201
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Miao T, Symonds ALJ, Singh R, Symonds JD, Ogbe A, Omodho B, Zhu B, Li S, Wang P. Egr2 and 3 control adaptive immune responses by temporally uncoupling expansion from T cell differentiation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1787-1808. [PMID: 28487311 PMCID: PMC5460991 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Miao et al. report a checkpoint mediated by Egr2 and 3 that controls the transition between T cell clonal expansion and differentiation by regulating genes involved in proliferation and differentiation, which is essential for optimal immune responses with limited immunopathology. Egr2 and 3 are important for maintaining immune homeostasis. Here we define a fundamental function of Egr2 and 3 operating as a checkpoint that controls the transition between clonal expansion and differentiation of effector T cells. Egr2 and 3 deficiency resulted in defective clonal expansion but hyperactivation and excessive differentiation of T cells in response to viral infection. Conversely, sustained Egr2 expression enhanced expansion but severely impaired effector differentiation. Egr2 bound to and controlled the expression of genes regulating proliferation (Myc and Myb) and differentiation repressors (Bcl6, Id3), while repressing transcription factors required for effector function (Zeb2, RORa, RORc, and Bhlhe40). Egr2 and 3 expression in T cells was regulated reciprocally by antigen and IFNγ, providing a mechanism for adjusting proliferation and differentiation of individual T cells. Thus, Egr2 and 3 are upstream regulators of effector CD4 and CD8 T cells that are essential for optimal responses with limited immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizong Miao
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK
| | - Alistair L J Symonds
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK
| | - Randeep Singh
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK.,Bioscience, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, England, UK
| | - Janine D Symonds
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Bioscience, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, England, UK
| | - Becky Omodho
- Bioscience, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, England, UK
| | - Bo Zhu
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK.,Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Suling Li
- Bioscience, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, England, UK
| | - Ping Wang
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK
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202
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Kaminuma O, Katayama K, Inoue K, Saeki M, Nishimura T, Kitamura N, Shimo Y, Tofukuji S, Ishida S, Ogonuki N, Kamimura S, Oikawa M, Katoh S, Mori A, Shichijo M, Hiroi T, Ogura A. Hyper-reactive cloned mice generated by direct nuclear transfer of antigen-specific CD4 + T cells. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:885-893. [PMID: 28468955 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice have been employed for evaluating antigen-response mechanisms, but their non-endogenous TCR might induce immune response differently than the physiologically expressed TCR Nuclear transfer cloning produces animals that retain the donor genotype in all tissues including germline and immune systems. Taking advantage of this feature, we generated cloned mice that carry endogenously rearranged TCR genes from antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. We show that T cells of the cloned mice display distinct developmental pattern and antigen reactivity because of their endogenously pre-rearranged TCRα (rTα) and TCRβ (rTβ) alleles. These alleles were transmitted to the offspring, allowing us to establish a set of mouse lines that show chronic-type allergic phenotypes, that is, bronchial and nasal inflammation, upon local administrations of the corresponding antigens. Intriguingly, the existence of either rTα or rTβ is sufficient to induce in vivo hypersensitivity. These cloned mice expressing intrinsic promoter-regulated antigen-specific TCR are a unique animal model with allergic predisposition for investigating CD4+ T-cell-mediated pathogenesis and cellular commitment in immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kaminuma
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan .,Bioresource Center RIKEN, Tsukuba, Japan.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan.,Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Katayama
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, SHIONOGI & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Saeki
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoe Nishimura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kitamura
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimo
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, SHIONOGI & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Soichi Tofukuji
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, SHIONOGI & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishida
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, SHIONOGI & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shigeki Katoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Akio Mori
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Michitaka Shichijo
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, SHIONOGI & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takachika Hiroi
- Allergy and Immunology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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203
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Iwata A, Durai V, Tussiwand R, Briseño CG, Wu X, Grajales-Reyes GE, Egawa T, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Quality of TCR signaling determined by differential affinities of enhancers for the composite BATF-IRF4 transcription factor complex. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:563-572. [PMID: 28346410 PMCID: PMC5401770 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.56, 10.1038/ni.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Variable strengths of signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) can produce divergent outcomes, but the mechanism of this remains obscure. The abundance of the transcription factor IRF4 increases with TCR signal strength, but how this would induce distinct types of responses is unclear. We compared the expression of genes in the TH2 subset of helper T cells to enhancer occupancy by the BATF-IRF4 transcription factor complex at varying strengths of TCR stimulation. Genes dependent on BATF-IRF4 clustered into groups with distinct TCR sensitivities. Enhancers exhibited a spectrum of occupancy by the BATF-IRF4 ternary complex that correlated with the sensitivity of gene expression to TCR signal strength. DNA sequences immediately flanking the previously defined AICE motif controlled the affinity of BATF-IRF4 for direct binding to DNA. Analysis by the chromatin immunoprecipitation-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) method allowed the identification of a previously unknown high-affinity AICE2 motif at a human single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the gene encoding the immunomodulatory receptor CTLA-4 that was associated with resistance to autoimmunity. Thus, the affinity of different enhancers for the BATF-IRF4 complex might underlie divergent signaling outcomes in response to various strengths of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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204
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Iwata A, Durai V, Tussiwand R, Briseño CG, Wu X, Grajales-Reyes GE, Egawa T, Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Quality of TCR signaling determined by differential affinities of enhancers for the composite BATF-IRF4 transcription factor complex. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:563-572. [PMID: 28346410 PMCID: PMC5401770 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variable strengths of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling can produce divergent outcomes, but the mechanism remains obscure. The abundance of the transcription factor IRF4 increases with TCR signal strength, but how this would induce distinct types of responses is unclear. We compared TH2 gene expression with BATF/IRF4 enhancer occupancy at varying strengths of TCR stimulation. BATF/IRF4-dependent genes clustered into distinct TCR-sensitivities. Enhancers exhibited a spectrum of occupancy by BATF/IRF4 ternary complex that correlated with TCR-sensitivity of gene expression. DNA sequences immediately flanking the previously defined AICE motif controlled the affinity for BATF/IRF4 for direct binding to DNA. ChIP-exo analysis allowed identification of a novel high-affinity AICE2 motif at a human SNP of CTLA4 associated with resistance to autoimmunity. Thus, the affinity of different enhancers for the BATF-IRF4 complex may underlie divergent signaling outcomes in response to various strengths of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arifumi Iwata
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Roxane Tussiwand
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos G Briseño
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Theresa L Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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205
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Lipid-dependent conformational dynamics underlie the functional versatility of T-cell receptor. Cell Res 2017; 27:505-525. [PMID: 28337984 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor-CD3 complex (TCR) is a versatile signaling machine that can initiate antigen-specific immune responses based on various biochemical changes of CD3 cytoplasmic domains, but the underlying structural basis remains elusive. Here we developed biophysical approaches to study the conformational dynamics of CD3ε cytoplasmic domain (CD3εCD). At the single-molecule level, we found that CD3εCD could have multiple conformational states with different openness of three functional motifs, i.e., ITAM, BRS and PRS. These conformations were generated because different regions of CD3εCD had heterogeneous lipid-binding properties and therefore had heterogeneous dynamics. Live-cell imaging experiments demonstrated that different antigen stimulations could stabilize CD3εCD at different conformations. Lipid-dependent conformational dynamics thus provide structural basis for the versatile signaling property of TCR.
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206
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Abstract
Recent researches are revealing the importance of a new subset of memory T cells called resident memory T cells (TRMs). Once they enter the tissues according to their tissue-homing receptors, TRMs do not go back to circulation and stay in the same tissues for a long time. These T cells are defined as expressing CD69 and/or CD103, and are known to show strong effector functions. It is considered that TRMs have an important role against infection in barrier tissues such as GI tract, skin, respiratory system and reproductive tract. Furthermore, recent reports indicate their roles in organ-specific chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune disorders and tumor immunology even in non-barrier tissues such as central nerve system, lymphatic tissue, liver, kidney, pancreas and joint. Here in this session, the author organized what have been known about TRM both in mouse and human, including the development, functional activities and relation of TRM to disease manifestation, for the detailed understanding of this fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba
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207
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Lönnberg T, Svensson V, James KR, Fernandez-Ruiz D, Sebina I, Montandon R, Soon MSF, Fogg LG, Nair AS, Liligeto U, Stubbington MJT, Ly LH, Bagger FO, Zwiessele M, Lawrence ND, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Bunn PT, Engwerda CR, Heath WR, Billker O, Stegle O, Haque A, Teichmann SA. Single-cell RNA-seq and computational analysis using temporal mixture modelling resolves Th1/Tfh fate bifurcation in malaria. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:eaal2192. [PMID: 28345074 PMCID: PMC5365145 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into functionally distinct T helper subsets is crucial for the orchestration of immune responses. Due to extensive heterogeneity and multiple overlapping transcriptional programs in differentiating T cell populations, this process has remained a challenge for systematic dissection in vivo. By using single-cell transcriptomics and computational analysis using a temporal mixtures of Gaussian processes model, termed GPfates, we reconstructed the developmental trajectories of Th1 and Tfh cells during blood-stage Plasmodium infection in mice. By tracking clonality using endogenous TCR sequences, we first demonstrated that Th1/Tfh bifurcation had occurred at both population and single-clone levels. Next, we identified genes whose expression was associated with Th1 or Tfh fates, and demonstrated a T-cell intrinsic role for Galectin-1 in supporting a Th1 differentiation. We also revealed the close molecular relationship between Th1 and IL-10-producing Tr1 cells in this infection. Th1 and Tfh fates emerged from a highly proliferative precursor that upregulated aerobic glycolysis and accelerated cell cycling as cytokine expression began. Dynamic gene expression of chemokine receptors around bifurcation predicted roles for cell-cell in driving Th1/Tfh fates. In particular, we found that precursor Th cells were coached towards a Th1 but not a Tfh fate by inflammatory monocytes. Thus, by integrating genomic and computational approaches, our study has provided two unique resources, a database www.PlasmoTH.org, which facilitates discovery of novel factors controlling Th1/Tfh fate commitment, and more generally, GPfates, a modelling framework for characterizing cell differentiation towards multiple fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapio Lönnberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valentine Svensson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kylie R. James
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Fernandez-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruddy Montandon
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Megan S. F. Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lily G. Fogg
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arya Sheela Nair
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Urijah Liligeto
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J. T. Stubbington
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lam-Ha Ly
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frederik Otzen Bagger
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Long Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Max Zwiessele
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Neil D. Lawrence
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Patrick T. Bunn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - William R. Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Billker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashraful Haque
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
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208
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T-Cell Receptor (TCR) Clonotype-Specific Differences in Inhibitory Activity of HIV-1 Cytotoxic T-Cell Clones Is Not Mediated by TCR Alone. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02412-16. [PMID: 28077649 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02412-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional analysis of T-cell responses in HIV-infected individuals has indicated that virus-specific CD8+ T cells with superior antiviral efficacy are well represented in HIV-1 controllers but are rare or absent in HIV-1 progressors. To define the role of individual T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in differential antiviral CD8+ T-cell function, we performed detailed functional and mass cytometric cluster analysis of multiple CD8+ T-cell clones recognizing the identical HLA-B*2705-restricted HIV-1 epitope KK10 (KRWIILGLNK). Effective and ineffective CD8+ T-cell clones segregated based on responses to HIV-1-infected and peptide-loaded target cells. Following cognate peptide stimulation, effective HIV-specific clones displayed significantly more rapid TCR signal propagation, more efficient initial lytic granule release, and more sustained nonlytic cytokine and chemokine secretion than ineffective clones. To evaluate the TCR clonotype contribution to CD8+ T-cell function, we cloned the TCR α and β chain genes from one effective and two ineffective CD8+ T-cell clones from an elite controller into TCR-expressing lentivectors. We show that Jurkat/MA cells and primary CD8+ T cells transduced with lentivirus expressing TCR from one of the ineffective clones exhibited a level of activation by cognate peptide and inhibition of in vitro HIV-1 infection, respectively, that were comparable to those of the effective clonotype. Taken together, these data suggest that the potent antiviral capacity of some HIV-specific CD8+ T cells is a consequence of factors in addition to TCR sequence that modulate functionality and contribute to the increased antiviral capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in elite controllers to inhibit HIV infection.IMPORTANCE The greater ex vivo antiviral inhibitory activity of CD8+ T cells from elite controllers than from HIV-1 progressors supports the crucial role of effective HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in controlling HIV-1 replication. The contribution of TCR clonotype to inhibitory potency was investigated by delineating the responsiveness of effective and ineffective CD8+ T-cell clones recognizing the identical HLA-B*2705-restricted HIV-1 Gag-derived peptide, KK10 (KRWIILGLNK). KK10-stimulated "effective" CD8+ T-cell clones displayed significantly more rapid TCR signal propagation, more efficient initial lytic granule release, and more sustained cytokine and chemokine secretion than "ineffective" CD8+ T-cell clones. However, TCRs cloned from an effective and one of two ineffective clones conferred upon primary CD8+ T cells the equivalent potent capacity to inhibit HIV-1 infection. Taken together, these data suggest that other factors aside from intrinsic TCR-peptide-major histocompatibility complex (TCR-peptide-MHC) reactivity can contribute to the potent antiviral capacity of some HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell clones.
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209
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Herati RS, Muselman A, Vella L, Bengsch B, Parkhouse K, Del Alcazar D, Kotzin J, Doyle SA, Tebas P, Hensley SE, Su LF, Schmader KE, Wherry EJ. Successive annual influenza vaccination induces a recurrent oligoclonotypic memory response in circulating T follicular helper cells. Sci Immunol 2017; 2. [PMID: 28620653 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) CD4 cells are crucial providers of B cell help during adaptive immune responses. A circulating population of CD4 T cells, termed cTfh, have similarity to lymphoid Tfh, can provide B cell help, and responded to influenza vaccination. However, it is unclear whether human vaccination-induced cTfh respond in an antigen-specific manner and whether they form long-lasting memory. Here, we identified a cTfh population that expressed multiple T cell activation markers and could be readily identified by coexpression of ICOS and CD38. This subset expressed more Bcl-6, c-Maf, and IL-21 than other blood CD4 subsets. Influenza vaccination induced a strong response in the ICOS+CD38+ cTfh at day 7, and this population included hemagglutinin-specific cells by tetramer staining and antigen-stimulated Activation Induced Marker (AIM) expression. Moreover, TCRB sequencing identified a clonal response in ICOS+CD38+ cTfh that correlated strongly with the increased circulating ICOS+CD38+ cTfh frequency and the circulating plasmablast response. In subjects who received successive annual vaccinations, a recurrent oligoclonal response was identified in the ICOS+CD38+ cTfh subset at 7 days after every vaccination. These oligoclonal responses in ICOS+CD38+ cTfh after vaccination persisted in the ICOS-CD38- cTfh repertoire in subsequent years, suggesting clonal maintenance in a memory reservoir in the more-stable ICOS-CD38- cTfh subset. These data highlight the antigen-specificity, lineage relationships and memory properties of human cTfh responses to vaccination, providing new avenues for tracking and monitoring cTfh responses during infection and vaccination in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Sedaghat Herati
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Muselman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura Vella
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Daniel Del Alcazar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan Kotzin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan A Doyle
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kenneth E Schmader
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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210
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Adenovirus Serotype 5 Vaccination Results in Suboptimal CD4 T Helper 1 Responses in Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01132-16. [PMID: 28003483 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01132-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is one of the most widely used viral vectors and is known to generate potent T cell responses. While many previous studies have characterized Ad5-induced CD8 T cell responses, there is a relative lack of detailed studies that have analyzed CD4 T cells elicited by Ad5 vaccination. Here, we immunized mice with Ad5 vectors encoding lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP) and examined GP-specific CD4 T cell responses elicited by Ad5 vectors and compared them to those induced by an acute LCMV infection. In contrast to LCMV infection, where balanced CD4 T helper 1 (Th1) and T follicular helper (Tfh) responses were induced, Ad5 immunization resulted in a significantly reduced frequency of Th1 cells. CD4 T cells elicited by Ad5 vectors expressed decreased levels of Th1 markers, such as Tim3, SLAM, T-bet, and Ly6C, had smaller amounts of cytotoxic molecules like granzyme B, and produced less interferon gamma than CD4 T cells induced by LCMV infection. This defective CD4 Th1 response appeared to be intrinsic for Ad5 vectors and not a reflection of comparing a nonreplicating vector to a live viral infection, since immunization with a DNA vector expressing LCMV-GP generated efficient CD4 Th1 responses. Analysis at early time points (day 3 or 4) after immunization with Ad5 vectors revealed a defect in the expression of CD25 (interleukin-2 [IL-2] receptor alpha chain) on Ad5-elicited CD4 T cells, and administration of exogenous IL-2 following Ad5 immunization partially restored CD4 Th1 responses. These results suggest that impairment of Th1 commitment after Ad5 immunization could be due to reduced IL-2-mediated signaling.IMPORTANCE During viral infection, generating balanced responses of Th1 and Tfh cells is important to induce effective cell-mediated responses and provide optimal help for antibody responses. In this study, to investigate vaccine-induced CD4 T cell responses, we characterized CD4 T cells after immunization with Ad5 vectors expressing LCMV-GP in mice. Ad5 vectors led to altered effector differentiation of LCMV GP-specific CD4 T cells compared to that during LCMV infection. CD4 T cells following Ad5 immunization exhibited impaired Th1 lineage commitment, generating significantly decreased Th1 responses than those induced by LCMV infection. Our results suggest that suboptimal IL-2 signaling possibly plays a role in reduced Th1 development following Ad5 immunization.
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211
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Gregor CE, Foeng J, Comerford I, McColl SR. Chemokine-Driven CD4 + T Cell Homing: New Concepts and Recent Advances. Adv Immunol 2017; 135:119-181. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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212
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Schmiel SE, Yang JA, Jenkins MK, Mueller DL. Cutting Edge: Adenosine A2a Receptor Signals Inhibit Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation during the Primary Response to Vaccination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:623-628. [PMID: 27986907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) signaling acts as a barrier to autoimmunity by promoting anergy, inducing regulatory T cells, and inhibiting effector T cells. However, in vivo effects of A2aR signaling on polyclonal CD4 T cells during a primary response to foreign Ag has yet to be determined. To address this problem, we immunized mice with peptide Ag 2W1S coupled to PE in CFA and treated with the selective A2aR agonist CGS-21680 (CGS). 2W1S:I-Ab-specific tetramer-binding CD4 T cells did not become anergic or differentiate into Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Additionally, CGS treatment did not inhibit Th1 or Th17 differentiation. However, CGS did abrogate germinal center T follicular helper cells, and blunted PE-specific germinal center B cell responses. The use of A2aR-deficient CD4 T cells established that this CGS effect was T cell intrinsic. Therefore, this study has identified a unique role for A2aRs in regulating CD4 T cell differentiation during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirdi E Schmiel
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Jessica A Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel L Mueller
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
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213
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Martinez RJ, Andargachew R, Martinez HA, Evavold BD. Low-affinity CD4+ T cells are major responders in the primary immune response. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13848. [PMID: 27976744 PMCID: PMC5234832 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust primary immune response has been correlated with the precursor number of antigen-specific T cells, as identified using peptide MHCII tetramers. However, these tetramers identify only the highest-affinity T cells. Here we show the entire CD4+ T-cell repertoire, inclusive of low-affinity T cells missed by tetramers, using a T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling reporter and micropipette assay to quantify naive precursors and expanded populations. In vivo limiting dilution assays reveal hundreds more precursor T cells than previously thought, with higher-affinity tetramer-positive T cells, comprising only 5-30% of the total antigen-specific naive repertoire. Lower-affinity T cells maintain their predominance as the primary immune response progresses, with no enhancement of survival of T cells with high-affinity TCRs. These findings demonstrate that affinity for antigen does not control CD4+ T-cell entry into the primary immune response, as a diverse range in affinity is maintained from precursor through peak of T-cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Rakieb Andargachew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Hunter A. Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta Georgia, 30322, USA
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214
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Nish SA, Zens KD, Kratchmarov R, Lin WHW, Adams WC, Chen YH, Yen B, Rothman NJ, Bhandoola A, Xue HH, Farber DL, Reiner SL. CD4+ T cell effector commitment coupled to self-renewal by asymmetric cell divisions. J Exp Med 2016; 214:39-47. [PMID: 27923906 PMCID: PMC5206501 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nish et al. report that production of a fully committed Th1 effector cell occurs during an asymmetric cell division wherein the other daughter cell remains memory cell–like. Unequal transmission of metabolic signaling may be the driver of this regenerative behavior. Upon infection, an activated CD4+ T cell produces terminally differentiated effector cells and renews itself for continued defense. In this study, we show that differentiation and self-renewal arise as opposing outcomes of sibling CD4+ T cells. After influenza challenge, antigen-specific cells underwent several divisions in draining lymph nodes (LN; DLNs) while maintaining expression of TCF1. After four or five divisions, some cells silenced, whereas some cells maintained TCF1 expression. TCF1-silenced cells were T helper 1–like effectors and concentrated in the lungs. Cells from earliest divisions were memory-like and concentrated in nondraining LN. TCF1-expressing cells from later divisions in the DLN could self-renew, clonally yielding a TCF1-silenced daughter cell as well as a sibling cell maintaining TCF1 expression. Some TCF1-expressing cells in DLNs acquired an alternative, follicular helper-like fate. Modeled differentiation experiments in vitro suggested that unequal PI3K/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling drives intraclonal cell fate heterogeneity. Asymmetric division enables self-renewal to be coupled to production of differentiated CD4+ effector T cells during clonal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Nish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kyra D Zens
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Radomir Kratchmarov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - William C Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Bonnie Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Nyanza J Rothman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- T-Cell Biology and Development Unit, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Steven L Reiner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 .,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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215
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Pilkinton MA, Nicholas KJ, Warren CM, Smith RM, Yoder SM, Talbot HK, Kalams SA. Greater activation of peripheral T follicular helper cells following high dose influenza vaccine in older adults forecasts seroconversion. Vaccine 2016; 35:329-336. [PMID: 27919633 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza related morbidity and mortality disproportionately impacts older adults. The serologic response to vaccine is diminished in older adults; however, high dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD IIV) has shown improved rates of seroconversion compared to standard dose (SD IIV). We hypothesize this may be due to the superior ability of high dose vaccine to activate T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and provide B cell dependent T cell help. METHODS We measured peripheral Tfh (pTfh) activation in 50 community dwelling adults 65years or older who were randomly assigned to receive either the HD IIV or SD IIV. RESULTS The HD vaccination elicited significantly higher levels of ICOS expression on pTfh cells, at day 7 compared to SD vaccination (p=0.02). The magnitude of the increase in ICOS+ pTfh cells from baseline to day 7 was predictive of seroconversion for both influenza A and B vaccination. CONCLUSION Strong Tfh activation in response to influenza vaccination forecasts successful seroconversion in older adults, and HD IIV elicits greater Tfh activation than SD IIV. Future vaccine studies should focus on ways to further optimize the Tfh response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Pilkinton
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Katherine J Nicholas
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Christian M Warren
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Rita M Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Sandra M Yoder
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vaccine Research Program, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN 38232, United States; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN 38232, United States.
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216
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Nakayama T, Hirahara K, Onodera A, Endo Y, Hosokawa H, Shinoda K, Tumes DJ, Okamoto Y. Th2 Cells in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 35:53-84. [PMID: 27912316 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Helper T (Th) cell subsets direct immune responses by producing signature cytokines. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are important in humoral immunity and protection from helminth infection and are central to the pathogenesis of many allergic inflammatory diseases. Molecular analysis of Th2 cell differentiation and maintenance of function has led to recent discoveries that have refined our understanding of Th2 cell biology. Epigenetic regulation of Gata3 expression by chromatin remodeling complexes such as Polycomb and Trithorax is crucial for maintaining Th2 cell identity. In the context of allergic diseases, memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells have been identified in both mice and humans. To better understand these disease-driving cell populations, we have developed a model called the pathogenic Th population disease induction model. The concept of defined subsets of pathogenic Th cells may spur new, effective strategies for treating intractable chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,AMED-CREST, AMED, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hirahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Atsushi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Endo
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Hiroyuki Hosokawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Kenta Shinoda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , ,
| | - Damon J Tumes
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; , , , , , , , .,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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217
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Marchingo JM, Prevedello G, Kan A, Heinzel S, Hodgkin PD, Duffy KR. T-cell stimuli independently sum to regulate an inherited clonal division fate. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13540. [PMID: 27869196 PMCID: PMC5121331 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of antigen and costimulation, T cells undergo a characteristic response of expansion, cessation and contraction. Previous studies have revealed that population-level reproducibility is a consequence of multiple clones exhibiting considerable disparity in burst size, highlighting the requirement for single-cell information in understanding T-cell fate regulation. Here we show that individual T-cell clones resulting from controlled stimulation in vitro are strongly lineage imprinted with highly correlated expansion fates. Progeny from clonal families cease dividing in the same or adjacent generations, with inter-clonal variation producing burst-size diversity. The effects of costimulatory signals on individual clones sum together with stochastic independence; therefore, the net effect across multiple clones produces consistent, but heterogeneous population responses. These data demonstrate that substantial clonal heterogeneity arises through differences in experience of clonal progenitors, either through stochastic antigen interaction or by differences in initial receptor sensitivities. Why do populations of highly similar T cells have heterogeneous division destinies in response to antigenic stimulus? Here the authors develop a multiplex-dye assay and a mathematical framework to test clonal heterogeneity and show distinction in division destiny is a result of inter-clonal variability as lineage imprinting ensures clones share similar proliferation fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Marchingo
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - G Prevedello
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare W23 WK26, Ireland
| | - A Kan
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S Heinzel
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P D Hodgkin
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare W23 WK26, Ireland
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218
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Jolink H, de Boer R, Hombrink P, Jonkers RE, van Dissel JT, Falkenburg JHF, Heemskerk MHM. Pulmonary immune responses against Aspergillus fumigatus are characterized by high frequencies of IL-17 producing T-cells. J Infect 2016; 74:81-88. [PMID: 27838522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In healthy individuals and in patients with invasive aspergillosis, Aspergillus-specific T-cells in peripheral blood display mainly a Thelper1 phenotype. Although in other fungal infections Thelper17 immunity is important, it was suggested that in aspergillus infection Thelper17 cells do not play a role or may even be detrimental. OBJECTIVES To compare the cytokine profiles of Aspergillus-specific CD4+ T-cells in peripheral blood and in the lung. To investigate the Thelper phenotype at the primary location of A. fumigatus exposure. METHODS Lung-derived T-cells and peripheral blood T-cells from COPD-patients were stimulated with overlapping peptides of 6 A. fumigatus proteins. Aspergillus-specific T-cells were identified on the basis of the activation marker CD154 and production of TNFα. In addition, production of the cytokines IFNγ, IL-17, IL-4 and IL-5 by the Aspergillus-specific T-cells was measured. RESULTS The majority of lung-derived Aspergillus-specific T-cells displayed a Thelper17 phenotype, and only low percentages of cells produced IFNγ. In contrast, in the peripheral blood of COPD patients Aspergillus-specific T-cells displayed a Thelper1 phenotype, similar as peripheral blood-derived Aspergillus-specific T-cells from healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that in A. fumigatus infection, similar as in other fungal infections, Thelper17 cells may play a more important role in the immune response than was appreciated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty Jolink
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Renate de Boer
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pleun Hombrink
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René E Jonkers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap T van Dissel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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219
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Jiang TT, Martinov T, Xin L, Kinder JM, Spanier JA, Fife BT, Way SS. Programmed Death-1 Culls Peripheral Accumulation of High-Affinity Autoreactive CD4 T Cells to Protect against Autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2016; 17:1783-1794. [PMID: 27829150 PMCID: PMC5108556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive CD4 T cells are incompletely deleted during thymic development, and their peripheral seeding highlights the need for additional safeguards to avert autoimmunity. Here, we show an essential role for the coinhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in silencing the activation of high-affinity autoreactive CD4 T cells. Each wave of self-reactive CD4 T cells that escapes thymic deletion autonomously upregulates PD-1 to maintain self-tolerance. By tracking the progeny derived from individual autoreactive CD4 T cell clones, we demonstrate that self-reactive cells with the greatest autoimmune threat and highest self-antigen affinity express the most PD-1. Reciprocally, PD-1 deprivation unleashes high-affinity self-reactive CD4 T cells in target tissues to exacerbate neuronal inflammation and autoimmune diabetes. Reliance on PD-1 to actively maintain self-tolerance may explain why exploiting this pathway by cancerous cells and invasive microbes efficiently subverts protective immunity, and why autoimmune side effects can develop after PD-1-neutralizing checkpoint therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony T Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lijun Xin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeremy M Kinder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Justin A Spanier
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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220
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Ikebuchi R, Teraguchi S, Vandenbon A, Honda T, Shand FHW, Nakanishi Y, Watanabe T, Tomura M. A rare subset of skin-tropic regulatory T cells expressing Il10/Gzmb inhibits the cutaneous immune response. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35002. [PMID: 27756896 PMCID: PMC5069467 DOI: 10.1038/srep35002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) migrating from the skin to the draining lymph node (dLN) have a strong immunosuppressive effect on the cutaneous immune response. However, the subpopulations responsible for their inhibitory function remain unclear. We investigated single-cell gene expression heterogeneity in Tregs from the dLN of inflamed skin in a contact hypersensitivity model. The immunosuppressive genes Ctla4 and Tgfb1 were expressed in the majority of Tregs. Although Il10-expressing Tregs were rare, unexpectedly, the majority of Il10-expressing Tregs co-expressed Gzmb and displayed Th1-skewing. Single-cell profiling revealed that CD43+ CCR5+ Tregs represented the main subset within the Il10/Gzmb-expressing cell population in the dLN. Moreover, CD43+ CCR5+ CXCR3− Tregs expressed skin-tropic chemokine receptors, were preferentially retained in inflamed skin and downregulated the cutaneous immune response. The identification of a rare Treg subset co-expressing multiple immunosuppressive molecules and having tissue-remaining capacity offers a novel strategy for the control of skin inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Teraguchi
- Quantitative Immunology Research Unit, IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexis Vandenbon
- Immuno-Genomics Research Unit, IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Honda
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Francis H W Shand
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nakanishi
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan
| | - Michio Tomura
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
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221
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Cruz Tleugabulova M, Escalante NK, Deng S, Fieve S, Ereño-Orbea J, Savage PB, Julien JP, Mallevaey T. Discrete TCR Binding Kinetics Control Invariant NKT Cell Selection and Central Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3959-3969. [PMID: 27798168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells develop and differentiate in the thymus, segregating into iNKT1/2/17 subsets akin to Th1/2/17 classical CD4+ T cells; however, iNKT TCRs recognize Ags in a fundamentally different way. How the biophysical parameters of iNKT TCRs influence signal strength in vivo and how such signals affect the development and differentiation of these cells are unknown. In this study, we manipulated TCRs in vivo to generate clonotypic iNKT cells using TCR retrogenic chimeras. We report that the biophysical properties of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions differentially impacted the development and effector differentiation of iNKT cells. Whereas selection efficiency strongly correlated with TCR avidity, TCR signaling, cell-cell conjugate formation, and iNKT effector differentiation correlated with the half-life of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions. TCR binding properties, however, did not modulate Ag-induced iNKT cytokine production. Our work establishes that discrete TCR interaction kinetics influence iNKT cell development and central priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichole K Escalante
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Stephanie Fieve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
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222
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Maggioli MF, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Vordermeier HM, McGill JL, Whelan AO, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Waters WR. Increased TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-2 and Decreased TNF-α/IFN-γ Production by Central Memory T Cells Are Associated with Protective Responses against Bovine Tuberculosis Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:421. [PMID: 27799930 PMCID: PMC5066095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Central memory T cell (Tcm) and polyfunctional CD4 T cell responses contribute to vaccine-elicited protection with both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB); however, their combined role in protective immunity to TB is unclear. To address this question, we evaluated polyfunctional cytokine responses by CD4 T cell effector/memory populations from bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves by flow cytometry prior to and after aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis. Polyfunctional cytokine expression patterns in the response by Tcm, effector memory, and effector T cell subsets were similar between BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-infected calves, only differing in magnitude (i.e., infected > vaccinated). BCG vaccination, however, did alter the kinetics of the ensuing response to virulent M. bovis infection. Early after challenge (3 weeks post-infection), non-vaccinates had greater antigen-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lesser IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 responses by Tcm cells than did vaccinated animals. Importantly, these differences were also associated with mycobacterial burden upon necropsy. Polyfunctional responses to ESAT-6:CFP10 (antigens not synthesized by BCG strains) were detected in memory subsets, as well as in effector cells, as early as 3 weeks after challenge. These findings suggest that cell fate divergence may occur early after antigen priming in the response to bovine TB and that memory and effector T cells may expand concurrently during the initial phase of the immune response. In summary, robust IFN-γ/TNF-α response by Tcm cells is associated with greater mycobacterial burden, while IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 response by Tcm cells are indicative of a protective response to bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA; Imbio, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | | | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS , USA
| | - Adam O Whelan
- Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down , Wiltshire , UK
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
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Liu WH, Kang SG, Huang Z, Wu CJ, Jin HY, Maine CJ, Liu Y, Shepherd J, Sabouri-Ghomi M, Gonzalez-Martin A, Xu S, Hoffmann A, Zheng Y, Lu LF, Xiao N, Fu G, Xiao C. A miR-155-Peli1-c-Rel pathway controls the generation and function of T follicular helper cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1901-19. [PMID: 27481129 PMCID: PMC4995083 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) deficiency impairs the generation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, but the contribution of individual miRNAs to this phenotype remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed deep sequencing analysis of miRNAs expressed in Tfh cells and identified a five-miRNA signature. Analyses of mutant mice deficient of these miRNAs revealed that miR-22 and miR-183/96/182 are dispensable, but miR-155 is essential for the generation and function of Tfh cells. miR-155 deficiency led to decreased proliferation specifically at the late stage of Tfh cell differentiation and reduced CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression on antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. Mechanistically, miR-155 repressed the expression of Peli1, a ubiquitin ligase that promotes the degradation of the NF-κB family transcription factor c-Rel, which controls cellular proliferation and CD40L expression. Therefore, our study identifies a novel miR-155-Peli1-c-Rel pathway that specifically regulates Tfh cell generation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsien Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Division of Biomedical Convergence/Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Cheng-Jang Wu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hyun Yong Jin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Christian J Maine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jovan Shepherd
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Mohsen Sabouri-Ghomi
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alicia Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ye Zheng
- Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Changchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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225
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Varricchi G, Harker J, Borriello F, Marone G, Durham SR, Shamji MH. T follicular helper (Tfh ) cells in normal immune responses and in allergic disorders. Allergy 2016; 71:1086-94. [PMID: 26970097 DOI: 10.1111/all.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh ) are located within germinal centers of lymph nodes. Cognate interaction between Tfh , B cells, and IL-21 drives B cells to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells thereby leading to antibody production. Tfh cells and IL-21 are involved in infectious and autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, vaccination, and cancer. Human peripheral blood CXCR5(+) CD4(+) T cells comprise different subsets of Tfh -like cells. Despite the importance of the IgE response in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders, little is known about the role of follicular and blood Tfh cells and IL-21 in human and experimental allergic disease. Here, we review recent advances regarding the phenotypic and functional characteristics of both follicular and blood Tfh cells and of the IL-21/IL-21R system in the context of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Varricchi
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Imperial College London; London UK
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - J. Harker
- Inflammation, Repair & Development Section; Faculty of Medicine; National Heart and Lung Institute; Imperial College London; London UK
- MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma; London UK
| | - F. Borriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI); School of Medicine; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - G. Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI); School of Medicine; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
- CNR Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology ‘G. Salvatore’; Naples Italy
| | - S. R. Durham
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Imperial College London; London UK
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - M. H. Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group; Imperial College London; London UK
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Imperial College London; London UK
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226
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Pravetoni M. Biologics to treat substance use disorders: Current status and new directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3005-3019. [PMID: 27441896 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1212785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics (vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and genetically modified enzymes) offer a promising class of therapeutics to treat substance use disorders (SUD) involving abuse of opioids and stimulants such as nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. In contrast to small molecule medications targeting brain receptors, biologics for SUD are larger molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but target the drug itself, preventing its distribution to the brain and blunting its effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Active and passive immunization approaches rely on antibodies (Ab) that bind drugs of abuse in serum and block their distribution to the brain, preventing the rewarding effects of drugs and addiction-related behaviors. Alternatives to vaccines and anti-drug mAb are genetically engineered human or bacterial enzymes that metabolize drugs of abuse, lowering the concentration of free active drug. Pre-clinical and clinical data support development of effective biologics for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pravetoni
- a Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology , Center for Immunology , Minneapolis , MN , USA
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227
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Allison KA, Sajti E, Collier JG, Gosselin D, Troutman TD, Stone EL, Hedrick SM, Glass CK. Affinity and dose of TCR engagement yield proportional enhancer and gene activity in CD4+ T cells. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27376549 PMCID: PMC4931909 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity and dose of T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with antigens govern the magnitude of CD4+ T cell responses, but questions remain regarding the quantitative translation of TCR engagement into downstream signals. We find that while the response of mouse CD4+ T cells to antigenic stimulation is bimodal, activated cells exhibit analog responses proportional to signal strength. Gene expression output reflects TCR signal strength, providing a signature of T cell activation. Expression changes rely on a pre-established enhancer landscape and quantitative acetylation at AP-1 binding sites. Finally, we show that graded expression of activation genes depends on ERK pathway activation, suggesting that an ERK-AP-1 axis plays an important role in translating TCR signal strength into proportional activation of enhancers and genes essential for T cell function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10134.001 T helper cells recognize and respond to bacteria, viruses and other invading microbes and thus play a central role in the adaptive immune system. These cells have a receptor on their surface that binds to fragments of proteins – known as oligopeptides – from the microbes that have been digested and presented on the surfaces of other immune cells. Once active, T helper cells multiply, grow and release signals that regulate genes in other cells to promote immune responses. Previous studies suggest that a T helper cell’s response is binary – that is, either on or off. However, this does not explain how the strength of the T cell response to infection can vary. Allison et al. used a technique called high-throughput sequencing to examine the activity of genes in T helper cells from mice that had been genetically engineered to only produce one type of T cell receptor. For the experiments, the T cells were exposed to various concentrations of different peptides known to bind either well or poorly to the receptor. Allison et al. found that, once activated, the response of an individual T cell was not binary, but instead was related to the strength of the signal it received through its receptor. Further experiments showed that although a subset of the genes activated in T helper cells do respond in a binary fashion, the activities of many other genes involved in immune responses and cell metabolism were related to the strength of the signal from the receptor. This “analog” gene activation depends on the level of activity of the MAP kinase signaling pathway. Together, Allison et al.’s findings help us to understand how T cells are able to fine-tune immune responses to invading microbes. The next challenge will be to investigate the mechanisms underlying binary and analog gene activity in T cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10134.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmel A Allison
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, United States
| | - Jana G Collier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - David Gosselin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Ty Dale Troutman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Erica L Stone
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Translational Tumor Immunology Program, Wistar Institute Cancer Center, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Science, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
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228
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CD4 T cell epitope specificity determines follicular versus non-follicular helper differentiation in the polyclonal response to influenza infection or vaccination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28287. [PMID: 27329272 PMCID: PMC4916409 DOI: 10.1038/srep28287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are essential for B cell production of high-affinity, class-switched antibodies. Much interest in Tfh development focuses on the priming environment of CD4 T cells. Here we explored the role that peptide specificity plays in the partitioning of the polyclonal CD4 T cell repertoire between Tfh and NonTfh lineages during the response to influenza. Surprisingly, we found that CD4 T cells specific for different epitopes exhibited distinct tendencies to segregate into Tfh or NonTfh. To alter the microenvironment and abundance, viral antigens were introduced as purified recombinant proteins in adjuvant as native proteins. Also, the most prototypical epitopes were expressed in a completely foreign protein. In many cases, the epitope-specific response patterns of Tfh vs. NonTfh persisted. The functional TcR avidity of only a subset of epitope-specific cells correlated with the tendency to drive a Tfh response. Thus, we conclude that in a polyclonal CD4 T cell repertoire, features of TcR-peptide:MHC class II complex have a strong deterministic influence on the ability of CD4 T cells to become a Tfh or a NonTfh. Our data is most consistent with at least 2 checkpoints of Tfh selection that include both TcR affinity and B cell presentation.
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229
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Spanier JA, Frederick DR, Taylor JJ, Heffernan JR, Kotov DI, Martinov T, Osum KC, Ruggiero JL, Rust BJ, Landry SJ, Jenkins MK, McLachlan JB, Fife BT. Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies against peptide in the context of MHCII using magnetic enrichment. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11804. [PMID: 27292946 PMCID: PMC4909947 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies specific for foreign antigens, auto-antigens, allogeneic antigens and tumour neo-antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) are highly desirable as novel immunotherapeutics. However, there is no standard protocol for the efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies that recognize peptide in the context of MHCII, and only a limited number of such reagents exist. In this report, we describe an approach for the generation and screening of monoclonal antibodies specific for peptide bound to MHCII. This approach exploits the use of recombinant peptide:MHC monomers as immunogens, and subsequently relies on multimers to pre-screen and magnetically enrich the responding antigen-specific B cells before fusion and validation, thus saving significant time and reagents. Using this method, we have generated two antibodies enabling us to interrogate antigen presentation and T-cell activation. This methodology sets the standard to generate monoclonal antibodies against the peptide–MHCII complexes. Generating antibodies specific for the peptide–MHCII complexes has been challenging, with only a handful made to date. Here, the authors develop a more efficient approach to generate these antibodies, and demonstrate their potential in research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Spanier
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Daniel R Frederick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - James R Heffernan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Jenna L Ruggiero
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Blake J Rust
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Samuel J Landry
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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230
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit R. Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
| | - Ton N.M. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
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231
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The Microbiota Determines Susceptibility to Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5065703. [PMID: 27294159 PMCID: PMC4886056 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5065703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is a crucial modulator of the immune system. Here, we evaluated how its absence or reduction modifies the inflammatory response in the murine model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). We induced EAU in germ-free (GF) or conventionally housed (CV) mice and in CV mice treated with a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics either from the day of EAU induction or from one week prior to induction of disease. The severity of the inflammation was assessed by fundus biomicroscopy or by histology, including immunohistology. The immunophenotyping of T cells in local and distant lymph nodes was performed by flow cytometry. We found that GF mice and mice where the microbiota was reduced one week before EAU induction were protected from severe autoimmune inflammation. GF mice had lower numbers of infiltrating macrophages and significantly less T cell infiltration in the retina than CV mice with EAU. GF mice also had reduced numbers of IFN-γ and IL-17-producing T cells and increased numbers of regulatory T cells in the eye-draining lymph nodes. These data suggest that the presence of microbiota during autoantigen recognition regulates the inflammatory response by influencing the adaptive immune response.
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232
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A TRAF-like motif of the inducible costimulator ICOS controls development of germinal center TFH cells via the kinase TBK1. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:825-33. [PMID: 27135603 PMCID: PMC4915981 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inducible costimulator (ICOS) signaling fuels the stepwise development of T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, a signaling pathway unique to ICOS has not been identified. We show that TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) associates with ICOS via a conserved motif, IProx, which shares homology with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors, TRAF2 and TRAF3. Disruption of this motif abolishes the association with TBK1, thus identifying a TBK1-binding consensus. Mutation of this motif in ICOS, or depletion of TBK1 in T cells severely impaired the differentiation of germinal center (GC) TFH, B cell and antibody responses, but was dispensable for early TFH differentiation. These results reveal a novel ICOS-TBK1 signaling pathway that specifies GC TFH cell commitment.
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233
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Höfer T, Barile M, Flossdorf M. Stem-cell dynamics and lineage topology from in vivo fate mapping in the hematopoietic system. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 39:150-156. [PMID: 27107166 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, sophisticated fate-mapping tools have been developed to study the behavior of stem cells in the intact organism. These experimental approaches are beginning to yield a quantitative picture of how cell numbers are regulated during steady state and in response to challenges. Focusing on hematopoiesis and immune responses, we discuss how novel mathematical approaches driven by these fate-mapping data have provided insights into the dynamics and topology of cellular differentiation pathways in vivo. The combination of experiment and theory has allowed to quantify the degree of self-renewal in stem and progenitor cells, shown how native hematopoiesis differs fundamentally from post-transplantation hematopoiesis, and uncovered that the diversification of T lymphocytes during immune responses resembles tissue renewal driven by stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Melania Barile
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Flossdorf
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioquant Center, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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234
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Mesquita D, Cruvinel WM, Resende LS, Mesquita FV, Silva NP, Câmara NOS, Andrade LEC. Follicular helper T cell in immunity and autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5209. [PMID: 27096200 PMCID: PMC4843212 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The traditional concept that effector T helper (Th) responses are mediated by Th1/Th2 cell subtypes has been broadened by the recent demonstration of two new effector T helper cells, the IL-17 producing cells (Th17) and the follicular helper T cells (Tfh). These new subsets have many features in common, such as the ability to produce IL-21 and to express the IL-23 receptor (IL23R), the inducible co-stimulatory molecule ICOS, and the transcription factor c-Maf, all of them essential for expansion and establishment of the final pool of both subsets. Tfh cells differ from Th17 by their ability to home to B cell areas in secondary lymphoid tissue through interactions mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and its ligand CXCL13. These CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells are considered an effector T cell type specialized in B cell help, with a transcriptional profile distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells. The role of Tfh cells and its primary product, IL-21, on B-cell activation and differentiation is essential for humoral immunity against infectious agents. However, when deregulated, Tfh cells could represent an important mechanism contributing to exacerbated humoral response and autoantibody production in autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the importance of Tfh cells by focusing on their biology and differentiation processes in the context of normal immune response to infectious microorganisms and their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mesquita
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - W M Cruvinel
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L S Resende
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F V Mesquita
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N P Silva
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - N O S Câmara
- Divisão de Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L E C Andrade
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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235
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Alternative splicing of MALT1 controls signalling and activation of CD4(+) T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11292. [PMID: 27068814 PMCID: PMC4832065 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MALT1 channels proximal T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling to downstream signalling pathways. With MALT1A and MALT1B two conserved splice variants exist and we demonstrate here that MALT1 alternative splicing supports optimal T-cell activation. Inclusion of exon7 in MALT1A facilitates the recruitment of TRAF6, which augments MALT1 scaffolding function, but not protease activity. Naive CD4+ T cells express almost exclusively MALT1B and MALT1A expression is induced by TCR stimulation. We identify hnRNP U as a suppressor of exon7 inclusion. Whereas selective depletion of MALT1A impairs T-cell signalling and activation, downregulation of hnRNP U enhances MALT1A expression and T-cell activation. Thus, TCR-induced alternative splicing augments MALT1 scaffolding to enhance downstream signalling and to promote optimal T-cell activation. MALT1 regulates NFκB signalling both as a scaffolding protein and as a protease. Here the authors show that during T cell activation the expression of MALT1 gene switches to an alternatively spliced variant, which increases TCR signal transduction due to enhanced TRAF6 binding.
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236
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Emerging Roles for MicroRNAs in T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:297-309. [PMID: 27068008 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for the formation of germinal centers (GCs) and the development of long-lived humoral immunity. Tfh cell differentiation is a multistep process driven by the balanced expression of key transcription factors that form a regulatory network in which small changes in gene expression determine the Tfh cell fate decision. Here, we review recent findings that have revealed that certain microRNAs act as important mediators within this network, with roles in tuning gene expression. We integrate these findings into the current understanding of the mechanisms governing T helper cell differentiation, and propose a model in which the establishment of Tfh cell identity is dependent on the differential expression and concerted action of distinct microRNAs and transcription factors.
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237
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Covacu R, Philip H, Jaronen M, Almeida J, Kenison JE, Darko S, Chao CC, Yaari G, Louzoun Y, Carmel L, Douek DC, Efroni S, Quintana FJ. System-wide Analysis of the T Cell Response. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2733-44. [PMID: 26972015 PMCID: PMC4805488 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) controls the cellular adaptive immune response to antigens, but our understanding of TCR repertoire diversity and response to challenge is still incomplete. For example, TCR clones shared by different individuals with minimal alteration to germline gene sequences (public clones) are detectable in all vertebrates, but their significance is unknown. Although small in size, the zebrafish TCR repertoire is controlled by processes similar to those operating in mammals. Thus, we studied the zebrafish TCR repertoire and its response to stimulation with self and foreign antigens. We found that cross-reactive public TCRs dominate the T cell response, endowing a limited TCR repertoire with the ability to cope with diverse antigenic challenges. These features of vertebrate public TCRs might provide a mechanism for the rapid generation of protective T cell immunity, allowing a short temporal window for the development of more specific private T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Covacu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hagit Philip
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Merja Jaronen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jorge Almeida
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica E Kenison
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chun-Cheih Chao
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gur Yaari
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yoram Louzoun
- Department of Mathematics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel; Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Liran Carmel
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sol Efroni
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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238
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Abstract
The excitement surrounding checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of patients with cancer exemplifies a triumph of the long-term value of investing in basic science and fundamental questions of T-cell signaling. The pharmaceutical future actively embraces ways of making more patients’ cancers responsive to these inhibitors. Such a process will be aided by elucidation of signaling and regulation. With thousands of articles spread across almost 30 years, this commentary can touch only on portions of the canonical picture of T-cell signaling and provide a few parables from work on mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as they link to early and later phases of lymphocyte activation. The piece will turn a critical eye to some issues with models about these pathways in T cells. Many of the best insights lie in the future despite all that is uncovered already, but a contention is that further therapeutic successes will be fostered by dealing with disparities among findings and attention to the temporal, spatial, and stochastic aspects of T-cell responses. Finally, thoughts on some (though not all) items urgently needed for future progress will be mooted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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239
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Harnessing the plasticity of CD4(+) T cells to treat immune-mediated disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:149-63. [PMID: 26875830 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells differentiate and acquire distinct functions to combat specific pathogens but can also adapt their functions in response to changing circumstances. Although this phenotypic plasticity can be potentially deleterious, driving immune pathology, it also provides important benefits that have led to its evolutionary preservation. Here, we review CD4(+) T cell plasticity by examining the molecular mechanisms that regulate it - from the extracellular cues that initiate and drive cells towards varying phenotypes, to the cytosolic signalling cascades that decipher these cues and transmit them into the cell and to the nucleus, where these signals imprint specific gene expression programmes. By understanding how this functional flexibility is achieved, we may open doors to new therapeutic approaches that harness this property of T cells.
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240
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Tubo NJ, Fife BT, Pagan AJ, Kotov DI, Goldberg MF, Jenkins MK. Most microbe-specific naïve CD4⁺ T cells produce memory cells during infection. Science 2016; 351:511-4. [PMID: 26823430 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infection elicits CD4(+) memory T lymphocytes that participate in protective immunity. Although memory cells are the progeny of naïve T cells, it is unclear that all naïve cells from a polyclonal repertoire have memory cell potential. Using a single-cell adoptive transfer and spleen biopsy method, we found that in mice, essentially all microbe-specific naïve cells produced memory cells during infection. Different clonal memory cell populations had different B cell or macrophage helper compositions that matched effector cell populations generated much earlier in the response. Thus, each microbe-specific naïve CD4(+) T cell produces a distinctive ratio of effector cell types early in the immune response that is maintained as some cells in the clonal population become memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Tubo
- Immune Mediated Disease Therapy Group, Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Antonio J Pagan
- Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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241
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Martinez GJ, Hu JK, Pereira RM, Crampton JS, Togher S, Bild N, Crotty S, Rao A. Cutting Edge: NFAT Transcription Factors Promote the Generation of Follicular Helper T Cells in Response to Acute Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2015-9. [PMID: 26851216 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CD4(+) Th (Tfh) cells provide B cell help in germinal center reactions that support class switching, somatic hypermutation, and the generation of high-affinity Abs. In this article, we show that deficiency in NFAT1 and NFAT2 in CD4(+) T cells leads to impaired germinal center reactions upon viral infection because of reduced Tfh cell differentiation and defective expression of proteins involved in T/B interactions and B cell help, including ICOS, PD-1, and SLAM family receptors. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation data suggest that NFAT proteins likely directly participate in regulation of genes important for Tfh cell differentiation and function. NFAT proteins are important TCR and Ca(2+)-dependent regulators of T cell biology, and in this article we demonstrate a major positive role of NFAT family members in Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J Martinez
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - Joyce K Hu
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Renata M Pereira
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jordan S Crampton
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037
| | - Susan Togher
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicholas Bild
- Genomics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458
| | - Shane Crotty
- Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anjana Rao
- Department of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
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242
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Malhotra D, Linehan JL, Dileepan T, Lee YJ, Purtha WE, Lu JV, Nelson RW, Fife BT, Orr HT, Anderson MS, Hogquist KA, Jenkins MK. Tolerance is established in polyclonal CD4(+) T cells by distinct mechanisms, according to self-peptide expression patterns. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:187-95. [PMID: 26726812 PMCID: PMC4718891 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies of repertoires of mouse monoclonal CD4(+) T cells have revealed several mechanisms of self-tolerance; however, which mechanisms operate in normal repertoires is unclear. Here we studied polyclonal CD4(+) T cells specific for green fluorescent protein expressed in various organs, which allowed us to determine the effects of specific expression patterns on the same epitope-specific T cells. Peptides presented uniformly by thymic antigen-presenting cells were tolerated by clonal deletion, whereas peptides excluded from the thymus were ignored. Peptides with limited thymic expression induced partial clonal deletion and impaired effector T cell potential but enhanced regulatory T cell potential. These mechanisms were also active for T cell populations specific for endogenously expressed self antigens. Thus, the immunotolerance of polyclonal CD4(+) T cells was maintained by distinct mechanisms, according to self-peptide expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Jonathan L. Linehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Whitney E. Purtha
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94143
| | - Jennifer V. Lu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94143
| | - Ryan W. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Harry T. Orr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA, 94143
| | - Kristin A. Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 55455
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243
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van Panhuys N. TCR Signal Strength Alters T-DC Activation and Interaction Times and Directs the Outcome of Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26834747 PMCID: PMC4725058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into effector subsets underpins their ability to shape the immune response and mediate host protection. During T cell receptor-induced activation of CD4+ T cells, both the quality and quantity of specific activatory peptide/MHC ligands have been shown to control the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells in addition to co-stimulatory and cytokine-based signals. Recently, advances in two--photon microscopy and tetramer-based cell tracking methods have allowed investigators to greatly extend the study of the role of TCR signaling in effector differentiation under in vivo conditions. In this review, we consider data from recent in vivo studies analyzing the role of TCR signal strength in controlling the outcome of CD4+ T cell differentiation and discuss the role of TCR in controlling the critical nature of CD4+ T cell interactions with dendritic cells during activation. We further propose a model whereby TCR signal strength controls the temporal aspects of T-DC interactions and the implications for this in mediating the downstream signaling events, which influence the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of effector differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas van Panhuys
- Division of Experimental Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
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244
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Ali JM, Negus MC, Conlon TM, Harper IG, Qureshi MS, Motallebzadeh R, Willis R, Saeb-Parsy K, Bolton EM, Bradley JA, Pettigrew GJ. Diversity of the CD4 T Cell Alloresponse: The Short and the Long of It. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1232-1245. [PMID: 26804905 PMCID: PMC5405053 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC alloantigen is recognized by two pathways: "directly," intact on donor cells, or "indirectly," as self-restricted allopeptide. The duration of each pathway, and its relative contribution to allograft vasculopathy, remain unclear. Using a murine model of chronic allograft rejection, we report that direct-pathway CD4 T cell alloresponses, as well as indirect-pathway responses against MHC class II alloantigen, are curtailed by rapid elimination of donor hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells. In contrast, persistent presentation of epitope resulted in continual division and less-profound contraction of the class I allopeptide-specific CD4 T cell population, with approximately 10,000-fold more cells persisting than following acute allograft rejection. This expanded population nevertheless displayed sub-optimal anamnestic responses and was unable to provide co-stimulation-independent help for generating alloantibody. Indirect-pathway CD4 T cell responses are heterogeneous. Appreciation that responses against particular alloantigens dominate at late time points will likely inform development of strategies aimed at improving transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ali
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Margaret C Negus
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ines G Harper
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - M Saeed Qureshi
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Reza Motallebzadeh
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard Willis
- NIH Tetramer Facility, Emory/Yerkes, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eleanor M Bolton
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - J Andrew Bradley
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gavin J Pettigrew
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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245
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Stepwise B-cell-dependent expansion of T helper clonotypes diversifies the T-cell response. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10281. [PMID: 26728651 PMCID: PMC4728444 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor diversity underpins adaptive immunity by providing the ground for clonal selection of lymphocytes with the appropriate antigen reactivity. Current models attribute T cell clonal selection during the immune response to T-cell receptor (TCR) affinity for either foreign or self peptides. Here, we report that clonal selection of CD4(+) T cells is also extrinsically regulated by B cells. In response to viral infection, the antigen-specific TCR repertoire is progressively diversified by staggered clonotypic expansion, according to functional avidity, which correlates with self-reactivity. Clonal expansion of lower-avidity T-cell clonotypes depends on availability of MHC II-expressing B cells, in turn influenced by B-cell activation. B cells clonotypically diversify the CD4(+) T-cell response also to vaccination or tumour challenge, revealing a common effect.
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246
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Clonal expansion under the microscope: studying lymphocyte activation and differentiation using live‐cell imaging. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:242-9. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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247
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Abstract
T cell memory plays a critical role in our protection against pathogens and tumors. The antigen and its interaction with the T cell receptor (TCR) is one of the initiating elements that shape T cell memory together with inflammation and costimulation. Over the last decade, several transcription factors and signaling pathways that support memory programing have been identified. However, how TCR signals regulate them is still poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that the biochemical rules that govern T cell memory, strikingly, change depending on the TCR signal strength. Furthermore, TCR signal strength regulates the input of cytokine signaling, including pro-inflammatory cytokines. These highlight how tailoring antigenic signals can improve immune therapeutics. In this review, we focus on how TCR signaling regulates T cell memory and how the quantity and quality of TCR–peptide–MHC interactions impact the multiple fates a T cell can adopt in the memory pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Daniels
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA
| | - Emma Teixeiro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO , USA
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248
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Campbell L, Millhouse E, Malcolm J, Culshaw S. T cells, teeth and tissue destruction - what do T cells do in periodontal disease? Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:445-456. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Campbell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - E. Millhouse
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - J. Malcolm
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - S. Culshaw
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
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249
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Proserpio V, Lönnberg T. Single-cell technologies are revolutionizing the approach to rare cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:225-9. [PMID: 26620630 PMCID: PMC4796591 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last lustrum single-cell techniques such as single-cell quantitative PCR, RNA and DNA sequencing, and the state-of-the-art cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) mass cytometer have allowed a detailed analysis of the sub-composition of different organs from the bone marrow hematopoietic compartment to the brain. These fine-grained analyses have highlighted the great heterogeneity within each cell compartment revealing previously unknown subpopulations of cells. In this review, we analyze how this fast technological evolution has improved our understanding of the biological processes with a particular focus on rare cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Proserpio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
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250
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Oeste
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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