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Zhang B, Jin Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Wang X. Pentamidine Ninety Years on: the Development and Applications of Pentamidine and its Analogs. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4602-4609. [PMID: 35289252 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220314121446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine, an FDA-approved human drug for many protozoal infections, was initially synthesized in the late 1930s and first reported to be curative for parasitosis in the 1940s. After ninety years of sometimes quiet growth, pentamidine and its derivatives have gone far beyond antibacterial agents, including but not limited to the ligands of DNA minor groove, modulators of PPIs (protein-protein interactions) of the transmembrane domain 5 of lateral membrane protein 1, and the blockers of the SARS-CoV-2 3a channel. This mini review highlights the development and applications of pentamidine and its analogs, aiming to provide insights for further developing pentamidine derivatives in the following decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yushan Jin
- Department of Immunology and Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China;
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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202
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O’Donnell KL, Gourdine T, Fletcher P, Shifflett K, Furuyama W, Clancy CS, Marzi A. VSV-Based Vaccines Reduce Virus Shedding and Viral Load in Hamsters Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:435. [PMID: 35335067 PMCID: PMC8951568 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The continued progression of the COVID-19 pandemic can partly be attributed to the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to mutate and introduce new viral variants. Some of these variants with the potential to spread quickly and conquer the globe are termed variants of concern (VOC). The existing vaccines implemented on a global scale are based on the ancestral strain, which has resulted in increased numbers of breakthrough infections as these VOC have emerged. It is imperative to show protection against VOC infection with newly developed vaccines. Previously, we evaluated two vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccines expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alone (VSV-SARS2) or in combination with the Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV) and demonstrated their fast-acting potential. Here, we prolonged the time to challenge; we vaccinated hamsters intranasally (IN) or intramuscularly 28 days prior to infection with three SARS-CoV-2 VOC-the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants. IN vaccination with either the VSV-SARS2 or VSV-SARS2-EBOV resulted in the highest protective efficacy as demonstrated by decreased virus shedding and lung viral load of vaccinated hamsters. Histopathologic analysis of the lungs revealed the least amount of lung damage in the IN-vaccinated animals regardless of the challenge virus. This data demonstrates the ability of a VSV-based vaccine to not only protect from disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 VOC but also reduce viral shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA (T.G.); (P.F.); (K.S.); (W.F.)
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA (T.G.); (P.F.); (K.S.); (W.F.)
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA (T.G.); (P.F.); (K.S.); (W.F.)
| | - Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA (T.G.); (P.F.); (K.S.); (W.F.)
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA (T.G.); (P.F.); (K.S.); (W.F.)
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA (T.G.); (P.F.); (K.S.); (W.F.)
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203
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STxB as an Antigen Delivery Tool for Mucosal Vaccination. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030202. [PMID: 35324699 PMCID: PMC8948715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease holds the promise of high efficacy with minor side effects. Mucosal vaccines to protect against tumors or infections disease agents that affect the upper airways or the lung are still lacking, however. One mucosal vaccine candidate is the B-subunit of Shiga toxin, STxB. In this review, we compare STxB to other immunotherapy vectors. STxB is a non-toxic protein that binds to a glycosylated lipid, termed globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which is preferentially expressed by dendritic cells. We review the use of STxB for the cross-presentation of tumor or viral antigens in a MHC class I-restricted manner to induce humoral immunity against these antigens in addition to polyfunctional and persistent CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes capable of protecting against viral infection or tumor growth. Other literature will be summarized that documents a powerful induction of mucosal IgA and resident memory CD8+ T cells against mucosal tumors specifically when STxB-antigen conjugates are administered via the nasal route. It will also be pointed out how STxB-based vaccines have been shown in preclinical cancer models to synergize with other therapeutic modalities (immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-angiogenic therapy, radiotherapy). Finally, we will discuss how molecular aspects such as low immunogenicity, cross-species conservation of Gb3 expression, and lack of toxicity contribute to the competitive positioning of STxB among the different DC targeting approaches. STxB thereby appears as an original and innovative tool for the development of mucosal vaccines in infectious diseases and cancer.
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204
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Huang J, Ding Y, Yao J, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Zuo J. Nasal Nanovaccines for SARS-CoV-2 to Address COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030405. [PMID: 35335037 PMCID: PMC8952855 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is still prevalent around the globe. Although some SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been distributed to the population, the shortcomings of vaccines and the continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 mutant virus strains are a cause for concern. Thus, it is vital to continue to improve vaccines and vaccine delivery methods. One option is nasal vaccination, which is more convenient than injections and does not require a syringe. Additionally, stronger mucosal immunity is produced under nasal vaccination. The easy accessibility of the intranasal route is more advantageous than injection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanoparticles have been proven to be suitable delivery vehicles and adjuvants, and different NPs have different advantages. The shortcomings of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may be compensated by selecting or modifying different nanoparticles. It travels along the digestive tract to the intestine, where it is presented by GALT, tissue-resident immune cells, and gastrointestinal lymph nodes. Nasal nanovaccines are easy to use, safe, multifunctional, and can be distributed quickly, demonstrating strong prospects as a vaccination method for SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 variants, or SARS-CoV-n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Huang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yubo Ding
- Nanhua Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China; (Y.D.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jingwei Yao
- Nanhua Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China; (Y.D.); (J.Y.)
| | - Minghui Zhang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhuoyi Xie
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
| | - Jianhong Zuo
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; (J.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Z.X.)
- Nanhua Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China; (Y.D.); (J.Y.)
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421900, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-7345-675219
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205
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Dhama K, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Emran TB, Mitra S, Rabaan AA, Alhumaid S, Alawi ZA, Al Mutair A. COVID-19 intranasal vaccines: current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2045853. [PMID: 35258416 PMCID: PMC8935456 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2045853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple vaccines have recently been developed, and almost all the countries are presently vaccinating their population to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the COVID-19 vaccines in use are administered via intramuscular (IM) injection, eliciting protective humor and cellular immunity. COVID-19 intranasal (IN) vaccines are also being developed that have shown promising ability to induce a significant amount of antibody-mediated immune response and a robust cell-mediated immunity as well as hold the added ability to stimulate protective mucosal immunity along with the additional advantage of the ease of administration as compared to IM injected vaccines. By inducing secretory IgA antibody responses specifically in the nasal compartment, the intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can prevent virus infection, replication, shedding, and disease development, as well as possibly limits virus transmission. This article highlights the current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges in developing intranasal COVID-19 vaccines for countering the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.,The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.,Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Al Alawi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, Australia
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206
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Feng F, Wen Z, Chen J, Yuan Y, Wang C, Sun C. Strategies to Develop a Mucosa-Targeting Vaccine against Emerging Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030520. [PMID: 35336927 PMCID: PMC8952777 DOI: 10.3390/v14030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, usually infect the host through the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. The mucosa is well known to provide the first line of host defense against pathogen entry by physical, chemical, biological, and immunological barriers, and therefore, mucosa-targeting vaccination is emerging as a promising strategy for conferring superior protection. However, there are still many challenges to be solved to develop an effective mucosal vaccine, such as poor adhesion to the mucosal surface, insufficient uptake to break through the mucus, and the difficulty in avoiding strong degradation through the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, increasing efforts to overcome these issues have been made, and we herein summarize the latest findings on these strategies to develop mucosa-targeting vaccines, including a novel needle-free mucosa-targeting route, the development of mucosa-targeting vectors, the administration of mucosal adjuvants, encapsulating vaccines into nanoparticle formulations, and antigen design to conjugate with mucosa-targeting ligands. Our work will highlight the importance of further developing mucosal vaccine technology to combat the frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziyu Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence:
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207
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Afkhami S, D'Agostino MR, Zhang A, Stacey HD, Marzok A, Kang A, Singh R, Bavananthasivam J, Ye G, Luo X, Wang F, Ang JC, Zganiacz A, Sankar U, Kazhdan N, Koenig JFE, Phelps A, Gameiro SF, Tang S, Jordana M, Wan Y, Mossman KL, Jeyanathan M, Gillgrass A, Medina MFC, Smaill F, Lichty BD, Miller MS, Xing Z. Respiratory mucosal delivery of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides robust protection against both ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Cell 2022; 185:896-915.e19. [PMID: 35180381 PMCID: PMC8825346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) threaten the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines administered intramuscularly and designed to only target the spike protein. There is a pressing need to develop next-generation vaccine strategies for broader and long-lasting protection. Using adenoviral vectors (Ad) of human and chimpanzee origin, we evaluated Ad-vectored trivalent COVID-19 vaccines expressing spike-1, nucleocapsid, and RdRp antigens in murine models. We show that single-dose intranasal immunization, particularly with chimpanzee Ad-vectored vaccine, is superior to intramuscular immunization in induction of the tripartite protective immunity consisting of local and systemic antibody responses, mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells and mucosal trained innate immunity. We further show that intranasal immunization provides protection against both the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and two VOC, B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. Our findings indicate that respiratory mucosal delivery of Ad-vectored multivalent vaccine represents an effective next-generation COVID-19 vaccine strategy to induce all-around mucosal immunity against current and future VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael R D'Agostino
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ali Zhang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Hannah D Stacey
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Art Marzok
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alisha Kang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Gluke Ye
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Xiangqian Luo
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuan Wang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jann C Ang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anna Zganiacz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Uma Sankar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Natallia Kazhdan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Joshua F E Koenig
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Allyssa Phelps
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Steven F Gameiro
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Shangguo Tang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mangalakumari Jeyanathan
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Amy Gillgrass
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Maria Fe C Medina
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Fiona Smaill
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Matthew S Miller
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M. G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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208
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A highly immunogenic live-attenuated vaccine candidate prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in hamsters. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100221. [PMID: 35252935 PMCID: PMC8888354 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic and readily transmissible SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global coronavirus pandemic, urgently requiring effective countermeasures against its rapid expansion. All available vaccine platforms are being used to generate safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we generated a live-attenuated candidate vaccine strain by serial passaging of a SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate in Vero cells. Deep sequencing revealed the dynamic adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells, resulting in a stable clone with a deletion of seven amino acids (N679SPRRAR685) at the S1/S2 junction of the S protein (named VAS5). VAS5 showed significant attenuation of replication in multiple human cell lines, human airway epithelium organoids, and hACE2 mice. Viral fitness competition assays demonstrated that VAS5 showed specific tropism to Vero cells but decreased fitness in human cells compared with the parental virus. More importantly, a single intranasal injection of VAS5 elicited a high level of neutralizing antibodies and prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice as well as close-contact transmission in golden Syrian hamsters. Structural and biochemical analysis revealed a stable and locked prefusion conformation of the S trimer of VAS5, which most resembles SARS-CoV-2-3Q-2P, an advanced vaccine immunogen (NVAX-CoV2373). Further systematic antigenic profiling and immunogenicity validation confirmed that the VAS5 S trimer presents an enhanced antigenic mimic of the wild-type S trimer. Our results not only provide a potent live-attenuated vaccine candidate against COVID-19 but also clarify the molecular and structural basis for the highly attenuated and super immunogenic phenotype of VAS5. Passaging of a protype SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells generates a live-attenuated VAS5 A 7 amino acids deletion of the S protein contributes to the attenuated phenotype VAS5 immunization prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in Syrian hamsters The VAS5 S protein forms a locked prefusion conformation with enhanced immunogenicity
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209
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Nanoparticle and virus-like particle vaccine approaches against SARS-CoV-2. J Microbiol 2022; 60:335-346. [PMID: 35089583 PMCID: PMC8795728 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has provoked an urgent need for prophylactic measures. Several innovative vaccine platforms have been introduced and billions of vaccine doses have been administered worldwide. To enable the creation of safer and more effective vaccines, additional platforms are under development. These include the use of nanoparticle (NP) and virus-like particle (VLP) technology. NP vaccines utilize self-assembling scaffold structures designed to load the entire spike protein or receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 in a trimeric configuration. In contrast, VLP vaccines are genetically modified recombinant viruses that are considered safe, as they are generally replication-defective. Furthermore, VLPs have indigenous immunogenic potential due to their microbial origin. Importantly, NP and VLP vaccines have shown stronger immunogenicity with greater protection by mimicking the physicochemical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2. The study of NP- and VLP-based coronavirus vaccines will help ensure the development of rapid-response technology against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future coronavirus pandemics.
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210
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Mabrouk MT, Huang W, Martinez‐Sobrido L, Lovell JF. Advanced Materials for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107781. [PMID: 34894000 PMCID: PMC8957524 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has killed untold millions worldwide and has hurtled vaccines into the spotlight as a go-to approach to mitigate it. Advances in virology, genomics, structural biology, and vaccine technologies have enabled a rapid and unprecedented rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, although much of the developing world remains unvaccinated. Several new vaccine platforms have been developed or deployed against SARS-CoV-2, with most targeting the large viral Spike immunogen. Those that safely induce strong and durable antibody responses at low dosages are advantageous, as well are those that can be rapidly produced at a large scale. Virtually all COVID-19 vaccines and adjuvants possess nanoscale or microscale dimensions and represent diverse and unique biomaterials. Viral vector vaccine platforms, lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccines and multimeric display technologies for subunit vaccines have received much attention. Nanoscale vaccine adjuvants have also been used in combination with other vaccines. To deal with the ongoing pandemic, and to be ready for potential future ones, advanced vaccine technologies will continue to be developed in the near future. Herein, the recent use of advanced materials used for developing COVID-19 vaccines is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa T. Mabrouk
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Wei‐Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNY14260USA
| | - Luis Martinez‐Sobrido
- Division of Disease Intervention and PreventionTexas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioTX78227USA
| | - Jonathan F. Lovell
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNY14260USA
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211
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Advances in the Prophylaxis of Respiratory Infections by the Nasal and the Oromucosal Route: Relevance to the Fight with the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030530. [PMID: 35335905 PMCID: PMC8953301 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this time of COVID-19 pandemic, the strategies for prevention of the infection are a primary concern. Looking more globally on the subject and acknowledging the high degree of misuse of protective face masks from the population, we focused this review on alternative pharmaceutical developments eligible for self-defense against respiratory infections. In particular, the attention herein is directed to the nasal and oromucosal formulations intended to boost the local immunity, neutralize or mechanically “trap” the pathogens at the site of entry (nose or mouth). The current work presents a critical review of the contemporary methods of immune- and chemoprophylaxis and their suitability and applicability in topical mucosal dosage forms for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis.
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212
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Bellier B, Saura A, Luján LA, Molina CR, Luján HD, Klatzmann D. A Thermostable Oral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Induces Mucosal and Protective Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837443. [PMID: 35281065 PMCID: PMC8913903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal protective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 should not only be effective in preventing disease, but also in preventing virus transmission. It should also be well accepted by the population and have a simple logistic chain. To fulfill these criteria, we developed a thermostable, orally administered vaccine that can induce a robust mucosal neutralizing immune response. We used our platform based on retrovirus-derived enveloped virus-like particles (eVLPs) harnessed with variable surface proteins (VSPs) from the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia, affording them resistance to degradation and the triggering of robust mucosal cellular and antibody immune responses after oral administration. We made eVLPs expressing various forms of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S), with or without membrane protein (M) expression. We found that prime-boost administration of VSP-decorated eVLPs expressing a pre-fusion stabilized form of S and M triggers robust mucosal responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and hamsters, which translate into complete protection from a viral challenge. Moreover, they dramatically boosted the IgA mucosal response of intramuscularly injected vaccines. We conclude that our thermostable orally administered eVLP vaccine could be a valuable addition to the current arsenal against SARS-CoV-2, in a stand-alone prime-boost vaccination strategy or as a boost for existing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Bellier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, i3, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Saura
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas A. Luján
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia R. Molina
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hugo D. Luján
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Hugo D. Luján, ; David Klatzmann,
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy, i3, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies (CIC-BTi) and Immunology-Inflammation-Infectiology and Dermatology Department (3iD), Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Hugo D. Luján, ; David Klatzmann,
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213
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Ren C, Gao Y, Zhang C, Zhou C, Hong Y, Qu M, Zhao Z, Du Y, Yang L, Liu B, Wang S, Han M, Shen Y, Liu Y. Respiratory Mucosal Immunity: Kinetics of Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Sputum and Throat Swabs From COVID-19 Patients and Vaccine Recipients. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:782421. [PMID: 35283823 PMCID: PMC8914317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.782421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While IgM and IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied, relatively little is known about secretory IgA (sIgA) response in respiratory mucosa. Here we report IgA response to the SARS-CoV-2 in sputum, throat swabs, and serum with nucleocapsid protein (NP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in a cohort of 28 COVID-19 patients and 55 vaccine recipients. The assays showed sIgA in respiratory mucosa could be detected on the first day after illness onset (AIO), and the median conversion time for sIgA in sputum, throat swabs, and serum was 3, 4, and 10 days, respectively. The positive rates of sIgA first week AIO were 100% (24/28) and 85.7% (24/28) in sputum and throat swabs, respectively, and were both 100% during the mid-onset (2–3 weeks AIO). During the recovery period, sIgA positive rates in sputum and throat swabs gradually decreased from 60.7% (17/28) and 57.1% (16/28) 1 month AIO and the sIgA antibodies were all undetectable 6 months AIO. However, serum IgA positive rate was still 100% at 4 months and 53.6% (15/28) at 6 months. Throat swabs obtained from volunteers who received inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines by intramuscular delivery all showed negative results in IgA ELISA. These findings will likely improve our understanding of respiratory mucosal immunity of this emerging disease and help in containing the pandemic and developing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People’s Hospital of Fuyang, Fuyang, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Maanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maanshan, China
| | - Mingsheng Qu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhirong Zhao
- Maanshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maanshan, China
| | - Yinan Du
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingfeng Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People’s Hospital of Fuyang, Fuyang, China
- *Correspondence: Mingfeng Han,
| | - Yuxian Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Yuxian Shen,
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of High Institution, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Yan Liu,
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214
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Rapid Protection from COVID-19 in Nonhuman Primates Vaccinated Intramuscularly but Not Intranasally with a Single Dose of a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccine. mBio 2022; 13:e0337921. [PMID: 35012339 PMCID: PMC8749411 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03379-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to exert a significant burden on health care systems worldwide. With limited treatments available, vaccination remains an effective strategy to counter transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent discussions concerning vaccination strategies have focused on identifying vaccine platforms, number of doses, route of administration, and time to reach peak immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we generated a single-dose, fast-acting vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine derived from the licensed Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV, expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the EBOV glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV). Rhesus macaques vaccinated intramuscularly (i.m.) with a single dose of VSV-SARS2-EBOV were protected within 10 days and did not show signs of COVID-19 pneumonia. In contrast, intranasal (i.n.) vaccination resulted in limited immunogenicity and enhanced COVID-19 pneumonia compared to results for control animals. While both i.m. and i.n. vaccination induced neutralizing antibody titers, only i.m. vaccination resulted in a significant cellular immune response. RNA sequencing data bolstered these results by revealing robust activation of the innate and adaptive immune transcriptional signatures in the lungs of i.m. vaccinated animals only. Overall, the data demonstrate that VSV-SARS2-EBOV is a potent single-dose COVID-19 vaccine candidate that offers rapid protection based on the protective efficacy observed in our study. IMPORTANCE The vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vaccine platform rose to fame in 2019, when a VSV-based Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine was approved by the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human use against the deadly disease. Here, we demonstrate the protective efficacy of a VSV-EBOV-based COVID-19 vaccine against challenge in nonhuman primates (NHPs). When a single dose of the VSV-SARS2-EBOV vaccine was administered intramuscularly (i.m.), the NHPs were protected from COVID-19 within 10 days. In contrast, if the vaccine was administered intranasally, there was no benefit from the vaccine and the NHPs developed pneumonia. The i.m. vaccinated NHPs quickly developed antigen-specific IgG, including neutralizing antibodies. Transcriptional analysis highlighted the development of protective innate and adaptive immune responses in the i.m. vaccination group only.
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215
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Intensity and Dynamics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses after BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination: Implications for Public Health Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020316. [PMID: 35214774 PMCID: PMC8879063 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 vaccination according to the age and medical status of vaccinated individuals. A total of 511 individuals were enrolled (median age: 54.0 years, range: 19–105); 509 of these individuals (99.6%) received two doses of BNT162b2 at an interval of 21 days. IgG and IgA responses were evaluated on days 21, 42, 90, and 180 after the first dose with chemiluminescent microparticle and ELISA assays. The cell-mediated immune responses were assessed by an automated interferon-gamma release assay. We demonstrated positive antibody responses after vaccination for the majority of enrolled participants, although waning of IgG and IgA titers was also observed over time. We further observed that the intensity of humoral responses was positively correlated with increased age and prior COVID-19 infection (either before or after the first vaccination). Moreover, we found that only a medical history of autoimmune disease could affect the intensity of IgA and IgG responses (3 weeks after the primary and secondary immunization, respectively), while development of systemic adverse reactions after the second vaccination dose was significantly associated with the height of IgG responses. Finally, we identified a clear correlation between humoral and cellular responses, suggesting that the study of cellular responses is not required as a routine laboratory test after vaccination. Our results provide useful information about the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccination with significant implications for public health vaccination strategies.
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216
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Hewawaduge C, Park JY, Yang MS, Oh B, So MY, Kim B, Lee JH. A Simplified SARS-CoV-2 Mouse Model Demonstrates Protection by an Oral Replicon-Based mRNA Vaccine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811802. [PMID: 35250985 PMCID: PMC8888445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 that can be developed in any molecular biology lab with standard facilities will be valuable in evaluating drugs and vaccines. Here we present a simplified SARS-CoV-2 mouse model exploiting the rapid adenoviral purification method. Mice that are sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection were generated by transducing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) by an adenovirus. The expression kinetics of the hACE2 in transduced mice were assessed by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and qPCR. Further, the ability of the hACE2 to support viral replication was determined in vitro and in vivo. The hACE2 expression in the lungs of mice was observed for at least nine days after transduction. The murine macrophages expressing hACE2 supported viral replication with detection of high viral titers. Next, in vivo studies were carried out to determine viral replication and lung disease following SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The model supported viral replication, and the challenged mouse developed lung disease characteristic of moderate interstitial pneumonia. Further, we illustrated the utility of the system by demonstrating protection using an oral mRNA vaccine. The multicistronic vaccine design enabled by the viral self-cleaving peptides targets receptor binding domain (RBD), heptad repeat domain (HR), membrane glycoprotein (M) and epitopes of nsp13 of parental SARS-CoV-2. Further, Salmonella and Semliki Forest virus replicon were exploited, respectively, for gene delivery and mRNA expression. We recorded potent cross-protective neutralizing antibodies in immunized mice against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. The vaccine protected the mice against viral replication and SARS-CoV-2-induced weight loss and lung pathology. The findings support the suitability of the model for preclinical evaluation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies and vaccines. In addition, the findings provide novel insights into mRNA vaccine design against infectious diseases not limiting to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Byungkwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Mi Young So
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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217
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Kantarcioglu B, Iqbal O, Lewis J, Carter CA, Singh M, Lievano F, Ligocki M, Jeske W, Adiguzel C, Gerotziafas GT, Fareed J. An Update on the Status of Vaccine Development for SARS-CoV-2 Including Variants. Practical Considerations for COVID-19 Special Populations. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2022; 28:10760296211056648. [PMID: 35167393 PMCID: PMC8851053 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211056648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress in the development of various vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 have been rather remarkable owing to advancement in molecular and biologic sciences. Most of the current vaccines and those in development focus on targeting the viral spike proteins by generating antibodies of varying spectrum. These vaccines represent a variety of platforms including whole virus vaccines, viral vector vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines representing RNA, DNA, and their hybrid forms.The therapeutic efficacy of these vaccines varies owing to their pharmacodynamic individualities. COVID-19 variants are capable of inducing different pathologic responses and some of which may be resistant to antibodies generated by current vaccines. The current clinical use of these vaccines has been through emergency use authorization until recently. Moreover, the efficacy and safety of these vaccines have been tested in substantial numbers of individuals but studies in special populations that better reflect the global population are pending results. These specialized populations include young children, immunocompromised patients, pregnant individuals, and other specialized groups. Combination approaches, molecularly modified vaccination approaches, and vaccines conferring longer periods of immunity are being currently being investigated, as well as pharmacovigilance studies.The continual transformation of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants are of concern along with the breakthrough infections. These considerations pose new challenges for the development of vaccination platforms. For this purpose, booster doses, combination vaccine approaches, and other modalities are being discussed. This review provides an updated account of currently available vaccines and those in advanced development with reference to their composition and mechanisms of action.A discussion on the use of vaccines in special populations including immunocompromised patients, pregnant women and other specialized populations are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Kantarcioglu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA,Bulent Kantarcioglu, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Omer Iqbal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Lewis
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Charles A. Carter
- Campbell University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Walter Jeske
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Grigoris T. Gerotziafas
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Thrombosis Center, Service D’Hématologie Biologique Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Jawed Fareed
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL, USA
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218
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Chang A, Yu J. Fighting Fire with Fire: Immunogenicity of Viral Vectored Vaccines against COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:380. [PMID: 35215973 PMCID: PMC8874888 DOI: 10.3390/v14020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent expansion of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires the rapid development of safe and effective countermeasures to reduce transmission, morbidity, and mortality. Several highly efficacious vaccines are actively being deployed around the globe to expedite mass vaccination and control of COVID-19. Notably, viral vectored vaccines (VVVs) are among the first to be approved for global distribution and use. In this review, we examine the humoral, cellular, and innate immune responses elicited by viral vectors, and the immune correlates of protection against COVID-19 in preclinical and clinical studies. We also discuss the durability and breadth of immune response induced by VVVs and boosters. Finally, we present challenges associated with VVVs and offer solutions for overcoming certain limitations of current vaccine regimens. Collectively, this review provides the rationale for expanding the portfolio of VVVs against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Vaccination
- Viral Vaccines/classification
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiquan Chang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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219
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Alu A, Chen L, Lei H, Wei Y, Tian X, Wei X. Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines: From bench to bed. EBioMedicine 2022; 76:103841. [PMID: 35085851 PMCID: PMC8785603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines are all designed for intramuscular (IM) immunization. However, vaccination today failed to prevent the virus infection through the upper respiratory tract, which is partially due to the absence of mucosal immunity activation. Despite the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, the next generation of COVID-19 vaccine is in demand and intranasal (IN) vaccination method has been demonstrated to be potent in inducing both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Presently, although not licensed, various IN vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are under intensive investigation, with 12 candidates reaching clinical trials at different phases. In this review, we give a detailed description about current status of IN COVID-19 vaccines, including virus-vectored vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines and live attenuated vaccines. The ongoing clinical trials for IN vaccines are highlighted. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of mucosal immunity and potential mucosal adjuvants and nasal delivery devices are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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220
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Xu F, Wu S, Yi L, Peng S, Wang F, Si W, Hou L, Zhu T. Safety, mucosal and systemic immunopotency of an aerosolized adenovirus-vectored vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:438-441. [PMID: 35094672 PMCID: PMC8803102 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity provides a potential for preventing initial infection and stopping subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we examined the safety and immunogenicity of a replication-defective adenovirus type-5 vectored vaccine (Ad5-nCov) encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein delivered by nebulization inhalation in rhesus macaques. The vaccine-associated clinical pathology and toxicity were not observed in the NHP model. The extensive safety study indicated that Ad5-nCoV was mainly confined to the organs related to respiratory system and was rapidly cleared away from the system. Our results showed that Ad5-nCoV delivered by inhalation robustly elicited both systematic and mucosal immune responses against SARS-nCoV-2 and variants. Thus, Ad5-nCoV inhalation may provide an effective, safe and non-invasive vaccination strategy for the control of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xu
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shipo Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linan Yi
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaodan Peng
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixue Si
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihua Hou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhu
- CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Mao T, Israelow B, Suberi A, Zhou L, Reschke M, Peña-Hernández MA, Dong H, Homer RJ, Saltzman WM, Iwasaki A. Unadjuvanted intranasal spike vaccine booster elicits robust protective mucosal immunity against sarbecoviruses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022. [PMID: 35118464 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.24.477597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic enters its third year, vaccines that not only prevent disease, but also prevent transmission are needed to help reduce global disease burden. Currently approved parenteral vaccines induce robust systemic immunity, but poor immunity at the respiratory mucosa. Here we describe the development of a novel vaccine strategy, Prime and Spike, based on unadjuvanted intranasal spike boosting that leverages existing immunity generated by primary vaccination to elicit mucosal immune memory within the respiratory tract. We show that Prime and Spike induces robust T resident memory cells, B resident memory cells and IgA at the respiratory mucosa, boosts systemic immunity, and completely protects mice with partial immunity from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using divergent spike proteins, Prime and Spike enables induction of cross-reactive immunity against sarbecoviruses without invoking original antigenic sin. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Broad sarbecovirus protective mucosal immunity is generated by unadjuvanted intranasal spike boost in preclinical model.
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222
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Focosi D, Maggi F, Casadevall A. Mucosal Vaccines, Sterilizing Immunity, and the Future of SARS-CoV-2 Virulence. Viruses 2022; 14:187. [PMID: 35215783 PMCID: PMC8878800 DOI: 10.3390/v14020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterilizing immunity after vaccination is desirable to prevent the spread of infection from vaccinees, which can be especially dangerous in hospital settings while managing frail patients. Sterilizing immunity requires neutralizing antibodies at the site of infection, which for respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 implies the occurrence of neutralizing IgA in mucosal secretions. Systemic vaccination by intramuscular delivery induces no or low-titer neutralizing IgA against vaccine antigens. Mucosal priming or boosting, is needed to provide sterilizing immunity. On the other side of the coin, sterilizing immunity, by zeroing interhuman transmission, could confine SARS-CoV-2 in animal reservoirs, preventing spontaneous attenuation of virulence in humans as presumably happened with the endemic coronaviruses. We review here the pros and cons of each vaccination strategy, the current mucosal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines under development, and their implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA;
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223
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A novel STING agonist-adjuvanted pan-sarbecovirus vaccine elicits potent and durable neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice, rabbits and NHPs. Cell Res 2022; 32:269-287. [PMID: 35046518 PMCID: PMC8767042 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and potentially other highly pathogenic sarbecoviruses in the future highlights the need for pan-sarbecovirus vaccines. Here, we discovered a new STING agonist, CF501, and found that CF501-adjuvanted RBD-Fc vaccine (CF501/RBD-Fc) elicited significantly stronger neutralizing antibody (nAb) and T cell responses than Alum- and cGAMP-adjuvanted RBD-Fc in mice. Vaccination of rabbits and rhesus macaques (nonhuman primates, NHPs) with CF501/RBD-Fc elicited exceptionally potent nAb responses against SARS-CoV-2 and its nine variants and 41 S-mutants, SARS-CoV and bat SARSr-CoVs. CF501/RBD-Fc-immunized hACE2-transgenic mice were almost completely protected against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, even 6 months after the initial immunization. NHPs immunized with a single dose of CF501/RBD-Fc produced high titers of nAbs. The immunized macaques also exhibited durable humoral and cellular immune responses and showed remarkably reduced viral load in the upper and lower airways upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge even at 108 days post the final immunization. Thus, CF501/RBD-Fc can be further developed as a novel pan-sarbecovirus vaccine to combat current and future outbreaks of sarbecovirus diseases.
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224
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Karczmarzyk K, Kęsik-Brodacka M. Attacking the Intruder at the Gate: Prospects of Mucosal Anti SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020117. [PMID: 35215061 PMCID: PMC8876505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sudden outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in December 2019 caused crises and health emergencies worldwide. The rapid spread of the virus created an urgent need for the development of an effective vaccine and mass immunization to achieve herd immunity. Efforts of scientific teams at universities and pharmaceutical companies around the world allowed for the development of various types of preparations and made it possible to start the vaccination process. However, it appears that the developed vaccines are not effective enough and do not guarantee long-lasting immunity, especially for new variants of SARS-CoV-2. Considering this problem, it is promising to focus on developing a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) mucosal vaccine. Such a preparation applied directly to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract might provide an immune barrier at the primary point of virus entry into the human body while inducing systemic immunity. A number of such preparations against SARS-CoV-2 are already in various phases of preclinical and clinical trials, and several of them are very close to being accepted for general use, constituting a milestone toward pandemic containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Karczmarzyk
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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225
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Tang J, Cai L, Xu C, Sun S, Liu Y, Rosenecker J, Guan S. Nanotechnologies in Delivery of DNA and mRNA Vaccines to the Nasal and Pulmonary Mucosa. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020226. [PMID: 35055244 PMCID: PMC8777913 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT-mRNA) vaccination have attracted considerable attention to such vaccination as a cutting-edge technique against infectious diseases including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. While numerous pathogens infect the host through the respiratory mucosa, conventional parenterally administered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunization enables the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, efficiently removing pathogens from the mucosa before an infection occurs. Although respiratory mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, successful nasal or pulmonary delivery of nucleic acid-based vaccines is challenging because of several physical and biological barriers at the airway mucosal site, such as a variety of protective enzymes and mucociliary clearance, which remove exogenously inhaled substances. Hence, advanced nanotechnologies enabling delivery of DNA and IVT-mRNA to the nasal and pulmonary mucosa are urgently needed. Ideal nanocarriers for nucleic acid vaccines should be able to efficiently load and protect genetic payloads, overcome physical and biological barriers at the airway mucosal site, facilitate transfection in targeted epithelial or antigen-presenting cells, and incorporate adjuvants. In this review, we discuss recent developments in nucleic acid delivery systems that target airway mucosa for vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Larry Cai
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Chuanfei Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Si Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuheng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Joseph Rosenecker
- Department of Pediatrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (S.G.); Tel.: +49-89-440057713 (J.R.); +86-23-68771645 (S.G.)
| | - Shan Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (S.G.); Tel.: +49-89-440057713 (J.R.); +86-23-68771645 (S.G.)
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226
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Zainutdinov SS, Sivolobova GF, Loktev VB, Kochneva GV. [Mucosal immunity and vaccines against viral infections]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 66:399-408. [PMID: 35019246 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is realized through a structural and functional system called mucose-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). MALT is subdivided into parts (clusters) depending on their anatomical location, but they all have a similar structure: mucus layer, epithelial tissue, lamina propria and lymphoid follicles. Plasma cells of MALT produce a unique type of immunoglobulins, IgA, which have the ability to polymerize. In mucosal immunization, the predominant form of IgA is a secretory dimer, sIgA, which is concentrated in large quantities in the mucosa. Mucosal IgA acts as a first line of defense and neutralizes viruses efficiently at the portal of entry, preventing infection of epithelial cells and generalization of infection. To date, several mucosal antiviral vaccines have been licensed, which include attenuated strains of the corresponding viruses: poliomyelitis, influenza, and rotavirus. Despite the tremendous success of these vaccines, in particular, in the eradication of poliomyelitis, significant disadvantages of using attenuated viral strains in their composition are the risk of reactogenicity and the possibility of reversion to a virulent strain during vaccination. Nevertheless, it is mucosal vaccination, which mimics a natural infection, is able to induce a fast and effective immune response and thus help prevent and possibly stop outbreaks of many viral infections. Currently, a number of intranasal vaccines based on a new vector approach are successfully undergoing clinical trials. In these vaccines, the safe viral vectors are used to deliver protectively significant immunogens of pathogenic viruses. The most tested vector for intranasal vaccines is adenovirus, and the most significant immunogen is SARSCoV-2 S protein. Mucosal vector vaccines against human respiratory syncytial virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 based on Sendai virus, which is able to replicate asymptomatically in cells of bronchial epithelium, are also being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zainutdinov
- FSBI State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - G F Sivolobova
- FSBI State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - V B Loktev
- FSBI State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
| | - G V Kochneva
- FSBI State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector» of the Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor)
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227
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Tang W, Zhang Y, Zhu G. Pulmonary delivery of mucosal nanovaccines. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:263-276. [PMID: 34918733 PMCID: PMC8734613 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination can elicit both systemic and mucosal immunity, and therefore has the potential to not only treat mucosal immune diseases, prevent the pathogen infection at the mucosal entry sites, but also treat distant or systemic immune disorders. However, only a few mucosal vaccines have been approved for human use in the clinic. Effective mucosal immunization requires the delivery of immunogenic agents to appropriate mucosal surfaces, which remains significantly challenging due to the essential biological barriers presenting at mucosal tissues. In the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in the development of pulmonary mucosal nanovaccines. The nanovaccines leverage advanced nanoparticle-based pulmonary delivery technologies on the characteristics of large surface area and rich antigen presentation cell environment of the lungs for triggering robust immune protection against various mucosal diseases. Herein, we review current methods and formulations of pulmonary delivery, discuss the design strategies of mucosal nanovaccines for potent and long-lasting immune responses, and highlight recent advances in the application of lipid-based pulmonary nanovaccines against mucosal diseases. These advances promise to accelerate the development of novel mucosal nanovaccines for the prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases, and cancer, as well as autoimmune disorders at mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Pharmacy and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Science and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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228
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O’Donnell KL, Clancy CS, Griffin AJ, Shifflett K, Gourdine T, Thomas T, Long CM, Furuyama W, Marzi A. Optimization of Single-Dose VSV-Based COVID-19 Vaccination in Hamsters. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788235. [PMID: 35069564 PMCID: PMC8770858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in global effects on human health, economic stability, and social norms. The emergence of viral variants raises concerns about the efficacy of existing vaccines and highlights the continued need for the development of efficient, fast-acting, and cost-effective vaccines. Here, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccines encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either alone (VSV-SARS2) or in combination with the Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV). Intranasally vaccinated hamsters showed an early CD8+ T cell response in the lungs and a greater antigen-specific IgG response, while intramuscularly vaccinated hamsters had an early CD4+ T cell and NK cell response. Intranasal vaccination resulted in protection within 10 days with hamsters not showing clinical signs of pneumonia when challenged with three different SARS-CoV-2 variants. This data demonstrates that VSV-based vaccines are viable single-dose, fast-acting vaccine candidates that are protective from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Amanda J. Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tina Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Carrie M. Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
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229
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Abstract
Adaptive immune responses play critical roles in viral clearance and protection against re-infection, and SARS-CoV-2 is no exception. What is exceptional is the rapid characterization of the immune response to the virus performed by researchers during the first 20 months of the pandemic. This has given us a more detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 compared to many viruses that have been with us for a long time. Furthermore, effective COVID-19 vaccines were developed in record time, and their rollout worldwide is already making a significant difference, although major challenges remain in terms of equal access. The pandemic has engaged scientists and the public alike, and terms such as seroprevalence, neutralizing antibodies, antibody escape and vaccine certificates have become familiar to a broad community. Here, we review key findings concerning B cell and antibody (Ab) responses to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on non-severe cases and anti-spike (S) Ab responses in particular, the latter being central to protective immunity induced by infection or vaccination. The emergence of viral variants that have acquired mutations in S acutely highlights the need for continued characterization of both emerging variants and Ab responses against these during the evolving pathogen-immune system arms race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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230
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Abstract
The germinal centre (GC) response is critical for the generation of affinity-matured plasma cells and memory B cells capable of mediating long-term protective immunity. Understanding whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or vaccination elicits a GC response has profound implications for the capacity of responding B cells to contribute to protection against infection. However, direct assessment of the GC response in humans remains a major challenge. Here we summarize emerging evidence for the importance of the GC response in the establishment of durable and broad immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and discuss new approaches to modulate the GC response to better protect against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. We also discuss new findings showing that the GC B cell response persists in the draining lymph nodes for at least 6 months in some individuals following vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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231
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Zheng MZM, Wakim LM. Tissue resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:379-388. [PMID: 34671115 PMCID: PMC8526531 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their capacity to rapidly spread across the population, airborne pathogens represent a significant risk to global health. Indeed, several of the past major global pandemics have been instigated by respiratory pathogens. A greater understanding of the immune cells tasked with protecting the airways from infection will allow for the development of strategies that curb the spread and impact of these airborne diseases. A specific subset of memory T-cell resident in both the upper and lower respiratory tract, termed tissue-resident memory (Trm), have been shown to play an instrumental role in local immune responses against a wide breadth of both viral and bacterial infections. In this review, we discuss factors that influence respiratory tract Trm development, longevity, and immune surveillance and explore vaccination regimes that harness these cells, such approaches represent exciting new strategies that may be utilized to tackle the next global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z. M. Zheng
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
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232
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Wright PF, Prevost-Reilly AC, Natarajan H, Brickley EB, Connor RI, Wieland-Alter WF, Miele AS, Weiner JA, Nerenz RD, Ackerman ME. OUP accepted manuscript. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1204-1214. [PMID: 35188974 PMCID: PMC8903457 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A longitudinal study was performed to determine the breadth, kinetics, and correlations of systemic and mucosal antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods Twenty-six unvaccinated adults with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were followed for 6 months with 3 collections of blood, nasal secretions, and stool. Control samples were obtained from 16 unvaccinated uninfected individuals. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and binding antibody responses were respectively evaluated by pseudovirus assays and multiplex bead arrays. Results Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in serum and respiratory samples for 96% (25/26) and 54% (14/26), respectively, of infected participants. Robust binding antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and S1, S2, and receptor binding (RBD) domains occurred in serum and respiratory nasal secretions, but not in stool samples. Serum neutralization correlated with RBD-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgM, and IgA in serum (Spearman ρ = 0.74, 0.66, and 0.57, respectively), RBD-specific IgG in respiratory secretions (ρ = 0.52), disease severity (ρ = 0.59), and age (ρ = 0.40). Respiratory mucosal neutralization correlated with RBD-specific IgM (ρ = 0.42) and IgA (ρ = 0.63). Conclusions Sustained antibody responses occurred after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, there was independent induction of IgM and IgA binding antibody and neutralizing responses in systemic and respiratory compartments. These observations have implications for current vaccine strategies and understanding SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Wright
- Correspondence: Peter F. Wright, MD, Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, 330 Borwell, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756 ()
| | | | | | | | - Ruth I Connor
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Wendy F Wieland-Alter
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Robert D Nerenz
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Wagner R, Meißner J, Grabski E, Sun Y, Vieths S, Hildt E. Regulatory concepts to guide and promote the accelerated but safe clinical development and licensure of COVID-19 vaccines in Europe. Allergy 2022; 77:72-82. [PMID: 33887070 PMCID: PMC8251031 DOI: 10.1111/all.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has affected the health of tens of millions of people worldwide. In particular, in elderly and frail individuals the infection can lead to severe disease and even fatal outcomes. Although the pandemic is primarily a human health crisis its consequences are much broader with a tremendous impact on global economics and social systems. Vaccines are considered the most powerful measure to fight the pandemic and protect people from COVID-19. Based on the concerted activities of scientists, manufacturers and regulators, the urgent need for effective countermeasures has provoked the development and licensure of novel COVID-19 vaccines in an unprecedentedly fast and flexible manner within <1 year. To ensure the safety and efficacy of these novel vaccines during the clinical development and the routine use in post-licensure vaccination campaigns existing regulatory requirements and procedures had to be wisely and carefully adapted to allow for an expedited evaluation without compromising the thoroughness of the regulatory and scientific assessment. In this review, we describe the regulatory procedures, concepts and requirements applied to guide and promote the highly accelerated development and licensure of safe and efficacious COVID-19 vaccines in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Wagner
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Juliane Meißner
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Yuansheng Sun
- Section for Viral Vaccines Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Vice President Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines Langen Germany
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Anggraeni R, Ana ID, Wihadmadyatami H. Development of mucosal vaccine delivery: an overview on the mucosal vaccines and their adjuvants. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2022; 11:235-248. [DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Anggraeni
- PT Swayasa Prakarsa, Universitas Gadjah Mada Science Techno Campus, Division of Drugs, Medical Devices, and Functional Food, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Zhou R, Wang P, Wong YC, Xu H, Lau SY, Liu L, Mok BWY, Peng Q, Liu N, Woo KF, Deng S, Tam RCY, Huang H, Zhang AJ, Zhou D, Zhou B, Chan CY, Du Z, Yang D, Au KK, Yuen KY, Chen H, Chen Z. Nasal prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection by intranasal influenza-based boost vaccination in mouse models. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103762. [PMID: 34942445 PMCID: PMC8687884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines in emergency use are efficacious against COVID-19, yet vaccine-induced prevention against nasal SARS-CoV-2 infection remains suboptimal. METHODS Since mucosal immunity is critical for nasal prevention, we investigated the efficacy of an intramuscular PD1-based receptor-binding domain (RBD) DNA vaccine (PD1-RBD-DNA) and intranasal live attenuated influenza-based vaccines (LAIV-CA4-RBD and LAIV-HK68-RBD) against SARS-CoV-2. FINDINGS Substantially higher systemic and mucosal immune responses, including bronchoalveolar lavage IgA/IgG and lung polyfunctional memory CD8 T cells, were induced by the heterologous PD1-RBD-DNA/LAIV-HK68-RBD as compared with other regimens. When vaccinated animals were challenged at the memory phase, prevention of robust SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal turbinate was achieved primarily by the heterologous regimen besides consistent protection in lungs. The regimen-induced antibodies cross-neutralized variants of concerns. Furthermore, LAIV-CA4-RBD could boost the BioNTech vaccine for improved mucosal immunity. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrated that intranasal influenza-based boost vaccination induces mucosal and systemic immunity for effective SARS-CoV-2 prevention in both upper and lower respiratory systems. FUNDING This study was supported by the Research Grants Council Collaborative Research Fund, General Research Fund and Health and Medical Research Fund in Hong Kong; Outbreak Response to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; Shenzhen Science and Technology Program and matching fund from Shenzhen Immuno Cure BioTech Limited; the Health@InnoHK, Innovation and Technology Commission of Hong Kong; National Program on Key Research Project of China; donations from the Friends of Hope Education Fund; the Theme-Based Research Scheme.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization, Secondary
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Pui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yik-Chun Wong
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Xu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Siu-Ying Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Bobo Wing-Yee Mok
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Peng
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kin-Fai Woo
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Deng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Rachel Chun-Yee Tam
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haode Huang
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yin Chan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Du
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Yang
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ka-Kit Au
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics Limited, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Brüssow H, Zuber S. Can a combination of vaccination and face mask wearing contain the COVID-19 pandemic? Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:721-737. [PMID: 34962710 PMCID: PMC8913850 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic is going into its third year with Europe again being the focus of major epidemic activity. The present review tries to answer the question whether one can come to grip with the pandemic by a combination of vaccinations and non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Several COVID‐19 vaccines are of remarkable efficacy and achieve high protection rates against symptomatic disease, especially severe disease, but mathematical models suggest that the current vaccination coverage in many countries is insufficient to achieve pandemic control. NPIs are needed as complementary measures because recent research has also revealed the limits of vaccination alone. Here, we review the evidence for efficacy of face mask wearing in various settings. Overall pooled analysis showed significant reduction in COVID‐19 incidence with mask wearing, although heterogeneity between studies was substantial. Controlled trials of mask wearing are difficult to conduct, separating mask wearing effects in population studies from the impact of other NPIs is challenging and the efficacy of masks depend on mask material and mask fit. The combination of vaccination and mask wearing is potentially synergistic since vaccination protects so far well from disease development (the omicron variant is currently an unknown) but immunity from infection wanes over few months after vaccination. In comparison, masks interfere with the virus transmission process at a level of a physical barrier independent of coronavirus variant. Vaccination and masks are much less costly to apply than other NPI measures which are associated with high economic and social costs, but paradoxically both measures are the target of a vocal opposition by a sizable minority of the society. In parallel with biomedical research, we need more social science research into this opposition to guide political decisions on how to end the pandemic. The present review tries to answer the question whether one can control the pandemic by a combination of vaccinations and non‐pharmaceutical interventions. The combination of vaccination and mask wearing is potentially synergistic since vaccination protects so far well from disease while masks interfere with the virus transmission process as a physical barrier against any type of coronavirus variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Zuber
- Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Science, Nestlé Research, Lausanne 26, 1000, Switzerland
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Mattoo SUS, Myoung J. A Promising Vaccination Strategy against COVID-19 on the Horizon: Heterologous Immunization. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1601-1614. [PMID: 34949742 PMCID: PMC9705928 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination campaigns are the highest priority of majority of countries. Limited supply and worldwide disproportionate availability issues for the approved vaccines, together with concerns about rare side-effects have recently initiated the switch to heterologous vaccination, commonly known as mixing of vaccines. The COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in the general population. However, none of the vaccines is 100% efficacious or effective, with variants posing more challenges, resulting in breakthrough cases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of immune responses to variants of concern (VOC) and breakthrough infections. Furthermore, we discuss the scope of heterologous vaccination and future strategies to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, including fractionation of vaccine doses and alternative route of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjong Myoung
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Department of Bioactive Material Science and Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54531, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-63-9004055 Fax: +82-63-9004012 E-mail:
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Kalaij AGI, Dirjayanto VJ, Yusuf SM, Nelwan EJ. Immunogenicity and safety of adenovirus-based vector vaccines for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2021. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.oa.215559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite various research on vaccine development, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection continues to spread. Thus, developing a more effective vaccine for production and clinical efficacy is still in high demand. This review aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of adenovirus-based vector vaccine (Ad-vaccines) including Ad5-vectored, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, rAd26-S or rAd5-S, and Ad26.COV2.S as the promising solutions for COVID-19.
METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta analysis of clinical trials based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines through PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost until August 17, 2021. We implemented inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed the studies using OHAT risk of bias rating tool for human and animal studies. Pooled estimates of odds ratio (OR) were analyzed using fixed-effect model.
RESULTS This systematic review yielded 12 clinical studies with a total of 75,105 subjects. Although the studies were heterogeneous, this meta-analysis showed that Ad-vaccine significantly increased protection and immune response against COVID-19 with a pooled efficacy of 84.68% compared to placebo (p<0.00001). Forest plot also indicated that Ad-vaccine conferred protection against moderate to severe COVID-19 with a pooled OR of 0.26 (p<0.00001). Ad-vaccine had also shown a good safety profile with local site pain and fever as the most common side effects.
CONCLUSIONS Ad-vaccine had shown a good immunogenicity for COVID-19 with a good pooled efficacy and was proven safe for COVID-19 patients.
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Chung NH, Chen YC, Yang SJ, Lin YC, Dou HY, Hui-Ching Wang L, Liao CL, Chow YH. Induction of Th1 and Th2 in the protection against SARS-CoV-2 through mucosal delivery of an adenovirus vaccine expressing an engineered spike protein. Vaccine 2021; 40:574-586. [PMID: 34952759 PMCID: PMC8677488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of recombinant human type 5 adenoviruses that express the full-length or membrane-truncated spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 (AdCoV2-S or AdCoV2-SdTM, respectively) was tested the efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 via intranasal (i.n.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization in a rodent model. Mucosal delivery of adenovirus (Ad) vaccines could induce anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA in the serum and in the mucosal, respectively as indicated by vaginal wash (vw) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG but not IgA in the vw and BALF was induced by AdCoV2-S s.c.. Administration of AdCoV2-S i.n. was able to induce higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody levels than s.c. injection. AdCoV2-SdTM i.n. induced a lower antibody responses than AdCoV2-S i.n.. Induced anti-S antibody responses by AdCoV2-S via i.n. or s.c. were not influenced by the pre-existing serum anti-Ad antibody. Novelty, S-specific IgG1 which represented Th2-mediated humoral response was dominantly induced in Ad i.n.-immunized serum in contrast to more IgG2a which represented Th1-mediated cellular response found in Ad s.c.-immunized serum. The activation of S-specific IFN-ɣ and IL-4 in splenic Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, was observed in the AdCoV2-S i.n. and s.c. groups, indicating the Th1 and Th2 immunity were activated. AdCoV2-S and AdCoV2-SdTM significantly prevented body weight loss and reduced pulmonary viral loads in hamsters. A reduction in inflammation in the lungs was observed in AdCoV-S via i.n. or s.c.-immunized hamsters following a SARS-CoV-2 challenge. It correlated to Th1 cytokine but no inflammatory cytokines secretions found in AdCoV-S i.n. -immunized BALF. These results indicate that intranasal delivery of AdCoV2-S vaccines is safe and potent at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Ju Yang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yunn Dou
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Non-propagative human parainfluenza virus type 2 nasal vaccine robustly protects the upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2. iScience 2021; 24:103379. [PMID: 34805782 PMCID: PMC8596570 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an intranasal vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using the replication-incompetent human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV2) vector BC-PIV, which can deliver ectopic gene as stable RNA and ectopic protein on the envelope. BC-PIV expressing the full-length prefusion-stabilized spike gene (K986P/V987P) of SARS-CoV-2, S-2PM, possessed a corona-like viral envelope. Intranasal vaccination of mice with BC-PIV/S-2PM induced high levels of neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA antibodies against the spike protein. Although BC-PIV showed hemagglutinating activity, BC-PIV/S-2PM lacked such activity, in accordance with the presence of the massive spike protein on the viral surface. Furthermore, single-dose intranasal vaccination of hamsters with BC-PIV/S-2PM completely protected the lungs from SARS-CoV-2 at 11-week post-immunization, and boost vaccination two weeks before the challenge conferred virtually complete protection of the nasal turbinates against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, this chimeric hPIV2/spike intranasal vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 to curtail virus transmission. Non-replicating viral vector against spike induces mucosal immunity to block infection The viral vector carries spike protein on its envelope with corona-like structure One-shot nasal vaccination of hamsters completely protects lungs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Two-shot nasal vaccination of hamsters nearly completely protects the upper airway
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Cao H, Mai J, Zhou Z, Li Z, Duan R, Watt J, Chen Z, Bandara RA, Li M, Ahn SK, Poon B, Christie-Holmes N, Gray-Owen SD, Banerjee A, Mossman K, Kozak R, Mubareka S, Rini JM, Hu J, Liu J. Intranasal HD-Ad vaccine protects the upper and lower respiratory tracts of hACE2 mice against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:202. [PMID: 34879865 PMCID: PMC8653804 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in 185 million recorded cases and over 4 million deaths worldwide. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for emergency use in humans and are being used in many countries. However, all the approved vaccines are administered by intramuscular injection and this may not prevent upper airway infection or viral transmission. Results Here, we describe a novel, intranasally delivered COVID-19 vaccine based on a helper-dependent adenoviral (HD-Ad) vector. The vaccine (HD-Ad_RBD) produces a soluble secreted form of the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and we show it induced robust mucosal and systemic immunity. Moreover, intranasal immunization of K18-hACE2 mice with HD-Ad_RBD using a prime-boost regimen, resulted in complete protection of the upper respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion Our approaches provide a powerful platform for constructing highly effective vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00723-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibi Cao
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juntao Mai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhichang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rongqi Duan
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Watt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ziyan Chen
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ranmal Avinash Bandara
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sang Kyun Ahn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Betty Poon
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Christie-Holmes
- Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott D Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rob Kozak
- Sunnybrook Heath Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - James M Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jim Hu
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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242
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Del Fresno C, García-Arriaza J, Martínez-Cano S, Heras-Murillo I, Jarit-Cabanillas A, Amores-Iniesta J, Brandi P, Dunphy G, Suay-Corredera C, Pricolo MR, Vicente N, López-Perrote A, Cabezudo S, González-Corpas A, Llorca O, Alegre-Cebollada J, Garaigorta U, Gastaminza P, Esteban M, Sancho D. The Bacterial Mucosal Immunotherapy MV130 Protects Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Improves COVID-19 Vaccines Immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748103. [PMID: 34867974 PMCID: PMC8637175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19-specific vaccines are efficient prophylactic weapons against SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, boosting innate responses may represent an innovative way to immediately fight future emerging viral infections or boost vaccines. MV130 is a mucosal immunotherapy, based on a mixture of whole heat-inactivated bacteria, that has shown clinical efficacy against recurrent viral respiratory infections. Herein, we show that the prophylactic intranasal administration of this immunotherapy confers heterologous protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in susceptible K18-hACE2 mice. Furthermore, in C57BL/6 mice, prophylactic administration of MV130 improves the immunogenicity of two different COVID-19 vaccine formulations targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, inoculated either intramuscularly or intranasally. Independently of the vaccine candidate and vaccination route used, intranasal prophylaxis with MV130 boosted S-specific responses, including CD8+-T cell activation and the production of S-specific mucosal IgA antibodies. Therefore, the bacterial mucosal immunotherapy MV130 protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection and improves COVID-19 vaccines immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Del Fresno
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario la Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarai Martínez-Cano
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,R&D Department, Inmunotek S.L., Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ignacio Heras-Murillo
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Jarit-Cabanillas
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Amores-Iniesta
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Brandi
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gillian Dunphy
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Suay-Corredera
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Rosaria Pricolo
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Vicente
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés López-Perrote
- Structural Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Cabezudo
- Structural Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Corpas
- Structural Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Alegre-Cebollada
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Urtzi Garaigorta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Department of Myocardial Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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243
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Cohen JI, Burbelo PD. Reinfection With SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e4223-e4228. [PMID: 33338197 PMCID: PMC7799323 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become pandemic and the duration of protective immunity to the virus is unknown. Cases of persons reinfected with the virus are being reported with increasing frequency. At present it is unclear how common reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is and how long serum antibodies and virus-specific T cells persist after infection. For many other respiratory virus infections, including influenza and the seasonal coronaviruses that cause colds, serum antibodies persist for only months to a few years and reinfections are very common. Here we review what is known about the duration of immunity and reinfection with coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as the duration of immunity to other viruses and virus vaccines. These findings have implications for the need of continued protective measures and for vaccines for persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter D Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,USA
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244
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Cordeiro AS, Patil-Sen Y, Shivkumar M, Patel R, Khedr A, Elsawy MA. Nanovaccine Delivery Approaches and Advanced Delivery Systems for the Prevention of Viral Infections: From Development to Clinical Application. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34959372 PMCID: PMC8707864 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections causing pandemics and chronic diseases are the main culprits implicated in devastating global clinical and socioeconomic impacts, as clearly manifested during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoprophylaxis via mass immunisation with vaccines has been shown to be an efficient strategy to control such viral infections, with the successful and recently accelerated development of different types of vaccines, thanks to the advanced biotechnological techniques involved in the upstream and downstream processing of these products. However, there is still much work to be done for the improvement of efficacy and safety when it comes to the choice of delivery systems, formulations, dosage form and route of administration, which are not only crucial for immunisation effectiveness, but also for vaccine stability, dose frequency, patient convenience and logistics for mass immunisation. In this review, we discuss the main vaccine delivery systems and associated challenges, as well as the recent success in developing nanomaterials-based and advanced delivery systems to tackle these challenges. Manufacturing and regulatory requirements for the development of these systems for successful clinical and marketing authorisation were also considered. Here, we comprehensively review nanovaccines from development to clinical application, which will be relevant to vaccine developers, regulators, and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sara Cordeiro
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Yogita Patil-Sen
- Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Health Service, Wigan WN6 0SZ, UK;
| | - Maitreyi Shivkumar
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Ronak Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Abdulwahhab Khedr
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Elsawy
- Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; (A.S.C.); (M.S.); (A.K.)
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245
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Sanchez S, Palacio N, Dangi T, Ciucci T, Penaloza-MacMaster P. Fractionating a COVID-19 Ad5-vectored vaccine improves virus-specific immunity. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabi8635. [PMID: 34648369 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi8635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nicole Palacio
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Tanushree Dangi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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246
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Ding Y, Li Z, Jaklenec A, Hu Q. Vaccine delivery systems toward lymph nodes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:113914. [PMID: 34363861 PMCID: PMC9418125 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Strategies of improving vaccine targeting ability toward lymph nodes have been attracting considerable interest in recent years, though there are remaining delivery barriers based on the inherent properties of lymphatic systems and limited administration routes of vaccination. Recently, emerging vaccine delivery systems using various materials as carriers are widely developed to achieve efficient lymph node targeting and improve vaccine-triggered adaptive immune response. In this review, to further optimize the vaccine targeting ability for future research, the design principles of lymph node targeting vaccine delivery based on the anatomy of lymph nodes and vaccine administration routes are first summarized. Then different designs of lymph node targeting vaccine delivery systems, including vaccine delivery systems in clinical applications, are carefully surveyed. Also, the challenges and opportunities of current delivery systems for vaccines are concluded in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Ding
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Zhaoting Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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247
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Li Y, Bi Y, Xiao H, Yao Y, Liu X, Hu Z, Duan J, Yang Y, Li Z, Li Y, Zhang H, Ding C, Yang J, Li H, He Z, Liu L, Hu G, Liu S, Che Y, Wang S, Li Q, Lu S, Cun W. A novel DNA and protein combination COVID-19 vaccine formulation provides full protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:342-355. [PMID: 33555988 PMCID: PMC7928010 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1887767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current study aims to develop a safe and highly immunogenic COVID-19 vaccine. The novel combination of a DNA vaccine encoding the full-length Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and a recombinant S1 protein vaccine induced high level neutralizing antibody and T cell immune responses in both small and large animal models. More significantly, the co-delivery of DNA and protein components at the same time elicited full protection against intratracheal challenge of SARS-CoV-2 viruses in immunized rhesus macaques. As both DNA and protein vaccines have been proven safe in previous human studies, and DNA vaccines are capable of eliciting germinal center B cell development, which is critical for high-affinity memory B cell responses, the DNA and protein co-delivery vaccine approach has great potential to serve as a safe and effective approach to develop COVID-19 vaccines that provide long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Bi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Xiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueting Yao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Duan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoyun Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yadong Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Ding
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangnan Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Yanchun Che
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Wei Cun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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248
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Xi J, Lei LR, Zouzas W, April Si X. Nasally inhaled therapeutics and vaccination for COVID-19: Developments and challenges. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:569-586. [PMID: 34977869 PMCID: PMC8706742 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nose is the initial site of viral infection, replication, and transmission in the human body. Nasally inhaled vaccines may act as a promising alternative for COVID-19 management in addition to intramuscular vaccination. In this review, the latest developments of nasal sprays either as repurposed or antiviral formulations were presented. Nasal vaccines based on traditional medicines, such as grapefruit seed extract, algae-isolated carrageenan, and Yogurt-fermenting Lactobacillus, are promising and under active investigations. Inherent challenges that hinder effective intranasal delivery were discussed in detail, which included nasal device issues and human nose physiological complexities. We examined factors related to nasal spray administration, including the nasal angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) locations as the delivery target, nasal devices, medication translocation after application, delivery methods, safety issues, and other nasal delivery options. The effects of human factors on nasal spray efficacy, such as nasal physiology, disease-induced physiological modifications, intersubject variability, and mucociliary clearance, were also examined. Finally, the potential impact of nasal vaccines on COVID-19 management in the developing world was discussed. It is concluded that effective delivery of nasal sprays to ACE2-rich regions is urgently needed, especially in the context that new variants may become unresponsive to current vaccines and more refractory to existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MassachusettsLowellMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lameng Ray Lei
- Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, IncRancho CucamongaCaliforniaUSA
| | - William Zouzas
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MassachusettsLowellMassachusettsUSA
| | - Xiuhua April Si
- Department of AerospaceIndustrial and Mechanical EngineeringCalifornia Baptist UniversityRiversideCaliforniaUSA
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249
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Cho A, Muecksch F, Schaefer-Babajew D, Wang Z, Finkin S, Gaebler C, Ramos V, Cipolla M, Mendoza P, Agudelo M, Bednarski E, DaSilva J, Shimeliovich I, Dizon J, Daga M, Millard KG, Turroja M, Schmidt F, Zhang F, Tanfous TB, Jankovic M, Oliveria TY, Gazumyan A, Caskey M, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T, Nussenzweig MC. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain antibody evolution after mRNA vaccination. Nature 2021; 600:517-522. [PMID: 34619745 PMCID: PMC8674133 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces B cell responses that continue to evolve for at least a year. During that time, memory B cells express increasingly broad and potent antibodies that are resistant to mutations found in variants of concern1. As a result, vaccination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines produces high levels of plasma neutralizing activity against all variants tested1,2. Here we examine memory B cell evolution five months after vaccination with either Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccine in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naive individuals. Between prime and boost, memory B cells produce antibodies that evolve increased neutralizing activity, but there is no further increase in potency or breadth thereafter. Instead, memory B cells that emerge five months after vaccination of naive individuals express antibodies that are similar to those that dominate the initial response. While individual memory antibodies selected over time by natural infection have greater potency and breadth than antibodies elicited by vaccination, the overall neutralizing potency of plasma is greater following vaccination. These results suggest that boosting vaccinated individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines will increase plasma neutralizing activity but may not produce antibodies with equivalent breadth to those obtained by vaccinating convalescent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Zijun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shlomo Finkin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eva Bednarski
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin DaSilva
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Shimeliovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Dizon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mridushi Daga
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katrina G Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martina Turroja
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tarek Ben Tanfous
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Picazo JJ. [Vaccine against COVID-19]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2021; 34:559-598. [PMID: 34180617 PMCID: PMC8638770 DOI: 10.37201/req/085.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a huge health, economic and psychological collapse in our society. Health workers have had to face one of the greatest challenges in history, trying to show the population how to deal with this disease. We have learned that vaccines are the great instrument for the fight against infectious diseases and a large number of them began to appear, not as a product of chance but as a product of the enormous progress experienced in recent years with vaccines against new infectious diseases, against other diseases such as Alzheimer's and especially against cancer. All this knowledge has been applied to this disease. Practitioners lamented the little information available to them when asked questions from patients. This document wanted to be a response to these concerns, with a scientific desire, with evidence that put aside unverified data and hoaxes. Faced with an avalanche of information, most of it without the appropriate "peer review" as indicated in the introduction, any publication becomes obsolete at the time of publication, and we opted for an "online" publication, with the incorporation of versions. This online publication has been published in the documents of Spanish Society of Chemotherapy, at https://seq.es/vacunacion-covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Picazo
- Juan J. Picazo, Catedrático Emérito de Microbiología Médica. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
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