201
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Patel SA, Vanharanta S. Epigenetic determinants of metastasis. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:79-96. [PMID: 27756687 PMCID: PMC5423227 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of cancer progression in patient samples and model systems have thus far failed to identify specific mutational drivers of metastasis. Yet, at least in experimental systems, metastatic cancer clones display stable traits that can facilitate progression through the many steps of metastasis. How cancer cells establish and maintain the transcriptional programmes required for metastasis remains mostly unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that metastatic traits may arise from epigenetically altered transcriptional output of the oncogenic signals that drive tumour initiation and early progression. Molecular dissection of such mechanisms remains a central challenge for a comprehensive understanding of the origins of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.
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202
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sciacovelli
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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203
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Wang J, Li Y, Ding M, Zhang H, Xu X, Tang J. Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of miR-22 in regulating malignant progression in human cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 50:345-355. [PMID: 28000852 PMCID: PMC5238783 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs (microRNAs) have been validated to play fateful roles in the occurrence and development of cancers by post-transcriptionally targeting 3′-untranslated regions of the downstream gene mRNAs to repress mRNA expression. Mounting investigations forcefully document that not only does miR-22 biologically impinge on the processes of senescence, energy supply, angiogenesis, EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition), proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and apoptosis, but also it genetically or epigenetically exerts dual (inhibitory/promoting cancer) effects in various cancers via CNAs (copy number alterations), SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), methylation, acetylation and even more momentously hydroxymethylation. Additionally, miR-22 expression may fluctuate with cancer progression in the body fluids of cancer patients and miR-22 could amplify its inhibitory or promoting effects through partaking in positive or negative feedback loops and interplaying with many other related miRNAs in the cascade of events, making it possible for miR-22 to be a promising and complementary or even independent cancer biomarker in some cancers and engendering profound influences on the early diagnosis, therapeutics, supervising curative effects and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Meiman Ding
- The Criminal Investigation Detachment of Jiaxing Public Security Bureau, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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204
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O'Bryan S, Dong S, Mathis JM, Alahari SK. The roles of oncogenic miRNAs and their therapeutic importance in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2016; 72:1-11. [PMID: 27997852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of tumour suppressive miRNA in 2002, the dysregulation of miRNAs was implicated in many cancers, exhibiting both tumour suppressive and oncogenic roles. Dysregulation of miRNAs was found to be involved in the initiation of oncogenesis, as well as the progression, invasion and metastasis of cancers. While normal miRNA inhibitory functions help regulate gene expression in the cell, oncogenic miRNA, when dysregulated can lead to suppression of critical pathways that control apoptosis, cell cycle progression, growth and proliferation. This suppression allows for the upregulation of pro-oncogenic factors that drive cell survival, growth and proliferation. Due to emerging discoveries, oncogenic miRNAs are proving to be a critical component in cancers, such as breast cancer, and may provide novel avenues for cancer treatment. In this article, we discuss the roles of the most studied oncogenic miRNAs in breast cancer including clusters and families involved as well as the less studied and recently discovered oncogenic miRNAs. These miRNAs provide valuable information into the complexity of regulatory elements affected by their overexpression and the overall impact in the progression of breast cancer. Also, identifying miRNAs causing or leading to resistance or sensitivity to current anti-cancer drugs prior to treatment may lead to an improvement in treatment selection and overall patient response. This review summarizes known and recently discovered miRNAs in literature found to have oncogenic roles in breast cancer initiation and the progression, invasion and metastasis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia O'Bryan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Shengli Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - J Michael Mathis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, School of Veterinary Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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205
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Liu L. Linking Telomere Regulation to Stem Cell Pluripotency. Trends Genet 2016; 33:16-33. [PMID: 27889084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), somatic cell nuclear transfer ESCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent the most studied group of PSCs. Unlimited self-renewal without incurring chromosomal instability and pluripotency are essential for the potential use of PSCs in regenerative therapy. Telomere length maintenance is critical for the unlimited self-renewal, pluripotency, and chromosomal stability of PSCs. While telomerase has a primary role in telomere maintenance, alternative lengthening of telomere pathways involving recombination and epigenetic modifications are also required for telomere length regulation, notably in mouse PSCs. Telomere rejuvenation is part of epigenetic reprogramming to pluripotency. Insights into telomere reprogramming and maintenance in PSCs may have implications for understanding of aging and tumorigenesis. Here, I discuss the link between telomere elongation and homeostasis to the acquisition and maintenance of stem cell pluripotency, and their regulatory mechanisms by epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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206
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miR-127 promotes EMT and stem-like traits in lung cancer through a feed-forward regulatory loop. Oncogene 2016; 36:1631-1643. [PMID: 27869168 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coordination between cellular differentiation and the mesenchymal/stem transition is essential for both embryo development and neoplasia, suggesting a mechanistic link between these two major processes. In this work we show that miR-127, an embryo-expressing lung miRNA, was prominently induced in lung adenocarcinoma and correlated with poor prognosis. Elevated miR-127 level drove a pronounced shift from the epithelial to the mesenchymal phenotype in cancer cells, and this shift was associated with their acquisition of stem-like traits, increased resistance to the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor and tumor-propagating potential. In contrast, antagonizing miR-127 markedly reversed this malignant transition, compromised the stem-like properties and the in vivo tumorigenic capability of cancer cells. Importantly, a regulatory loop involving the inflammatory signals NF-κB, miR-127 and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 was uncovered as a self-reinforcing circuitry that ensured an aggressive transition in lung cancer. Thus, this work identifies a novel molecular mechanism linking stemness, malignancy and inflammation, opening a new avenue for cancer treatment.
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207
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Zheng L, Zhai Y, Li N, Ma F, Zhu H, Du X, Li G, Hua J. The Modification of Tet1 in Male Germline Stem Cells and Interact with PCNA, HDAC1 to promote their Self-renewal and Proliferation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37414. [PMID: 27857213 PMCID: PMC5114665 DOI: 10.1038/srep37414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification plays key roles in spermatogenesis, especially DNA methylation dynamic is important in sustaining normal spermatogenesis. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (Tet1) is not only a key demethylase, which works in specific gene regions, but also crosstalks with partners to regulate epigenetic progress as protein complexes. Dairy goat is an important livestock in China, while the unstable culture system in vitro inhibits optimization of new dairy goat species. The study of epigenetic modification in male germline stem cells (mGSCs) is beneficial to the optimization of adult stem cell culture system in vitro, and the improvement of sperm quality and breeding of selected livestock. In our study, we not only analyzed the morphology, gene expression, DNA methylation and histone methylation dynamic in mouse Tet1 (mTet1) modified mGSCs, we also analyzed the stemness ability by in vivo transplantation and explored the functional mechanism of Tet1 in dairy goat mGSCs. The results showed mTet1 modified mGSCs had better self-renewal and proliferation ability than wild-type mGSCs, mTet1 could also up-regulate JMJD3 to decrease H3K27me3, which also showed to suppress the MEK-ERK pathway. Furthermore, Co-IP analysis demonstrated that TET1 interact with PCNA and HDAC1 by forming protein complexes to comprehensively regulate dairy goat mGSCs and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering &Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Yuanxin Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering &Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering &Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Fanglin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering &Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering &Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Xiaomin Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering &Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering &Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 China
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208
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Role of let-7 family microRNA in breast cancer. Noncoding RNA Res 2016; 1:77-82. [PMID: 30159414 PMCID: PMC6096426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis and resistance to therapy significantly contribute to cancer-related deaths. Growing body of evidence suggest that altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is one of the root cause of adverse clinical outcome. miRNAs such as let-7 are the new fine tuners of signaling cascade and cellular processes which regulates the genes in post-transcriptional manner. In this review, we described the regulation of let-7 expression and the involvement of molecular factors in this process. We discussed the mechanism by which let-7 alter the expression of genes involved in the process of tumorigenesis. Further, we listed the pathways targeted by let-7 to reduce the burden of the tumor. In addition, we described the role of let-7 in breast cancer metastasis and stemness properties. This article will provide the in-depth insight into the biology of let-7 miRNA and its role in the breast cancer progression.
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209
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Zou CD, Zhao WM, Wang XN, Li Q, Huang H, Cheng WP, Jin JF, Zhang H, Wu MJ, Tai S, Zou CX, Gao X. MicroRNA-107: a novel promoter of tumor progression that targets the CPEB3/EGFR axis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:266-78. [PMID: 26497556 PMCID: PMC4807997 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in many types of malignancies, including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MiR-107 has been implicated in several types of cancer regulation; however, relatively little is known about miR-107 in human HCC. In the present study, we showed that the overexpression of miR-107 accelerates the tumor progression of HCC in vitro and in vivo through its new target gene, CPEB3. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that CPEB3 is a newly discovered tumor suppressor that acts via the EGFR pathway. Therefore, our study demonstrates that the newly discovered miR-107/CPEB3/EGFR axis plays an important role in HCC progression and might represent a new potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Dan Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Ming Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Na Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wan-Peng Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Feng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Juan Wu
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Harbin, China
| | - Sheng Tai
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao-Xia Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
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210
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Long H, Wang Z, Chen J, Xiang T, Li Q, Diao X, Zhu B. microRNA-214 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma by targeting the suppressor-of-fused protein (Sufu). Oncotarget 2016; 6:38705-18. [PMID: 26462018 PMCID: PMC4770731 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Distant metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LAD). Emerging evidence reveals that miRNA is critical for tumor metastasis. miR-214 expression has been associated with LAD progression. However, whether and how miR-214 is involved in the development and metastasis of LAD remain unaddressed. Here, we found that the expression of miR-214 was elevated in LAD and correlated positively with LAD metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, we found that miR-214 enhanced the molecular program controlling the EMT of LAD cells and promoted LAD cell metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. This study thus provides the first evidence to show that the miR-214 expression by LAD cells contributes to the EMT and metastasis of LAD. Mechanistically, Sufu was identified as an important miR-214 functional target for the EMT and metastasis of LAD, ectopic expression of Sufu alleviated miR-214 promoted EMT and metastasis. Importantly, the expression of Sufu inversely correlated with the expression of miR-214 and vimentin and positively associated with the expression of E-cadherin in the tumor cells from human LAD patients. Collectively, this study uncovers a previously unappreciated miR-214-Sufu pathway in controlling EMT and metastasis of LAD and suggests that interfering with miR-214 and Sufu could be a viable approach to treat late stage metastatic LAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Xiang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qijing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xinwei Diao
- Department of Pathology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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211
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Lánczky A, Nagy Á, Bottai G, Munkácsy G, Szabó A, Santarpia L, Győrffy B. miRpower: a web-tool to validate survival-associated miRNAs utilizing expression data from 2178 breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 160:439-446. [PMID: 27744485 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The proper validation of prognostic biomarkers is an important clinical issue in breast cancer research. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a new class of promising breast cancer biomarkers. In the present work, we developed an integrated online bioinformatic tool to validate the prognostic relevance of miRNAs in breast cancer. METHODS A database was set up by searching the GEO, EGA, TCGA, and PubMed repositories to identify datasets with published miRNA expression and clinical data. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to validate the prognostic value of a set of 41 previously published survival-associated miRNAs. RESULTS All together 2178 samples from four independent datasets were integrated into the system including the expression of 1052 distinct human miRNAs. In addition, the web-tool allows for the selection of patients, which can be filtered by receptors status, lymph node involvement, histological grade, and treatments. The complete analysis tool can be accessed online at: www.kmplot.com/mirpower . We used this tool to analyze a large number of deregulated miRNAs associated with breast cancer features and outcome, and confirmed the prognostic value of 26 miRNAs. A significant correlation in three out of four datasets was validated only for miR-29c and miR-101. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we established an integrated platform capable to mine all available miRNA data to perform a survival analysis for the identification and validation of prognostic miRNA markers in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Lánczky
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Nagy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giulia Bottai
- Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Via Manzoni 113, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | - Gyöngyi Munkácsy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- MTA-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Libero Santarpia
- Oncology Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Via Manzoni 113, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy.
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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212
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Thienpont B, Galle E, Lambrechts D. TET enzymes as oxygen-dependent tumor suppressors: exciting new avenues for cancer management. Epigenomics 2016; 8:1445-1448. [PMID: 27733058 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thienpont
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Translational Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Galle
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Translational Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Translational Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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213
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Rasool M, Malik A, Zahid S, Basit Ashraf MA, Qazi MH, Asif M, Zaheer A, Arshad M, Raza A, Jamal MS. Non-coding RNAs in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Noncoding RNA Res 2016; 1:69-76. [PMID: 30159413 PMCID: PMC6096421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer invasion involves a series of fundamental heterogeneous steps, with each step being distinct in its type regarding its dependence on various oncogenic pathways. Over the past few years, researchers have been focusing on targeted therapies to treat malignancies relying not only on a single oncogenic pathway, but on multiple pathways. Scientists have recently identified potential targets in the human genome considered earlier as non-functional but the discovery of their potential role in gene regulation has put new insights to cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics. Non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified as the key gene expression regulators. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) reveal diverse gene expression profiles in benign and metastatic tumours. Improved clinical research may lead to better knowledge of their biogenesis and mechanism and eventually be used as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Small non coding RNAs or micro RNA (miRNA) are capable of reprogramming multiple oncogenic cascades and, thus, can be used as target agents. This review is aimed to give a perspective of non coding transcription in cancer metastasis with an eye on rising clinical relevance of non coding RNAs and their mechanism of action focusing on potential therapeutics for cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sara Zahid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Mahmood Husain Qazi
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine (CRiMM), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmad Zaheer
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Raza
- National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Sarwar Jamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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214
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Pandey AK, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Tucker-Kellogg G, Yang H, Jha S. TIP60-miR-22 axis as a prognostic marker of breast cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41290-306. [PMID: 26512777 PMCID: PMC4747406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 22- to 24-nucleotide, small, non-coding RNAs that bind to the 3′UTR of target genes to control gene expression. Consequently, their dysregulation contributes to many diseases, including diabetes and cancer. miR-22 is up-regulated in numerous metastatic cancers and recent studies have suggested a role for miR-22 in promoting stemness and metastasis. TIP60 is a lysine acetyl-transferase reported to be down-regulated in cancer but the molecular mechanism of this reduction is still unclear. In this study, we identify TIP60 as a target of miR-22. We show a negative correlation in the expression of TIP60 and miR-22 in breast cancer patients, and show that low levels of TIP60 and high levels of miR-22 are associated with poor overall survival. Furthermore, pathway analysis using high miR-22/low TIP60 and low miR-22/high TIP60 breast cancer patient datasets suggests association of TIP60/miR-22 with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key alteration in progression of cancer cells. We show that blocking endogenous miR-22 can restore TIP60 levels, which in turn decreases the migration and invasion capacity of metastatic breast cancer cell line. These results provide mechanistic insight into TIP60 regulation and evidence for the utility of the combination of TIP60 and miR-22 as prognostic indicator of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Pandey
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanzhou Zhang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siting Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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215
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Sciacovelli M, Gonçalves E, Johnson TI, Zecchini VR, da Costa ASH, Gaude E, Drubbel AV, Theobald SJ, Abbo SR, Tran MGB, Rajeeve V, Cardaci S, Foster S, Yun H, Cutillas P, Warren A, Gnanapragasam V, Gottlieb E, Franze K, Huntly B, Maher ER, Maxwell PH, Saez-Rodriguez J, Frezza C. Fumarate is an epigenetic modifier that elicits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Nature 2016; 537:544-547. [PMID: 27580029 PMCID: PMC5136292 DOI: 10.1038/nature19353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cancers are highly aggressive and metastasize even when small, leading to a very poor clinical outcome. Fumarate, a small molecule metabolite that accumulates in fumarate hydratase-deficient cells, plays a key role in cell transformation, making it a bona fide oncometabolite. Fumarate has been shown to inhibit α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that are involved in DNA and histone demethylation. However, the link between fumarate accumulation, epigenetic changes, and tumorigenesis is unclear. Here we show that loss of fumarate hydratase and the subsequent accumulation of fumarate in mouse and human cells elicits an epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a phenotypic switch associated with cancer initiation, invasion, and metastasis. We demonstrate that fumarate inhibits Tet-mediated demethylation of a regulatory region of the antimetastatic miRNA cluster mir-200ba429, leading to the expression of EMT-related transcription factors and enhanced migratory properties. These epigenetic and phenotypic changes are recapitulated by the incubation of fumarate hydratase-proficient cells with cell-permeable fumarate. Loss of fumarate hydratase is associated with suppression of miR-200 and the EMT signature in renal cancer and is associated with poor clinical outcome. These results imply that loss of fumarate hydratase and fumarate accumulation contribute to the aggressive features of fumarate hydratase-deficient tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sciacovelli
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Emanuel Gonçalves
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Timothy Isaac Johnson
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | | | - Edoardo Gaude
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | | | - Sandra Riekje Abbo
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Maxine Gia Binh Tran
- Department of Oncology, Uro-Oncology Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0Ql, UK
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Simone Cardaci
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sarah Foster
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Haiyang Yun
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Integrative Cell Signalling and Proteomics, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, John Vane Science Centre, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anne Warren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Vincent Gnanapragasam
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Brian Huntly
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Eamonn Richard Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Patrick Henry Maxwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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216
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Bersani F, Lingua MF, Morena D, Foglizzo V, Miretti S, Lanzetti L, Carrà G, Morotti A, Ala U, Provero P, Chiarle R, Singer S, Ladanyi M, Tuschl T, Ponzetto C, Taulli R. Deep Sequencing Reveals a Novel miR-22 Regulatory Network with Therapeutic Potential in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6095-6106. [PMID: 27569217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic options for the pediatric cancer rhabdomyosarcoma have not improved significantly, especially for metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. In the current work, we performed a deep miRNA profiling of the three major human rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes, along with cell lines and normal muscle, to identify novel molecular circuits with therapeutic potential. The signature we determined could discriminate rhabdomyosarcoma from muscle, revealing a subset of muscle-enriched miRNA (myomiR), including miR-22, which was strongly underexpressed in tumors. miR-22 was physiologically induced during normal myogenic differentiation and was transcriptionally regulated by MyoD, confirming its identity as a myomiR. Once introduced into rhabdomyosarcoma cells, miR-22 decreased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness, and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, restoring miR-22 expression blocked tumor growth and prevented tumor dissemination in vivo Gene expression profiling analysis of miR-22-expressing cells suggested TACC1 and RAB5B as possible direct miR-22 targets. Accordingly, loss- and gain-of-function experiments defined the biological relevance of these genes in rhabdomyosarcoma pathogenesis. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of miR-22 to intercept and overcome the intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibition based on ERBB3 upregulation. Overall, our results identified a novel miR-22 regulatory network with critical therapeutic implications in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6095-106. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bersani
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Francesco Lingua
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Deborah Morena
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Foglizzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Letizia Lanzetti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. Candiolo Cancer Institute, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Carrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy. Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas Tuschl
- Department of RNA Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Carola Ponzetto
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Taulli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy. CeRMS, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Turin, Italy.
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217
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IDH1/2 Mutants Inhibit TET-Promoted Oxidation of RNA 5mC to 5hmC. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161261. [PMID: 27548812 PMCID: PMC4993491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
TETs (TET1/2/3) play critical roles in multi cellular processes through DNA demethylation driven by oxidation of DNA 5mdC to 5hmdC. Interestingly, recent studies indicated that TETs also oxidate RNA 5mC to 5hmC. However, little is known about the distribution of RNA 5hmC and the regulatory mechanism of RNA 5hmC in human. Here, we show that 5hmC is enriched in mRNA, and IDH1/2 mutants inhibit TET-promoted oxidation of RNA 5mC to 5hmC. Since IDH1/2 mutations have been described to block the DNA oxidative activity of TETs, we hypothesized that IDH1/2 mutations might also inhibit the RNA oxidative activity of TETs. To evaluate the role of IDH1/2 mutations in RNA 5hmC, TETs with/without IDH1/2 mutants were overexpressed in human HEK293 cells. Resultant DNA and RNA were digested and analyzed by triple-quadrupole LC mass spectrometer. DNA 5hmdC and RNA 5hmC modifications were quantified with external calibration curves of appropriate standards. It was found that compared with total RNA (5hmC/C: less than 2 X 10−7), mRNA showed much higher 5hmC level (5hmC/C: ∼7 X 10−6). Further study indicated that IDH1/2 mutants showed significant ability to inhibit TET-promoted RNA5hmC. Consistent with this result, overexpression of IDH1/2 mutants also inhibited TET catalytic domain-promoted oxidation of RNA. In this study, we show not only the enrichment of 5hmC in mRNA, but also a regulatory mechanism of RNA 5hmC—IDH1/2 mutations inhibit TET-promoted RNA 5hmC, which suggests an involvement of IDH1/2 mutations in tumorigenesis through the deregulation of RNA biology.
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218
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Qian L, Lin L, Du Y, Hao X, Zhao Y, Liu X. MicroRNA-588 suppresses tumor cell migration and invasion by targeting GRN in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3021-8. [PMID: 27571908 PMCID: PMC5042737 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to be critical in regulating tumor development and progression. The present study investigated the expression of miR-588 using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis in 85 cases of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and observed the correlation between the expression of miR-588 with clinical pathologic features. The results indicated that the expression of miR-588 was predominantly lower in the tumor samples, compared with non-tumorous samples, and was negatively associated with tumor stages and lymph node invasion. The present study also examined the significance of the expression of miR-588 in SCC using gain- and loss-of-function analyses. It was found that miR-588 inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion. In addition, it was revealed that the overexpression of miR-588 in SCC cells reduced the mRNA and protein levels of progranulin (GRN), whereas miR-588 silencing increased the expression of GRN. A luciferase activity assay showed that miR-588 was able to directly bind to the 3′untranslated region of GRN and regulate its expression. Furthermore, it was found that the expression of GRN was inversely correlated with the expression of miR-588 in 85 paired SCC samples. These results indicated that GRN was involved in the miR-588-mediated suppressive functions in the progression of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Longlong Lin
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Du
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yuze Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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219
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Jiang H, Lv X, Lei X, Yang Y, Yang X, Jiao J. Immune Regulator MCPIP1 Modulates TET Expression during Early Neocortical Development. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:439-453. [PMID: 27523618 PMCID: PMC5031990 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MCPIP1 is a recently identified immune regulator that plays critical roles in preventing immune disorders, and is also present in the brain. Currently an unresolved question remains as to how MCPIP1 performs its non-immune functions in normal brain development. Here, we report that MCPIP1 is abundant in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and newborn neurons during the early stages of neurogenesis. The suppression of MCPIP1 expression impairs normal neuronal differentiation, cell-cycle exit, and concomitant NPC proliferation. MCPIP1 is important for maintenance of the NPC pool. Notably, we demonstrate that MCPIP1 reduces TET (TET1/TET2/TET3) levels and then decreases 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. Furthermore, the MCPIP1 interaction with TETs is involved in neurogenesis and in establishing the proper number of NPCs in vivo. Collectively, our findings not only demonstrate that MCPIP1 plays an important role in early cortical neurogenesis but also reveal an unexpected link between neocortical development, immune regulators, and epigenetic modification. MCPIP1 is abundant during early neocortical development MCPIP1 suppression impairs normal neocortical neurogenesis MCPIP1 directly targets Tets and regulates TET expression levels
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuepei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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220
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Abstract
Noncoding RNAs are important regulatory molecules of cellular processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that bind to complementary sequences in the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs, leading to degradation of the target mRNAs and/or inhibition of their translation. Some miRNAs are essential for normal animal development; however, many other miRNAs are dispensable for development but play a critical role in pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis and metastasis. miRNA genes often reside at fragile chromosome sites and are deregulated in cancer. Some miRNAs function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, collectively termed "oncomirs." Specific metastasis-regulating miRNAs, collectively termed "metastamirs," govern molecular processes and pathways in malignant progression in either a tumor cell-autonomous or a cell-nonautonomous manner. Recently, exosome-transferred miRNAs have emerged as mediators of the tumor-stroma cross talk. In this chapter, we focus on the functions, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of miRNAs, particularly oncomirs and metastamirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.
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221
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Abstract
Ten eleven translocation (TET) genes, and especially TET2, are frequently mutated in various cancers, but how the TET proteins contribute to the onset and maintenance of these malignancies is largely unknown. In this review, Rasmussen and Helin highlight recent advances in understanding the physiological function of the TET proteins and their role in regulating DNA methylation and transcription. The pattern of DNA methylation at cytosine bases in the genome is tightly linked to gene expression, and DNA methylation abnormalities are often observed in diseases. The ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosines (5mCs) and promote locus-specific reversal of DNA methylation. TET genes, and especially TET2, are frequently mutated in various cancers, but how the TET proteins contribute to prevent the onset and maintenance of these malignancies is largely unknown. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding the physiological function of the TET proteins and their role in regulating DNA methylation and transcription. In addition, we discuss some of the key outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Dindler Rasmussen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Helin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Epigenetics, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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222
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Sahu N, Stephan JP, Cruz DD, Merchant M, Haley B, Bourgon R, Classon M, Settleman J. Functional screening implicates miR-371-3p and peroxiredoxin 6 in reversible tolerance to cancer drugs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12351. [PMID: 27484502 PMCID: PMC4976141 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to cancer drug therapies almost always occurs in advanced-stage patients even following a significant response to treatment. In addition to mutational mechanisms, various non-mutational resistance mechanisms have now been recognized. We previously described a chromatin-mediated subpopulation of reversibly drug-tolerant persisters that is dynamically maintained within a wide variety of tumour cell populations. Here we explore a potential role for microRNAs in such transient drug tolerance. Functional screening of 879 human microRNAs reveals miR-371-3p as a potent suppressor of drug tolerance. We identify PRDX6 (peroxiredoxin 6) as a key target of miR-371-3p in establishing drug tolerance by regulating PLA2/PKCα activity and reactive oxygen species. PRDX6 expression is associated with poor prognosis in cancers of multiple tissue origins. These findings implicate miR-371-3p as a suppressor of PRDX6 and suggest that co-targeting of peroxiredoxin 6 or modulating miR-371-3p expression together with targeted cancer therapies may delay or prevent acquired drug resistance. Acquired resistance significantly limits the efficacy of cancer drug therapies. Here, the authors identify miR-371-3p as a suppressor of drug tolerance in cancer cell lines by its target gene PRDX6, which in turn regulates PLA2/PKCα signalling and ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisebita Sahu
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Stephan
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Darlene Dela Cruz
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Richard Bourgon
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Marie Classon
- Department of Cancer Targets, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jeff Settleman
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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223
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Recent trends in microRNA research into breast cancer with particular focus on the associations between microRNAs and intrinsic subtypes. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:15-24. [PMID: 27439682 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate the function of target genes at the post-transcriptional phase. miRNAs are considered to have roles in the development, progression and metastasis of cancer. Recent studies have indicated that particular miRNA signatures are correlated with tumor aggressiveness, response to drug therapy and patient outcome in breast cancer. On the other hand, in routine clinical practice, the treatment regimens for breast cancer are determined based on the intrinsic subtype of the primary tumor. Previous studies have shown that miRNA expression profiles of each intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer differ. In hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer, miRNA expressions are found to be correlated with endocrine therapy resistance, progesterone receptor expression and heat shock protein activity. Some miRNAs are associated with resistance to HER2-targeted therapy and HER3 expression in HER2-positive breast cancer. In triple-negative breast cancer, miRNA expressions are found to be associated with BRCA mutations, immune system, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cell properties and androgen receptor expression. As it has been clarified that the expression levels and functions of miRNA differ among the various subtypes of breast cancer, and it is necessary to take account of the characteristics of each breast cancer subtype during research into the roles of miRNA in breast cancer. In addition, the discovery of the roles played by miRNAs in breast cancer might provide new opportunities for the development of novel strategies for diagnosing and treating breast cancer.
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224
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Abstract
Mammalian embryonic development is a tightly regulated process that, from a single zygote, produces a large number of cell types with hugely divergent functions. Distinct cellular differentiation programmes are facilitated by tight transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. However, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to tissue homeostasis after the completion of development is less well understood. In this Review, we explore the effects of epigenetic dysregulation on adult stem cell function. We conclude that, depending on the tissue type and the epigenetic regulator affected, the consequences range from negligible to stem cell malfunction and disruption of tissue homeostasis, which may predispose to diseases such as cancer.
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225
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Liu DR, Guan QL, Gao MT, Jiang L, Kang HX. miR-1260b is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2417-23. [PMID: 27399918 PMCID: PMC4954162 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) mainly refers to colon and rectum cancer, which is the most common gastrointestinal malignant tumor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in tumors participate in multiple processes of malignancy development, including cell differentiation, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In this study we explored the relationship of miR-1260b abnormal expression with clinical pathological features in CRC patients. Material/Methods The expression of miR-1260b was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) in 120 cases of CRC tissues. The correlation of miR-1260b expression with the clinicopathologic features of CRC was analyzed by SPSS 21.0 statistical software. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Cox regression analyses were conducted to determine whether miR-1260b was an independent predictor of survival for CRC patients. Results The miR-1260b expression in CRC was significantly higher than the expression levels in the corresponding para-carcinoma tissues (P<0.001). According to the expression levels of miR-1260b, 120 cases of CRC patients were classified into either the miR-1260b high expression group or the miR-1260b low expression group. The high expression levels of miR-1260b in CRC patients was associated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05) and venous invasion (P<0.001). However, the high miR-1260b expression had no significant correlation with other clinical parameters (P>0.05). The high miR-1260b expression patients survived for shorter times than those CRC patients with low miR-1260b expression (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that high miR-1260b means poor prognosis of patients with CRC. Conclusions The high expression level of miR-1260b is an independent prognostic biomarker that indicates a worse prognosis for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Rui Liu
- Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Quan-Lin Guan
- Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Ming-Tai Gao
- Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Xia Kang
- Department of Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
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226
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Noncoding RNAs Regulating p53 and c-Myc Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 927:337-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1498-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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227
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Tumour-initiating cell-specific miR-1246 and miR-1290 expression converge to promote non-small cell lung cancer progression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11702. [PMID: 27325363 PMCID: PMC4919505 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour-initiating cell (TIC) model accounts for phenotypic and functional heterogeneity among tumour cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules frequently aberrantly expressed in cancers, and may contribute towards tumour heterogeneity and TIC behaviour. More recent efforts have focused on miRNAs as diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Here, we identified the TIC-specific miRNAs, miR-1246 and miR-1290, as crucial drivers for tumour initiation and cancer progression in human non-small cell lung cancer. The loss of either miRNA impacted the tumour-initiating potential of TICs and their ability to metastasize. Longitudinal analyses of serum miR-1246 and miR-1290 levels across time correlate their circulating levels to the clinical response of lung cancer patients who were receiving ongoing anti-neoplastic therapies. Functionally, direct inhibition of either miRNA with locked nucleic acid administered systemically, can arrest the growth of established patient-derived xenograft tumours, thus indicating that these miRNAs are clinically useful as biomarkers for tracking disease progression and as therapeutic targets. miRNAs can function either as proto-oncogenes or tumour suppressors in several cancers; however their function in tumour initiating cells is unclear. Here, Zhang et al. show that tumour initiating cell-specific miR-1246 and miR-1290 promote lung cancer initiation and metastasis and could serve as prognostic markers.
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228
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Zhang N, Huang Y, Wu F, Zhao Y, Li X, Shen P, Yang L, Luo Y, Yang L, He G. Codelivery of a miR-124 Mimic and Obatoclax by Cholesterol-Penetratin Micelles Simultaneously Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Autophagic Flux in Breast Cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2466-83. [PMID: 27266580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fengbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yinbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Department of Pharmacy and Department
of Urology, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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229
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Cancer Stem Cells: The Potential Targets of Chinese Medicines and Their Active Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060893. [PMID: 27338343 PMCID: PMC4926427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the initiation and progression of malignancies has been rigorously validated, and the specific methods for identifying and isolating the CSCs from the parental cancer population have also been rapidly developed in recent years. This review aims to provide an overview of recent research progress of Chinese medicines (CMs) and their active compounds in inhibiting tumor progression by targeting CSCs. A great deal of CMs and their active compounds, such as Antrodia camphorate, berberine, resveratrol, and curcumin have been shown to regress CSCs, in terms of reversing drug resistance, inducing cell death and inhibiting cell proliferation as well as metastasis. Furthermore, one of the active compounds in coptis, berbamine may inhibit tumor progression by modulating microRNAs to regulate CSCs. The underlying molecular mechanisms and related signaling pathways involved in these processes were also discussed and concluded in this paper. Overall, the use of CMs and their active compounds may be a promising therapeutic strategy to eradicate cancer by targeting CSCs. However, further studies are needed to clarify the potential of clinical application of CMs and their active compounds as complementary and alternative therapy in this field.
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230
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Liang L, Sun H, Zhang W, Zhang M, Yang X, Kuang R, Zheng H. Meta-Analysis of EMT Datasets Reveals Different Types of EMT. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156839. [PMID: 27258544 PMCID: PMC4892621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a critical process during embryonic development, cancer progression and cell fate conversions, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been extensively studied over the last several decades. To further understand the nature of EMT, we performed meta-analysis of multiple microarray datasets to identify the related generic signature. In this study, 24 human and 17 mouse microarray datasets were integrated to identify conserved gene expression changes in different types of EMT. Our integrative analysis revealed that there is low agreement among the list of the identified signature genes and three other lists in previous studies. Since removing the datasets with weakly-induced EMT from the analysis did not significantly improve the overlapping in the signature-gene lists, we hypothesized the existence of different types of EMT. This hypothesis was further supported by the grouping of 74 human EMT-induction samples into five distinct clusters, and the identification of distinct pathways in these different clusters of EMT samples. The five clusters of EMT-induction samples also improves the understanding of the characteristics of different EMT types. Therefore, we concluded the existence of different types of EMT was the possible reason for its complex role in multiple biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mengdan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Kuang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hui Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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231
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Gu SQ, Gallego-Perez D, McClory SP, Shi J, Han J, Lee LJ, Schoenberg DR. The human PMR1 endonuclease stimulates cell motility by down regulating miR-200 family microRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:5811-9. [PMID: 27257068 PMCID: PMC4937341 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The motility of MCF-7 cells increases following expression of a human PMR1 transgene and the current study sought to identify the molecular basis for this phenotypic change. Ensemble and single cell analyses show increased motility is dependent on the endonuclease activity of hPMR1, and cells expressing active but not inactive hPMR1 invade extracellular matrix. Nanostring profiling identified 14 microRNAs that are downregulated by hPMR1, including all five members of the miR-200 family and others that also regulate invasive growth. miR-200 levels increase following hPMR1 knockdown, and changes in miR-200 family microRNAs were matched by corresponding changes in miR-200 targets and reporter expression. PMR1 preferentially cleaves between UG dinucleotides within a consensus YUGR element when present in the unpaired loop of a stem–loop structure. This motif is present in the apical loop of precursors to most of the downregulated microRNAs, and hPMR1 targeting of pre-miRs was confirmed by their loss following induced expression and increase following hPMR1 knockdown. Introduction of miR-200c into hPMR1-expressing cells reduced motility and miR-200 target gene expression, confirming hPMR1 acts upstream of Dicer processing. These findings identify a new role for hPMR1 in the post-transcriptional regulation of microRNAs in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Qing Gu
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sean P McClory
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joonhee Han
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - L James Lee
- Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel R Schoenberg
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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232
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Su YH, Huang WC, Huang TH, Huang YJ, Sue YK, Huynh TT, Hsiao M, Liu TZ, Wu ATH, Lin CM. Folate deficient tumor microenvironment promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem-like phenotypes. Oncotarget 2016; 7:33246-56. [PMID: 27119349 PMCID: PMC5078091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinically, serum level of folate has been negatively correlated to the stage and progression of liver cancer. Nevertheless, the functional consequence of folate deficiency (FD) in malignancy has not been fully investigated. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells (as study model) and other cancer types such as lung and glioma were cultured under folate deficient (FD) and folate complete (FD) conditions. Molecular characterization including intracellular ROS/RNS (reactive oxygen/nitrogen species), viability, colony formation, cancer stem-like cell (CSC) phenotype analyses were performed. In vivo tumorigenesis under FD and FC conditions were also examined. FD induced a significant increase in ROS and RNS, suppressing proliferative ability but inducing metastatic potential. Mesenchymal markers such as Snail, ZEB2, and Vimentin were significantly up-regulated while E-cadherin down-regulated. Importantly, CSC markers such as Oct4, β-catenin, CD133 were induced while PRRX1 decreased under FD condition. Furthermore, FD-conditioned HCC cells showed a decreased miR-22 level, leading to the increased expression of its target genes including HDAC4, ZEB2 and Oct4. Finally, xenograft mouse model demonstrated that FD diet promoted tumorigenesis and metastasis as compared to their FC counterparts. Our data provides rationales for the consideration of folate supplement as a metastasis preventive measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hao Su
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jiun Huang
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Sue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thanh-Tuan Huynh
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, HoChiMinh City, Viet Nam
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Zon Liu
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander TH Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University
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233
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Li L, Li C, Mao H, Du Z, Chan WY, Murray P, Luo B, Chan AT, Mok TS, Chan FK, Ambinder RF, Tao Q. Epigenetic inactivation of the CpG demethylase TET1 as a DNA methylation feedback loop in human cancers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26591. [PMID: 27225590 PMCID: PMC4880909 DOI: 10.1038/srep26591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter CpG methylation is a fundamental regulatory process of gene expression. TET proteins are active CpG demethylases converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, with loss of 5 hmC as an epigenetic hallmark of cancers, indicating critical roles of TET proteins in epigenetic tumorigenesis. Through analysis of tumor methylomes, we discovered TET1 as a methylated target, and further confirmed its frequent downregulation/methylation in cell lines and primary tumors of multiple carcinomas and lymphomas, including nasopharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, renal, breast and cervical carcinomas, as well as non-Hodgkin, Hodgkin and nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas, although all three TET family genes are ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. Ectopic expression of TET1 catalytic domain suppressed colony formation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells of multiple tissue types, supporting its role as a broad bona fide tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TET1 catalytic domain possessed demethylase activity in cancer cells, being able to inhibit the CpG methylation of tumor suppressor gene (TSG) promoters and reactivate their expression, such as SLIT2, ZNF382 and HOXA9. As only infrequent mutations of TET1 have been reported, compared to TET2, epigenetic silencing therefore appears to be the dominant mechanism for TET1 inactivation in cancers, which also forms a feedback loop of CpG methylation during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chen Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Haitao Mao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhenfang Du
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wai Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Anthony Tc Chan
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tony Sk Mok
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Francis Kl Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qian Tao
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Johns Hopkins Singapore and Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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234
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Longacre M, Snyder NA, Housman G, Leary M, Lapinska K, Heerboth S, Willbanks A, Sarkar S. A Comparative Analysis of Genetic and Epigenetic Events of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Related to Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E759. [PMID: 27213343 PMCID: PMC4881580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer persists as the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Ovarian cancer is also a significant source of morbidity and mortality, as the fifth leading cause of cancer death among women. This reflects the continued need for further understanding and innovation in cancer treatment. Though breast and ovarian cancer usually present as distinct clinical entities, the recent explosion of large-scale -omics research has uncovered many overlaps, particularly with respect to genetic and epigenetic alterations. We compared genetic, microenvironmental, stromal, and epigenetic changes common between breast and ovarian cancer cells, as well as the clinical relevance of these changes. Some of the most striking commonalities include genetic alterations of BRCA1 and 2, TP53, RB1, NF1, FAT3, MYC, PTEN, and PIK3CA; down regulation of miRNAs 9, 100, 125a, 125b, and 214; and epigenetic alterations such as H3K27me3, H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H4K20me3, and H3K4me. These parallels suggest shared features of pathogenesis. Furthermore, preliminary evidence suggests a shared epigenetic mechanism of oncogenesis. These similarities, warrant further investigation in order to ultimately inform development of more effective chemotherapeutics, as well as strategies to circumvent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole A Snyder
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Genevieve Housman
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Meghan Leary
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Karolina Lapinska
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Sarah Heerboth
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
| | - Amber Willbanks
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Sibaji Sarkar
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
- Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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235
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Sahasrabuddhe AA. BMI1: A Biomarker of Hematologic Malignancies. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:65-75. [PMID: 27168727 PMCID: PMC4859448 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s33376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BMI1 oncogene is a catalytic member of epigenetic repressor polycomb group proteins. It plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression pattern and consequently several cellular processes during development, including cell cycle progression, senescence, aging, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and importantly self-renewal of adult stem cells of several lineages. Preponderance of evidences indicates that deregulated expression of PcG protein BMI1 is associated with several human malignancies, cancer stem cell maintenance, and propagation. Importantly, overexpression of BMI1 correlates with therapy failure in cancer patients and tumor relapse. This review discusses the diverse mode of BMI1 regulation at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels as well as at various critical signaling pathways regulated by BMI1 activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the role of BMI1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for several subtypes of hematologic malignancies and the importance to target this biomarker for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagh A Sahasrabuddhe
- Department of Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Chhattisgarh, India
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236
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Jiang X, Hu C, Arnovitz S, Bugno J, Yu M, Zuo Z, Chen P, Huang H, Ulrich B, Gurbuxani S, Weng H, Strong J, Wang Y, Li Y, Salat J, Li S, Elkahloun AG, Yang Y, Neilly MB, Larson RA, Le Beau MM, Herold T, Bohlander SK, Liu PP, Zhang J, Li Z, He C, Jin J, Hong S, Chen J. miR-22 has a potent anti-tumour role with therapeutic potential in acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11452. [PMID: 27116251 PMCID: PMC5477496 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are subject to precise regulation and have key roles in tumorigenesis. In contrast to the oncogenic role of miR-22 reported in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and breast cancer, here we show that miR-22 is an essential anti-tumour gatekeeper in de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) where it is significantly downregulated. Forced expression of miR-22 significantly suppresses leukaemic cell viability and growth in vitro, and substantially inhibits leukaemia development and maintenance in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-22 targets multiple oncogenes, including CRTC1, FLT3 and MYCBP, and thus represses the CREB and MYC pathways. The downregulation of miR-22 in AML is caused by TET1/GFI1/EZH2/SIN3A-mediated epigenetic repression and/or DNA copy-number loss. Furthermore, nanoparticles carrying miR-22 oligos significantly inhibit leukaemia progression in vivo. Together, our study uncovers a TET1/GFI1/EZH2/SIN3A/miR-22/CREB-MYC signalling circuit and thereby provides insights into epigenetic/genetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AML, and also highlights the clinical potential of miR-22-based AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA.,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA.,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang, China
| | - Stephen Arnovitz
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jason Bugno
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA.,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Bryan Ulrich
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Sandeep Gurbuxani
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hengyou Weng
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA.,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer Strong
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA
| | - Yungui Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA.,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Justin Salat
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Shenglai Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Mary Beth Neilly
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Richard A Larson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Michelle M Le Beau
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Tobias Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan K Bohlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Paul P Liu
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | - Zejuan Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang, China
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, The University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.,Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, USA.,Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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237
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Let-7c blocks estrogen-activated Wnt signaling in induction of self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:83-9. [PMID: 26987290 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Let-7 miRNAs are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression through their roles in maintaining differentiation and normal development. However, there is little research focusing on the effects of let-7 on Wnt-activated self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells. By analyzing the expression levels of let-7 family members in clinical tissues, we found that higher expression levels of let-7b and let-7c were correlated with better clinical prognosis of patients with estrogen receptor (ER)α-positive breast tumor. Further, we found that only let-7c was inversely correlated with ERα expression, and there is corelationship between let-7c and Wnt signaling in clinical tissues. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)1 sorting and mammosphere formation assays showed that let-7c inhibited the self-renewal of stem cells in ERα-positive breast cancer. Let-7c decreased ERα expression through directly binding to the 3'UTR (untranslated region), and let-7c inhibited the estrogen-induced activation of Wnt signaling. Depletion of ERα abolished let-7c functions in stem cell signatures, which further confirmed that let-7c inhibited estrogen-induced Wnt activity through decreasing ERα expression. Taken together, our findings identified a biochemical and functional link between let-7c with ERα/Wnt signaling in breast cancer stem cells.
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238
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Salvador MA, Birnbaum D, Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C. Breast cancer stem cells programs: enter the (non)-code. Brief Funct Genomics 2016; 15:186-99. [PMID: 26955842 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumors exhibit a hierarchical cellular organization driven by several subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs). These breast CSC subpopulations are able to infinitely self-renew and to differentiate, giving rise to tumor heterogeneity. Accumulating evidence show that breast CSCs resist conventional therapies and i`nitiate tumor relapse. The development of anti-CSCs therapies may therefore greatly improve patient survival. A better elucidation of molecular circuitries involved in stemness would offer new relevant targets. Noncoding RNAs, especially microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, are regulators of cell identity and are notably found deregulated in breast CSCs. This review will focus on noncoding RNAs involved in CSCs biology during breast cancer initiation, maintenance, therapeutic resistance and metastatic progression. Potential clinical applications using noncoding RNAs as biomarkers or therapies will be discussed.
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239
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Kumar DBU, Chen CL, Liu JC, Feldman DE, Sher LS, French S, DiNorcia J, French SW, Naini BV, Junrungsee S, Agopian VG, Zarrinpar A, Machida K. TLR4 Signaling via NANOG Cooperates With STAT3 to Activate Twist1 and Promote Formation of Tumor-Initiating Stem-Like Cells in Livers of Mice. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:707-19. [PMID: 26582088 PMCID: PMC4766021 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity and alcohol consumption contribute to steatohepatitis, which increases the risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Mouse hepatocytes that express HCV-NS5A in liver up-regulate the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and develop liver tumors containing tumor-initiating stem-like cells (TICs) that express NANOG. We investigated whether the TLR4 signals to NANOG to promote the development of TICs and tumorigenesis in mice placed on a Western diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat (HCFD). METHODS We expressed HCV-NS5A from a transgene (NS5A Tg) in Tlr4-/- (C57Bl6/10ScN), and wild-type control mice. Mice were fed a HCFD for 12 months. TICs were identified and isolated based on being CD133+, CD49f+, and CD45-. We obtained 142 paraffin-embedded sections of different stage HCCs and adjacent nontumor areas from the same patients, and performed gene expression, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS A higher proportion of NS5A Tg mice developed liver tumors (39%) than mice that did not express HCV NS5A after the HCFD (6%); only 9% of Tlr4-/- NS5A Tg mice fed HCFD developed liver tumors. Livers from NS5A Tg mice fed the HCFD had increased levels of TLR4, NANOG, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT3), and TWIST1 proteins, and increases in Tlr4, Nanog, Stat3, and Twist1 messenger RNAs. In TICs from NS5A Tg mice, NANOG and pSTAT3 directly interact to activate expression of Twist1. Levels of TLR4, NANOG, pSTAT3, and TWIST were increased in HCC compared with nontumor tissues from patients. CONCLUSIONS HCFD and HCV-NS5A together stimulated TLR4-NANOG and the leptin receptor (OB-R)-pSTAT3 signaling pathways, resulting in liver tumorigenesis through an exaggerated mesenchymal phenotype with prominent Twist1-expressing TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Linda S. Sher
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California
| | | | - Joseph DiNorcia
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine of University of California Los Angeles,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center UCLA
| | - Bita V. Naini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine of University of California Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Disease and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, California.
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240
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A non-invasive method to determine the pluripotent status of stem cells by culture medium microRNA expression detection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22380. [PMID: 26927897 PMCID: PMC4772130 DOI: 10.1038/srep22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To precisely determine the type and status of cells is an important prerequisite for basic researches and regenerative medicine involving stem cells or differentiated cells. However, the traditional destructive cell status examination methods have many limitations, mainly due to the heterogeneity of cells under the reprogramming or differentiation/trans-differentiation process. Here we present a new method to non-destructively determine the pluripotent level of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or the types of differentiated cells. The method is achieved by examining the expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cell culture medium, which show consistent abundance trend as those of the cellular miRNAs. Therefore, the method enables status examination and afterward application being achieved on the same population of cells, which will greatly facilitate cell reprogramming or differentiation/trans-differentiation related based research and clinical therapy.
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241
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Noncoding RNAs in Tumor Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2732705. [PMID: 26989421 PMCID: PMC4773551 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2732705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-derived tumor cells acquire the capacity for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enables them to invade adjacent tissues and/or metastasize to distant organs. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related death. Molecular mechanisms involved in the switch from an epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal status are complicated and are controlled by a variety of signaling pathways. Recently, a set of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were found to modulate gene expressions at either transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. These ncRNAs are involved in EMT through their interplay with EMT-related transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and EMT-associated signaling. Reciprocal regulatory interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs further increase the complexity of the regulation of gene expression and protein translation. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding EMT-regulating ncRNAs and their associated signaling pathways involved in cancer progression.
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242
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Ren Y, Zhou X, Liu X, Jia HH, Zhao XH, Wang QX, Han L, Song X, Zhu ZY, Sun T, Jiao HX, Tian WP, Yang YQ, Zhao XL, Zhang L, Mei M, Kang CS. Reprogramming carcinoma associated fibroblasts by AC1MMYR2 impedes tumor metastasis and improves chemotherapy efficacy. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:96-106. [PMID: 26872723 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) produce a nutrient-rich microenvironment to fuel tumor progression and metastasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the inflammation pathway co-operate to transform CAFs. Therefore, elucidating the mechanism mediating the activity of CAFs might identify novel therapies. Abnormal miR-21 expression was reported to be involved in the conversion of resident fibroblasts to CAFs, yet the factor that drives transformation was poorly understood. Here, we reported that high miR-21 expression was strongly associated with lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, and the activation of the miR-21/NF-кB was required for the metastatic promoting effect of CAFs. AC1MMYR2, a small molecule inhibitor of miR-21, attenuated NF-кB activity by directly targeting VHL, thereby blocking the co-precipitation of NF-кB and ß-catenin and nuclear translocation. Taxol failed to constrain the aggressive behavior of cancer cells stimulated by CAFs, whereas AC1MMYR2 plus taxol significantly suppressed tumor migration and invasion ability. Remodeling and depolarization of F-actin, decreased levels of β-catenin and vimentin, and increased E-cadherin were also detected in the combination therapy. Furthermore, reduced levels of FAP-α and α-SMA were observed, suggesting that AC1MMYR2 was competent to reprogram CAFs via the NF-кB/miR-21/VHL axis. Strikingly, a significant reduction of tumor growth and lung metastasis was observed in the combination treated mice. Taken together, our findings identified miR-21 as a critical mediator of metastasis in breast cancer through the tumor environment. AC1MMYR2 may be translated into the clinic and developed as a more personalized and effective neoadjuvant treatment for patients to reduce metastasis and improve the chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ren
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Head and Neck, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huan-Huan Jia
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qi-Xue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xin Song
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Zhu
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hong-Xiao Jiao
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Wei-Ping Tian
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yu-Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lun Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Mei Mei
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Chun-Sheng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China.
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243
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Cui Q, Yang S, Ye P, Tian E, Sun G, Zhou J, Sun G, Liu X, Chen C, Murai K, Zhao C, Azizian KT, Yang L, Warden C, Wu X, D'Apuzzo M, Brown C, Badie B, Peng L, Riggs AD, Rossi JJ, Shi Y. Downregulation of TLX induces TET3 expression and inhibits glioblastoma stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10637. [PMID: 26838672 PMCID: PMC4742843 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas have been proposed to be maintained by highly tumorigenic glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that are resistant to current therapy. Therefore, targeting GSCs is critical for developing effective therapies for glioblastoma. In this study, we identify the regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptor TLX and the DNA hydroxylase Ten eleven translocation 3 (TET3) as a target for human GSCs. We show that knockdown of TLX expression inhibits human GSC tumorigenicity in mice. Treatment of human GSC-grafted mice with viral vector-delivered TLX shRNA or nanovector-delivered TLX siRNA inhibits tumour development and prolongs survival. Moreover, we identify TET3 as a potent tumour suppressor downstream of TLX to regulate the growth and self-renewal in GSCs. This study identifies the TLX-TET3 axis as a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma. TLX is a nuclear receptor essential for neural stem cell self-renewal and recently involved in glioblastoma development. In this study, the authors show that inhibition of TLX expression, achieved using a dendrimer nanovector-delivered siRNAs or viral vector-delivered shRNAs, reduces glioblastoma stem cells self renewal and in vivo tumour growth through activation of TET3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cui
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - E Tian
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Guihua Sun
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7325, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Chao Chen
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7325, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Kiyohito Murai
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Chunnian Zhao
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Krist T Azizian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Charles Warden
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Massimo D'Apuzzo
- Department of Pathology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Christine Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Behnam Badie
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7325, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - John J Rossi
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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244
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Portraits of TET-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 36:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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245
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Li T, Lai Q, Wang S, Cai J, Xiao Z, Deng D, He L, Jiao H, Ye Y, Liang L, Ding Y, Liao W. MicroRNA-224 sustains Wnt/β-catenin signaling and promotes aggressive phenotype of colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:21. [PMID: 26822534 PMCID: PMC4731927 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays an important role in CRC development, progression and metastasis. Aberrant miR-224 expression has been reported in CRC. However, the mechanism of miR-224 promotes both proliferation and metastatic ability largely remains unclear. METHODS Real-time PCR was used to quantify miR-224 expression. Luciferase reporter assays were conducted to confirm the activity of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and target gene associations, and immunofluorescence staining assay was performed to observe the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Bioinformatics analysis combined with in vivo and vitro functional assays showed the potential target genes, GSK3β and SFRP2, of miR-224. Specimens from forty patients with CRC were analyzed for the expression of miR-224 and the relationship with GSK3β/SFRP2 by real-time PCR and western blot. RESULTS Bioinformatics and cell luciferase function studies verified the direct regulation of miR-224 on the 3'-UTR of the GSK3β and SFRP2 genes, which leads to the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. In addition, knockdown of miR-224 significantly recovered the expression of GSK3β and SFRP2 and attenuated Wnt/β-catenin-mediated cell metastasis and proliferation. The ectopic upregulation of miR-224 dramatically inhibited the expression of GSK3β/SFRP2 and enhanced CRC proliferation and invasion. CONCLUSION Our research showed mechanistic links between miR-224 and Wnt/β-catenin in the pathogenesis of CRC through modulation of GSK3β and SFRP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qiuhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Juanjuan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Danling Deng
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liuqing He
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongli Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yaping Ye
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenting Liao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Cai S, Chen R, Li X, Cai Y, Ye Z, Li S, Li J, Huang H, Peng S, Wang J, Tao Y, Huang H, Wen X, Mo J, Deng Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Gao X, Wen X. Downregulation of microRNA-23a suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by targeting the PAK6-LIMK1 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3904-17. [PMID: 25714010 PMCID: PMC4414162 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we found that levels of miR-23a were decreased in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor tissues. These low levels were associated with poor patients' prognosis. MiR-23a inhibited migration and invasion of prostate cancer in vivo and in orthotopic prostate cancer mice model. MiR-23a decreased levels of p21-activated kinase 6 (PAK6). Expression of miR-23a inhibited phosphorylation of LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) and cofilin, in turn suppressing formation of stress fibers and actin filaments, which was required for cell motility and invasion. PAK6 bound to LIMK1 and activated it via phosphorylation at Thr-508. Also, PAK6 and LIMK1 were colocalized in the cytoplasma. Thus, miR-23a regulated cytoskeleton by affecting LIMK1 and cofilin. In summary, we have identified the miR-23a-PAK6-LIMK1 pathway of prostate cancer metastasis. Potential therapeutic approach by targeting miR-23 is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwang Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihan Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ye
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shigeng Li
- Department of Emergency, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaiqiu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubin Peng
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Huang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinglai Wen
- Department of Urology, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Mo
- Department of Urology, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhupeng Deng
- Department of Urology, Taishan People's Hospital, Taishan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan City, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangfan Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingqiao Wen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Roscigno G, Quintavalle C, Donnarumma E, Puoti I, Diaz-Lagares A, Iaboni M, Fiore D, Russo V, Todaro M, Romano G, Thomas R, Cortino G, Gaggianesi M, Esteller M, Croce CM, Condorelli G. MiR-221 promotes stemness of breast cancer cells by targeting DNMT3b. Oncotarget 2016; 7:580-92. [PMID: 26556862 PMCID: PMC4808019 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small part of the heterogeneous tumor cell population possessing self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential as well as a great ability to sustain tumorigenesis. The molecular pathways underlying CSC phenotype are not yet well characterized. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that play a powerful role in biological processes. Early studies have linked miRs to the control of self-renewal and differentiation in normal and cancer stem cells. We aimed to study the functional role of miRs in human breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), also named mammospheres. We found that miR-221 was upregulated in BCSCs compared to their differentiated counterpart. Similarly, mammospheres from T47D cells had an increased level of miR-221 compared to differentiated cells. Transfection of miR-221 in T47D cells increased the number of mammospheres and the expression of stem cell markers. Among miR-221's targets, we identified DNMT3b. Furthermore, in BCSCs we found that DNMT3b repressed the expression of various stemness genes, such as Nanog and Oct 3/4, acting on the methylation of their promoters, partially reverting the effect of miR-221 on stemness. We hypothesize that miR-221 contributes to breast cancer tumorigenicity by regulating stemness, at least in part through the control of DNMT3b expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Roscigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Puoti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angel Diaz-Lagares
- Epigenetic and Cancer Biology Program (PEBC) IDIBELL, Hospital Duran I Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margherita Iaboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Fiore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Russo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Matilde Todaro
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Romano
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Renato Thomas
- Department of Surgical and Oncology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cortino
- Department of Surgical and Oncology, Clinica Mediterranea, Naples, Italy
| | - Miriam Gaggianesi
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Manel Esteller
- Epigenetic and Cancer Biology Program (PEBC) IDIBELL, Hospital Duran I Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, Naples, Italy
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248
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Abstract
Breast cancer affects approximately 12 % women worldwide and results in 14 % of all cancer-related fatalities. Breast cancer is commonly categorized into one of four main subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive and basal), indicating molecular characteristics and informing treatment regimes. The most severe form of breast cancer is metastasis, when the tumour spreads from the breast tissue to other parts of the body. Significantly, the primary tumour subtype affects rates and sites of metastasis. Currently, up to 5 % of patients present with incurable metastasis, with an additional 10–15 % of patients going on to develop metastasis within 3 years of diagnosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short 21–25 long nucleotides that have been shown to significantly affect gene expression. Currently, >2000 miRNAs have been identified and significantly, specific miRNAs have been found associated with diseases states. Importantly, miRNAs are found circulating in the blood, presenting an opportunity to use these circulating disease-related miRNAs as biomarkers. Clearly, the identification of circulating miRNA specific to metastatic breast cancer presents a unique opportunity for early disease identification and for monitoring disease burden. Currently however, few groups have identified miRNA associated with metastatic breast cancer. Here, we review the literature surrounding the identification of metastatic miRNA in breast cancer patients, highlighting key areas where miRNA biomarker discovery could be beneficial, identifying key concepts, recognizing critical areas requiring further research and discussing potential problems.
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249
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Talukdar S, Emdad L, Das S, Sarkar D, Fisher P. Evolving Strategies for Therapeutically Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 131:159-91. [PMID: 27451127 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactor and multistep process that is affected intrinsically by the genetic and epigenetic makeup of tumor cells and extrinsically by the host microenvironment and immune system. A key component of cancer involves a unique subpopulation of highly malignant cancerous cells referred to as cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are positioned at the apex of the tumor hierarchy with an ability to both self-renew and also generate non-CSC/differentiated progeny, which contribute to the majority of the tumor mass. CSCs undergo functional changes and show plasticity that is stimulated by specific microenvironmental cues and interactions in the tumor niche, which contribute to the complexity and heterogeneity of the CSC population. The prognostic value of CSCs in the clinic is evident since there are many examples in which CSCs serve as markers for poor patient prognosis. CSCs are innately resistant to many standard therapies and they display anoikis resistance, immune evasion, tumor dormancy, and field cancerization, which may result in metastasis and relapse. Many academic laboratories and biotechnology companies are currently focusing on strategies that target CSCs. Combination therapies, epigenetic modifiers, stemness inhibitors, CSC surface marker-based therapies, and immunotherapy-based CSC-targeting drugs are currently undergoing clinical trials. Potential new targets/strategies in CSC-targeted therapy include MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP), Patched (PTCH), epigenetic targets, noncoding RNAs, and differentiation induction. Defining ways of targeting and destroying CSCs holds potential to impact significantly on cancer therapy, including prevention of metastasis and cancer recurrence.
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250
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Lee E, Ito K, Zhao Y, Schadt EE, Irie HY, Zhu J. Inferred miRNA activity identifies miRNA-mediated regulatory networks underlying multiple cancers. Bioinformatics 2016; 32:96-105. [PMID: 26358730 PMCID: PMC5006235 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in regulating tumor progression and metastasis. Identifying key miRNAs, defined by their functional activities, can provide a deeper understanding of biology of miRNAs in cancer. However, miRNA expression level cannot accurately reflect miRNA activity. RESULTS We developed a computational approach, ActMiR, for identifying active miRNAs and miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms. Applying ActMiR to four cancer datasets in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we showed that (i) miRNA activity was tumor subtype specific; (ii) genes correlated with inferred miRNA activities were more likely to enrich for miRNA binding motifs; (iii) expression levels of these genes and inferred miRNA activities were more likely to be negatively correlated. For the four cancer types in TCGA we identified 77-229 key miRNAs for each cancer subtype and annotated their biological functions. The miRNA-target pairs, predicted by our ActMiR algorithm but not by correlation of miRNA expression levels, were experimentally validated. The functional activities of key miRNAs were further demonstrated to be associated with clinical outcomes for other cancer types using independent datasets. For ER(-)/HER2(-) breast cancers, we identified activities of key miRNAs let-7d and miR-18a as potential prognostic markers and validated them in two independent ER(-)/HER2(-) breast cancer datasets. Our work provides a novel scheme to facilitate our understanding of miRNA. In summary, inferred activity of key miRNA provided a functional link to its mediated regulatory network, and can be used to robustly predict patient's survival. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION the software is freely available at http://research.mssm.edu/integrative-network-biology/Software.html. CONTACT jun.zhu@mssm.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjee Lee
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology and
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hanna Y Irie
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology and The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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