201
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Hauck L, Dadson K, Chauhan S, Grothe D, Billia F. Inhibiting the Pkm2/b-catenin axis drives in vivo replication of adult cardiomyocytes following experimental MI. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1398-1417. [PMID: 33288902 PMCID: PMC8027412 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes (CM) are postmitotic, differentiated cells that cannot re-enter the cell cycle after any appreciable injury. Therefore, understanding the factors required to induce CM proliferation for repair is of great clinical importance. While expression of muscle pyruvate kinase 2 (Pkm2), a cytosolic enzyme catalyzing the final step in glycolysis, is high in end-stage heart failure (HF), the loss of Pkm2 promotes proliferation in some cellular systems, in vivo. We hypothesized that in the adult heart CM proliferation may require low Pkm2 activity. Thus, we investigated the potential for Pkm2 to regulate CM proliferation in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) employing inducible, cardiac-specific Pkm2 gene knockout (Pkm2KOi) mice. We found a lack of cardiac hypertrophy or expression of the fetal gene program in Pkm2KOi mice post MI, as compared to vehicle control animals (P < 0.01), correlating with smaller infarct size, improved mitochondrial (mt) function, enhanced angiogenesis, reduced degree of CM apoptosis, and reduced oxidative stress post MI. There was significantly higher numbers of dividing CM in the infarct zone between 3-9 days post MI (P < 0.001). Mechanistically, we determined that Pkm2 interacts with β-catenin (Ctnnb1) in the cytoplasm of CM, inhibiting Ctnnb1 phosphorylation at serine 552 and tyrosine 333, by Akt. In the absence of Pkm2, Ctnnb1 translocates to the nucleus leading to transcriptional activation of proliferation-associated target genes. All these effects are abrogated by genetic co-deletion of Pkm2 and Ctnnb1. Collectively, this work supports a novel antiproliferative function for Pkm2 in CM through the sequestration of Ctnnb1 in the cytoplasm of CM whereas loss of Pkm2 is essential for CM proliferation. Reducing cardiac Pkm2 expression may provide a useful strategy for cardiac repair after MI in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Hauck
- Toronto General Research Institute, 100 College St., M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Dadson
- Toronto General Research Institute, 100 College St., M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shelly Chauhan
- Toronto General Research Institute, 100 College St., M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniela Grothe
- Toronto General Research Institute, 100 College St., M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Filio Billia
- Toronto General Research Institute, 100 College St., M5G 1L7, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network (UHN), 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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202
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Disease Modeling and Disease Gene Discovery in Cardiomyopathies: A Molecular Study of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generated Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073311. [PMID: 33805011 PMCID: PMC8037452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro modeling of cardiac development and cardiomyopathies in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) provides opportunities to aid the discovery of genetic, molecular, and developmental changes that are causal to, or influence, cardiomyopathies and related diseases. To better understand the functional and disease modeling potential of iPSC-differentiated CMs and to provide a proof of principle for large, epidemiological-scale disease gene discovery approaches into cardiomyopathies, well-characterized CMs, generated from validated iPSCs of 12 individuals who belong to four sibships, and one of whom reported a major adverse cardiac event (MACE), were analyzed by genome-wide mRNA sequencing. The generated CMs expressed CM-specific genes and were highly concordant in their total expressed transcriptome across the 12 samples (correlation coefficient at 95% CI =0.92 ± 0.02). The functional annotation and enrichment analysis of the 2116 genes that were significantly upregulated in CMs suggest that generated CMs have a transcriptomic and functional profile of immature atrial-like CMs; however, the CMs-upregulated transcriptome also showed high overlap and significant enrichment in primary cardiomyocyte (p-value = 4.36 × 10−9), primary heart tissue (p-value = 1.37 × 10−41) and cardiomyopathy (p-value = 1.13 × 10−21) associated gene sets. Modeling the effect of MACE in the generated CMs-upregulated transcriptome identified gene expression phenotypes consistent with the predisposition of the MACE-affected sibship to arrhythmia, prothrombotic, and atherosclerosis risk.
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203
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Yang C, Zhao K, Zhang J, Wu X, Sun W, Kong X, Shi J. Comprehensive Analysis of the Transcriptome-Wide m6A Methylome of Heart via MeRIP After Birth: Day 0 vs. Day 7. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:633631. [PMID: 33829047 PMCID: PMC8019948 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.633631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To systematically classify the profile of the RNA m6A modification landscape of neonatal heart regeneration. Materials and Methods: Cardiomyocyte proliferation markers were detected via immunostaining. The expression of m6A modification regulators was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. Genome-wide profiling of methylation-modified transcripts was conducted with methylation-modified RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (m6A-RIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO) dataset was used to verify the hub genes. Results: METTL3 and the level of m6A modification in total RNA was lower in P7 rat hearts than in P0 ones. In all, 1,637 methylation peaks were differentially expressed using m6A-RIP-seq, with 84 upregulated and 1,553 downregulated. Furthermore, conjoint analyses of m6A-RIP-seq, RNA-seq, and GEO data generated eight potential hub genes with differentially expressed hypermethylated or hypomethylated m6A levels. Conclusion: Our data provided novel information on m6A modification changes between Day 0 and Day 7 cardiomyocytes, which identified that increased METTL3 expression may enhance the proliferative capacity of neonatal cardiomyocytes, providing a theoretical basis for future clinical studies on the direct regulation of m6A in the proliferative capacity of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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204
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Jung JH, Ikeda G, Tada Y, von Bornstädt D, Santoso MR, Wahlquist C, Rhee S, Jeon YJ, Yu AC, O'brien CG, Red-Horse K, Appel EA, Mercola M, Woo J, Yang PC. miR-106a-363 cluster in extracellular vesicles promotes endogenous myocardial repair via Notch3 pathway in ischemic heart injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:19. [PMID: 33742276 PMCID: PMC8601755 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous capability of the post-mitotic human heart holds great promise to restore the injured myocardium. Recent evidence indicates that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate cardiac homeostasis and regeneration. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of EVs for self-repair. We isolated EVs from human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iCMs), which were exposed to hypoxic (hEVs) and normoxic conditions (nEVs), and examined their roles in in vitro and in vivo models of cardiac injury. hEV treatment significantly improved the viability of hypoxic iCMs in vitro and cardiac function of severely injured murine myocardium in vivo. Microarray analysis of the EVs revealed significantly enriched expression of the miR-106a-363 cluster (miR cluster) in hEVs vs. nEVs. This miR cluster preserved survival and contractility of hypoxia-injured iCMs and maintained murine left-ventricular (LV) chamber size, improved LV ejection fraction, and reduced myocardial fibrosis of the injured myocardium. RNA-Seq analysis identified Jag1-Notch3-Hes1 as a target intracellular pathway of the miR cluster. Moreover, the study found that the cell cycle activator and cytokinesis genes were significantly up-regulated in the iCMs treated with miR cluster and Notch3 siRNA. Together, these results suggested that the miR cluster in the EVs stimulated cardiomyocyte cell cycle re-entry by repressing Notch3 to induce cell proliferation and augment myocardial self-repair. The miR cluster may represent an effective therapeutic approach for ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Jung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gentaro Ikeda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yuko Tada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel von Bornstädt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle R Santoso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Christine Wahlquist
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Siyeon Rhee
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Young-Jun Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Anthony C Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Connor G O'brien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Phillip C Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 240 Pasteur Dr, BMI 3053, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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205
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Peng Y, Wang W, Fang Y, Hu H, Chang N, Pang M, Hu YF, Li X, Long H, Xiong JW, Zhang R. Inhibition of TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Disrupts Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle Progression and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Like Response During Ventricle Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:632372. [PMID: 33816481 PMCID: PMC8010688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.632372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, zebrafish can regenerate injured hearts even in the adult stage. Cardiac regeneration requires the coordination of cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation and migration. The TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway has been implicated in cardiac regeneration, but the molecular mechanisms by which this pathway regulates CM proliferation and migration have not been fully illustrated. Here, we investigated the function of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in a zebrafish model of ventricular ablation. Multiple components of this pathway were upregulated/activated after injury. Utilizing a specific inhibitor of Smad3, we detected an increased ratio of unrecovered hearts. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway could affect CM proliferation and migration. Further analysis demonstrated that the CM cell cycle was disrupted and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like response was impaired, which limited cardiac regeneration. Altogether, our study reveals an important function of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in CM cell cycle progression and EMT process during zebrafish ventricle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunzheng Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haichen Hu
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meijun Pang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Fan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Xueyu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Long
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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206
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Murphy SA, Miyamoto M, Kervadec A, Kannan S, Tampakakis E, Kambhampati S, Lin BL, Paek S, Andersen P, Lee DI, Zhu R, An SS, Kass DA, Uosaki H, Colas AR, Kwon C. PGC1/PPAR drive cardiomyocyte maturation at single cell level via YAP1 and SF3B2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1648. [PMID: 33712605 PMCID: PMC7955035 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes undergo significant structural and functional changes after birth, and these fundamental processes are essential for the heart to pump blood to the growing body. However, due to the challenges of isolating single postnatal/adult myocytes, how individual newborn cardiomyocytes acquire multiple aspects of the mature phenotype remains poorly understood. Here we implement large-particle sorting and analyze single myocytes from neonatal to adult hearts. Early myocytes exhibit wide-ranging transcriptomic and size heterogeneity that is maintained until adulthood with a continuous transcriptomic shift. Gene regulatory network analysis followed by mosaic gene deletion reveals that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 signaling, which is active in vivo but inactive in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, mediates the shift. This signaling simultaneously regulates key aspects of cardiomyocyte maturation through previously unrecognized proteins, including YAP1 and SF3B2. Our study provides a single-cell roadmap of heterogeneous transitions coupled to cellular features and identifies a multifaceted regulator controlling cardiomyocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Murphy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Miyamoto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anaïs Kervadec
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suraj Kannan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanouil Tampakakis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Kambhampati
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian Leei Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sam Paek
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dong-Ik Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renjun Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven S An
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - David A Kass
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Alexandre R Colas
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biomedical engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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207
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Kay M, Soltani BM. LncRNAs in Cardiomyocyte Maturation: New Window for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7010020. [PMID: 33802186 PMCID: PMC8005985 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation, which is characterized by structural, functional, and metabolic specializations, is the last phase of CM development that prepares the cells for efficient and forceful contraction throughout life. Over the past decades, CM maturation has gained increased attention due to the fact that pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs are structurally, transcriptionally, and functionally immature and embryonic-like, which causes a defect in cell replacement therapy. The current challenge is to discover and understand the molecular mechanisms, which control the CM maturation process. Currently, emerging shreds of evidence emphasize the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating different aspects of CM maturation, including myofibril maturation, electrophysiology, and Ca2+ handling maturation, metabolic maturation and proliferation to hypertrophy transition. Here, we describe the structural and functional characteristics of mature CMs. Furthermore, this review highlights the lncRNAs as crucial regulators of different aspects in CM maturation, which have the potential to be used for mature CM production. With the current advances in oligonucleotide delivery; lncRNAs may serve as putative therapeutic targets to produce highly mature CMs for research and regenerative medicine.
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208
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PTEN mediates serum deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105131. [PMID: 33652126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with cardiomyocyte necrosis and apoptosis. Numerous studies have determined the regulatory effects of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) cell proliferation and apoptosis in other cell types. However, the potential role of PTEN in cardiomyocyte is unclear. In this study, we used H9c2 cells cultured under serum deprivation to simulate the apoptosis process of myocardial infarction. Small interference RNA (siRNA) of PTEN was used to knock down the expression of PTEN. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8. Cell proliferation was examined by Edu staining, and the protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. We also evaluated the generation of ROS, the degree of DNA damage, and cell apoptosis using immunofluorescence assay. As a result, we observed that serum deprivation in H9c2 cells increased PTEN expression. Functionally, the PTEN knockdown experiment using siRNA inhibited serum deprivation-induced cell apoptosis, ROS production, and DNA damage, whereas increased cell proliferation. All these effects could be reversed by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, which indicated the PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) might be the critical component of the PTEN effects during serum deficiency. In conclusion, our study indicated the role of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in serum deprivation-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells.
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209
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Brezitski KD, Goff AW, DeBenedittis P, Karra R. A Roadmap to Heart Regeneration Through Conserved Mechanisms in Zebrafish and Mammals. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:29. [PMID: 33655359 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The replenishment of lost or damaged myocardium has the potential to reverse heart failure, making heart regeneration a goal for cardiovascular medicine. Unlike adult mammals, injury to the zebrafish or neonatal mouse heart induces a robust regenerative program with minimal scarring. Recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of heart regeneration suggest that the machinery for regeneration is conserved from zebrafish to mammals. Here, we will review conserved mechanisms of heart regeneration and their translational implications. RECENT FINDINGS Based on studies in zebrafish and neonatal mice, cardiomyocyte proliferation has emerged as a primary strategy for effecting regeneration in the adult mammalian heart. Recent work has revealed pathways for stimulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry; potential developmental barriers for cardiomyocyte proliferation; and the critical role of additional cell types to support heart regeneration. Studies in zebrafish and neonatal mice have established a template for heart regeneration. Continued comparative work has the potential to inform the translation of regenerative biology into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Brezitski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alexander W Goff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Paige DeBenedittis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Regeneration Next, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ravi Karra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Regeneration Next, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Durham, NC, USA. .,Center for Aging, Durham, NC, USA.
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210
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Valera IC, Wacker AL, Hwang HS, Holmes C, Laitano O, Landstrom AP, Parvatiyar MS. Essential roles of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in different cardiac pathologies. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:52-71. [PMID: 33387942 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), situated at the sarcolemma dynamically remodels during cardiac disease. This review examines DGC remodeling as a common denominator in diseases affecting heart function and health. Dystrophin and the DGC serve as broad cytoskeletal integrators that are critical for maintaining stability of muscle membranes. The presence of pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins of the DGC can cause absence of the protein and/or alterations in other complex members leading to muscular dystrophies. Targeted studies have allowed the individual functions of affected proteins to be defined. The DGC has demonstrated its dynamic function, remodeling under a number of conditions that stress the heart. Beyond genetic causes, pathogenic processes also impinge on the DGC, causing alterations in the abundance of dystrophin and associated proteins during cardiac insult such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, mechanical unloading, and myocarditis. When considering new therapeutic strategies, it is important to assess DGC remodeling as a common factor in various heart diseases. The DGC connects the internal F-actin-based cytoskeleton to laminin-211 of the extracellular space, playing an important role in the transmission of mechanical force to the extracellular matrix. The essential functions of dystrophin and the DGC have been long recognized. DGC based therapeutic approaches have been primarily focused on muscular dystrophies, however it may be a beneficial target in a number of disorders that affect the heart. This review provides an account of what we now know, and discusses how this knowledge can benefit persistent health conditions in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isela C Valera
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Amanda L Wacker
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Hwang
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Christina Holmes
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Andrew P Landstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle S Parvatiyar
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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211
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Du X, Li Q, Yang L, Zeng Q, Wang S, Li Q. Transcriptomic Data Analyses Reveal That Sow Fertility-Related lincRNA NORFA Is Essential for the Normal States and Functions of Granulosa Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:610553. [PMID: 33708768 PMCID: PMC7940361 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.610553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NORFA, the first lincRNA associated with sow fertility, has been shown to control granulosa cell (GC) functions and follicular atresia. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, RNA-seq was performed and we noticed that inhibition of NORFA led to dramatic transcriptomic alterations in porcine GCs. A total of 1,272 differentially expressed transcripts were identified, including 1167 DEmRNAs and 105 DEmiRNAs. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction, gene-pathway function, and TF-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks were established and yielded four regulatory modules with multiple hub genes, such as AR, ATG5, BAK1, CENPE, NR5A1, NFIX, WNT5B, ssc-miR-27b, and ssc-miR-126. Functional assessment showed that these hub DEGs were mainly enriched in TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, FoxO, Wnt, MAPK, and ubiquitin pathways that are essential for GC states (apoptosis and proliferation) and functions (hormone secretion). In vitro, we also found that knockdown of NORFA in porcine GCs significantly induced cell apoptosis, impaired cell viability, and suppressed 17β-estradiol (E2) synthesis. Notably, four candidate genes for sow reproductive traits (INHBA, NCOA1, TGFβ-1, and TGFBR2) were also identified as potential targets of NORFA. These findings present a panoramic view of the transcriptome in NORFA-reduced GCs, highlighting that NORFA, a candidate lincRNA for sow fertility, is crucial for the normal states and functions of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Qifa Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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212
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Braga L, Ali H, Secco I, Giacca M. Non-coding RNA therapeutics for cardiac regeneration. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:674-693. [PMID: 32215566 PMCID: PMC7898953 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction can be achieved by stimulating the endogenous capacity of cardiomyocytes (CMs) to replicate. This process is controlled, both positively and negatively, by a large set of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Some of the microRNAs (miRNAs) that can stimulate CM proliferation is expressed in embryonic stem cells and is required to maintain pluripotency (e.g. the miR-302∼367 cluster). Others also govern the proliferation of different cell types, including cancer cells (e.g. the miR-17∼92 cluster). Additional miRNAs were discovered through systematic screenings (e.g. miR-199a-3p and miR-590-3p). Several miRNAs instead suppress CM proliferation and are involved in the withdrawal of CMs from the cell cycle after birth (e.g. the let-7 and miR-15 families). Similar regulatory roles on CM proliferation are also exerted by a few long ncRNAs. This body of information has obvious therapeutic implications, as miRNAs with activator function or short antisense oligonucleotides against inhibitory miRNAs or lncRNAs can be administered to stimulate cardiac regeneration. Expression of miRNAs can be achieved by gene therapy using adeno-associated vectors, which transduce CMs with high efficiency. More effective and safer for therapeutic purposes, small nucleic acid therapeutics can be obtained as chemically modified, synthetic molecules, which can be administered through lipofection or inclusion in lipid or polymer nanoparticles for efficient cardiac delivery. The notion that it is possible to reprogramme CMs into a regenerative state and that this property can be enhanced by ncRNA therapeutics remains exciting, however extensive experimentation in large mammals and rigorous assessment of safety are required to advance towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Braga
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hashim Ali
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Ilaria Secco
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Mauro Giacca
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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213
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Direct cell reprogramming: approaches, mechanisms and progress. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:410-424. [PMID: 33619373 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reprogramming of somatic cells with defined factors, which converts cells from one lineage into cells of another, has greatly reshaped our traditional views on cell identity and cell fate determination. Direct reprogramming (also known as transdifferentiation) refers to cell fate conversion without transitioning through an intermediary pluripotent state. Given that the number of cell types that can be generated by direct reprogramming is rapidly increasing, it has become a promising strategy to produce functional cells for therapeutic purposes. This Review discusses the evolution of direct reprogramming from a transcription factor-based method to a small-molecule-driven approach, the recent progress in enhancing reprogrammed cell maturation, and the challenges associated with in vivo direct reprogramming for translational applications. It also describes our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying direct reprogramming, including the role of transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, non-coding RNAs, and the function of metabolic reprogramming, and highlights novel insights gained from single-cell omics studies.
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214
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Esmaeili H, Li C, Fu X, Jung JP. Engineering Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Enhance Cardiac Regeneration After Myocardial Infarction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:611936. [PMID: 33553118 PMCID: PMC7855456 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.611936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering microenvironments for accelerated myocardial repair is a challenging goal. Cell therapy has evolved over a few decades to engraft therapeutic cells to replenish lost cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle. However, compelling evidence supports that tailoring specific signals to endogenous cells rather than the direct integration of therapeutic cells could be an attractive strategy for better clinical outcomes. Of many possible routes to instruct endogenous cells, we reviewed recent cases that extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins contribute to enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation from neonates to adults. In addition, the presence of ECM proteins exerts biophysical regulation in tissue, leading to the control of microenvironments and adaptation for enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation. Finally, we also summarized recent clinical trials exclusively using ECM proteins, further supporting the notion that engineering ECM proteins would be a critical strategy to enhance myocardial repair without taking any risks or complications of applying therapeutic cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Esmaeili
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Chaoyang Li
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Xing Fu
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jangwook P Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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215
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Meki MH, Miller JM, Mohamed TMA. Heart Slices to Model Cardiac Physiology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:617922. [PMID: 33613292 PMCID: PMC7890402 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.617922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational research in the cardiovascular field is hampered by the unavailability of cardiac models that can recapitulate organ-level physiology of the myocardium. Outside the body, cardiac tissue undergoes rapid dedifferentiation and maladaptation in culture. There is an ever-growing demand for preclinical platforms that allow for accurate, standardized, long-term, and rapid drug testing. Heart slices is an emerging technology that solves many of the problems with conventional myocardial culture systems. Heart slices are thin (<400 µm) slices of heart tissue from the adult ventricle. Several recent studies using heart slices have shown their ability to maintain the adult phenotype for prolonged periods in a multi cell-type environment. Here, we review the current status of cardiac culture systems and highlight the unique advantages offered by heart slices in the light of recent efforts in developing physiologically relevant heart slice culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa H Meki
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jessica M Miller
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Tamer M A Mohamed
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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216
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Riching AS, Song K. Cardiac Regeneration: New Insights Into the Frontier of Ischemic Heart Failure Therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:637538. [PMID: 33585427 PMCID: PMC7873479 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.637538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. While pharmacological and surgical interventions developed in the late twentieth century drastically improved patient outcomes, mortality rates over the last two decades have begun to plateau. Following ischemic injury, pathological remodeling leads to cardiomyocyte loss and fibrosis leading to impaired heart function. Cardiomyocyte turnover rate in the adult heart is limited, and no clinical therapies currently exist to regenerate cardiomyocytes lost following ischemic injury. In this review, we summarize the progress of therapeutic strategies including revascularization and cell-based interventions to regenerate the heart: transiently inducing cardiomyocyte proliferation and direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we highlight recent mechanistic insights governing these strategies to promote heart regeneration and identify current challenges in translating these approaches to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Riching
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- The Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kunhua Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- The Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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217
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Regulation of cardiomyocyte fate plasticity: a key strategy for cardiac regeneration. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:31. [PMID: 33500391 PMCID: PMC7838318 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
With the high morbidity and mortality rates, cardiovascular diseases have become one of the most concerning diseases worldwide. The heart of adult mammals can hardly regenerate naturally after injury because adult cardiomyocytes have already exited the cell cycle, which subseqently triggers cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Although a series of pharmacological treatments and surgical methods have been utilized to improve heart functions, they cannot replenish the massive loss of beating cardiomyocytes after injury. Here, we summarize the latest research progress in cardiac regeneration and heart repair through altering cardiomyocyte fate plasticity, which is emerging as an effective strategy to compensate for the loss of functional cardiomyocytes and improve the impaired heart functions. First, residual cardiomyocytes in damaged hearts re-enter the cell cycle to acquire the proliferative capacity by the modifications of cell cycle-related genes or regulation of growth-related signals. Additionally, non-cardiomyocytes such as cardiac fibroblasts, were shown to be reprogrammed into cardiomyocytes and thus favor the repair of damaged hearts. Moreover, pluripotent stem cells have been shown to transform into cardiomyocytes to promote heart healing after myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that environmental oxygen, energy metabolism, extracellular factors, nerves, non-coding RNAs, etc. play the key regulatory functions in cardiac regeneration. These findings provide the theoretical basis of targeting cellular fate plasticity to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation or formation, and also provide the clues for stimulating heart repair after injury.
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218
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Dong X, Dong X, Gao F, Liu N, Liang T, Zhang F, Fu X, Pu L, Chen J. Non-coding RNAs in cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac regeneration: Dissecting their therapeutic values. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:2315-2332. [PMID: 33492768 PMCID: PMC7933974 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are associated with high incidence and mortality, contribute to disability and place a heavy economic burden on countries worldwide. Stimulating endogenous cardiomyocyte proliferation and regeneration has been considering as a key to repair the injured heart caused by ischaemia. Emerging evidence has proved that non‐coding RNAs participate in cardiac proliferation and regeneration. In this review, we focus on the observation and mechanism that microRNAs (or miRNAs), long non‐coding RNAs (or lncRNAs) and circular RNA (or circRNAs) regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation and regeneration to repair a damaged heart. Furthermore, we highlight the potential therapeutic role of some non‐coding RNAs used in stimulating CMs proliferation. Finally, perspective on the development of non‐coding RNAs therapy in cardiac regeneration is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyun Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linbin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Provincial Key Lab of Cardiovascular Research, Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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219
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Bradley LA, Young A, Li H, Billcheck HO, Wolf MJ. Loss of Endogenously Cycling Adult Cardiomyocytes Worsens Myocardial Function. Circ Res 2021; 128:155-168. [PMID: 33146578 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Endogenously cycling adult cardiomyocytes increase after myocardial infarction (MI) but remain scarce and are generally thought not to contribute to myocardial function. However, this broadly held assumption has not been tested, mainly because of the lack of transgenic reporters that restrict Cre expression to adult cardiomyocytes that reenter the cell cycle. OBJECTIVE We created and validated a new transgenic mouse, αMHC (alpha myosin heavy chain)-MerDreMer-Ki67p-RoxedCre (denoted αDKRC [cardiomyocyte-specific αMHC-MerDreMer-Ki67p-RoxedCre]) that restricts Cre expression to cycling adult cardiomyocytes and uniquely integrates spatial and temporal adult cardiomyocyte cycling events based on the DNA specificities of orthologous Dre and Cre recombinases. We then created αDKRC::DTA mice that expressed an inducible diphtheria toxin in adult cycling cardiomyocytes and examined the effects of ablating these endogenously cycling cardiomyocytes on myocardial function after ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) MI. METHODS AND RESULTS A tandem αDKRC transgene was designed, validated in cultured cells, and used to make transgenic mice. The αDKRC transgene integrated between MYH6 and MYH7 and did not disrupt expression of the surrounding genes. Compared with controls, αDKRC::RLTG (Rox-Lox-tdTomato-eGFP) mice treated with Tamoxifen expressed tdTomato+ in cardiomyocytes with rare Bromodeoxyuridine+, eGFP+ cardiomyocytes, consistent with reentry of the cell cycle. We then pretreated αDKRC::RLTG mice with Tamoxifen to activate the reporter before sham or reperfusion (I/R) MI surgeries. Compared with Sham surgery, the I/R MI group had increased single and paired eGFP+ (enhanced green fluorescent protein)+ cardiomyocytes predominantly in the border zones (5.8±0.5 versus 3.3±0.3 cardiomyocytes per 10-micron section, N=8-9 mice per group, n=16-24 sections per mouse), indicative of cycled cardiomyocytes. The single to paired eGFP+ cardiomyocyte ratio was ≈9 to 1 (5.2±0.4 single versus 0.6±0.2 paired cardiomyocytes) in the I/R MI group after MI, suggesting that cycling cardiomyocytes were more likely to undergo polyploidy than replication. The ablation of endogenously cycling adult cardiomyocytes in αDKRC::DTA (diphtheria) mice caused progressive worsening left ventricular chamber size and function after I/R MI, compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Although scarce, endogenously cycling adult cardiomyocytes contribute to myocardial function after injury, suggesting that these cells may be physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Bradley
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Alexander Young
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Helen O Billcheck
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Matthew J Wolf
- Department of Medicine (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (L.A.B., A.Y., H.L., H.O.B., M.J.W.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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Abstract
The regeneration capacity of cardiomyocytes (CMs) is retained in neonatal mouse hearts but is limited in adult mouse hearts. Myocardial infarction (MI) in adult hearts usually leads to the loss of large amounts of cardiac tissue, and then accelerates the process of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the potential mechanisms of CM regeneration in the neonates and develop potential therapies aimed at promoting CM regeneration and cardiac repair in adults. Currently, studies indicate that a number of mechanisms are involved in neonatal endogenous myocardial regeneration, including cell cycle regulators, transcription factors, non-coding RNA, signaling pathways, acute inflammation, hypoxia, protein kinases, and others. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration in neonatal CMs after MI provides theoretical support for the studies related to the promotion of heart repair after MI in adult mammals. However, several difficulties in the study of CM regeneration still need to be overcome. This article reviews the potential mechanisms of endogenous CM regeneration in neonatal mouse hearts and discusses possible therapeutic targets and future research directions.
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221
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Mukherjee D, Wagh G, Mokalled MH, Kontarakis Z, Dickson AL, Rayrikar A, Günther S, Poss KD, Stainier DYR, Patra C. Ccn2a is an injury-induced matricellular factor that promotes cardiac regeneration in zebrafish. Development 2021; 148:dev193219. [PMID: 33234717 PMCID: PMC7847265 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of zebrafish to heal their heart after injury makes them an attractive model for investigating the mechanisms governing the regenerative process. In this study, we show that the gene cellular communication network factor 2a (ccn2a), previously known as ctgfa, is induced in endocardial cells in the injured tissue and regulates CM proliferation and repopulation of the damaged tissue. We find that, whereas in wild-type animals, CMs track along the newly formed blood vessels that revascularize the injured tissue, in ccn2a mutants CM proliferation and repopulation are disrupted, despite apparently unaffected revascularization. In addition, we find that ccn2a overexpression enhances CM proliferation and improves the resolution of transient collagen deposition. Through loss- and gain-of-function as well as pharmacological approaches, we provide evidence that Ccn2a is necessary for and promotes heart regeneration by enhancing the expression of pro-regenerative extracellular matrix genes, and by inhibiting the chemokine receptor gene cxcr3.1 through a mechanism involving Tgfβ/pSmad3 signaling. Thus, Ccn2a positively modulates the innate regenerative response of the adult zebrafish heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukherjee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Ganesh Wagh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Mayssa H Mokalled
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zacharias Kontarakis
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amey Rayrikar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
- SP Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Stefan Günther
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Regeneration Next, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Chinmoy Patra
- Department of Developmental Biology, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
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222
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Rigaud VOC, Khan M. Aging in reverse: Reactivating developmental signaling for cardiomyocyte proliferation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 154:1-5. [PMID: 33460687 PMCID: PMC8068607 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Oliveira Carvalho Rigaud
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple, University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
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223
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Bishop SP, Zhou Y, Nakada Y, Zhang J. Changes in Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle and Hypertrophic Growth During Fetal to Adult in Mammals. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e017839. [PMID: 33399005 PMCID: PMC7955297 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The failure of adult cardiomyocytes to reproduce themselves to repair an injury results in the development of severe cardiac disability leading to death in many cases. The quest for an understanding of the inability of cardiac myocytes to repair an injury has been ongoing for decades with the identification of various factors which have a temporary effect on cell‐cycle activity. Fetal cardiac myocytes are continuously replicating until the time that the developing fetus reaches a stage of maturity sufficient for postnatal life around the time of birth. Recent reports of the ability for early neonatal mice and pigs to completely repair after the severe injury has stimulated further study of the regulators of the cardiomyocyte cell cycle to promote replication for the remuscularization of injured heart. In all mammals just before or after birth, single‐nucleated hyperplastically growing cardiomyocytes, 1X2N, undergo ≥1 additional DNA replications not followed by cytokinesis, resulting in cells with ≥2 nuclei or as in primates, multiple DNA replications (polyploidy) of 1 nucleus, 2X2(+)N or 1X4(+)N. All further growth of the heart is attributable to hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Animal studies ranging from zebrafish with 100% 1X2N cells in the adult to some strains of mice with up to 98% 2X2N cells in the adult and other species with variable ratios of 1X2N and 2X2N cells are reviewed relative to the time of conversion. Various structural, physiologic, metabolic, genetic, hormonal, oxygenation, and other factors that play a key role in the inability of post‐neonatal and adult myocytes to undergo additional cytokinesis are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanford P Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Yuji Nakada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, School of Engineering The University of Alabama at Birmingham AL
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224
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Bektik E, Fu JD. Production of Cardiomyocyte-Like Cells by Fibroblast Reprogramming with Defined Factors. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2239:33-46. [PMID: 33226611 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1084-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, great achievements have been made in the field of direct epigenetic reprogramming, which converts one type of adult somatic cells into another type of differentiated cells, such as direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes, without passage through an undifferentiated pluripotent stage. Discovery of direct cardiac reprogramming offers a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent/attenuate cardiac fibrotic remodeling in a diseased heart. Furthermore, in vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocyte-like cells provides new avenues to conduct basic mechanistic studies, to test drugs, and to model cardiac diseases in a dish. Here, we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol for in vitro production of induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) from fibroblasts. The related procedures include high-quality fibroblast isolation of different origins (neonatal cardiac, tail-tip, and adult cardiac fibroblasts), retroviral preparation of reprogramming factors, and iCM generation by fibroblast reprogramming via retroviral transduction of Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5. A detailed written protocol will help many other laboratories, inexperienced in this area, to use and further improve this technology in their studies of cardiac regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bektik
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ji-Dong Fu
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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225
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Abstract
The discovery of endogenous regenerative potential of the heart in zebrafish and neonatal mice has shifted the cardiac regenerative field towards the utilization of intrinsic regenerative mechanisms in the mammalian heart. The goal of these studies is to understand, and eventually apply, the neonatal regenerative mechanisms into adulthood. To facilitate these studies, the last two decades have seen advancements in the development of injury models in adult mice representative of the diversity of cardiac diseases. Here, we provide an overview for a selection of the most common cardiac ischemic injury models and describe a set of methods used to accurately analyze and quantify cardiac outcomes. Importantly, a comprehensive understanding of cardiac regeneration and repair requires a combination of multiple functional, histological, and molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Bassat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dahlia E Perez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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226
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Chanthra N, Uosaki H. Maturity of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes and Future Perspectives for Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77052-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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227
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Study on Medication Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine against Antineoplastic Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity Based on Network Pharmacology and Data Mining. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7498525. [PMID: 33281914 PMCID: PMC7688357 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7498525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Methods The targets of antineoplastic drugs with cardiotoxicity were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) database, and Swiss Target Prediction platform. Then, the cardiotoxicity-related targets were derived from the Gene Cards, Disgenet, OMIM, and DrugBank databases, as well as the drug of current clinical guidelines. The targets both in these two sets were regarded as potential targets to alleviate ADIC. Then, candidate compounds and herbs were matched via Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) platform. Cytoscape3.7.1 was used to set up the target-compound-herb network. Molecular docking between core targets and compounds was performed with AutodockVina1.1.2. The rules of herbs were summarized by analyzing their property, flavor, and channel tropism. Results Twenty-one potential targets, 332 candidate compounds, and 400 kinds of herbs were obtained. Five core targets including potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), mitogen-activated protein kinase1 (MAPK1), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) and 29 core compounds (beta-sitosterol, quercetin, kaempferol, etc.) were collected. Five core herbs (Yanhusuo, Gouteng, Huangbai, Lianqiao, and Gancao) were identified. Also, the TCM against ADIC were mainly bitter and acrid in taste, warm in property, and distributed to the liver and lung meridians. Conclusion TCM against ADIC has great potential. Our study provides a new method and ideas for clinical applications of integrated Chinese and western medicine in treating ADIC.
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228
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Broberg AM, Geisler J, Tuohinen S, Skytta T, Hrafnkelsdóttir ÞJ, Nielsen KM, Hedayati E, Omland T, Offersen BV, Lyon AR, Gulati G. Prevention, Detection, and Management of Heart Failure in Patients Treated for Breast Cancer. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2020; 17:397-408. [PMID: 32979150 PMCID: PMC7683437 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-020-00486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Long-term survival has increased significantly in breast cancer patients, and cardiovascular side effects are surpassing cancer-related mortality. We summarize risk factors, prevention strategies, detection, and management of cardiotoxicity, with focus on left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, during breast cancer treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Baseline treatment of cardiovascular risk factors is recommended. Anthracycline and trastuzumab treatment constitute a substantial risk of developing cardiotoxicity. There is growing evidence that this can be treated with beta blockers and angiotensin antagonists. Early detection of cardiotoxicity with cardiac imaging and circulating cardiovascular biomarkers is currently evaluated in clinical trials. Chest wall irradiation accelerates atherosclerotic processes and induces fibrosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors require consideration for surveillance due to a small risk of severe myocarditis. Cyclin-dependent kinases4/6 inhibitors, cyclophosphamide, taxanes, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and endocrine therapy have a lower-risk profile for cardiotoxicity. Preventive and management strategies to counteract cancer treatment-related left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure in breast cancer patients should include a comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment and individual clinical evaluation. This should include both patient and treatment-related factors. Further clinical trials especially on early detection, cardioprevention, and management are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Månsson Broberg
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Geisler
- Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus AHUS, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Suvi Tuohinen
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Skytta
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Þórdís Jóna Hrafnkelsdóttir
- Department of Cardiology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Elham Hedayati
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Breast Cancer, Sarcoma and Endocrine Tumors, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjørn Omland
- Department of Cardiology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgitte V. Offersen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology & Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alexander R. Lyon
- Cardio-Oncology Service, Royal Brompton Hospital and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Geeta Gulati
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4950, Ullevål, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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229
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Quaife-Ryan GA, Mills RJ, Lavers G, Voges HK, Vivien CJ, Elliott DA, Ramialison M, Hudson JE, Porrello ER. β-Catenin drives distinct transcriptional networks in proliferative and nonproliferative cardiomyocytes. Development 2020; 147:dev.193417. [PMID: 33144401 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate represents a fundamental barrier in heart failure management. By contrast, the neonatal heart retains a transient regenerative capacity, but the underlying mechanisms for the developmental loss of cardiac regenerative capacity in mammals are not fully understood. Wnt/β-catenin signalling has been proposed as a key cardioregenerative pathway driving cardiomyocyte proliferation. Here, we show that Wnt/β-catenin signalling potentiates neonatal mouse cardiomyocyte proliferation in vivo and immature human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hPSC-CM) proliferation in vitro By contrast, Wnt/β-catenin signalling in adult mice is cardioprotective but fails to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation. Transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing of neonatal mouse and hPSC-CMs revealed a core Wnt/β-catenin-dependent transcriptional network governing cardiomyocyte proliferation. By contrast, β-catenin failed to re-engage this neonatal proliferative gene network in the adult heart despite partial transcriptional re-activation of a neonatal glycolytic gene programme. These findings suggest that β-catenin might be repurposed from regenerative to protective functions in the adult heart in a developmental process dependent on the metabolic status of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Quaife-Ryan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Mills
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - George Lavers
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Holly K Voges
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Celine J Vivien
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James E Hudson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Enzo R Porrello
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia .,Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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230
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Redpath AN, Smart N. Recapturing embryonic potential in the adult epicardium: Prospects for cardiac repair. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:511-521. [PMID: 33222384 PMCID: PMC7980211 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into potential targets for cardiac repair encompasses recognition of tissue‐resident cells with intrinsic regenerative properties. The adult vertebrate heart is covered by mesothelium, named the epicardium, which becomes active in response to injury and contributes to repair, albeit suboptimally. Motivation to manipulate the epicardium for treatment of myocardial infarction is deeply rooted in its central role in cardiac formation and vasculogenesis during development. Moreover, the epicardium is vital to cardiac muscle regeneration in lower vertebrate and neonatal mammalian‐injured hearts. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the biology of the mammalian epicardium in development and injury. Considering present challenges in the field, we further contemplate prospects for reinstating full embryonic potential in the adult epicardium to facilitate cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andia N Redpath
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, British Heart Foundation Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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231
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Kisby T, Lázaro I, Fisch S, Cartwright EJ, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Adenoviral Mediated Delivery of OSKM Factors Induces Partial Reprogramming of Mouse Cardiac Cells In Vivo. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kisby
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Irene Lázaro
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences 58 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University Center for Life Science 3 Blackfan Circle Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Sudeshna Fisch
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Cartwright
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health AV Hill Building The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
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232
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Fang J, Koh J, Fang Q, Qiu H, Archang MM, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM, Miwa H, Zhong X, Sievers R, Gao DW, Lee R, Carlo DD, Li S. Injectable Drug-Releasing Microporous Annealed Particle Scaffolds for Treating Myocardial Infarction. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2004307. [PMID: 33708028 PMCID: PMC7942842 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Intramyocardial injection of hydrogels offers great potential for treating myocardial infarction (MI) in a minimally invasive manner. However, traditional bulk hydrogels generally lack microporous structures to support rapid tissue ingrowth and biochemical signals to prevent fibrotic remodeling toward heart failure. To address such challenges, a novel drug-releasing microporous annealed particle (drugMAP) system is developed by encapsulating hydrophobic drug-loaded nanoparticles into microgel building blocks via microfluidic manufacturing. By modulating nanoparticle hydrophilicity and pregel solution viscosity, drugMAP building blocks are generated with consistent and homogeneous encapsulation of nanoparticles. In addition, the complementary effects of forskolin (F) and Repsox (R) on the functional modulations of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in vitro are demonstrated. After that, both hydrophobic drugs (F and R) are loaded into drugMAP to generate FR/drugMAP for MI therapy in a rat model. The intramyocardial injection of MAP gel improves left ventricular functions, which are further enhanced by FR/drugMAP treatment with increased angiogenesis and reduced fibrosis and inflammatory response. This drugMAP platform represents a new generation of microgel particles for MI therapy and will have broad applications in regenerative medicine and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaekyung Koh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qizhi Fang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Institute for Regeneration Medicine University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Huiliang Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Institute for Regeneration Medicine University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maani M Archang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Hiromi Miwa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xintong Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard Sievers
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Institute for Regeneration Medicine University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dong-Wei Gao
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Institute for Regeneration Medicine University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Randall Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Institute for Regeneration Medicine University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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233
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Volland C, Schott P, Didié M, Männer J, Unsöld B, Toischer K, Schmidt C, Urlaub H, Nickels K, Knöll R, Schmidt A, Guan K, Hasenfuß G, Seidler T. Control of p21Cip by BRCA1-associated protein is critical for cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression and survival. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:592-604. [PMID: 31286143 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Identifying the key components in cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation is of relevance for the understanding of cardiac development and adaptive and maladaptive processes in the adult myocardium. BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP) has been suggested as a cytoplasmic retention factor for several proteins including Cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor p21Cip. We observed profound expressional changes of BRAP in early postnatal myocardium and investigated the impact of BRAP on cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS General knockout of Brap in mice evoked embryonic lethality associated with reduced myocardial wall thickness and lethal cardiac congestion suggesting a prominent role for BRAP in cardiomyocyte proliferation. αMHC-Cre driven cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of Brap also evoked lethal cardiac failure shortly after birth. Likewise, conditional cardiomyocyte-specific Brap deletion using tamoxifen-induced knockout in adult mice resulted in marked ventricular dilatation and heart failure 3 weeks after induction. Several lines of evidence suggest that Brap deletion evoked marked inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. In cardiomyocytes with proliferative capacity, this causes developmental arrest, whereas in adult hearts loss of BRAP-induced apoptosis. This is explained by altered signalling through p21Cip which we identify as the link between BRAP and cell cycle/apoptosis. BRAP deletion enhanced p21Cip expression, while BRAP overexpression in cardiomyocyte-specific transgenic mice impeded p21Cip expression. That was paralleled by enhanced nuclear Ki-67 expression and DNA synthesis. CONCLUSION By controlling p21Cip activity BRAP expression controls cell cycle activity and prevents developmental arrest in developing cardiomyocytes and apoptosis in adult cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Volland
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Schott
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Didié
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Männer
- Group Cardio-Embryology, Institute for Anatomy and Embryology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Unsöld
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl Toischer
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carla Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Nickels
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Molecular Genetics, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Knöll
- Working Group on Cardiovascular Molecular Genetics, Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Hasenfuß
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Seidler
- Department of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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234
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Cardiac Stem Cell-Loaded Delivery Systems: A New Challenge for Myocardial Tissue Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207701. [PMID: 33080988 PMCID: PMC7589970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Western countries. Post-myocardial infarction heart failure can be considered a degenerative disease where myocyte loss outweighs any regenerative potential. In this scenario, regenerative biology and tissue engineering can provide effective solutions to repair the infarcted failing heart. The main strategies involve the use of stem and progenitor cells to regenerate/repair lost and dysfunctional tissue, administrated as a suspension or encapsulated in specific delivery systems. Several studies demonstrated that effectiveness of direct injection of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) is limited in humans by the hostile cardiac microenvironment and poor cell engraftment; therefore, the use of injectable hydrogel or pre-formed patches have been strongly advocated to obtain a better integration between delivered stem cells and host myocardial tissue. Several approaches were used to refine these types of constructs, trying to obtain an optimized functional scaffold. Despite the promising features of these stem cells’ delivery systems, few have reached the clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the advantages, and the novelty but also the current limitations of engineered patches and injectable hydrogels for tissue regenerative purposes, offering a perspective of how we believe tissue engineering should evolve to obtain the optimal delivery system applicable to the everyday clinical scenario.
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235
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Zhao MT, Ye S, Su J, Garg V. Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Maturation: Two Sides of the Same Coin for Heart Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594226. [PMID: 33178704 PMCID: PMC7593613 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few decades, cardiac regeneration has been the central target for restoring the injured heart. In mammals, cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated and rarely divide during adulthood. Embryonic and fetal cardiomyocytes undergo robust proliferation to form mature heart chambers in order to accommodate the increased workload of a systemic circulation. In contrast, postnatal cardiomyocytes stop dividing and initiate hypertrophic growth by increasing the size of the cardiomyocyte when exposed to increased workload. Extracellular and intracellular signaling pathways control embryonic cardiomyocyte proliferation and postnatal cardiac hypertrophy. Harnessing these pathways could be the future focus for stimulating endogenous cardiac regeneration in response to various pathological stressors. Meanwhile, patient-specific cardiomyocytes derived from autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could become the major exogenous sources for replenishing the damaged myocardium. Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) are relatively immature and have the potential to increase the population of cells that advance to physiological hypertrophy in the presence of extracellular stimuli. In this review, we discuss how cardiac proliferation and maturation are regulated during embryonic development and postnatal growth, and explore how patient iPSC-CMs could serve as the future seed cells for cardiac cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tao Zhao
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shiqiao Ye
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Juan Su
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vidu Garg
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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236
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Nasser MI, Qi X, Zhu S, He Y, Zhao M, Guo H, Zhu P. Current situation and future of stem cells in cardiovascular medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110813. [PMID: 33068940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Currently, many methods have been proposed by researchers for the prevention and treatment of CVD; among them, stem cell-based therapies are the most promising. As the cells of origin for various mature cells, stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate. Stem cells have a powerful ability to regenerate biologically, self-repair, and enhance damaged functional tissues or organs. Allogeneic stem cells and somatic stem cells are two types of cells that can be used for cardiac repair. Theoretically, dilated cardiomyopathy and acute myocardial infarction can be treated with such cells. In addition, stem cell transplantation procedures, including intravenous, epicardial, cardiac, and endocardial injections, have been reported to provide significant benefits in clinical practice; however, there are still a number of issues that need further study and consideration, such as the form and quantity of transplanted cells and post-transplantation health. The goal of this analysis was to summarize the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies and their efficacy in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Nasser
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China. Address: 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Xiao Qi
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China. Address: 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Shuoji Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China. Address: 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Yin He
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China. Address: 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China. Address: 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China. Address: 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China. Address: 106 Zhongshan Er Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China.
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237
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Lan C, Cao N, Chen C, Qu S, Fan C, Luo H, Zeng A, Yu C, Xue Y, Ren H, Li L, Wang H, Jose PA, Xu Z, Zeng C. Progesterone, via yes-associated protein, promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac repair. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12910. [PMID: 33047378 PMCID: PMC7653240 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The mechanisms responsible for the postnatal loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative capacity are not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of progesterone in cardiac regeneration and explore underlying mechanism. Materials and Methods Effect of progesterone on cardiomyocyte proliferation was analysed by immunofluorescent staining. RNA sequencing was performed to screen key target genes of progesterone, and yes‐associated protein (YAP) was knocked down to demonstrate its role in pro‐proliferative effect of progesterone. Effect of progesterone on activity of YAP promoter was measured by luciferase assay and interaction between progesterone receptor and YAP promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Adult mice were subjected to myocardial infarction, and then, effects of progesterone on adult cardiac regeneration were analysed. Results Progesterone supplementation enhanced cardiomyocyte proliferation in a progesterone receptor‐dependent manner. Progesterone up‐regulated YAP expression and knockdown of YAP by small interfering RNA reduced progesterone‐mediated cardiomyocyte proliferative effect. Progesterone receptor interacted with the YAP promoter, determined by ChIP and EMSA; progesterone increased luciferase activity of YAP promoter and up‐regulated YAP target genes. Progesterone administration also promoted adult cardiomyocyte proliferation and improved cardiac function in myocardial infarction. Conclusion Our data uncover a role of circulating progesterone withdrawal as a novel mechanism for the postnatal loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative potential. Progesterone promotes both neonatal and adult cardiomyocyte proliferation by up‐regulating YAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lan
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Nian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Andi Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanzheng Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology/Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zaicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Chongqing College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
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238
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Fu W, Liao Q, Li L, Shi Y, Zeng A, Zeng C, Wang WE. An Aurora Kinase B-Based Mouse System to Efficiently Identify and Analyze Proliferating Cardiomyocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:570252. [PMID: 33117800 PMCID: PMC7575716 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.570252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify and analyze the live proliferating cardiomyocytes is crucial for deciphering the mechanisms controlling endogenous cardiac regeneration. Traditional methods confuse cell division with multinucleation in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Recent efforts have achieved significant progress on discerning cytokinesis from only nuclear division. However, those methods were either designed to label post-cytokinesis progeny or challenging to sort the live proliferating cardiomyocytes. In this study, we highlighted an Aurora kinase B reporter-based mouse system with a tdTomato fluorescence labeling. It could efficiently identify proliferating cardiomyocytes in neonates. The analysis of sorting tdTomato+ cardiomyocytes with different ploidy indicated that mononucleated cardiomyocytes might not possess significantly higher proliferating potential than other cardiomyocytes when most cardiomyocytes have become post-mitotic. Moreover, tdTomato+ cardiomyocytes were significantly increased and enriched at injury border zone after apex resection in neonates, while there were no increased tdTomato+ cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiao Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Andi Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Chongqing College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Eric Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
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239
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Zhou S, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Ni X, Li Z. Bifurcation and oscillatory dynamics of delayed CDK1-APC feedback loop. IET Syst Biol 2020; 14:297-306. [PMID: 33095751 PMCID: PMC8687261 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2020.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive experimental evidence has been demonstrated that the dynamics of CDK1-APC feedback loop play crucial roles in regulating cell cycle processes, but the dynamical mechanisms underlying the regulation of this loop are still not completely understood. Here, the authors systematically investigated the stability and bifurcation criteria for a delayed CDK1-APC feedback loop. They showed that the maximum reaction rate of CDK1 inactivation by APC can drive sustained oscillations of CDK1 activity ([inline-formula removed]) and APC activity ([inline-formula removed]), and the amplitude of these oscillations is increasing with the increase of the reaction rate over a wide range; a certain range of the self-activation rate for CDK1 is also significant for generating these oscillations, for too high or too low rates the oscillations cannot be generated. Moreover, they derived the sufficient conditions to determine the stability and Hopf bifurcations, and found that the sum of time delays required for activating CDK1 and APC can induce [inline-formula removed] and [inline-formula removed] to be oscillatory, even when the [inline-formula removed] and [inline-formula removed] settle in a definite stable steady state. Furthermore, they presented an explicit algorithm for the properties of periodic oscillations. Finally, numerical simulations have been presented to justify the validity of theoretical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshuang Zhou
- Department of Mathematics, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuan Ni
- Department of Mathematics, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouhong Li
- Department of Mathematics, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, People's Republic of China
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240
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She P, Zhang H, Peng X, Sun J, Gao B, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Hu X, Lai KS, Wong J, Zhou B, Wang L, Zhong TP. The Gridlock transcriptional repressor impedes vertebrate heart regeneration by restricting expression of lysine methyltransferase. Development 2020; 147:147/18/dev190678. [PMID: 32988975 PMCID: PMC7541343 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teleost zebrafish and neonatal mammalian hearts exhibit the remarkable capacity to regenerate through dedifferentiation and proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes (CMs). Although many mitogenic signals that stimulate zebrafish heart regeneration have been identified, transcriptional programs that restrain injury-induced CM renewal are incompletely understood. Here, we report that mutations in gridlock (grl; also known as hey2), encoding a Hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor, enhance CM proliferation and reduce fibrosis following damage. In contrast, myocardial grl induction blunts CM dedifferentiation and regenerative responses to heart injury. RNA sequencing analyses uncover Smyd2 lysine methyltransferase (KMT) as a key transcriptional target repressed by Grl. Reduction in Grl protein levels triggered by injury induces smyd2 expression at the wound myocardium, enhancing CM proliferation. We show that Smyd2 functions as a methyltransferase and modulates the Stat3 methylation and phosphorylation activity. Inhibition of the KMT activity of Smyd2 reduces phosphorylated Stat3 at cardiac wounds, suppressing the elevated CM proliferation in injured grl mutant hearts. Our findings establish an injury-specific transcriptional repression program in governing CM renewal during heart regeneration, providing a potential strategy whereby silencing Grl repression at local regions might empower regeneration capacity to the injured mammalian heart. Highlighted Article: Novel mechanisms of the Grl-Smyd2 network govern vertebrate CM renewal and heart regeneration, which might be relevant in developing strategies for regeneration interventions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilu She
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiangwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianjian Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bangjun Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yating Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xueli Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kaa Seng Lai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiemin Wong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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241
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Comprehensive Analysis of Differential Immunocyte Infiltration and Potential ceRNA Networks Involved in the Development of Atrial Fibrillation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8021208. [PMID: 33015181 PMCID: PMC7525288 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8021208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at identifying potential molecular mechanisms and candidate biomarkers in the left atrial regions for the diagnosis and treatment of valvular atrial fibrillation (VAF). Multibioinformatics methods, including linear models for microarray analysis (LIMMA), an SVA algorithm, CIBERSORT immune infiltration, and DNA methylation analysis, were employed. In addition, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology (GO), and molecular pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) or differential methylation regions were constructed. In all, compared with the normal rhythm group, 243 different mRNAs (29 downregulated and 214 upregulated) and 26 different lncRNAs (3 downregulated and 23 upregulated) were detected in the left atrium (LA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, and the neutrophil and CD8+ T cell were infiltrated. Additionally, 199 different methylation sites (107 downregulated and 92 upregulated) were also identified based on DNA methylation analysis. After integration, ELOVL2, CCR2, and WEE1 were detected for differentially methylated and differentially transcribed genes. Among them, WEE1 was also a core gene identified by the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network that included WEE1-KRBOX1-AS1-hsa-miR-17-5p, in VAF left atrial tissue. We combined the DNA methylation and transcriptional expression differential analysis and found that WEE1 (cg13365543) may well be a candidate gene regulated by DNA methylation modification. Moreover, KRBOX1-AS1 and WEE1 can compete endogenously and may mediate myocardial tissue infiltration into CD8+ T cells and participate in the AF process.
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242
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Peng X, Lai KS, She P, Kang J, Wang T, Li G, Zhou Y, Sun J, Jin D, Xu X, Liao L, Liu J, Lee E, Poss KD, Zhong TP. Induction of Wnt signaling antagonists and p21-activated kinase enhances cardiomyocyte proliferation during zebrafish heart regeneration. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 13:41-58. [PMID: 33582796 PMCID: PMC8035995 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart regeneration occurs by dedifferentiation and proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes (CMs). However, the signaling mechanisms by which injury induces CM renewal remain incompletely understood. Here, we find that cardiac injury in zebrafish induces expression of the secreted Wnt inhibitors, including Dickkopf 1 (Dkk1), Dkk3, secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (sFrp1), and sFrp2, in cardiac tissue adjacent to injury sites. Experimental blocking of Wnt activity via Dkk1 overexpression enhances CM proliferation and heart regeneration, whereas ectopic activation of Wnt8 signaling blunts injury-induced CM dedifferentiation and proliferation. Although Wnt signaling is dampened upon injury, the cytoplasmic β-catenin is unexpectedly increased at disarrayed CM sarcomeres in myocardial wound edges. Our analyses indicated that p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) is induced at regenerating CMs, where it phosphorylates cytoplasmic β-catenin at Ser 675 and increases its stability at disassembled sarcomeres. Myocardial-specific induction of the phospho-mimetic β-catenin (S675E) enhances CM dedifferentiation and sarcomere disassembly in response to injury. Conversely, inactivation of Pak2 kinase activity reduces the Ser 675-phosphorylated β-catenin (pS675-β-catenin) and attenuates CM sarcomere disorganization and dedifferentiation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that coordination of Wnt signaling inhibition and Pak2/pS675-β-catenin signaling enhances zebrafish heart regeneration by supporting CM dedifferentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kaa Seng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peilu She
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tingting Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhong Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yating Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianjian Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Daqing Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lujian Liao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tao P Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, East China Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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243
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Liu H, Zhang CH, Ammanamanchi N, Suresh S, Lewarchik C, Rao K, Uys GM, Han L, Abrial M, Yimlamai D, Ganapathy B, Guillermier C, Chen N, Khaladkar M, Spaethling J, Eberwine JH, Kim J, Walsh S, Choudhury S, Little K, Francis K, Sharma M, Viegas M, Bais A, Kostka D, Ding J, Bar-Joseph Z, Wu Y, Yechoor V, Moulik M, Johnson J, Weinberg J, Reyes-Múgica M, Steinhauser ML, Kühn B. Control of cytokinesis by β-adrenergic receptors indicates an approach for regulating cardiomyocyte endowment. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/513/eaaw6419. [PMID: 31597755 PMCID: PMC8132604 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One million patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) live in the United States. They have a lifelong risk of developing heart failure. Current concepts do not sufficiently address mechanisms of heart failure development specifically for these patients. Here, analysis of heart tissue from an infant with tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary stenosis (ToF/PS) labeled with isotope-tagged thymidine demonstrated that cardiomyocyte cytokinesis failure is increased in this common form of CHD. We used single-cell transcriptional profiling to discover that the underlying mechanism of cytokinesis failure is repression of the cytokinesis gene ECT2, downstream of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs). Inactivation of the β-AR genes and administration of the β-blocker propranolol increased cardiomyocyte division in neonatal mice, which increased the number of cardiomyocytes (endowment) and conferred benefit after myocardial infarction in adults. Propranolol enabled the division of ToF/PS cardiomyocytes in vitro. These results suggest that β-blockers could be evaluated for increasing cardiomyocyte division in patients with ToF/PS and other types of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Liu
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Cheng-Hai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Niyatie Ammanamanchi
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Sangita Suresh
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Lewarchik
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Krithika Rao
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Gerrida M Uys
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lu Han
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Maryline Abrial
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean Yimlamai
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Balakrishnan Ganapathy
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Christelle Guillermier
- Division of Genetics and Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Chen
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Mugdha Khaladkar
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 301A/B Lynch Laboratory, 433 S University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer Spaethling
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - James H Eberwine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 301A/B Lynch Laboratory, 433 S University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stuart Walsh
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sangita Choudhury
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathryn Little
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kimberly Francis
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Mahesh Sharma
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melita Viegas
- Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Abha Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA.,Department of Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Computational Biology Department and Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Computational Biology Department and Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yijen Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA.,Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Vijay Yechoor
- Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Mousumi Moulik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.,Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jacqueline Weinberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- Division of Genetics and Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research and Division of Cardiology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA. .,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.,Pediatric Institute for Heart Regeneration and Therapeutics, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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244
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Adhikari A, Davie JK. The PRC2 complex directly regulates the cell cycle and controls proliferation in skeletal muscle. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2373-2394. [PMID: 32816597 PMCID: PMC7513841 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1806448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an important developmental regulator responsible for the methylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27). Here, we show that the PRC2 complex regulates the cell cycle in skeletal muscle cells to control proliferation and mitotic exit. Depletions of the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex, EZH2, have shown that EZH2 is required for cell viability, suggesting that EZH2 promotes proliferation. We found that EZH2 directly represses both positive and negative cell cycle genes, thus enabling the PRC2 complex to tightly control the cell cycle. We show that modest inhibition or depletion of EZH2 leads to enhanced proliferation and an accumulation of cells in S phase. This effect is mediated by direct repression of cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) and cyclin E1 (Ccne1) by the PRC2 complex. Our results show that PRC2 has pleiotropic effects on proliferation as it serves to restrain cell growth, yet clearly has a function required for cell viability as well. Intriguingly, we also find that the retinoblastoma protein gene (Rb1) is a direct target of the PRC2 complex. However, modest depletion of EZH2 is not sufficient to maintain Rb1 expression, indicating that the PRC2 dependent upregulation of cyclin D1 is sufficient to inhibit Rb1 expression. Taken together, our results show that the PRC2 complex regulates skeletal muscle proliferation in a complex manner that involves the repression of Ccnd1 and Ccne1, thus restraining proliferation, and the repression of Rb1, which is required for mitotic exit and terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Adhikari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Judith K. Davie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
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245
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Li J, Zhou Y, Yan Y, Zheng Z, Hu Y, Wu W. Sulforaphane-cysteine downregulates CDK4 /CDK6 and inhibits tubulin polymerization contributing to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16837-16851. [PMID: 32860670 PMCID: PMC7521484 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrated that sulforaphane-cysteine (SFN-Cys) regulated cell cycle-related protein expressions in G0/G1 and G2/M phases of U87MG cells via High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and proteomics analysis. Further, mRNA products of CDK4, CDK6 and α-tubulin were significantly higher in glioblastoma than those in normal tissues, and these results were significantly correlated to pathological grades and clinical prognosis via analyzing TCGA and CGGA databases. Furthermore, Western blot showed that SFN-Cys downregulated CDK4, CDK6 and p-Rb in a dose-dependent manner and these results were reversed by p-ERK1/2 blocker PD98059 in U87MG and U373MG cells. The reductions of CDK4, CDK6 and p-Rb were reversed by proteasome inhibitor MG132; similarly, the upregulation of 26S proteasome by SFN-Cys was reversed by PD98059. Interestingly, SFN-Cys decreased CDK4 and CDK6 by phosphorylated ERK1/2-caused proteasomal degradation resulting in decreased Rb phosphorylation contributing to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Besides, Western blot showed that SFN-Cys downregulated α-tubulin resulting in microtubule disruption and aggregation, and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and apoptosis. These results might help us understand the molecular etiology of glioblastoma progression to establish brand-new anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongnan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yabin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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246
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Wang F, Liu S, Pei J, Cai L, Liu N, Liang T, Dong X, Cong X, Chun J, Chen J, Hu S, Chen X. LPA 3-mediated lysophosphatidic acid signaling promotes postnatal heart regeneration in mice. Theranostics 2020; 10:10892-10907. [PMID: 33042260 PMCID: PMC7532668 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small glycerophospholipid that acts as a potent extracellular signal in various biological processes and diseases. Our previous work demonstrated that the expression of the LPA receptors LPA1 and LPA3 is elevated in the early postnatal heart. However, the role of this stage-specific expression of LPA1 and LPA3 in the heart is unknown. Methods and Results: By using LPA3 and LPA1 knockout mice, and neonatal SD rats treated with Ki16425 (LPA1/LPA3 inhibitor), we found that the number of proliferating cardiomyocytes, detected by coimmunostaining pH3, Ki67 or BrdU with cardiac troponin T, was significantly decreased in the LPA3 knockout mice and the Ki16425-treated rats but not in the LPA1 knockout mice during the first week of postnatal life. Using a myocardial infarction (MI) model, we found that cardiac function and the number of proliferating cardiomyocytes were decreased in the neonatal LPA3 KO mice and increased in the AAV9-mediated cardiac-specific LPA3 overexpression mice. By using lineage tracing and AAV9-LPA3, we further found that LPA3 overexpression in adult mice enhances cardiac function and heart regeneration as assessed by pH3-, Ki67-, and Aurora B-positive cardiomyocytes and clonal cardiomyocytes after MI. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling and additional mechanistic studies showed that LPA induces cardiomyocyte proliferation through the PI3K/AKT, BMP-Smad1/5, Hippo/YAP and MAPK/ERK pathways in vitro, whereas only ERK was confirmed to be activated by LPA-LPA3 signaling in vivo. Conclusion: Our study reports that LPA3-mediated LPA signaling is a crucial factor for cardiomyocyte proliferation in the early postnatal heart. Cardiac-specific LPA3 overexpression improved cardiac function and promoted cardiac regeneration after myocardial injury induced by MI. This finding suggested that activation of LPA3 potentially through AAV-mediated gene therapy might be a therapeutic strategy to improve the outcome after MI.
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247
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Zhu F, Meng Q, Yu Y, Shao L, Shen Z. Adult Cardiomyocyte Proliferation: a New Insight for Myocardial Infarction Therapy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:457-466. [PMID: 32820393 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction leads to cardiomyocyte loss, ensuing ventricular pathological remodeling, dramatic impairment of cardiac function, and ultimately heart failure. Unfortunately, the existing therapeutical treatments cannot directly replenish the lost myocytes in the injured myocardium and the long-term prognosis of heart failure after myocardial infarction remains poor. Growing investigations have demonstrated that the adult mammalian cardiomyocytes possess very limited proliferation capacity, and that was not enough to restore the injured heart. Recently, many studies were targeting to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation via inducing cardiomyocyte cell cycle re-entry for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction. Indeed, these results showed it is a feasible way to stimulate terminally differentiated cardiomyocyte proliferation. Here, we reviewed the major mechanisms and the potential targets for stimulating mammalian adult cardiomyocyte proliferation specifically. This will provide a new therapeutic strategy for the clinical treatment of myocardial infarction by activating the endogenous regeneration. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingyou Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - You Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianbo Shao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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248
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de Wit L, Fang J, Neef K, Xiao J, A. Doevendans P, Schiffelers RM, Lei Z, Sluijter JP. Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Cardiac Regeneration: A Comparison of Newts, Zebrafish, and Mammals. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091204. [PMID: 32825069 PMCID: PMC7564143 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Current palliative treatments can slow the progression of heart failure, but ultimately, the only curative treatment for end-stage heart failure is heart transplantation, which is only available for a minority of patients due to lack of donors' hearts. Explorative research has shown the replacement of the damaged and lost myocardium by inducing cardiac regeneration from preexisting myocardial cells. Lower vertebrates, such as the newt and zebrafish, can regenerate lost myocardium through cardiomyocyte proliferation. The preexisting adult cardiomyocytes replace the lost cells through subsequent dedifferentiation, proliferation, migration, and re-differentiation. Similarly, neonatal mice show complete cardiac regeneration post-injury; however, this regenerative capacity is remarkably diminished one week after birth. In contrast, the adult mammalian heart presents a fibrotic rather than a regenerative response and only shows signs of partial pathological cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation after injury. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular responses to myocardial insults in different adult species to give insights for future interventional directions by which one can promote or activate cardiac regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lousanne de Wit
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.d.W.); (J.F.); (K.N.); (P.A.D.)
| | - Juntao Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.d.W.); (J.F.); (K.N.); (P.A.D.)
| | - Klaus Neef
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.d.W.); (J.F.); (K.N.); (P.A.D.)
- UMC Utrecht RM Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.d.W.); (J.F.); (K.N.); (P.A.D.)
- Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute (NHI), Central Military Hospital (CMH), 3511EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Zhiyong Lei
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.d.W.); (J.F.); (K.N.); (P.A.D.)
- Division LAB, CDL Research, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.P.G.S.)
| | - Joost P.G. Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.d.W.); (J.F.); (K.N.); (P.A.D.)
- UMC Utrecht RM Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.P.G.S.)
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249
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Until recently, cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction has remained a holy grail in cardiology. Failure of clinical trials using adult stem cells and scepticism about the actual existence of such cells has reinforced the notion that the heart is an irreversibly post-mitotic organ. Recent evidence has drastically challenged this conclusion. Recent Findings Cardiac regeneration can successfully be obtained by at least two strategies. First, new cardiomyocytes can be generated from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells and administered to the heart either as cell suspensions or upon ex vivo generation of contractile myocardial tissue. Alternatively, the endogenous capacity of cardiomyocytes to proliferate can be stimulated by the delivery of individual genes or, more successfully, of selected microRNAs. Summary Recent experimental success in large animals by both strategies now fuels the notion that cardiac regeneration is indeed possible. Several technical hurdles, however, still need to be addressed and solved before broad and successful clinical application is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Giacca
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, SE5 9NU London, United Kingdom. .,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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250
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Fang Y, Lai KS, She P, Sun J, Tao W, Zhong TP. Tbx20 Induction Promotes Zebrafish Heart Regeneration by Inducing Cardiomyocyte Dedifferentiation and Endocardial Expansion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:738. [PMID: 32850848 PMCID: PMC7417483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart regeneration requires replenishment of lost cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cells of the endocardial lining. However, the signaling regulation and transcriptional control of myocardial dedifferentiation and endocardial activation are incompletely understood during cardiac regeneration. Here, we report that T-Box Transcription Factor 20 (Tbx20) is induced rapidly in the myocardial wound edge in response to various sources of cardiac damages in zebrafish. Inducing Tbx20 specifically in the adult myocardium promotes injury-induced CM proliferation through CM dedifferentiation, leading to loss of CM cellular contacts and re-expression of cardiac embryonic or fetal gene programs. Unexpectedly, we identify that myocardial Tbx20 induction activates the endocardium at the injury site with enhanced endocardial cell extension and proliferation, where it induces the endocardial Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (Bmp6) signaling. Pharmacologically inactivating endocardial Bmp6 signaling reduces expression of its targets, Id1 and Id2b, attenuating the increased endocardial regeneration in tbx20-overexpressing hearts. Altogether, our study demonstrates that Tbx20 induction promotes adult heart regeneration by inducing cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation as well as non-cell-autonomously enhancing endocardial cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaa Seng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peilu She
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjian Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wufan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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