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Wu C, Chakrabarty S, Jin M, Liu K, Xiao Y. Insect ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporters: Roles in Xenobiotic Detoxification and Bt Insecticidal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112829. [PMID: 31185645 PMCID: PMC6600440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a large class of transmembrane proteins, are widely found in organisms and play an important role in the transport of xenobiotics. Insect ABC transporters are involved in insecticide detoxification and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin perforation. The complete ABC transporter is composed of two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMDs) and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). Conformational changes that are needed for their action are mediated by ATP hydrolysis. According to the similarity among their sequences and organization of conserved ATP-binding cassette domains, insect ABC transporters have been divided into eight subfamilies (ABCA–ABCH). This review describes the functions and mechanisms of ABC transporters in insecticide detoxification, plant toxic secondary metabolites transport and insecticidal activity of Bt toxin. With improved understanding of the role and mechanisms of ABC transporter in resistance to insecticides and Bt toxins, we can identify valuable target sites for developing new strategies to control pests and manage resistance and achieve green pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Swapan Chakrabarty
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Minghui Jin
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Institute of Entomology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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202
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Rameshgar F, Khajehali J, Nauen R, Bajda S, Jonckheere W, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene associated with pyrethroid resistance in Iranian populations of the European red mite Panonychus ulmi. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 157:80-87. [PMID: 31153480 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) is a major pest of apple trees worldwide and causes significant damage to apple orchards in Iran. Pyrethroid insecticides/acaricides, such as fenpropathrin and fenvalerate, are widely used to control P. ulmi, but their long-term use may lead to low efficacy. Earlier studies investigating pyrethroid resistance in closely related mites such as Tetranychus urticae revealed that pyrethroid resistance was associated with point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (vgsc). The aim of this study was to investigate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of fenpropathrin and fenvalerate resistance in Iranian populations of P. ulmi. Pyrethroid toxicity bioassays were carried out on different P. ulmi field populations. Marand (resistance ratio, RR = 149), Maraqeh (RR = 90) and Mianeh2 (RR = 71) populations exhibited high levels of resistance to fenpropathrin, compared to a susceptible field population (Shahin Dej). Resistance was also observed for fenvalerate with resistance ratio's ranging from 2- to 20-fold. Synergism experiments and enzyme activity assays predicted a minor role for classical detoxification enzymes. In contrast, two amino acid substitutions in the VGSC, L1024V and F1538I, that were previously shown to confer pyrethroid resistance, were detected in all three resistant P. ulmi populations and point towards target-site insensitivity as the most likely resistance mechanism. Furthermore, sequencing after cloning of vgsc fragments from single haploid males revealed the presence of multiple copies of vgsc in a highly resistant strain. The link between resistance mutations and vgsc copy number variation should be the subject of future study, as this might be used to develop molecular markers for monitoring pyrethroid resistance of P. ulmi in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Rameshgar
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, CropScience Division, R&D, Pest Control, Building 6260, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Sabina Bajda
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Jonckheere
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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203
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Kumar R. Molecular markers and their application in the monitoring of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 78:149-172. [PMID: 31190248 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring acaricide resistance and understanding the underlying mechanisms are critically important in developing strategies for resistance management and tick control. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant associated gene of Rhipicephalus microplus has enabled the development of molecular markers for detection and monitoring of resistance against different types of acaricide. There are many molecular markers developed for resistance monitoring, including mutations on target genes such as sodium channel, acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, β-adrenergic octopamine receptor, octopamine-tyramine etc. Molecular genotyping through molecular markers can detect the presence of resistance-associated genes in a tick population before it reaches high frequency. This review aims to provide an update on the various molecular markers discovered to date from different regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinesh Kumar
- College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Rewa, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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204
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Snoeck S, Pavlidi N, Pipini D, Vontas J, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Substrate specificity and promiscuity of horizontally transferred UDP-glycosyltransferases in the generalist herbivore Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:116-127. [PMID: 30978500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the addition of UDP-sugars to small hydrophobic molecules, turning them into more water-soluble metabolites. While their role in detoxification is well documented for vertebrates, arthropod UGTs have only recently been linked to the detoxification and sequestration of plant toxins and insecticides. The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a generalist herbivore notorious for rapidly developing resistance to insecticides and acaricides. We identified a set of eight UGT genes that were overexpressed in mites upon long-term acclimation or adaptation to a new host plant and/or in mite strains highly resistant to acaricides. Functional expression revealed that they were all catalytically active and that the majority preferred UDP-glucose as activated donor for glycosylation of model substrates. A high-throughput substrate screening of both plant secondary metabolites and pesticides revealed patterns of both substrate specificity and promiscuity. We further selected nine enzyme-substrate combinations for more comprehensive analysis and determined steady-state kinetic parameters. Among others, plant metabolites such as capsaicin and several flavonoids were shown to be glycosylated. The acaricide abamectin was also glycosylated by two UGTs and one of these was also overexpressed in an abamectin resistant strain. Our study corroborates the potential role of T. urticae UGTs in detoxification of both synthetic and natural xenobiotic compounds and paves the way for rapid substrate screening of arthropod UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nena Pavlidi
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1908 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Dimitra Pipini
- Instiute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece.
| | - John Vontas
- Instiute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1908 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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205
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Mahmoud NF, Badawy MEI, Marei AESM, Abdelgaleil SAM. Acaricidal and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of essential oils from six plants growing in Egypt. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY 2019; 45:245-251. [DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2019.1611919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nabila F. Mahmoud
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E. I. Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Salam M. Marei
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Samir A. M. Abdelgaleil
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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206
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Abdelgaleil SAM, Badawy MEI, Mahmoud NF, Marei AESM. Acaricidal activity, biochemical effects and molecular docking of some monoterpenes against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 156:105-115. [PMID: 31027569 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Six natural monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, (-)-citronellal, limonene, α-pinene, pulegone and 4-terpineol) showed high acaricidal activity by fumigant and contact actions against adult females of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The monoterpenes exhibited varying degrees of acaricidal potency using contact toxicity test after 24 and 48 h of treatment, where the LC50 values were <160 and 45 mg/L, respectively. In fumigation test, of these six monoterpenes, pulegone exhibited the highest toxicity (LC50 = 3.81 mg/L air), while (-)-citronellal had the lowest fumigant toxicity (LC50 = 15.20 mg/L air). All compounds had high inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and gama amino butyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) activities. Pulegone was the most AChE inhibitor (IC50 = 8.79 mg/L), while 4-terpineol revealed the lowest inhibitory effect (IC50 = 32.82 mg/L). However, limonene caused the highest inhibition of GABA-T (IC50 = 11.37 mg/L). The molecular docking studies revealed that the compounds displayed different binding interactions with the amino acid residues at the catalytic sites of AChE and GABA-T enzymes. Noncovalent interactions especially van der Waals, hydrogen bonding as well as hydrophobic was found between the compounds and the enzymes. A significant relationship was found between the docking score and the biological activity of monoterpenes compared to the standard acaricide pyridaben. In silico ADMET properties were also performed and displayed potential for the development of good acaricidal candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A M Abdelgaleil
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545 El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545 El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nabila F Mahmoud
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545 El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abd El-Salam M Marei
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545 El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt
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207
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Yu X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang Q. Synthesis and Acaricidal- and Insecticidal-Activity Evaluation of Novel Oxazolines Containing Sulfiliminyl Moieties and Their Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4224-4231. [PMID: 30905158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfimides and sulfoximines are highly relevant for medicinal chemistry and crop protection, as the resulting products can reveal interesting bioactivities. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a series of novel 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazolines containing sulfiliminyl and sulfoximinyl moieties. The acaricidal and insecticidal activities of the new compounds were evaluated and indicated that these compounds exhibited excellent acaricidal activities against spider mite larvae and eggs. The LC50 values of 6a-7, 6b-3, 6b-4, 6c-2, and 6c-4 against spider mite larvae were about 4 to 6 times lower than that of the commercial insecticide etoxazole (0.0221 mg L-1), and the LC50 value of 6a-4 against spider mite eggs was 0.0006 mg L-1, which was 10 times lower than that of etoxazole (0.0063 mg L-1). At the same time, most of the compounds showed insecticidal activity though their structure-activity relationships that were different. Oxazolines containing an N-cyano sulfiliminyl moiety at the para position of the 4-phenyl group exhibited better insecticidal activities against cotton bollworm and corn borer than etoxazole, whereas the compounds containing groups derived from sulfiliminyl and sulfoximinyl had weak insecticidal activities. This research again proved that the substituent type at the para site of the 4-phenyl moiety has a decisive role on the biological activity and insecticidal spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin 300071 , People's Republic of China
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208
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Chen JC, Gong YJ, Shi P, Wang ZH, Cao LJ, Wang P, Wei SJ. Field-evolved resistance and cross-resistance of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, to bifenazate, cyenopyrafen and SYP-9625. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:545-554. [PMID: 30997606 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The acaricide bifenazate acts as complex III inhibitor whereas cyenopyrafen and SYP-9625 act as complex II inhibitors. All these acaricides are commonly used to control two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch. We examined field-evolved and laboratory-selected resistance of TSSM to these three acaricides and determined cross-resistance among them. Six field populations of TSSM showed low levels of resistance to bifenazate with resistance ratios ranging from 2.20 to 10.65 compared to a susceptible strain. SYP-9625, structurally similar to cyenopyrafen, showed slightly higher activity to TSSMs but significant cross-resistance in both field populations and a laboratory-selected strain by SYP-9625. However, low levels of resistance to these two chemicals were found in field populations even when used for short time periods. Cross-resistance was not found between bifenazate and Complex II inhibitors, cyenopyrafen and SYP-9625, in both field populations and the laboratory-selected strain. Field-evolved resistance of TSSM to the tested acaricides is still low and should be delayed by the implementation of resistance management practices. Cross-resistance between cyenopyrafen and SYP-9625 is obvious, so they should not be used together in resistance management strategies based on mode of action rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Pan Shi
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Dow AgroSciences (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai Branch, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China.
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209
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Monjarás-Barrera JI, Chacón-Hernández JC, Cerna-Chávez E, Ochoa-Fuentes YM, Aguirre-Uribe LA, Landeros-Flores J. Sublethal effect of Abamectin in the functional response of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). BRAZ J BIOL 2019; 79:273-277. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.180184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The biological control used for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is the predator mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). It is important to the know the effects of acaricides on the biological behavior the Abamectin on the functional response of P. persimilis. The functional response of the predator was of type II exposed to concentration of Abamectin, the functional response parameters: successful attack rate (a’), handling time (Th), search efficiency and the maximum predation theory (T/Th) were affected by the acaricide. The predator spends more time in persecute, dominate, consume and prepair it self to the next searching comparing with the proof subject an the predation ability was affected.
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210
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Kim SI, Koo HN, Choi Y, Park B, Kim HK, Kim GH. Acequinocyl Resistance Associated With I256V and N321S Mutations in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:835-841. [PMID: 30615159 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pest species, because it devastates many horticultural and ornamental crops and fruit trees. In the present study, we explored a field strain that was collected in January 2001 and then selected for 16 years for acequinocyl resistance. The resistance ratios calculated for the LC50 value in the laboratory-selected acequinocyl-resistant (LSAR16) strain was 4,237-fold higher than that of the susceptible strain. Pretreatment with the synergists piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl-phosphorotrithioate significantly increased the toxicity of acequinocyl to the LSAR16 strain. Crossing experiments revealed that the resistance in the LSAR16 strain was maternally inherited, dominant, and monogenic. Furthermore, among individuals in the LSAR16 strain, 85.5-98.5% had the I256V mutation and 98-99% had the N321S mutation in mitochondrial cytochrome b. These results suggest that these two new point mutations contribute to acequinocyl resistance in T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Il Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Na Koo
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Choi
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bueyong Park
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Hah Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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211
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Golan K, Kot I, Górska-Drabik E, Jurado IG, Kmieć K, Łagowska B. Physiological Response of Basil Plants to Twospotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) Infestation. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:948-956. [PMID: 30602029 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The induction of plant resistance against pests is considered a potential method of controlling mite infestation as it restricts the use of chemical pesticides in herbal crops. Our goal was to investigate whether plant physiological response to mite feeding varied depending on basil cultivar and/or duration of mite infestation. The effect of plant acceptance, mite mortality rate, and changes in physiological parameters: malondialdehyde content (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, and antioxidant enzyme activities, including guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) were examined in this study. Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) infestation induced oxidative stress in three Ocimum basilicum L. cultivars: 'Sweet basil,' 'Purpurascens,' and 'Fino Verde.' The analysis of mite behavior and alteration in metabolic plant profiles showed different sensitivities of basil cultivars to biotic stress that were dependent on the cultivar and duration of infestation. All basil plants were suitable as host plants for T. urticae, but they varied in the level of susceptibility to mite feeding. O. basilicum 'Fino Verde' was the most suitable host for the twospotted spider mite. In turn, O. basilicum 'Purpurascens' was characterized by the lowest level of susceptibility to T. urticae feeding. The lowest acceptance, the highest mortality of twospotted spider mite individuals as well as decreased levels of H2O2 and MDA, significantly increased GPX activity and low level of CAT activity were recorded in O. basilicum 'Purpurascens' leaves. Research on plant responses to biotic stress can inform breeding cultivars resistant to arthropod attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Golan
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7,20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Kot
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7,20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Edyta Górska-Drabik
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7,20-069 Lublin, Poland
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Inmaculada Garrido Jurado
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales building C4 'Celestino Mutis' 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Kmieć
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7,20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Łagowska
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego 7,20-069 Lublin, Poland
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212
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A New Prevalent Densovirus Discovered in Acari. Insight from Metagenomics in Viral Communities Associated with Two-Spotted Mite ( Tetranychus urticae) Populations. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030233. [PMID: 30866521 PMCID: PMC6466187 DOI: 10.3390/v11030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral metagenomics and high throughput sequence mining have revealed unexpected diversity, and the potential presence, of parvoviruses in animals from all phyla. Among arthropods, this diversity highlights the poor knowledge that we have regarding the evolutionary history of densoviruses. The aim of this study was to explore densovirus diversity in a small arthropod pest belonging to Acari, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, while using viral metagenomics based on virus-enrichment. Here, we present the viromes obtained from T. urticae laboratory populations made of contigs that are attributed to nine new potential viral species, including the complete sequence of a novel densovirus. The genome of this densovirus has an ambisens genomic organization and an unusually compact size with particularly small non-structural proteins and a predicted major capsid protein that lacks the typical PLA2 motif that is common to all ambidensoviruses described so far. In addition, we showed that this new densovirus had a wide prevalence across populations of mite species tested and a genomic diversity that likely correlates with the host phylogeny. In particular, we observed a low densovirus genomic diversity between the laboratory and natural populations, which suggests that virus within-species evolution is probably slower than initially thought. Lastly, we showed that this novel densovirus can be inoculated to the host plant following feeding by infected mites, and circulate through the plant vascular system. These findings offer new insights into densovirus prevalence, evolution, and ecology.
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Long-Term Population Studies Uncover the Genome Structure and Genetic Basis of Xenobiotic and Host Plant Adaptation in the Herbivore Tetranychus urticae. Genetics 2019; 211:1409-1427. [PMID: 30745439 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide resistance arises rapidly in arthropod herbivores, as can host plant adaptation, and both are significant problems in agriculture. These traits have been challenging to study as both are often polygenic and many arthropods are genetically intractable. Here, we examined the genetic architecture of pesticide resistance and host plant adaptation in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, a global agricultural pest. We show that the short generation time and high fecundity of T. urticae can be readily exploited in experimental evolution designs for high-resolution mapping of quantitative traits. As revealed by selection with spirodiclofen, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor, in populations from a cross between a spirodiclofen-resistant and a spirodiclofen-susceptible strain, and which also differed in performance on tomato, we found that a limited number of loci could explain quantitative resistance to this compound. These were resolved to narrow genomic intervals, suggesting specific candidate genes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase itself, clustered and copy variable cytochrome P450 genes, and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, which encodes a redox partner for cytochrome P450s. For performance on tomato, candidate genomic regions for response to selection were distinct from those responding to the synthetic compound and were consistent with a more polygenic architecture. In accomplishing this work, we exploited the continuous nature of allele frequency changes across experimental populations to resolve the existing fragmented T. urticae draft genome to pseudochromosomes. This improved assembly was indispensable for our analyses, as it will be for future research with this model herbivore that is exceptionally amenable to genetic studies.
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214
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Moradi S, Khani S, Ansari M, Shahlaei M. Atomistic details on the mechanism of organophosphates resistance in insects: Insights from homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamic simulation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shi P, Cao L, Gong Y, Ma L, Song W, Chen J, Hoffmann AA, Wei S. Independently evolved and gene flow-accelerated pesticide resistance in two-spotted spider mites. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2206-2219. [PMID: 30847105 PMCID: PMC6392376 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pest species are often able to develop resistance to pesticides used to control them, depending on how rapidly resistance can emerge within a population or spread from another resistant population. We examined the evolution of bifenazate resistance in China in the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) Tetranychus uticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), one of the most resistant arthropods, by using bioassays, detection of mutations in the target cytb gene, and population genetic structure analysis using microsatellite markers. Bioassays showed variable levels of resistance to bifenazate. The cytb mutation G126S, which confers medium resistance in TSSM to bifenazate, had previously been detected prior to the application of bifenazate and was now widespread, suggesting likely resistance evolution from standing genetic variation. G126S was detected in geographically distant populations across different genetic clusters, pointing to the independent origin of this mutation in different TSSM populations. A novel A269V mutation linked to a low-level resistance was detected in two southern populations. Widespread resistance associated with a high frequency of the G126S allele was found in four populations from the Beijing area which were not genetically differentiated. In this case, a high level of gene flows likely accelerated the development of resistance within this local region, as well as into an outlying region distant from Beijing. These findings, therefore, suggest patterns consistent with both local evolution of pesticide resistance as well as an impact of migration, helping to inform resistance management strategies in TSSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shi
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li‐Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ya‐Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jin‐Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shu‐Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
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216
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Abouelmaaty HG, Fukushi M, Abouelmaaty AG, Ghazy NA, Suzuki T. Leaf disc-mediated oral delivery of small molecules in the absence of surfactant to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:1-10. [PMID: 30604195 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae, is a chelicerate herbivore with a wide host range and strong ability to develop pesticide resistance. Experimental TSSM populations are easy to maintain, and the recent publication of the complete TSSM genome sequence and development of RNA interference-based reverse genetics protocols make this species an ideal chelicerate model for the study of pesticide resistance and plant-herbivore interactions. In such studies, treated leaf discs are often used for oral delivery of test compounds. When preparing these leaf discs, the organosilicone surfactant Silwet L-77 is used to promote wetting of the leaf surface and distribution of the test compound across the entire leaf surface. Here, we examined the toxicity of Silwet L-77 and found it to be toxic to TSSMs. We then developed a novel means of preparing leaf discs in which a polypropylene sheet rather than Silwet L-77 was used to ensure distribution of a tracer dye across the entire leaf surface. These leaf discs were then successfully used to deliver the tracer dye into the midgut of TSSMs. No significant differences were observed in the survival, fecundity, or feeding activity of TSSMs fed on leaf discs treated with water via our novel method compared with those fed on untreated leaf discs. Thus, our novel method of preparing leaf discs eliminates concerns regarding the bioactivity of surfactants in TSSMs, and we anticipate that it will be useful for improving oral delivery-based bioassays that use TSSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatallah Galal Abouelmaaty
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, 12311, Egypt
| | - Mimoe Fukushi
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Ayatallah Galal Abouelmaaty
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Noureldin Abuelfadl Ghazy
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- Agriculture Zoology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan.
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217
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Wei P, Li J, Liu X, Nan C, Shi L, Zhang Y, Li C, He L. Functional analysis of four upregulated carboxylesterase genes associated with fenpropathrin resistance in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:252-261. [PMID: 29877064 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxylesterases (CarEs) are important in pesticide resistance. Four overexpressed CarE genes with inducible character were screened out in fenpropathrin-resistant Tetranychus cinnabarinus, but their functional roles remained to be further analyzed by RNAi and protein expression. RESULTS Feeding a single double-stranded (ds)RNA of each of four genes led to gene-specific downregulation of mRNA, decreased esterase activity and diminished resistance in T. cinnabarinus. More interestingly, feeding four dsRNAs simultaneously led to a more significant decrease in enzymatic activity and fold resistance than feeding a single dsRNA individually, suggesting that these CarE genes were involved in fenpropathrin-resistance and had cooperative roles. The gene CarE6 was regarded as the primary and representative candidate to be functionally expressed, because silencing of CarE6 led to the most significant decrease in resistance level. The activity of CarE6 protein was competitively inhibited by fenpropathrin. It could effectively decompose 41.7 ± 0.09% of fenpropathrin within 3 h, proving that CarE6 protein was capable of metabolizing fenpropathrin effectively in T. cinnabarinus. CONCLUSION The results confirm that four CarE genes are cooperatively involved in fenpropathrin resistance and the metabolic enzymes encoded by these overexpressed genes do indeed metabolize acaricide in resistant T. cinnabarinus in the evolution of acaricide resistance. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhang Li
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyang Liu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Can Nan
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Shi
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yichao Zhang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanzhen Li
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin He
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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218
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White N, Bale JS, Hayward SAL. Life-history changes in the cold tolerance of the two-spot spider mite Tetranychus urticae: applications in pest control and establishment risk assessment. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 43:334-345. [PMID: 30546196 PMCID: PMC6282520 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lethal time50 (LTime50) and lethal temp (LTemp50) are commonly used laboratory indices of arthropod cold tolerance, with the former often being employed to predict winter survival in the field. In the present study, we compare the cold tolerance of different life-history stages (nondiapausing and diapausing females, as well as males and juveniles) of a major agricultural pest: the two-spot spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Diapausing females from European populations of this species are shown to be freeze avoiding, supercooling to -23.6 ± 0.37 °C and with an LTemp50 of -23.2 °C. However, nondiapausing females [supercooling point (SCP) -19.1 ± 0.49 °C, LTemp50 -14.32 °C], males (SCP -21.27 ± 0.52 °C, LTemp50 -16 °C) and juveniles (SCP -25.34 ± 0.29 °C, LTemp50 -18.3 °C) are subclassified as strongly chill tolerant juveniles. LTime50 is 148.3 days for non-acclimated diapausing females, whereas nondiapausing females, males and juveniles reach 50% mortality by 21.7 days. When individuals are acclimated at 10 °C for a period of 7 days, no effect is found. Cold tolerance is suggested to be a major contributor to the successful spread of T. urticae across temperate countries, although it is dependent on a diapause trait, suggesting a potential target for control. Winter field trial data from diapausing females indicate that LTime50 is a reliable indicator of winter survival even within diapause, supporting the use of these indices as a valuable component within environmental niche models for the prediction of future pest invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola White
- Institute of Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolU.K.
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Niu J, Shen G, Christiaens O, Smagghe G, He L, Wang J. Beyond insects: current status and achievements of RNA interference in mite pests and future perspectives. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2680-2687. [PMID: 29749092 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mites comprise a group of key agricultural pests on a wide range of crops. They cause harm through feeding on the plant and transferring dangerous pathogens, and the rapid evolution of pesticide resistance in mites highlights the need for novel control methods. Currently, RNA interference (RNAi) shows great potential for insect pest control. Here, we review the literature regarding RNAi in mite pests. We discuss different target genes and RNAi efficiency in various mite species, a promising Varroa control program using RNAi, the synergy of RNAi with plant defense mechanisms and microorganisms, and current understanding of systemic movement of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). On the basis of this evidence, we can conclude that there is clear potential for application of RNAi-based mite control, but further research on several aspects of RNAi in mites is needed, including: (i) the factors influencing RNAi efficiency, (ii) the mechanism of environmental RNAi and cross-kingdom dsRNA trafficking, (iii) the mechanism of possible systemic and parental RNAi, and (iv) non-target effects, specifically in predatory mites, which should be considered during RNAi target selection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangmao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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220
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Wang Z, Cang T, Wu S, Wang X, Qi P, Wang X, Zhao X. Screening for suitable chemical acaricides against two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, on greenhouse strawberries in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:63-68. [PMID: 30036758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective and safe acaricides based on scientific data are needed for that no chemical acaricides has been registered for the control of two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crops in China. To identify suitable acaricides, the efficacy, persistence, and toxicity of eight acaricides (hexythiazox, fenpyroximate, chlorfenapyr, propargite, etoxazole, bifenazate, spirodiclofen, and pyridaben) on greenhouse strawberries were tested. The eight acaricides were ranked, from highest average efficacy at the recommended dosage to lowest, as follows: etoxazole > bifenazate > fenpyroximate > propargite > spirodiclofen > pyridaben > hexythiazox> chlorfenapyr. The average recoveries of the eight acaricides at the spiking levels of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/L ranged from 72.4% to 108.1% (relative standard deviation, 1.3-8.8%). The concentrations of hexythiazox, fenpyroximate, etoxazole, bifenazate, spirodiclofen, and pyridaben at 5 days after application were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) specified by China, the European Union (EU), the Codex Alimentarius Commission, and Japan, but those of chlorfenapyr and propargite residues were 8.8 and 1.9 times higher than the MRLs in the EU. Only propargite posed a high chronic dietary risk to humans. Pyridaben and chlorfenapyr showed unacceptable ecotoxicology risks for honeybees (hazard quotient values of > 50). The recommended acaricides to control spider mites in greenhouse-grown strawberry crops are etoxazole, bifenazate, fenpyroximate, spirodiclofen, and hexythiazox based on the efficacy, persistence and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control; MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection; Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tao Cang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control; MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection; Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shenggan Wu
- State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control; MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection; Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control; MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection; Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Peipei Qi
- State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control; MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection; Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control; MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection; Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- State Key Lab Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control; MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection; Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control; Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021, China.
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221
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Short BD, Janisiewicz W, Takeda F, Leskey TC. UV-C irradiation as a management tool for Tetranychus urticae on strawberries. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2419-2423. [PMID: 29688599 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus urticae Koch, the two-spotted spider mite, is a highly polyphagous and worldwide pest of many agricultural crops, including fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals. Typical methods of control include applications of acaricides and biological control agents. Here, we present a non-chemical technology for management of T. urticae on strawberry plants through the use of a nightly short-duration ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation treatment. RESULTS Potted strawberry plants infested with T. urticae that received a nightly 60-s exposure of UV-C irradiation had significantly fewer live mites per mid-canopy leaflet (fewer than five) than untreated control plants (> 175). Furthermore, none of the UV-C irradiated strawberry plants had any spider mite webbing; whereas, 65% of untreated plants were webbed. Tetranychus urticae feeding on untreated plants caused significant yellowing of the leaves compared with UV-C-treated plants. CONCLUSION The UV-C irradiation treatment maintained mite populations below the accepted economic threshold of five mites per mid-canopy leaflet. No phytotoxic effects were visible on plants exposed to the short-duration nightly UV-C irradiation treatments. Further discussion is provided on the potential benefits of UV-C irradiation for mite management. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent D Short
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Fumiomi Takeda
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tracy C Leskey
- USDA-ARS, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
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222
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Endophytic entomopathogenic fungi enhance the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabaceae) and negatively affect the development and reproduction of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Microb Pathog 2018; 125:385-392. [PMID: 30290267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have primarily been applied as an inundative approach to manage pests. However, in recent decade multifunctional role of EPF have been documented which provide multiple benefits to host plants when colonized as an endophyte. In this study five fungal isolates from the genus Beauveria (three), Isaria (one) and Lecanicillium (one) were evaluated for their ability to colonize common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris and to assess their effects in planta on plant growth promotion and possible negative effects on the two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae. All the tested isolates in this study were able to endophytically colonize root, stem and even leaves of inoculated plants examined at 7 and 14 days post inoculation, indicating the systemic colonization of EPF. Colonized plants showed increased plant heights, fresh shoot and root weights compared to plants without inoculation. Survivorship of T. urticae significantly differed among the treatments with higher survival probability in control plants. Significant reduction in larval development, adult longevity and female fecundity of spider mites were observed when fed on treated plants compared to control plants. The negative effects were found to be carried over the second generation fed on fresh plants. Overall, our results show (i) the positive effects of fungal endophytes on plant growth, (ii) reduction in population growth rate and (iii) negative effects of endophytes on growth and reproduction of spider mites in successive generations. The study presents reports on the endophytic management of plant-feeding mites and highlights the possibility of utilizing entomopathogenic fungal endophytes in the integrated pest management program.
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223
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Bajda S, Riga M, Wybouw N, Papadaki S, Ouranou E, Fotoukkiaii SM, Vontas J, Van Leeuwen T. Fitness costs of key point mutations that underlie acaricide target-site resistance in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1540-1553. [PMID: 30344626 PMCID: PMC6183448 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of insecticide/acaricide target-site resistance is increasing in arthropod pest populations and is typically underpinned by single point mutations that affect the binding strength between the insecticide/acaricide and its target-site. Theory predicts that although resistance mutations clearly have advantageous effects under the selection pressure of the insecticide/acaricide, they might convey negative pleiotropic effects on other aspects of fitness. If such fitness costs are in place, target-site resistance is thus likely to disappear in the absence of insecticide/acaricide treatment, a process that would counteract the spread of resistance in agricultural crops. Hence, there is a great need to reliably quantify the various potential pleiotropic effects of target-site resistance point mutations on arthropod fitness. Here, we used near-isogenic lines of the spider mite pest Tetranychus urticae that carry well-characterized acaricide target-site resistance mutations to quantify potential fitness costs. Specifically, we analyzed P262T in the mitochondrial cytochrome b, the combined G314D and G326E substitutions in the glutamate-gated chloride channels, L1024V in the voltage-gated sodium channel, and I1017F in chitin synthase 1. Five fertility life table parameters and nine single-generation life-history traits were quantified and compared across a total of 15 mite lines. In addition, we monitored the temporal resistance level dynamics of populations with different starting frequency levels of the chitin synthase resistant allele to further support our findings. Three target-site resistance mutations, I1017F and the co-occurring G314D and G326E mutations, were shown to significantly and consistently alter certain fitness parameters in T. urticae. The other two mutations (P262T and L1024V) did not result in any consistent change in a fitness parameter analyzed in our study. Our findings are discussed in the context of the global spread of T. urticae pesticide resistance and integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Bajda
- Laboratory of AgrozoologyDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Maria Riga
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklion, CreteGreece
- Institute of Molecular Biology & BiotechnologyFoundation for Research & Technology HellasHeraklion, CreteGreece
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Laboratory of AgrozoologyDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | | | - Eleni Ouranou
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CreteHeraklion, CreteGreece
| | | | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & BiotechnologyFoundation for Research & Technology HellasHeraklion, CreteGreece
- Laboratory of Pesticide ScienceDepartment of Crop ScienceAgricultural University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of AgrozoologyDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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224
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Xu D, He Y, Zhang Y, Xie W, Wu Q, Wang S. Status of pesticide resistance and associated mutations in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in China. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 150:89-96. [PMID: 30195393 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a serious agricultural pest that has developed resistance to many pesticides. A leaf dip assay was used to assess the resistance of seven field populations of T. urticae to 11 pesticides in China. The mutation frequencies of target genes related to pesticide resistance were also determined. The results showed that all seven field populations had high or extremely high resistance to abamectin and had low or moderate resistance to newly developed pesticides including bifenazate, cyenopyrafen, chlorfenapyr, B-azolemiteacrylic, and spinetoram. The RF values for the traditional acaricides bifenthrin, pyridaben, and profenofos were low for all seven populations. For target sites related to abamectin resistance, the frequency of the mutations ranged from 28.33 to 63.64% for G314D in the glutamate-gated chloride channel gene 1 (GluCl1), and from 0 to 95% for G326E in the glutamate-gated chloride channel gene 3 (GluCl3). For target sites related to organophosphate resistance, the frequency of mutations ranged from 33.33 to 56.67% for G119S and from 5.00 to 43.33% for A201S in the acetycholinesterase gene (Ace). For target sites related to pyrethroid resistance, the frequency of the mutations ranged from 76.67 to 98.33% for A1215D and from 3.33 to 100% for F1538I in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC). No mutations were detected in the bifenazate resistance-related cytochrome b gene (Cytb). These results will be useful for managing T. urticae resistance to pesticides in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yanyan He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wen Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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225
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Abstract
The size or stage of interacting individuals is known to affect the outcome of ecological interactions and can have important consequences for population dynamics. This is also true for intraguild predation (the killing and eating of potential competitors), where the size or ontogenetic stage of an individual determines whether it is the intraguild predator or the intraguild prey. Studying size- or stage-specific interactions is therefore important, but can be challenging in species with complex life histories. Here, we investigated predatory interactions of all feeding stages of the two predatory mite species Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis, both of which have complex life cycles, typical for predatory arthropods. Populations of these two species compete for two-spotted spider mites, their prey. We evaluated both the capacity to kill stages of the other predator species and the capacity to benefit from feeding on these stages, both prerequisites for the occurrence of intraguild predation. Ontogeny played a critical role in the occurrence of intraguild predation. Whereas the juveniles of P. macropilis developed from larva until adulthood when feeding on N. californicus eggs, interestingly, adult female P. macropilis did not feed on the smaller stages of the other species. We furthermore show that intraguild predation was reciprocal: both juveniles and adult females of N. californicus preyed on the smallest stages of P. macropilis. These results suggest that a proper analysis of the interactions between pairs of species involved in intraguild predation should start with an inventory of the interactions among all ontogenetic stages of these species.
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226
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Detoxification mechanisms involved in ivermectin resistance in the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12401. [PMID: 30120322 PMCID: PMC6097998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most important ectoparasites with great sanitary and economic impact for cattle rearing worldwide. Ivermectin is commonly used to control tick populations, but its use over the last 30 years has led to the development of resistant populations of R. microplus, and a concomitant loss of efficacy. In this context, we aimed to determine the metabolic mechanisms that contribute to ivermectin resistance in a resistant strain of this species. We performed lethal time bioassays with inhibitors of detoxifying enzymes and xenobiotic transporters (four detoxification pathways) using two strains of ticks: a susceptible strain, Mozo, and a resistant strain, Juarez. We used four inhibitors to test the involvement of different families of proteins responsible for detoxification of ivermectin, namely cytochrome P450, esterases, glutathione-S-transferase, and ATP Binding Cassette Transporters. We calculated the synergistic factor for each inhibitor and strain. To different degrees, all tested inhibitors altered the mortality rates in the strain Juarez, indicating that multiple mechanisms are responsible for the resistant phenotype. Detoxification mechanisms mediated by ABC transporters were observed to be the most important. Esterases, glutathione-S-transferases, and cytochrome-oxidases played less important roles in detoxification.
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227
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Feng K, Wen X, He X, Wei P, Shi L, Yang Y, He L. Resistant inheritance and cross-resistance of cyflumetofen in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 148:28-33. [PMID: 29891374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a new acaricide, cyflumetofen can effectively control Tetranychus, Panonychus, as well as other phytophagous mites. But its risk and the way of genetic and resistant inheritance in mites are not clear. In this study, two cyflumetofen-resistant strains (CyR and YN-CyR) were selected for 104 and 12 generations, and developed 104.7-fold and 25.6-fold resistance, respectively. Three crossing groups (CyR_80 × SS, CyR_104 × SS, YN-CyR × SS) were conducted to explore the resistant inheritance of cyflumetofen in T. cinnabarinus changed along with resistant level or not. The results of reciprocal crosses and backcrosses revealed that the incomplete recessive and multiple genes trait involved in two resistant strains. The different stage of resistance also has a same genetic trait. A cross-resistance study revealed that there was no cross-resistance between cyflumetofen and other four acaricides including avermectin, fenpropathrin, propargite and bifenazate respectively, but the cross-resistance to pyridaben reached a high level with 63.8-fold, which indicates an underlying mechanism that can both mediate cyflumetofen- and pyridaben-resistance in T. cinnabarinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Feng
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiulong He
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Li Shi
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lin He
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China.
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228
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Gong YJ, Cao LJ, Wang ZH, Zhou XY, Chen JC, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ. Efficacy of carbon dioxide treatments for the control of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and treatment impact on plant seedlings. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 75:143-153. [PMID: 29594845 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop a new control method for the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae, we investigated the effect of controlled atmospheres of carbon dioxide (CO2) on TSSM mortality under different concentrations and treatment periods, and evaluated the impact of treatments on seedlings of five host plants of TSSM. Egg hatching rate of TSSM was reduced to 37.7, 5.4 or 0% after 24 h treatment involving concentrations of 16.7, 33.3 or 50%, respectively. Mobile stages (nymphs and adult) of TSSM were completely controlled after 24 h treatment at concentrations higher than 33.3%. After 4 h at concentrations of 33.3 or 50%, 1st-day survival rate for all mobile stages was 45.3 or 36.0%, respectively, whereas after 8 or 16 h treatments, all values were decreased to zero. Seedlings of four major host plants of TSSM (cucumber, eggplant, rape, green peppers) were damaged to varying degrees after 24 h at the three concentrations, but strawberry, another host plant, was not damaged. Cucumber suffered the most serious damage, resulting in wilting and death. In conclusion, controlled atmospheres of CO2 can kill TSSM, particularly at high concentrations and with long treatment times. It can be used to control TSSM on strawberry, but should be used cautiously on other host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Zhou
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jin-Cui Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 9 Shuguanghuayuan Middle Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100097, China.
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229
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Deltamethrin resistance in the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer): Maternal inheritance and reduced apoptosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8450. [PMID: 29855496 PMCID: PMC5981211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance towards deltamethrin (DMT) in the crustacean ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Caligidae) is a problem on fish farms lining the North Atlantic Ocean. Two Norwegian strains with different susceptibility towards DMT were crossed in the parental generation (P0), females from a sensitive strain were crossed with males from a resistant strain and vice versa. Individual susceptibility towards DMT was assessed in the second filial generation (F2). DMT resistance was only found in F2 descendants when the P0 females were from the resistant strain, pointing to maternal inheritance. Since maternal inheritance might be linked to the mitochondrial (mt) genome, the nucleotide sequences and the gene expressions of mt-genes were analysed. Twenty non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in mt-transcripts from resistant F2 parasites, including SNPs in two cytochrome C oxidase subunits (COX1 and COX3) and two subunits of the NADH dehydrogenase complex (ND1 and ND5) previously linked to DMT resistance in the salmon louse. Differential expression analysis between the sensitive and resistant strain revealed strain effect in seven out of twelve mt-genes. The current study also show that DNA fragmentation (indicating apoptosis) was affected by DMT exposure in skeletal muscle tissue and that resistant parasites undergo less apoptosis than sensitive parasites.
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230
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Lu W, Hu Y, Wei P, Xu Q, Bowman C, Li M, He L. Acaricide-Mediated Competition Between the Sibling Species Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Tetranychus urticae. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:1346-1353. [PMID: 29490054 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus [Acarifonnes: Tetranychidae]) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae [Acarifonnes: Tetranychidae]) are two notorious pests of agricultural crops. Control of these pests has been dependent upon using different kinds of acaricides. The purpose of this study was to determine the differential responses of these two pest species collected from crops in the same field to acaricide treatments. Field trials have shown that without spraying acaricides, T. cinnabarinus will displace T. urticae. However, the application of abamectin has the potential to change the composition of spider mite complexes and facilitate the interspecific competition of T. urticae against T. cinnabarinus when both are fed on cowpeas and eggplants. Moreover, T. urticae is more prone to develop resistance than T. cinnabarinus when selected in the laboratory using cyflumetofen or fenpropathrin. After 20 generations of acaricide selection, the activities of detoxifying enzymes were considerably higher in T. urticae with more detoxifying enzymes upregulated after selection in this species. The results of this study demonstrate that differential responses to acaricide treatments have made it possible for T. urticae to overcome the competitive advantage present in T. cinnabarinus during the absence of acaricide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Lu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Wei
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX
| | - Christian Bowman
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Lin He
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University; College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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231
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Zhang XN, Guo JJ, Zou X, Jin DC. Pathogenic differences of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria cateniannulata to the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) and its predator Euseius nicholsi (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 75:69-84. [PMID: 29611070 PMCID: PMC5895693 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Isaria cateniannulata and Euseius nicholsi are two important biological control agents currently being used in many areas of China to control a variety of pests. In order to determine the possibility of a concomitant application with the two agents in a biocontrol program involving the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, we quantified the pathogenicity of a strain of I. cateniannulata (08XS-1) against females of both T. urticae and E. nicholsi. We observed the infection process using scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy to distinguish differences in fungal performance. The female mites were infected by I. cateniannulata at 2 × 107 conidia/ml. The mortality of T. urticae was 100% when treated with submerged conidia and 92% when treated with aerial conidia (spray), and that of E. nicholsi was 4.2 and 6.7%, correspondingly. Following infection with aerial or submerged conidia, mated E. nicholsi females displayed no significant differences between treatments and control, indicating the fungus had no obvious effect on their vitality and fertility. This demonstrates that I. cateniannulata is safe to E. nicholsi when used to control T. urticae. The two types of propagules of I. cateniannulata are readily produced by common culture, and the submerged conidia, because of their substantially higher mortality, are preferable to the aerial conidia. Our results indicate that I. cateniannulata and E. nicholsi are viable candidates to be concomitantly applied in the biocontrol programs of T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Region, The Provincial Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550005 Guizhou, China
- Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550005, Guizhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Guo
- Institute of Entomology, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Region, The Provincial Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550005 Guizhou, China
| | - Xiao Zou
- Institute of Fungal Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Region, The Provincial Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550005 Guizhou, China.
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232
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Agut B, Pastor V, Jaques JA, Flors V. Can Plant Defence Mechanisms Provide New Approaches for the Sustainable Control of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020614. [PMID: 29466295 PMCID: PMC5855836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae (T. urticae) Koch is a cosmopolitan, polyphagous mite which causes economic losses in both agricultural and ornamental plants. Some traits of T. urticae hamper its management, including a short life cycle, arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, its haplodiploid sex determination system, and its extraordinary ability to adapt to different hosts and environmental conditions. Currently, the use of chemical and biological control are the major control methods used against this mite. In recent years, some studies have focused on plant defence mechanisms against herbivores. Various families of plant compounds (such as flavonoids, glucosinolates, or acyl sugars) have been shown to behave as acaricides. Plants can be induced upon appropriate stimuli to increase their resistance against spider mites. This knowledge, together with the understanding of mechanisms by which T. urticae detoxifies and adapts to pesticides, may complement the control of this pest. Herein, we describe plant volatile compounds (VOCs) with repellent activity, and new findings about defence priming against spider mites, which interfere with the T. urticae performance. The use of VOCs and defence priming can be integrated into current management practices and reduce the damage caused by T. urticae in the field by implementing new, more sustainable crop management tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blas Agut
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural. Campus del Riu Sec, Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), E-12071-Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Unitat Associada d'Entomologia IVIA-UJI, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec, E-12071-Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural. Campus del Riu Sec, Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), E-12071-Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Josep A Jaques
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Unitat Associada d'Entomologia IVIA-UJI, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec, E-12071-Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Victor Flors
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural. Campus del Riu Sec, Metabolic Integration and Cell Signalling Group, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), E-12071-Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
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233
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Nakai K, Murata Y, Osakabe M. Effects of Low Temperature on Spider Mite Control by Intermittent Ultraviolet-B Irradiation for Practical Use in Greenhouse Strawberries. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:140-147. [PMID: 29186383 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation to control spider mites is challenging as a key technology for integrated pest management (IPM) in greenhouse strawberries in Japan. To address this, concurrent use of phytoseiid mites and reduced UVB irradiance is desirable to ensure control effects in areas shaded from UVB radiation and to minimize the sunscald in winter, respectively. We designed experiments reproducing the UVB dose on the lower leaf surfaces in strawberry and evaluated the effects of intermittent UVB irradiation at midnight for practical application in the greenhouse and low temperature on the survival of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and damage to the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The midnight intermittent UVB irradiation effectively suppressed egg hatching and development of larvae of T. urticae, and the control effect was reinforced at 20°C (no eggs hatched at 0.13 kJ m-2 d-1) rather than, at 25°C (70.8% eggs hatched). In contrast, the hatchability of N. californicus eggs was unaffected by intermittent UVB irradiation at 0.27 kJ m-2 d-1 at 25°C and 20°C. However, residual effects of UVB irradiation to N. californicus eggs on survival of hatched larvae were seen, so that reducing the UVB dose is also advantageous for this phytoseiid mite. N. californicus showed a photoreactivation capacity, whereas their UVB tolerance was improved by prey species, suggesting the possibility of the improvement of phytoseiid mites by diet. The reduction of UVB dose and concurrent use of phytoseiid mites increase reliability of the UVB method in IPM strategies in strawberry greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakai
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Murata
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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234
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Martin DE, Latheef MA. Active optical sensor assessment of spider mite damage on greenhouse beans and cotton. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 74:147-158. [PMID: 29423706 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pest of cotton in mid-southern USA and causes yield reduction and deprivation in fiber fitness. Cotton and pinto beans grown in the greenhouse were infested with spider mites at the three-leaf and trifoliate stages, respectively. Spider mite damage on cotton and bean canopies expressed as normalized difference vegetation index indicative of changes in plant health was measured for 27 consecutive days. Plant health decreased incrementally for cotton until day 21 when complete destruction occurred. Thereafter, regrowth reversed decline in plant health. On spider mite treated beans, plant vigor plateaued until day 11 when plant health declined incrementally. Results indicate that pinto beans were better suited as a host plant than cotton for rearing T. urticae in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Martin
- USDA-ARS, Aerial Application Technology Research Unit, 3103 F and B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
| | - Mohamed A Latheef
- USDA-ARS, Aerial Application Technology Research Unit, 3103 F and B Road, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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235
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Edwards OR, Walsh TK, Metcalfe S, Tay WT, Hoffmann AA, Mangano P, Lord A, Micic S, Umina PA. A genomic approach to identify and monitor a novel pyrethroid resistance mutation in the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 144:83-90. [PMID: 29463413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance mechanisms are typically uncovered by identifying sequence variation in known candidate genes, however this strategy can be problematic for species with no reference data in known relatives. Here we take a genomic approach to identify resistance to pyrethroids in the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor, a member of the Penthalidae family of mites that are virtually uncharacterized genetically. Based on shallow genome sequencing followed by a genome assembly, we first identified contigs of the H. destructor parasodium channel gene. By linking variation in this gene to known resistant phenotypes, we located a single nucleotide polymorphism in resistant mites. This polymorphism results in a leucine (L) to phenylalanine (F) amino acid substitution in the II6 region (predicted) of the gene (L1024F). This novel mutation has not previously been linked to pyrethroid resistance, although other polymorphisms have been identified in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae at the same locus (L1024V). The sequencing approach was successful in generating a candidate polymorphism that was then validated using laboratory bioassays and field surveys. A high throughput Illumina-based sequencing diagnostic was developed to rapidly assess resistance allele frequencies in pools of mites sourced from hundreds of populations across Australia. Resistance was confirmed to be widespread in the southern wheatbelt region of Western Australia. Two different resistance mutations were identified in field populations, both resulting in the same amino acid substitution. The frequency and distribution of resistance amplicon haplotypes suggests at least two, and probably more independent origins of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas K Walsh
- CSIRO, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Suzanne Metcalfe
- CSIRO, Ecosystem Sciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Rd, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- CSIRO, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter Mangano
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Ct, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Alan Lord
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Ct, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - Svetlana Micic
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 444 Albany Highway, Albany, WA 6330, Australia
| | - Paul A Umina
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Cesar, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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236
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Silencing Chitinase Genes Increases Susceptibility of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) to Scopoletin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9579736. [PMID: 29457039 PMCID: PMC5804380 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9579736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus is a major pest of crop and vegetable plants worldwide. Previous studies have shown that scopoletin is a promising acaricidal compound against Tetranychus cinnabarinus. However, the acaricidal mechanism of scopoletin remains unclear. In the present study, 12 full-length cDNAs of chitinase (CHIT) genes from Tetranychus cinnabarinus (designated TcCHITs) were cloned and characterized. Although TcCHITs were expressed throughout all life stages, their expression levels were significantly upregulated during the larval and nymphal stages. TcCHITs were downregulated 24 h after treatment with scopoletin and upregulated 24 h after treatment with diflubenzuron (DFB, a chitin synthesis inhibitor). Feeding double-stranded RNA effectively silenced TcCHIT transcription in Tetranychus cinnabarinus, thus increasing its susceptibility to scopoletin but reducing that to DFB. Meanwhile, TcCHIT silencing in larvae and adult resulted in an extremely low molting rate (7.3%) and high mortality rate (53.3%), respectively, compared with those in the control group. CHIT genes are closely related to arthropod survival, molting, and development in Tetranychus cinnabarinus, suggesting that acaricidal mechanisms of scopoletin and DFB may occur by inhibition and activation of CHIT gene expression, respectively. TcCHIT constitutes a possible target of scopoletin and DFB in Tetranychus cinnabarinus.
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237
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Gogoi A, Sarmah N, Kaldis A, Perdikis D, Voloudakis A. Plant insects and mites uptake double-stranded RNA upon its exogenous application on tomato leaves. PLANTA 2017; 246:1233-1241. [PMID: 28924923 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exogenously applied double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules onto tomato leaves, moved rapidly from local to systemic leaves and were uptaken by agricultural pests namely aphids, whiteflies and mites. Four small interfering RNAs, deriving from the applied dsRNA, were molecularly detected in plants, aphids and mites but not in whiteflies. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) acts as the elicitor molecule of the RNA silencing (RNA interference, RNAi), the endogenous and evolutionary conserved surveillance system present in all eukaryotes. DsRNAs and their subsequent degradation products, namely the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), act in a sequence-specific manner to control gene expression. Exogenous application of dsRNAs onto plants elicits resistance against plant viruses. In the present work, exogenously applied dsRNA molecules, derived from Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) HC-Pro region, onto tomato plants were detected in aphids (Myzus persicae), whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and mites (Tetranychus urticae) that were fed on treated as well as systemic tomato leaves. Furthermore, four siRNAs, deriving from the dsRNA applied, were detected in tomato and the agricultural pests fed on treated tomato plants. More specifically, dsRNA was detected in agricultural pests at 3 and 10 dpt (days post treatment) in dsRNA-treated leaves and at 14 dpt in systemic leaves. In addition, using stem-loop RT-PCR, siRNAs were detected in agricultural pests at 3 and 10 dpt in aphids and mites. Surprisingly, in whiteflies carrying the applied dsRNA, siRNAs were not molecularly detected. Our results showed that, upon exogenous application of dsRNAs molecules, these moved rapidly within tomato and were uptaken by agricultural pests fed on treated tomato. As a result, this non-transgenic method has the potential to control important crop pests via RNA silencing of vital genes of the respective pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Gogoi
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Nomi Sarmah
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Plant Production Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
- Department of Entomology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Perdikis
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Plant Production Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Voloudakis
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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238
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Mermans C, Dermauw W, Geibel S, Van Leeuwen T. A G326E substitution in the glutamate-gated chloride channel 3 (GluCl3) of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae abolishes the agonistic activity of macrocyclic lactones. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2413-2418. [PMID: 28736919 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The macrocyclic lactones abamectin and milbemectin are frequently used to control phytophagous mites such as Tetranychus urticae. Consequently, resistance has developed and was genetically linked with substitutions in the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) subunits TuGluCl1 and TuGluCl3. Here, we functionally validated a G326E substitution in TuGluCl3 by functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. RESULTS Homomeric wild-type and mutated GluCl3 were successfully expressed. l-glutamic-acid-induced currents exhibited a rapid onset equal in both channels and EC50 for l-glutamic-acid was in the micromolar range (384.2 μm and 292.7 μm, respectively). Abamectin and milbemycin A4 elicited sustained currents in wild-type GluCl3, but the G326E substitution completely abolished the agonistic activity of macrocyclic lactones. CONCLUSION A target-site mutation in Tu GluCl3 contributes to avermectin resistance in T. urticae. However, given the multitude of channel genes and the potential additive or synergistic effects of mutations, to what extent mutations determine the often extremely strong resistance phenotype in the field deserves further study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mermans
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Geibel
- Bayer AG, CropScience Division, Monheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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239
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Sudo M, Takahashi D, Andow DA, Suzuki Y, Yamanaka T. Optimal management strategy of insecticide resistance under various insect life histories: Heterogeneous timing of selection and interpatch dispersal. Evol Appl 2017; 11:271-283. [PMID: 29387161 PMCID: PMC5775500 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although theoretical studies have shown that the mixture strategy, which uses multiple toxins simultaneously, can effectively delay the evolution of insecticide resistance, whether it is the optimal management strategy under different insect life histories and insecticide types remains unknown. To test the robustness of this management strategy over different life histories, we developed a series of simulation models that cover almost all the diploid insect types and have the same basic structure describing pest population dynamics and resistance evolution with discrete time steps. For each of two insecticidal toxins, independent one‐locus two‐allele autosomal inheritance of resistance was assumed. The simulations demonstrated the optimality of the mixture strategy either when insecticide efficacy was incomplete or when some part of the population disperses between patches before mating. The rotation strategy, which uses one insecticide on one pest generation and a different one on the next, did not differ from sequential usage in the time to resistance, except when dominance was low. It was the optimal strategy when insecticide efficacy was high and premating selection and dispersal occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Sudo
- Statistical Modeling UnitInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences NARO, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan.,Tea Pest Management Unit Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science NARO, Kanaya, Shimada, Shizuoka Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Yoshito Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Kyoto Japan
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Statistical Modeling UnitInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences NARO, Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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240
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The effect of insecticide synergist treatment on genome-wide gene expression in a polyphagous pest. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13440. [PMID: 29044179 PMCID: PMC5647426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergists can counteract metabolic insecticide resistance by inhibiting detoxification enzymes or transporters. They are used in commercial formulations of insecticides, but are also frequently used in the elucidation of resistance mechanisms. However, the effect of synergists on genome-wide transcription in arthropods is poorly understood. In this study we used Illumina RNA-sequencing to investigate genome-wide transcriptional responses in an acaricide resistant strain of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae upon exposure to synergists such as S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), diethyl maleate (DEM), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and cyclosporin A (CsA). Exposure to PBO and DEF resulted in a broad transcriptional response and about one third of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and UDP-glycosyltransferases, was shared between both treatments, suggesting common transcriptional regulation. Moreover, both DEF and PBO induced genes that are strongly implicated in acaricide resistance in the respective strain. In contrast, CsA treatment mainly resulted in downregulation of Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) genes, while DEGs of the DEM treatment were not significantly enriched for any GO-terms.
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241
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Amaral ACF, Ramos ADS, Pena MR, Ferreira JLP, Menezes JMS, Vasconcelos GJ, da Silva NM, Silva JRDA. Acaricidal activity of Derris floribunda essential oil and its main constituent. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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242
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Harris AL, Ullah R, Fountain MT. The evaluation of extraction techniques for Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from apple (Malus domestica) and cherry (Prunus avium) leaves. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 72:367-377. [PMID: 28831615 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae is a widespread polyphagous mite, found on a variety of fruit crops. Tetranychus urticae feeds on the underside of the leaves perforating plant cells and sucking the cell contents. Foliar damage and excess webbing produced by T. urticae can reduce fruit yield. Assessments of T. urticae populations while small provide reliable and accurate ways of targeting control strategies and recording their efficacy against T. urticae. The aim of this study was to evaluate four methods for extracting low levels of T. urticae from leaf samples, representative of developing infestations. These methods were compared to directly counting of mites on leaves under a dissecting microscope. These methods were ethanol washing, a modified paraffin/ethanol meniscus technique, Tullgren funnel extraction and the Henderson and McBurnie mite brushing machine with consideration to: accuracy, precision and simplicity. In addition, two physically different leaf morphologies were compared; Prunus leaves which are glabrous with Malus leaves which are setaceous. Ethanol extraction consistently yielded the highest numbers of mites and was the most rapid method for recovering T. urticae from leaf samples, irrespective of leaf structure. In addition the samples could be processed and stored before final counting. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roshan Ullah
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
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243
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Brito LG, de Oliveira Nery L, da Silva Barbieri F, Huacca MEF, dos Santos Pereira S, da Silva RR, de Freitas Fernanades CC, de Sena Oliveira MC. Molecular quantitative assay for esterase-mediated organophosphate resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:725-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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244
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Schlachter CR, Klapper V, Wybouw N, Radford T, Van Leeuwen T, Grbic M, Chruszcz M. Structural Characterization of a Eukaryotic Cyanase from Tetranychus urticae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5453-5462. [PMID: 28613863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a polyphagous agricultural pest and poses a high risk to global crop production as it is rapidly developing pesticide resistance. Genomic and transcriptomic analysis has revealed the presence of a remarkable cyanase gene in T. urticae and related mite species within the Acariformes lineage. Cyanase catalyzes the detoxification of cyanate and is potentially an attractive protein target for the development of new acaricides. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that within the Acariformes, the cyanase gene originates from a single horizontal gene transfer event, which precedes subsequent speciation. Our structural studies presented here compare and contrast prokaryotic cyanases to T. urticae cyanase, which all form homodecamers and have conserved active site residues, but display different surface areas between homodimers in the overall decameric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Schlachter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Vincent Klapper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taylor Radford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University , Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Miodrag Grbic
- Department of Biology, Western University , London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- University of La Rioja , Logrono 26006, Spain
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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245
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Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Bekaert M, Humble JL, Boyd S, Roy W, Bassett DI, Houston RD, Gharbi K, Bron JE, Sturm A. Maternal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) is associated with unique mtDNA haplotypes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180625. [PMID: 28704444 PMCID: PMC5507548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections by the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), cause huge economic damage in salmon farming in the northern hemisphere, with combined treatment costs and production losses in 2014 having been estimated at US$ 350 million for Norway (annual production 1.25 million tonnes). The control of L. salmonis relies significantly on medicinal treatments, supplemented by non-pharmacological approaches. However, efficacy losses have been reported for several delousing agents, including the pyrethroid deltamethrin. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic basis of deltamethrin resistance in L. salmonis. Deltamethrin median effective concentrations (EC50) were 0.28 μg L-1 in the drug susceptible L. salmonis strain IoA-00 and 40.1 μg L-1 in the pyrethroid resistant strain IoA-02. IoA-00 and IoA-02 were crossed to produce families spanning one parental and three filial generations (P0, F1-F3). In three families derived from P0 crosses between an IoA-00 sire and an IoA-02 dam, 98.8% of F2 parasites (n = 173) were resistant, i.e. remained unaffected after exposure to 2.0 μg L-1 deltamethrin. F3 parasites from these crosses showed a deltamethrin EC50 of 9.66 μg L-1. In two families of the inverse orientation at P0 (IoA-02 sire x IoA-00 dam), 16.7% of F2 parasites were resistant (n = 84), while the deltamethrin EC50 in F3 animals was 0.26 μg L-1. The results revealed a predominantly maternal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance. The 15,947-nt mitochondrial genome was sequenced and compared among six unrelated L. salmonis strains and parasites sampled from wild salmon in 2010. IoA-02 and three further deltamethrin resistant strains, established from isolates originating from different regions of Scotland, showed almost identical mitochondrial haplotypes. In contrast, the mitochondrial genome was variable among susceptible strains and L. salmonis from wild hosts. Deltamethrin caused toxicity and depletion of whole body ATP levels in IoA-00 but not IoA-02 parasites. The maternal inheritance of deltamethrin resistance and its association with mitochondrial haplotypes suggests that pyrethroid toxicity in L. salmonis may involve molecular targets encoded by mitochondrial genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Carmona-Antoñanzas
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Michaël Bekaert
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Humble
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Boyd
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - William Roy
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David I. Bassett
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Gharbi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Bron
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Armin Sturm
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
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246
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Disruption of a horizontally transferred phytoene desaturase abolishes carotenoid accumulation and diapause in Tetranychus urticae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5871-E5880. [PMID: 28674017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706865114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids underlie many of the vibrant yellow, orange, and red colors in animals, and are involved in processes ranging from vision to protection from stresses. Most animals acquire carotenoids from their diets because de novo synthesis of carotenoids is primarily limited to plants and some bacteria and fungi. Recently, sequencing projects in aphids and adelgids, spider mites, and gall midges identified genes with homology to fungal sequences encoding de novo carotenoid biosynthetic proteins like phytoene desaturase. The finding of horizontal gene transfers of carotenoid biosynthetic genes to three arthropod lineages was unprecedented; however, the relevance of the transfers for the arthropods that acquired them has remained largely speculative, which is especially true for spider mites that feed on plant cell contents, a known source of carotenoids. Pigmentation in spider mites results solely from carotenoids. Using a combination of genetic approaches, we show that mutations in a single horizontally transferred phytoene desaturase result in complete albinism in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, as well as in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri Further, we show that phytoene desaturase activity is essential for photoperiodic induction of diapause in an overwintering strain of T. urticae, consistent with a role for this enzyme in provisioning provitamin A carotenoids required for light perception. Carotenoid biosynthetic genes of fungal origin have therefore enabled some mites to forgo dietary carotenoids, with endogenous synthesis underlying their intense pigmentation and ability to enter diapause, a key to the global distribution of major spider mite pests of agriculture.
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247
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Dou W, Xia WK, Niu JZ, Wang JJ. Abamectin treatment affects glutamate decarboxylase expression and induces higher GABA levels in the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2017; 72:229-244. [PMID: 28656486 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-017-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, is one of the most economically and globally destructive mite pests of citrus. Acaricide resistance has been a growing problem in controlling this pest. As the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in organisms, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is synthesized from the amino acid glutamate by the action of glutamate decarboxylases (GADs). In the present study, one novel GAD gene, PcGAD, was identified and characterized from P. citri. The opening reading frame of PcGAD contained 1548 nucleotides that encode 515 amino acids. The subsequent spatiotemporal expression pattern by RT-qPCR revealed that the expression levels of PcGAD were significantly higher in larvae than in adults. Challenging with various concentrations of abamectin resulted in the upregulation of PcGAD transcript levels. Furthermore, biochemical characterization indicated that changes in GAD activity coincided with its mRNA levels. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that the GABA contents of P. citri increased upon abamectin treatment. The application of abamectin induces PcGAD expression and activates GAD activity, thereby resulting in an increase in GABA content in P. citri, which contributes to the adaptability of the mite to abamectin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Wen-Kai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Zhaotong City Branch of Yunnan Provincial Tobacco Corporation, Zhaotong, 657000, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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248
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Sut S, Pavela R, Kolarčik V, Cappellacci L, Petrelli R, Maggi F, Dall'Acqua S, Benelli G. Identification of Onosma visianii Roots Extract and Purified Shikonin Derivatives as Potential Acaricidal Agents against Tetranychus urticae. Molecules 2017. [PMID: 28621748 PMCID: PMC6152756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing need for the discovery of reliable and eco-friendly pesticides and natural plant-derived products may play a crucial role as source of new active compounds. In this research, a lipophilic extract of Onosma visianii roots extract containing 12% of shikonin derivatives demonstrated significant toxicity and inhibition of oviposition against Tetranychus urticae mites. Extensive chromatographic separation allowed the isolation of 11 naphthoquinone derivatives that were identified by spectral techniques and were tested against Tetranychus urticae. All the isolated compounds presented effects against the considered mite and isobutylshikonin (1) and isovalerylshikonin (2) were the most active, being valuable model compounds for the study of new anti-mite agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladislav Kolarčik
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, 04154 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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249
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Li YY, Zhang GH, Tian CB, Liu MX, Liu YQ, Liu H, Wang JJ. Does Long-Term Feeding on Alternative Prey Affect the Biological Performance of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on the Target Spider Mites? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:915-923. [PMID: 28334233 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The predatory mite Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) is a good biological control agent for many small sucking pests. We aimed to determine whether rearing long term on alternative prey versus target prey species affected the performance of N. barkeri. Therefore, we investigated the prey preference, life tables, and population parameters of N. barkeri between alternative prey Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and three species of spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, Panonychus citri (McGregor), and Eotetranychus kankitus Ehara. We found that N. barkeri preferred the tetranychid mites to the alternative prey. Between the tetranychid mites, the predator consumed more P. citri and E. kankitus than T. urticae. When reared on T. urticae, the total developmental time and longevity of N. barkeri were the longest, whereas the intrinsic rate of increase was the lowest, indicating that the biotic fitness of predatory mite preyed on target of T. urticae was higher than on alternative prey of T. putrescentiae. However, total developmental time, longevity, and fecundity did not differ between N. barkeri reared on T. putrescentiae and P. citri, although these parameters were higher than those for mites reared on E. kankitus, indicating that the predatory mite reared on T. putrescentiae may not be affected to control P. citri, and that coexistence of P. citri and E. kankitus may enhance the control efficiency of N. barkeri. Altogether, our results demonstrated that long-term feeding on the alternative prey T. putrescentiae did not affect the performance of the predatory mite N. barkeri on various target spider mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Chuan-Bei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Ming-Xiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yi-Qing Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Special Plant Industry, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Huai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China ( ; ; ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China (; ; ; ; ; )
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Osakabe M, Imamura T, Nakano R, Kamikawa S, Tadatsu M, Kunimoto Y, Doi M. Combination of restriction endonuclease digestion with the ΔΔCt method in real-time PCR to monitor etoxazole resistance allele frequency in the two-spotted spider mite. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 139:1-8. [PMID: 28595916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring resistance allele frequency at the early stage of resistance development is important for the successful acaricide resistance management. Etoxazole is a mite growth inhibitor to which resistance is conferred by an amino acid substitution in the chitin synthase 1 (CHS1; I1017F) in T. urticae. If the susceptible allele can be specifically digested by restriction endonuclease, the ΔΔCt method using real-time PCR for genomic DNA (RED-ΔΔCt method) may be available for monitoring the resistance allele frequency. We tested whether the etoxazole resistance allele frequency in a pooled sample was accurately measured by the RED-ΔΔCt method and validated whether the resistance variant frequency was correlated with etoxazole resistance phenotype in a bioassay. Finally, we performed a pilot test using field populations. Strong linearity of the measures by the RED-ΔΔCt method with practical resistance allele frequencies; resistance allele frequency in the range between 0.5% to at least 0.75% was strictly represented. The strong linear relationship between hatchability of haploid male eggs after the etoxazole treatments (phenotype) and resistance allele frequencies in their mothers provided direct evidence that I1017F is a primary resistance factor to etoxazole in the strains used for experiments. The pilot test revealed a significant correlation between egg hatchability (including both diploid female eggs and haploid male eggs) and estimators in field populations. Consequently, we concluded that the RED-ΔΔCt method is a powerful tool for monitoring a resistance allele in a pooled sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Osakabe
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Imamura
- Nara Prefecture Agricultural Research and Development Center, Sakurai, Nara 633-0046, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nakano
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0803, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamikawa
- Nara Prefecture Agricultural Research and Development Center, Sakurai, Nara 633-0046, Japan
| | - Misono Tadatsu
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kunimoto
- Nara Prefecture Agricultural Research and Development Center, Sakurai, Nara 633-0046, Japan
| | - Makoto Doi
- Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0803, Japan
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