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Tanayan C, Reddy S, Shah AB, Wasfy MM. A Cyclist on a Tricyclic: Exercise Intolerance Due to Chronotropic Incompetence. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:1335-1340. [PMID: 36299644 PMCID: PMC9588449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2022.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Depression in athletes is prevalent, and antidepressant treatment may have a cardiovascular impact. We present a case, documented by serial exercise testing, of exertional intolerance due to chronotropic incompetence associated with tricyclic antidepressant use. This case underscores the importance of understanding the mechanism of action and side effects of antidepressants. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Tanayan
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Satyajit Reddy
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Ankit B. Shah
- Sports and Performance Cardiology Program, MedStar Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meagan M. Wasfy
- Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Rizwan R, Gauvreau K, Vinograd C, Yamada JM, Mangano C, Ng AK, Alexander ME, Chen MH. Vo 2peak in Adult Survivors of Hodgkin Lymphoma: Rate of Decline, Sex Differences, and Cardiovascular Events. JACC CardioOncol 2021; 3:263-273. [PMID: 34396333 PMCID: PMC8352271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Adult survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are at increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events secondary to mediastinal radiation therapy (RT). Objectives In this group of patients, we assessed the association between cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), as determined by percent-predicted peak Vo2 (ppVo2peak), and clinical outcomes, as well as the rate of ppVo2peak decline and sex differences. Methods All survivors of HL who were >10 years post chest RT and who underwent ≥1 CPET were enrolled from a single center. Traditional CV and treatment risk factors, along with CV events, were ascertained. Results A total of 64 patients (67% female; median age 51 years [range 26 to 70 years]) with a median follow-up time after RT of 23 years (range 11 to 41 years), and 141 CPET studies, were included. Median initial ppVo2peak was 91% (range 58% to 138%). ppVo2peak in survivors declined by 7.5 percentage points every 10-year period after RT, as compared with age- and sex-based norms (P = 0.001), even after adjusting for hypertension and history of anthracycline. Both male and female patients had a similar rate of ppVo2peak decline. However, women had a lower ppVo2peak at all times, and they developed abnormal ppVo2peak (≤85%) on average earlier than men (24.1 years vs 47.0 years after RT). Patients with abnormal ppVo2peak vs normal ppVo2peak (>85%), had an increased risk of CV events (59% vs 16%). Abnormal ppVo2peak was independently associated with the risk of CV events (adjusted HR: 6.37; 95% CI: 2.06-19.80; P = 0.001). Conclusions Percent-predicted Vo2peak in long-term survivors of HL who were treated with chest RT progressively declined as compared with population- and sex-based norms. Importantly, women developed abnormal ppVo2peak more than 2 decades earlier than male survivors. Abnormal ppVo2peak was associated with an increased risk of CV events in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kimberlee Gauvreau
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cheryl Vinograd
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica M Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina Mangano
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea K Ng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark E Alexander
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ming Hui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Luo P, Zheng M, Zhang R, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li W, Sun X, Yu Q, Tipoe GL, Xiao J. S-Allylmercaptocysteine improves alcoholic liver disease partly through a direct modulation of insulin receptor signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:668-679. [PMID: 33777674 PMCID: PMC7982498 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) causes insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction, and inflammation. We investigated the protective effects and direct regulating target of S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) from aged garlic on liver cell injury. A chronic ethanol-fed ALD in vivo model (the NIAAA model) was used to test the protective functions of SAMC. It was observed that SAMC (300 mg/kg, by gavage method) effectively ameliorated ALD-induced body weight reduction, steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation without affecting the health status of the control mice, as demonstrated by histological, biochemical, and molecular biology assays. By using biophysical assays and molecular docking, we demonstrated that SAMC directly targeted insulin receptor (INSR) protein on the cell membrane and then restored downstream IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β signaling. Liver-specific knock-down in mice and siRNA-mediated knock-down in AML-12 cells of Insr significantly impaired SAMC (250 μmol/L in cells)-mediated protection. Restoration of the IRS-1/AKT signaling partly recovered hepatic injury and further contributed to SAMC's beneficial effects. Continuous administration of AKT agonist and recombinant IGF-1 in combination with SAMC showed hepato-protection in the mice model. Long-term (90-day) administration of SAMC had no obvious adverse effect on healthy mice. We conclude that SAMC is an effective and safe hepato-protective complimentary agent against ALD partly through the direct binding of INSR and partial regulation of the IRS-1/AKT/GSK3β pathway.
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Key Words
- ADIPOQ, adiponectin
- AKT
- ALD, alcoholic liver disease
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase
- Alcoholic liver disease
- CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FFA, free fatty acids
- GRB14, growth factor receptor-bound protein 14
- GSK3β
- GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HSL, hormone sensitive lipase
- IGF-1, insulin-like growth factors-1
- IL, interleukin
- INSR, insulin receptor
- IRS, insulin receptor substrate
- IRS-1
- IRTK, insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
- Insulin receptor
- Insulin resistance
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LRP6, low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 6
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NAS, NAFLD activity score
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NIAAA, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- ORF, open reading frame
- PA, palmitate acid
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- S-Allylmercaptocysteine
- SAMC, S-allylmercaptocysteine
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
- Safety
- TC, total cholesterol
- TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor
- TG, triglyceride
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSA, thermal shift assay
- WAT, white adipose tissues
- WT, wild-type
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Mottillo EP, Desjardins EM, Fritzen AM, Zou VZ, Crane JD, Yabut JM, Kiens B, Erion DM, Lanba A, Granneman JG, Talukdar S, Steinberg GR. FGF21 does not require adipocyte AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or the phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) to mediate improvements in whole-body glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2017; 6:471-481. [PMID: 28580278 PMCID: PMC5444097 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) shows great potential for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, as its long-acting analogue reduces body weight and improves lipid profiles of participants in clinical studies; however, the intracellular mechanisms mediating these effects are poorly understood. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important energy sensor of the cell and a molecular target for anti-diabetic medications. This work examined the role of AMPK in mediating the glucose and lipid-lowering effects of FGF21. Methods Inducible adipocyte AMPK β1β2 knockout mice (iβ1β2AKO) and littermate controls were fed a high fat diet (HFD) and treated with native FGF21 or saline for two weeks. Additionally, HFD-fed mice with knock-in mutations on the AMPK phosphorylation sites of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)1 and ACC2 (DKI mice) along with wild-type (WT) controls received long-acting FGF21 for two weeks. Results Consistent with previous studies, FGF21 treatment significantly reduced body weight, adiposity, and liver lipids in HFD fed mice. To add, FGF21 improved circulating lipids, glycemic control, and insulin sensitivity. These effects were independent of adipocyte AMPK and were not associated with changes in browning of white (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Lastly, we assessed whether FGF21 exerted its effects through the AMPK/ACC axis, which is critical in the therapeutic benefits of the anti-diabetic medication metformin. ACC DKI mice had improved glucose and insulin tolerance and a reduction in body weight, body fat and hepatic steatosis similar to WT mice in response to FGF21 administration. Conclusions These data illustrate that the metabolic improvements upon FGF21 administration are independent of adipocyte AMPK, and do not require the inhibitory action of AMPK on ACC. This is in contrast to the anti-diabetic medication metformin and suggests that the treatment of obesity and diabetes with the combination of FGF21 and AMPK activators merits consideration. FGF21 reduces adiposity and improves insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. FGF21 improves insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis independent of adipocyte AMPK. FGF21 treatment does not elicit an increase in browning of BAT or WAT. In contrast to metformin, FGF21's intracellular mechanism is not through AMPK/ACC. Findings suggest that combination of FGF21 and AMPK activators could be of benefit.
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Key Words
- ACC
- ACC DKI, ACC1-S79A and ACC2-S212A double knock-in
- ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Adipocyte
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- Brown fat
- CNS, central nervous system
- COX, cytochrome c oxidase
- CreERT2, Cre recombinase – estrogen receptor T2
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- Diabetes
- FFA, free fatty acid
- FGF21
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- FGFR1c, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1c
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFD, high fat diet
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- KLB, beta klotho
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Obesity
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- WT, wildtype
- gWAT, gonadal white adipose tissue
- iWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue
- iβ1β2AKO, inducible AMPK β1β2 adipocyte knockout
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio P Mottillo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vito Z Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Justin D Crane
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Julian M Yabut
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Derek M Erion
- Liver Disease Research, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Adhiraj Lanba
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories South San Francisco LLC, 630 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5, Canada
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5
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Douglass JD, Dorfman MD, Fasnacht R, Shaffer LD, Thaler JP. Astrocyte IKKβ/NF-κB signaling is required for diet-induced obesity and hypothalamic inflammation. Mol Metab 2017; 6:366-373. [PMID: 28377875 PMCID: PMC5369266 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity and high fat diet (HFD) consumption in rodents is associated with hypothalamic inflammation and reactive gliosis. While neuronal inflammation promotes HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction, the role of astrocyte activation in susceptibility to hypothalamic inflammation and diet-induced obesity (DIO) remains uncertain. Methods Metabolic phenotyping, immunohistochemical analyses, and biochemical analyses were performed on HFD-fed mice with a tamoxifen-inducible astrocyte-specific knockout of IKKβ (GfapCreERIkbkbfl/fl, IKKβ-AKO), an essential cofactor of NF-κB-mediated inflammation. Results IKKβ-AKO mice with tamoxifen-induced IKKβ deletion prior to HFD exposure showed equivalent HFD-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance as Ikbkbfl/fl littermate controls. In GfapCreERTdTomato marker mice treated using the same protocol, minimal Cre-mediated recombination was observed in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). By contrast, mice pretreated with 6 weeks of HFD exposure prior to tamoxifen administration showed substantially increased recombination throughout the MBH. Remarkably, this treatment approach protected IKKβ-AKO mice from further weight gain through an immediate reduction of food intake and increase of energy expenditure. Astrocyte IKKβ deletion after HFD exposure—but not before—also reduced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, likely as a consequence of lower adiposity. Finally, both hypothalamic inflammation and astrocytosis were reduced in HFD-fed IKKβ-AKO mice. Conclusions These data support a requirement for astrocytic inflammatory signaling in HFD-induced hyperphagia and DIO susceptibility that may provide a novel target for obesity therapeutics. The first direct evidence that astrocyte inflammatory activation promotes obesity. GfapCreER mice given tamoxifen show minimal recombination in MBH astrocytes. GfapCreER mice given tamoxifen after 6 wks of HFD have recombination in the MBH. Astrocyte IKKβ deletion with tamoxifen before HFD has no effect on energy balance. Astrocyte IKKβ deletion with tamoxifen given after HFD reduces DIO susceptibility.
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Key Words
- ARC, arcuate nucleus
- Agrp, Agouti-related peptide
- Astrocytes
- Bdnf, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- Cart, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
- Ccl2, C–C motif chemokine ligand 2
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamus
- Energy homeostasis
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- Hypothalamus
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IKKβ, inhibitor of kappa B kinase beta
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Iba1, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1
- Il, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MBH, mediobasal hypothalamus
- Metabolism
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- Npy, neuropeptide Y
- Obesity
- Pomc, proopiomelanocortin
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- TMX, tamoxifen
- Tnfa, tumor necrosis factor α
- VMN, ventromedial nucleus
- ir, immunoreactivity
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Douglass
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M D Dorfman
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - R Fasnacht
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - L D Shaffer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - J P Thaler
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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6
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DiStefano MT, Roth Flach RJ, Senol-Cosar O, Danai LV, Virbasius JV, Nicoloro SM, Straubhaar J, Dagdeviren S, Wabitsch M, Gupta OT, Kim JK, Czech MP. Adipocyte-specific Hypoxia-inducible gene 2 promotes fat deposition and diet-induced insulin resistance. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1149-1161. [PMID: 27900258 PMCID: PMC5123203 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Adipose tissue relies on lipid droplet (LD) proteins in its role as a lipid-storing endocrine organ that controls whole body metabolism. Hypoxia-inducible Gene 2 (Hig2) is a recently identified LD-associated protein in hepatocytes that promotes hepatic lipid storage, but its role in the adipocyte had not been investigated. Here we tested the hypothesis that Hig2 localization to LDs in adipocytes promotes adipose tissue lipid deposition and systemic glucose homeostasis. Method White and brown adipocyte-deficient (Hig2fl/fl × Adiponection cre+) and selective brown/beige adipocyte-deficient (Hig2fl/fl × Ucp1 cre+) mice were generated to investigate the role of Hig2 in adipose depots. Additionally, we used multiple housing temperatures to investigate the role of active brown/beige adipocytes in this process. Results Hig2 localized to LDs in SGBS cells, a human adipocyte cell strain. Mice with adipocyte-specific Hig2 deficiency in all adipose depots demonstrated reduced visceral adipose tissue weight and increased glucose tolerance. This metabolic effect could be attributed to brown/beige adipocyte-specific Hig2 deficiency since Hig2fl/fl × Ucp1 cre+ mice displayed the same phenotype. Furthermore, when adipocyte-deficient Hig2 mice were moved to thermoneutral conditions in which non-shivering thermogenesis is deactivated, these improvements were abrogated and glucose intolerance ensued. Adipocyte-specific Hig2 deficient animals displayed no detectable changes in adipocyte lipolysis or energy expenditure, suggesting that Hig2 may not mediate these metabolic effects by restraining lipolysis in adipocytes. Conclusions We conclude that Hig2 localizes to LDs in adipocytes, promoting adipose tissue lipid deposition and that its selective deficiency in active brown/beige adipose tissue mediates improved glucose tolerance at 23 °C. Reversal of this phenotype at thermoneutrality in the absence of detectable changes in energy expenditure, adipose mass, or liver triglyceride suggests that Hig2 deficiency triggers a deleterious endocrine or neuroendocrine pathway emanating from brown/beige fat cells. Hig2 localizes to lipid droplets in adipocytes and promotes adipose tissue lipid deposition. Its selective deficiency in active brown/beige adipose tissue mediates improved glucose tolerance at 23 °C. Metabolic improvements are independent of changes in lipolysis.
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Key Words
- Adipocyte
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- FFA, free fatty acid
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high fat diet
- Hig2, Hypoxia-inducible gene 2
- Hypoxia-inducible gene 2 (Hig2)
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- LD, lipid droplet
- Lipid droplet
- Lipolysis
- NEFA, non-esterified fatty acid
- Obesity
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- SGBS, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
- SVF, stromal vascular fraction
- TG, triglyceride
- Ucp1, uncoupling protein 1
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue
- iWAT, inguinal white adipose tissue
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T DiStefano
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rachel J Roth Flach
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ozlem Senol-Cosar
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Laura V Danai
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Joseph V Virbasius
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sarah M Nicoloro
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Juerg Straubhaar
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sezin Dagdeviren
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine and the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- From the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Olga T Gupta
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine and the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael P Czech
- From the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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7
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Brachs S, Winkel AF, Tang H, Birkenfeld AL, Brunner B, Jahn-Hofmann K, Margerie D, Ruetten H, Schmoll D, Spranger J. Inhibition of citrate cotransporter Slc13a5/mINDY by RNAi improves hepatic insulin sensitivity and prevents diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1072-1082. [PMID: 27818933 PMCID: PMC5081411 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a world-wide health concern and risk factor for cardio-metabolic diseases. Citrate uptake modifies intracellular hepatic energy metabolism and is controlled by the conserved sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter solute carrier family 13 member 5 (SLC13A5, mammalian homolog of INDY: mINDY). In Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans INDY reduction decreased whole-body lipid accumulation. Genetic deletion of Slc13a5 in mice protected from diet-induced adiposity and insulin resistance. We hypothesized that inducible hepatic mINDY inhibition should prevent the development of fatty liver and hepatic insulin resistance. Methods Adult C57BL/6J mice were fed a Western diet (60% kcal from fat, 21% kcal from carbohydrate) ad libitum. Knockdown of mINDY was induced by weekly injection of a chemically modified, liver-selective siRNA for 8 weeks. Mice were metabolically characterized and the effect of mINDY suppression on glucose tolerance as well as insulin sensitivity was assessed with an ipGTT and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Hepatic lipid accumulation was determined by biochemical measurements and histochemistry. Results Within the 8 week intervention, hepatic mINDY expression was suppressed by a liver-selective siRNA by over 60%. mINDY knockdown improved hepatic insulin sensitivity (i.e. insulin-induced suppression of endogenous glucose production) of C57BL/6J mice in the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Moreover, the siRNA-mediated mINDY inhibition prevented neutral lipid storage and triglyceride accumulation in the liver, while we found no effect on body weight. Conclusions We show that inducible mINDY inhibition improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and prevented diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adult C57BL6/J mice. These effects did not depend on changes of body weight or body composition. mINDY/Slc13a5 knockdown was induced by liver-selective siRNA in mice. Liver-selective knockdown of mINDY improved hepatic insulin sensitivity. Liver-selective knockdown of mINDY prevented steatosis hepatis.
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Key Words
- 2-DG, 2-Deoxy-d-glucose
- Citrate transport
- EE, energy expenditure
- EGP, endogenous glucose production
- FA, fatty acids
- FLD, fatty liver disease
- GIR, glucose infusion rate
- HE clamp, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IEX, anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography
- INDY, ‘I'm not dead Yet’
- INDY/Slc13a5
- Insulin resistance
- KO, knockout
- Lipid accumulation
- ORO, oil red O
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- SCR, non-silencing scrambled control siRNA
- SKM, skeletal muscle
- Steatosis
- T2D, type-2 diabetes
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- WAT, white adipose tissue
- WD, western diet
- e, epididymal
- mINDY, Slc13a5/SLC13A5
- p, perirenal
- s, subcutaneous
- siINDY, mINDY-specific siRNA
- siRNA
- solute carrier family 13, member 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brachs
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Angelika F Winkel
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany; Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), a Member of the German Diabetes Center (DZD), Technische Universität, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
| | - Bodo Brunner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Jahn-Hofmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Daniel Margerie
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Ruetten
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany.
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University School of Medicine, Berlin, 10117, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Berlin, Germany.
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8
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van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Havekes B, Scheer FAJL, Jörgensen JA, Hoeks J, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Duez H, Lefebvre P, Schaper NC, Hesselink MKC, Staels B, Schrauwen P. Demonstration of a day-night rhythm in human skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Mol Metab 2016; 5:635-645. [PMID: 27656401 PMCID: PMC5021670 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A disturbed day-night rhythm is associated with metabolic perturbations that can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In skeletal muscle, a reduced oxidative capacity is also associated with the development of T2DM. However, whether oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle displays a day-night rhythm in humans has so far not been investigated. METHODS Lean, healthy subjects were enrolled in a standardized living protocol with regular meals, physical activity and sleep to reflect our everyday lifestyle. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was examined in skeletal muscle biopsies taken at five time points within a 24-hour period. RESULTS Core-body temperature was lower during the early night, confirming a normal day-night rhythm. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity demonstrated a robust day-night rhythm, with a significant time effect in ADP-stimulated respiration (state 3 MO, state 3 MOG and state 3 MOGS, p < 0.05). Respiration was lowest at 1 PM and highest at 11 PM (state 3 MOGS: 80.6 ± 4.0 vs. 95.8 ± 4.7 pmol/mg/s). Interestingly, the fluctuation in mitochondrial function was also observed in whole-body energy expenditure, with peak energy expenditure at 11 PM and lowest energy expenditure at 4 AM (p < 0.001). In addition, we demonstrate rhythmicity in mRNA expression of molecular clock genes in human skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the biological clock drives robust rhythms in human skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. It is tempting to speculate that disruption of these rhythms contribute to the deterioration of metabolic health associated with circadian misalignment.
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Key Words
- BMAL1, brain and muscle ARNT-like 1
- BMI, body mass index
- Biological rhythm
- CLOCK, circadian locomotor output cycles kaput
- CRY, cryptochrome
- Energy metabolism
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- Mitochondria
- Molecular clock
- NADH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- Oxidative capacity
- PER, period
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RT-QPCR, Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skeletal muscle
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk van Moorsel
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Duez
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, BP245, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Lefebvre
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, BP245, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Nicolaas C Schaper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, BP245, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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9
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Bowman TA, O'Keeffe KR, D'Aquila T, Yan QW, Griffin JD, Killion EA, Salter DM, Mashek DG, Buhman KK, Greenberg AS. Acyl CoA synthetase 5 (ACSL5) ablation in mice increases energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity and delays fat absorption. Mol Metab 2016; 5:210-220. [PMID: 26977393 PMCID: PMC4770262 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The family of acyl-CoA synthetase enzymes (ACSL) activates fatty acids within cells to generate long chain fatty acyl CoA (FACoA). The differing metabolic fates of FACoAs such as incorporation into neutral lipids, phospholipids, and oxidation pathways are differentially regulated by the ACSL isoforms. In vitro studies have suggested a role for ACSL5 in triglyceride synthesis; however, we have limited understanding of the in vivo actions of this ACSL isoform. Methods To elucidate the in vivo actions of ACSL5 we generated a line of mice in which ACSL5 expression was ablated in all tissues (ACSL5−/−). Results Ablation of ACSL5 reduced ACSL activity by ∼80% in jejunal mucosa, ∼50% in liver, and ∼37% in brown adipose tissue lysates. Body composition studies revealed that ACSL5−/−, as compared to control ACSL5loxP/loxP, mice had significantly reduced fat mass and adipose fat pad weights. Indirect calorimetry studies demonstrated that ACSL5−/− had increased metabolic rates, and in the dark phase, increased respiratory quotient. In ACSL5−/− mice, fasting glucose and serum triglyceride were reduced; and insulin sensitivity was improved during an insulin tolerance test. Both hepatic mRNA (∼16-fold) and serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) (∼13-fold) were increased in ACSL5−/− as compared to ACSL5loxP/loxP. Consistent with increased FGF21 serum levels, uncoupling protein-1 gene (Ucp1) and PPAR-gamma coactivator 1-alpha gene (Pgc1α) transcript levels were increased in gonadal adipose tissue. To further evaluate ACSL5 function in intestine, mice were gavaged with an olive oil bolus; and the rate of triglyceride appearance in serum was found to be delayed in ACSL5−/− mice as compared to control mice. Conclusions In summary, ACSL5−/− mice have increased hepatic and serum FGF21 levels, reduced adiposity, improved insulin sensitivity, increased energy expenditure and delayed triglyceride absorption. These studies suggest that ACSL5 is an important regulator of whole-body energy metabolism and ablation of ACSL5 may antagonize the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Role of acyl CoA synthetase 5 (ACSL5) in systemic metabolism was studied in an ACSL5 deficient mouse. ACSL5 deficiency reduced total ACSL activity in liver, intestine, and brown adipose tissue. ACSL5 deficient mice had increased hepatic and circulating FGF21 expression and energy expenditure. ACSL5 deficient mice demonstrated delayed triglyceride absorption.
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Key Words
- ACSL
- ACSL, long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase
- ACSL5−/−, mice with global ablation of ACSL5
- AUC, area under the curve
- Acyl-CoA
- Dietary fat absorption
- ES, embryonic stem
- FGF21
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Intestine
- Liver
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PGC1α, PPAR-gamma coactivator 1α
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SREBP1c, steroid response element binding protein-1c
- T2DM, type2 diabetes
- UCP1, uncoupling protein-1
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Bowman
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kayleigh R O'Keeffe
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Theresa D'Aquila
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Qing Wu Yan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - John D Griffin
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Killion
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Deanna M Salter
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Kimberly K Buhman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Andrew S Greenberg
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chanavirut R, Makarawate P, Macdonald IA, Leelayuwat N. Autonomic and cardio-respiratory responses to exercise in Brugada Syndrome patients. J Arrhythm 2016; 32:426-32. [PMID: 27761168 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Imbalances of the autonomic nervous (ANS), the cardiovascular system, and ionics might contribute to the manifestation of The Brugada Syndrome (BrS). Thus, this study has aimed to investigate the cardio-respiratory fitness and the responses of the ANS both at rest and during a sub-maximal exercise stress test, in BrS patients and in gender-matched and age-matched healthy sedentary controls. Methods Eleven BrS patients and 23 healthy controls were recruited in Khon Kaen, Thailand. They performed an exercise test on a cycle ergometer, and during the exercise, expired gas samples and electrocardiograms were collected. Blood glucose and electrolyte concentrations were analyzed before and after exercise. Then the heart rate variability (HRV) and the heart rate recovery (HRR) were analyzed from the electrocardiograms. Results The BrS patients showed a higher parasympathetic activation during exercise recovery than baseline. They had a smaller level of sympathetic activation during the period of exercise recovery than the controls did. They also showed a significantly lower peak HR, HRR, and peak oxygen consumption than the controls (p<0.05). All subjects had a significantly lower percentage of peak oxygen consumption and respiratory exchange ratio during low-intensity (p<0.01) and moderate-intensity (p<0.05) exercise than during high-intensity exercise. The BrS patients had mild hyperkalemia which is reduced according to the exercise. Conclusion Thai BrS patients had a more rapid rate of restoration of the parasympathetic and smaller level of sympathetic activation after exercise. They had mild hyperkalemia which is reduced according to the exercise. Furthermore, they exhibited impaired cardio-respiratory fitness.
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Key Words
- ANS, autonomic nervous system
- BrS, total Brugada Syndrome
- BrS-D, patients who took anti-arrhythmic drugs
- BrS-ND, patients who did not take anti-arrhythmic drugs
- Brugada Syndrome
- CHO, carbohydrate.
- ECG, electrocardiogram
- Exercise
- HF, high frequency
- HR, heart rate
- HRR, heart rate recovery
- HRV, heart rate variability
- Heart rate recovery
- Heart rate variability
- ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- K+, potassium
- LF, low frequency
- O2 peak, peak oxygen consumption
- Potassium
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RMSSD, the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal to normal intervals
- SCD, sudden cardiac death
- SDNN, standard deviation of all normal sinus RR intervals
- VF, ventricular fibrillation
- VT, ventricular tachycardia
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11
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Mazzola PN, Teixeira BC, Schirmbeck GH, Reischak-Oliveira A, Derks TG, van Spronsen FJ, Dutra-Filho CS, Schwartz IVD. Acute exercise in treated phenylketonuria patients: Physical activity and biochemical response. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2015. [PMID: 28649544 PMCID: PMC5471389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In phenylketonuria, dietary treatment prevents most of the severe brain disease. However, patients have to follow a diet restricted in several natural components, what may cause decreased bone density and obesity. Exercise is known to improve both mental functioning and bone density also avoiding obesity, and could optimize aspects of central and peripheral outcome, regardless changes in phenylalanine (Phe) levels. However, the acute effects of exercise on metabolic parameters in phenylketonuria patients are unknown and thereby long-term adaptations are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate patients' basal metabolic rate (BMR), and their acute response to an aerobic exercise session on plasma concentrations of Phe, tyrosine (Tyr), and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), as well as metabolic and hormonal responses. Methods Five early- and four late diagnosed phenylketonuria patients aged 21 ± 4 years and 17 sex-, age-, and BMI-matched controls were evaluated for BMR, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and plasma amino acid, glucose, lipid profile and hormonal levels. At least one week later, participants performed a 30-min aerobic exercise session (intensities individually calculated using the VO2peak results). Blood samples were collected in fasted state (moment 1, M1) and immediately after a small breakfast, which included the metabolic formula for patients but not for controls, and the exercise session (moment 2, M2). Results Phenylketonuria patients and controls showed similar BMR and physical capacities. At M1, patients presented higher Phe concentration and Phe/Tyr ratio; and lower levels of BCAA and total cholesterol than controls. Besides that, poorly controlled patients tended to stay slightly below the prescribed VO2 during exercise. Both patients and controls showed increased levels of total cholesterol and LDL at M2 compared with M1. Only controls showed increased levels of Tyr, lactate, and HDL; and decreased Phe/Tyr ratio and glucose levels at M2 compared to values at M1. Conclusions Acute aerobic exercise followed by a Phe-restricted breakfast did not change Phe concentrations in treated phenylketonuria patients, but it was associated with decreased Phe/Tyr only in controls. Further studies are necessary to confirm our results in a higher number of patients.
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Key Words
- Aerobic exercise
- BCAA, branched-chain amino acids
- BMI, body mass index
- BMR, basal metabolic rate
- Basal metabolic rate
- CTL, control
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- N/A, not applicable
- NS, non-significant
- Natural restricted diet
- PKU
- PKU, phenylketonuria
- Phe, phenylalanine
- Phenylalanine
- Phenylketonuria
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- Tyr, tyrosine
- VCO2, carbon dioxide production
- VO2, oxygen consumption
- VO2peak, peak oxygen consumption
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Nicolao Mazzola
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Costa Teixeira
- Physical Education School, UFRGS, Rua Felizardo 750, 90690-200, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Terry G.J. Derks
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francjan J. van Spronsen
- Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Severo Dutra-Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600 anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ida Vanessa Doederlein Schwartz
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Corresponding author at: Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil.Medical Genetics ServiceHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreRua Ramiro Barcelos 2350Porto Alegre90035-003Brazil
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12
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Jiang Y, Rose AJ, Sijmonsma TP, Bröer A, Pfenninger A, Herzig S, Schmoll D, Bröer S. Mice lacking neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 (Slc6a19) have elevated levels of FGF21 and GLP-1 and improved glycaemic control. Mol Metab 2015; 4:406-17. [PMID: 25973388 PMCID: PMC4421019 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes arises from insulin resistance of peripheral tissues followed by dysfunction of β-cells in the pancreas due to metabolic stress. Both depletion and supplementation of neutral amino acids have been discussed as strategies to improve insulin sensitivity. Here we characterise mice lacking the intestinal and renal neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 (Slc6a19) as a model to study the consequences of selective depletion of neutral amino acids. METHODS Metabolic tests, analysis of metabolite levels and signalling pathways were used to characterise mice lacking the intestinal and renal neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 (Slc6a19). RESULTS Reduced uptake of neutral amino acids in the intestine and loss of neutral amino acids in the urine causes an overload of amino acids in the lumen of the intestine and reduced systemic amino acid availability. As a result, higher levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are produced by the intestine after a meal, while the liver releases the starvation hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). The combination of these hormones generates a metabolic phenotype that is characterised by efficient removal of glucose, particularly by the heart, reduced adipose tissue mass, browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue, enhanced production of ketone bodies and reduced hepatic glucose output. CONCLUSIONS Reduced neutral amino acid availability improves glycaemic control. The epithelial neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT1 could be a suitable target to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Adam J. Rose
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tjeerd P. Sijmonsma
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Anja Pfenninger
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main 65926, Germany
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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13
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Krüger J, Brachs S, Trappiel M, Kintscher U, Meyborg H, Wellnhofer E, Thöne-Reineke C, Stawowy P, Östman A, Birkenfeld AL, Böhmer FD, Kappert K. Enhanced insulin signaling in density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) knockout mice. Mol Metab 2015; 4:325-36. [PMID: 25830095 PMCID: PMC4354926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance can be triggered by enhanced dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor or downstream components in the insulin signaling cascade through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Downregulating density-enhanced phosphatase-1 (DEP-1) resulted in an improved metabolic status in previous analyses. This phenotype was primarily caused by hepatic DEP-1 reduction. Methods Here we further elucidated the role of DEP-1 in glucose homeostasis by employing a conventional knockout model to explore the specific contribution of DEP-1 in metabolic tissues. Ptprj−/− (DEP-1 deficient) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat or high-fat diet. Metabolic phenotyping was combined with analyses of phosphorylation patterns of insulin signaling components. Additionally, experiments with skeletal muscle cells and muscle tissue were performed to assess the role of DEP-1 for glucose uptake. Results High-fat diet fed-Ptprj−/− mice displayed enhanced insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, leptin levels and blood pressure were reduced in Ptprj−/− mice. DEP-1 deficiency resulted in increased phosphorylation of components of the insulin signaling cascade in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue after insulin challenge. The beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis in vivo was corroborated by increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells in which DEP-1 was downregulated, and in skeletal muscle of Ptprj−/− mice. Conclusion Together, these data establish DEP-1 as novel negative regulator of insulin signaling.
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Key Words
- DEP-1, density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- Density-enhanced phosphatase-1
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- Glucose homeostasis
- HFD, high-fat diet
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IR, insulin receptor
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- KO, knockout
- LFD, low-fat diet
- MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1
- PTP, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- Phosphorylation
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Krüger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brachs
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Trappiel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Pharmacology, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Meyborg
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst Wellnhofer
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Experimental Medicine, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne Östman
- Cancer Center Karolinska, R8:03, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank D Böhmer
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Kappert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research/CCR, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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14
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Laurenson DM, Dubé DJ. Effects of carbohydrate and protein supplementation during resistance exercise on respiratory exchange ratio, blood glucose, and performance. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2014; 2:1-5. [PMID: 29159102 PMCID: PMC5684974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Athletes must determine whether they will benefit most from exercise in the fasted or fed state when discussing variables such as substrate oxidation, muscle anabolism, and performance. Objective To determine the effects of a carbohydrate plus protein (C + P) beverage consumed during resistance exercise on respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood glucose, and performance. Methods Ten resistance trained male subjects completed two bouts of exercise consisting of seven sets of squats and bench presses using 60% of their one repetition maximum (1RM). Subjects consumed C + P during one trial, and a non-caloric placebo (P) in the other. Six sets of each exercise were performed for a predetermined number of repetitions, followed by a seventh set of each exercise for as many repetitions as possible, performed as explosively as possible. Power was measured during the final set of each exercise. Glucose was measured pre, during, and post exercise. RER was measured seven times during each session. Results No significant difference in power was found. C + P resulted in significantly greater work in the bench press (p < 0.05), with no difference in the squat (p = 0.10). Post-exercise glucose was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in C + P vs. placebo. In C + P, post-exercise glucose was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than before or during exercise. For RER, a significant effect was found for time (p < 0.05), with no difference between conditions. Conclusion In active males, C + P ingestion during resistance exercise improved bench press performance and increased blood glucose, but does not appear to affect RER.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Laurenson
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA
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Taher J, Baker CL, Cuizon C, Masoudpour H, Zhang R, Farr S, Naples M, Bourdon C, Pausova Z, Adeli K. GLP-1 receptor agonism ameliorates hepatic VLDL overproduction and de novo lipogenesis in insulin resistance. Mol Metab 2014; 3:823-33. [PMID: 25506548 PMCID: PMC4264039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Fasting dyslipidemia is commonly observed in insulin resistant states and mechanistically linked to hepatic overproduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Recently, the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been implicated in ameliorating dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance and reducing hepatic lipid stores. Given that hepatic VLDL production is a key determinant of circulating lipid levels, we investigated the role of both peripheral and central GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonism in regulation of VLDL production. METHODS The fructose-fed Syrian golden hamster was employed as a model of diet-induced insulin resistance and VLDL overproduction. Hamsters were treated with the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 by intraperitoneal (ip) injection for peripheral studies or by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration into the 3rd ventricle for central studies. Peripheral studies were repeated in vagotomised hamsters. RESULTS Short term (7-10 day) peripheral exendin-4 enhanced satiety and also prevented fructose-induced fasting dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. These changes were accompanied by decreased fasting plasma glucose levels, reduced hepatic lipid content and decreased levels of VLDL-TG and -apoB100 in plasma. The observed changes in fasting dyslipidemia could be partially explained by reduced respiratory exchange ratio (RER) thereby indicating a switch in energy utilization from carbohydrate to lipid. Additionally, exendin-4 reduced mRNA markers associated with hepatic de novo lipogenesis and inflammation. Despite these observations, GLP-1R activity could not be detected in primary hamster hepatocytes, thus leading to the investigation of a potential brain-liver axis functioning to regulate lipid metabolism. Short term (4 day) central administration of exendin-4 decreased body weight and food consumption and further prevented fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Additionally, the peripheral lipid-lowering effects of exendin-4 were negated in vagotomised hamsters implicating the involvement of parasympathetic signaling. CONCLUSION Exendin-4 prevents fructose-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic VLDL overproduction in insulin resistance through an indirect mechanism involving altered energy utilization, decreased hepatic lipid synthesis and also requires an intact parasympathetic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher L. Baker
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carmelle Cuizon
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hassan Masoudpour
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rianna Zhang
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Farr
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Naples
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Celine Bourdon
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Atrium Room 3652, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Tel.: +1 416 813 8682; fax: +1 416 813 6257.
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Kim JH, Meyers MS, Khuder SS, Abdallah SL, Muturi HT, Russo L, Tate CR, Hevener AL, Najjar SM, Leloup C, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Tissue-selective estrogen complexes with bazedoxifene prevent metabolic dysfunction in female mice. Mol Metab 2014; 3:177-90. [PMID: 24634829 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pairing the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene (BZA) with estrogen as a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) is a novel menopausal therapy. We investigated estrogen, BZA and TSEC effects in preventing diabetisity in ovariectomized mice during high-fat feeding. Estrogen, BZA or TSEC prevented fat accumulation in adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle, and improved insulin resistance and glucose intolerance without stimulating uterine growth. Estrogen, BZA and TSEC improved energy homeostasis by increasing lipid oxidation and energy expenditure, and promoted insulin action by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and suppressing hepatic glucose production. While estrogen improved metabolic homeostasis, at least partially, by increasing hepatic production of FGF21, BZA increased hepatic expression of Sirtuin1, PPARα and AMPK activity. The metabolic benefits of BZA were lost in estrogen receptor-α deficient mice. Thus, BZA alone or in TSEC produces metabolic signals of fasting and caloric restriction and improves energy and glucose homeostasis in female mice.
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Key Words
- AMPKα, AMP-activated protein kinase α
- AUC, area-under the curve
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BZA, bazedoxifene
- Bazedoxifene
- CE, conjugated equine estrogens
- E2, 17β-estradiol
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FAS, fatty acid synthase
- FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21
- GIR, glucose infusion rate
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HGP, hepatic glucose production
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Insulin resistance
- LPL, lipoprotein lipase
- Lcn2, lipocalin 2
- Menopause
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- OVX, ovariectomy
- PTT, pyruvate tolerance test
- RBP4, retinol binding protein 4
- RER, respiratory exchange ratio
- Rd, rate of whole-body glucose disappearance
- SERM, selective estrogen receptor modulator
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TG, triacylglycerol
- TSEC, tissue-selective estrogen complex
- Tissue-selective estrogen complexes
- Type 2 diabetes
- UCPs, uncoupling proteins
- VO2, oxygen consumption
- WAT, white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew S Meyers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Saja S Khuder
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Simon L Abdallah
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Harrison T Muturi
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Lucia Russo
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Chandra R Tate
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonia M Najjar
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA ; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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