249
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Bickford JS, Nick HS. Conservation of the PTEN catalytic motif in the bacterial undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase, BacA/UppP. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:2444-2455. [PMID: 24068241 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.070474-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid lipid carriers are essential in protein glycosylation and bacterial cell envelope biosynthesis. The enzymes involved in their metabolism (synthases, kinases and phosphatases) are therefore critical to cell viability. In this review, we focus on two broad groups of isoprenoid pyrophosphate phosphatases. One group, containing phosphatidic acid phosphatase motifs, includes the eukaryotic dolichyl pyrophosphate phosphatases and proposed recycling bacterial undecaprenol pyrophosphate phosphatases, PgpB, YbjB and YeiU/LpxT. The second group comprises the bacterial undecaprenol pyrophosphate phosphatase, BacA/UppP, responsible for initial formation of undecaprenyl phosphate, which we predict contains a tyrosine phosphate phosphatase motif resembling that of the tumour suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Based on protein sequence alignments across species and 2D structure predictions, we propose catalytic and lipid recognition motifs unique to BacA/UppP enzymes. The verification of our proposed active-site residues would provide new strategies for the development of substrate-specific inhibitors which mimic both the lipid and pyrophosphate moieties, leading to the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Bickford
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Harry S Nick
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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250
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Kharitidi D, Manteghi S, Pause A. Pseudophosphatases: methods of analysis and physiological functions. Methods 2013; 65:207-18. [PMID: 24064037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key enzymes in the regulation of cellular homeostasis and signaling pathways. Strikingly, not all PTPs bear enzymatic activity. A considerable fraction of PTPs are enzymatically inactive and are known as pseudophosphatases. Despite the lack of activity they execute pivotal roles in development, cell biology and human disease. The present review is focused on the methods used to identify pseudophosphatases, their targets, and physiological roles. We present a strategy for detailed enzymatic analysis of inactive PTPs, regulation of inactive PTP domains and identification of binding partners. Furthermore, we provide a detailed overview of human pseudophosphatases and discuss their regulation of cellular processes and functions in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Kharitidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Sanaz Manteghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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