201
|
Familial pulmonary arterial hypertension, leucopenia, and atrial septal defect: a probable new familial syndrome with multisystem involvement. Clin Dysmorphol 2009; 18:19-23. [DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0b013e32831841f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
202
|
Gioli-Pereira L, Pereira AC, Mesquita SM, Xavier-Neto J, Lopes AA, Krieger JE. NKX2.5 mutations in patients with non-syndromic congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2008; 138:261-5. [PMID: 19073351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac development is a complex and multifactorial biological process. Heterozygous mutations in the transcription factor NKX2.5 are between the first evidence of a genetic cause for congenital heart defects in human beings. In this study, we evaluated the presence and frequency of mutations in the NKX2.5 gene on 159 unrelated patients with a diverse range of non-syndromic congenital heart defects (conotruncal anomalies, septal defects, left-sided lesions, right-sided lesions, patent ductus arteriosus and Ebstein's anomaly). METHODS The coding region of the NKX2.5 locus was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and mutational analysis was performed using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and DNA sequencing. RESULTS We identified two distinct mutations in the NKX2.5 coding region among the 159 (1.26%) individuals evaluated. An Arg25Cys mutation was identified in a patient with Tetralogy of Fallot. The second mutation found was an Ala42Pro in a patient with Ebstein's anomaly. CONCLUSIONS The association of NKX2.5 mutations is present in a small percentage of patients with non-syndromic congenital heart defects and may explain only a few cases of the disease. Screening strategies considering the identification of germ-line molecular defects in congenital heart disease are still unwarranted and should consider other genes besides NKX2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gioli-Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology and Pediatric Cardiology Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Sao Paulo University Medical School, 05403-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
A novel matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) terminal hemopexin domain mutation in a family with multicentric osteolysis with nodulosis and arthritis with cardiac defects. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:565-72. [PMID: 18985071 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicentric osteolysis with nodulosis and arthropathy (MONA, NAO (OMIM no. 605156)) is an autosomal recessive member of the 'vanishing bone' syndromes and is notable for the extent of carpal and tarsal osteolysis and interphalangeal joint erosions, facial dysmorphia, and the presence of fibrocollagenous nodules. This rare disorder has been described previously in Saudi Arabian and Indian families. We now report on the first Turkish family with MONA, further confirming the panethnic nature of this disease. Strikingly, and in addition to the previously noted skeletal and joint features, affected members of this family also had congenital heart defects. Molecular analysis identified a novel MMP2 inactivating mutation that deletes the terminal hemopexin domains and thus confirmed the diagnosis of MONA. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that cardiac defects may also represent a component of this syndrome and thus a physiologically relevant target of MMP-2 activity.
Collapse
|
204
|
Targoff KL, Schell T, Yelon D. Nkx genes regulate heart tube extension and exert differential effects on ventricular and atrial cell number. Dev Biol 2008; 322:314-21. [PMID: 18718462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heart formation is a complex morphogenetic process, and perturbations in cardiac morphogenesis lead to congenital heart disease. NKX2-5 is a key causative gene associated with cardiac birth defects, presumably because of its essential roles during the early steps of cardiogenesis. Previous studies in model organisms implicate NKX2-5 homologs in numerous processes, including cardiac progenitor specification, progenitor proliferation, and chamber morphogenesis. By inhibiting function of the zebrafish NKX2-5 homologs, nkx2.5 and nkx2.7, we show that nkx genes are essential to establish the original dimensions of the linear heart tube. The nkx-deficient heart tube fails to elongate normally: its ventricular portion is atypically short and wide, and its atrial portion is disorganized and sprawling. This atrial phenotype is associated with a surplus of atrial cardiomyocytes, whereas ventricular cell number is normal at this stage. However, ventricular cell number is decreased in nkx-deficient embryos later in development, when cardiac chambers are emerging. Thus, we conclude that nkx genes regulate heart tube extension and exert differential effects on ventricular and atrial cell number. Our data suggest that morphogenetic errors could originate during early stages of heart tube assembly in patients with NKX2-5 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimara L Targoff
- Developmental Genetics Program and Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
205
|
MacDonald ST, Bamforth SD, Chen CM, Farthing CR, Franklyn A, Broadbent C, Schneider JE, Saga Y, Lewandoski M, Bhattacharya S. Epiblastic Cited2 deficiency results in cardiac phenotypic heterogeneity and provides a mechanism for haploinsufficiency. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:448-57. [PMID: 18440989 PMCID: PMC2492730 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Deletion of the transcription factor Cited2 causes penetrant and phenotypically heterogenous cardiovascular and laterality defects and adrenal agenesis. Heterozygous human CITED2 mutation is associated with congenital heart disease, suggesting haploinsufficiency. Cited2 functions partly via a Nodal-->Pitx2c pathway controlling left-right patterning. In this present study we investigated the primary site of Cited2 function and mechanisms of haploinsufficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS A Cited2 conditional allele enabled its deletion in particular cell lineages in mouse development. A lacZ reporter cassette allowed indication of deletion. Congenic Cited2 heterozygous mice were used to investigate haploinsufficiency. Embryos were examined by magnetic resonance imaging, by sectioning and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Epiblast-specific deletion of Cited2 using Sox2Cre recapitulated penetrant and phenotypically heterogenous cardiovascular and laterality defects. Neural crest-specific deletion using Wnt1Cre affected cranial ganglia but not cardiac development. Mesodermal deletion with Mesp1Cre resulted in low penetrance of septal defect. Mesodermal deletion with T-Cre resulted in adrenal agenesis, but infrequent cardiac septal and laterality defects. beta-Galatactosidase staining and qRT-PCR demonstrated the efficiency and location of Cited2 deletion. Murine Cited2 heterozygosity is itself associated with cardiac malformation, with three of 45 embryos showing ventricular septal defect. Cited2 gene expression in E13.5 hearts was reduced 2.13-fold in Cited2(+/-) compared with wild-type (P = 2.62 x 10(-6)). The Cited2 target gene Pitx2c was reduced 1.5-fold in Cited2(+/-) (P = 0.038) hearts compared with wild-type, and reduced 4.9-fold in Cited2(-/-) hearts (P = 0.00031). Pitx2c levels were reduced two-fold (P = 0.009) in Cited2(+/-) embryos, in comparison with wild-type. Cited2 and Pitx2c expression were strongly correlated in wild-type and Cited2(+/-) hearts (Pearson rank correlation = 0.68, P = 0.0009). Cited2 expression was reduced 7474-fold in Sox2Cre deleted hearts compared with controls (P = 0.00017) and Pitx2c was reduced 3.1-fold (P = 0.013). Deletion of Cited2 with Mesp1Cre resulted in a 130-fold reduction in cardiac Cited2 expression compared with control (P = 0.0002), but Pitx2c expression was not affected. CONCLUSION These results indicate that phenotypically heterogenous and penetrant cardiac malformations in Cited2 deficiency arise from a primary requirement in epiblast derivatives for left-right patterning, with a secondary cell-autonomous role in the mesoderm. Cardiac malformation associated with Cited2 haploinsufficiency may occur by reducing expression of key Cited2 targets such as Pitx2c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. MacDonald
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chiann-Mun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Cassandra R. Farthing
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angela Franklyn
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Carol Broadbent
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jürgen E. Schneider
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Box B, Building 539, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shoumo Bhattacharya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Roessler E, Ouspenskaia MV, Karkera JD, Vélez JI, Kantipong A, Lacbawan F, Bowers P, Belmont JW, Towbin JA, Goldmuntz E, Feldman B, Muenke M. Reduced NODAL signaling strength via mutation of several pathway members including FOXH1 is linked to human heart defects and holoprosencephaly. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 83:18-29. [PMID: 18538293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of embryonic patterning are hypothesized to underlie many common congenital malformations in humans including congenital heart defects (CHDs), left-right disturbances (L-R) or laterality, and holoprosencephaly (HPE). Studies in model organisms suggest that Nodal-like factors provide instructions for key aspects of body axis and germ layer patterning; however, the complex genetics of pathogenic gene variant(s) in humans are poorly understood. Here we report our studies of FOXH1, CFC1, and SMAD2 and summarize our mutational analysis of three additional components in the human NODAL-signaling pathway: NODAL, GDF1, and TDGF1. We identify functionally abnormal gene products throughout the pathway that are clearly associated with CHD, laterality, and HPE. Abnormal gene products are most commonly detected in patients within a narrow spectrum of isolated conotruncal heart defects (minimum 5%-10% of subjects), and far less commonly in isolated laterality or HPE patients (approximately 1% for each). The difference in the mutation incidence between these groups is highly significant. We show that apparent gene dosage discrepancies between humans and model organisms can be reconciled by considering a broader combination of sequence variants. Our studies confirm that (1) the genetic vulnerabilities inferred from model organisms with defects in Nodal signaling are indeed analogous to humans; (2) the molecular analysis of an entire signaling pathway is more complete and robust than that of individual genes and presages future studies by whole-genome analysis; and (3) a functional genomics approach is essential to fully appreciate the complex genetic interactions necessary to produce these effects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
McBride KL, Riley MF, Zender GA, Fitzgerald-Butt SM, Towbin JA, Belmont JW, Cole SE. NOTCH1 mutations in individuals with left ventricular outflow tract malformations reduce ligand-induced signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2886-93. [PMID: 18593716 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital aortic valve stenosis (AVS), coarctation of the aorta (COA) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are congenital cardiovascular malformations that all involve the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). They are presumably caused by a similar developmental mechanism involving the developing endothelium. The exact etiology for most LVOT malformations is unknown, but a strong genetic component has been established. We demonstrate here that mutations in the gene NOTCH1, coding for a receptor in a developmentally important signaling pathway, are found across the spectrum of LVOT defects. We identify two specific mutations that reduce ligand (JAGGED1) induced NOTCH1 signaling. One of these mutations perturbs the S1 cleavage of the receptor in the Golgi. These findings suggest that the levels of NOTCH1 signaling are tightly regulated during cardiovascular development, and that relatively minor alterations may promote LVOT defects. These results also establish for the first time that AVS, COA and HLHS can share a common pathogenetic mechanism at the molecular level, explaining observations of these defects co-occurring within families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L McBride
- Center for Molecular and Human Genetics, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Abstract
Congenital heart disease is the commonest malformation in humans and contributes greatly to the burden of disease in infancy. Increasingly, developmental origins are also implicated in heart disease in adults. Significant advances have been made over the past decade in elucidating morphogenetic events of heart formation and their underlying molecular cascades, mostly in animal models. Clinical studies are increasingly successful in quantifying and unraveling genetic factors. This review focuses on recent progress made in understanding the genetic underpinnings of normal and abnormal heart formation and highlights the importance of understanding these mechanisms to improve patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Pediatric Cardiology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Affiliation(s)
- Cathy J Hatcher
- Cardiovascular Research, Center for Molecular Cardiology, Greenberg Division of Cardiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
210
|
Bentham J, Bhattacharya S. Genetic Mechanisms Controlling Cardiovascular Development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1123:10-9. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1420.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
211
|
Zebrafish early cardiac connexin, Cx36.7/Ecx, regulates myofibril orientation and heart morphogenesis by establishing Nkx2.5 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4763-8. [PMID: 18337497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708451105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart development is a precisely coordinated process of cellular proliferation, migration, differentiation, and integrated morphogenetic interactions, and therefore it is highly susceptible to developmental anomalies such as the congenital heart disease (CHD). One of the major causes of CHD has been shown to be the mutations in key cardiac transcription factors, including nkx2.5. Here, we report the analysis of zebrafish mutant ftk that showed a progressive heart malformation in the later stages of heart morphogenesis. Our analyses revealed that the cardiac muscle maturation and heart morphogenesis in ftk mutants were impaired because of the disorganization of myofibrils. Notably, we found that the expression of nkx2.5 was down-regulated in the ftk heart despite the normal expression of gata4 and tbx5, suggesting a common mechanism for the occurrence of ftk phenotype and CHD. We identified ftk to be a loss-of-function mutation in a connexin gene, cx36.7/early cardiac connexin (ecx), expressed during early heart development. We further showed by a rescue experiment that Nkx2.5 is the downstream mediator of Ecx-mediated signaling. From these results, we propose that the cardiac connexin Ecx and its downstream signaling are crucial for establishing nkx2.5 expression, which in turn promotes unidirectional, parallel alignment of myofibrils and the subsequent proper heart morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
212
|
Tomita-Mitchell A, Maslen CL, Morris CD, Garg V, Goldmuntz E. GATA4 sequence variants in patients with congenital heart disease. J Med Genet 2008; 44:779-83. [PMID: 18055909 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports have identified mutations in the transcription factor GATA4 in familial cases of cardiac septal defects. The prevalence of GATA4 mutations in the population of patients with septal defects is unknown. Given that patients with septal and conotruncal defect can share a common genetic basis, it is unclear whether patients with additional types of CHD might also have GATA4 mutations. AIMS To explore these questions by investigating a large population of 628 patients with either septal or conotruncal defects for GATA4 sequence variants. METHODS The GATA4 coding region and exon-intron boundaries were investigated for sequence variants using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography or conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis. Samples showing peak or band shifts were reamplified from genomic DNA and sequenced. RESULTS Four missense sequence variants (Gly93Ala, Gln316Glu, Ala411Val, Asp425Asn) were identified in five patients (two with atrial septal defect, two with ventricular septal defect and one with tetralogy of Fallot), which were not seen in a control population. All four affected amino acid residues are conserved across species, and two of the sequence variants lead to changes in polarity. Ten synonymous sequence variants were also identified in 18 patients, which were not seen in the control population. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that non-synonymous GATA4 sequence variants are found in a small percentage of patients with septal defects and are very uncommonly found in patients with conotruncal defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tomita-Mitchell
- Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
213
|
Abstract
Congenital heart defects occur in nearly 1% of human live births and many are lethal if not surgically repaired. In addition, the genetic contribution to congenital or acquired cardiovascular diseases that are silent at birth, but progress to cause significant disease in later life is being increasingly appreciated. Heart development and structure are highly conserved between mouse and human. The discoveries that are being made in this model system are highly relevant to understanding the pathogenesis of human heart defects whether they occus in isolation, or in the context of a syndrome. Many of the genes required for cardiovascular development were discovered fortuitously when early lethality or structural defects were observed in mouse mutants generated for other purposes, and relevant genes continue to be defined in this manner. Candidate genes for this process are being identified by their roles other species, or by their expression in pertinent tissues in mice. In this review, I will briefly summarize heart development as currently understood in the mouse, and then discuss how complementary studies in mouse and human have identified genes and pathways that are critical for normal cardiovascular development, and for maintaining the structure and function of this organ system throughout life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Moon
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Akçaboy MI, Cengiz FB, Inceoğlu B, Uçar T, Atalay S, Tutar E, Tekin M. The effect of p.Arg25Cys alteration in NKX2-5 on conotruncal heart anomalies: mutation or polymorphism? Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29:126-9. [PMID: 17891434 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-007-9058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the NKX2-5 gene of patients with various congenital heart defects have been reported. Most of the congenital heart defects associated with the mutations in the NKX2-5 gene are conotruncal heart anomalies, primarily the tetralogy of Fallot. In this study, the authors screened 72 Turkish children with conotruncal heart anomalies and 185 healthy control subjects to find the NKX2-5 alterations. They found one previously documented NKX2-5 missense alteration, heterozygous c.73C>T (p.Arg25Cys), in a 10-year-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot. The same heterozygous alteration was found also in the patient's healthy father and in two unrelated persons in the healthy control group. The current study shows for the first time the presence of p.Arg25Cys in healthy control subjects other than African Americans. These results show that no genetic support exists for the pathogenecity of this alteration, although a previous in vitro study and theoretical predictions suggest a structural/functional difference in the altered protein region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M I Akçaboy
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Birlik Mah. 65. Sok. No: 20/7, Cankaya, Ankara 06610, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
215
|
Abstract
We report the first isolation and characterization of the canine NKX2-5 gene. This canine homologue has high homology in genomic structure and functional domains to other NKX2-5 across a number of different species. Given the critical role of NKX2-5 in cardiac morphogenesis as seen in human and mouse studies of congenital heart defects, the availability of the canine NKX2-5 provides a good starting point for identifying mutations that may be responsible for certain forms of canine congenital heart defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hyun
- Section of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Grossfeld PD. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: it is all in the genes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1596-7. [PMID: 17936160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
217
|
Mitchell ME, Sander TL, Klinkner DB, Tomita-Mitchell A. The Molecular Basis of Congenital Heart Disease. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 19:228-37. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
218
|
Kirk EP, Sunde M, Costa MW, Rankin SA, Wolstein O, Castro ML, Butler TL, Hyun C, Guo G, Otway R, Mackay JP, Waddell LB, Cole AD, Hayward C, Keogh A, Macdonald P, Griffiths L, Fatkin D, Sholler GF, Zorn AM, Feneley MP, Winlaw DS, Harvey RP. Mutations in cardiac T-box factor gene TBX20 are associated with diverse cardiac pathologies, including defects of septation and valvulogenesis and cardiomyopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:280-91. [PMID: 17668378 PMCID: PMC1950799 DOI: 10.1086/519530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-box family transcription factor gene TBX20 acts in a conserved regulatory network, guiding heart formation and patterning in diverse species. Mouse Tbx20 is expressed in cardiac progenitor cells, differentiating cardiomyocytes, and developing valvular tissue, and its deletion or RNA interference-mediated knockdown is catastrophic for heart development. TBX20 interacts physically, functionally, and genetically with other cardiac transcription factors, including NKX2-5, GATA4, and TBX5, mutations of which cause congenital heart disease (CHD). Here, we report nonsense (Q195X) and missense (I152M) germline mutations within the T-box DNA-binding domain of human TBX20 that were associated with a family history of CHD and a complex spectrum of developmental anomalies, including defects in septation, chamber growth, and valvulogenesis. Biophysical characterization of wild-type and mutant proteins indicated how the missense mutation disrupts the structure and function of the TBX20 T-box. Dilated cardiomyopathy was a feature of the TBX20 mutant phenotype in humans and mice, suggesting that mutations in developmental transcription factors can provide a sensitized template for adult-onset heart disease. Our findings are the first to link TBX20 mutations to human pathology. They provide insights into how mutation of different genes in an interactive regulatory circuit lead to diverse clinical phenotypes, with implications for diagnosis, genetic screening, and patient follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin P Kirk
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, 2010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
219
|
Rajagopal SK, Ma Q, Obler D, Shen J, Manichaikul A, Tomita-Mitchell A, Boardman K, Briggs C, Garg V, Srivastava D, Goldmuntz E, Broman KW, Benson DW, Smoot LB, Pu WT. Spectrum of heart disease associated with murine and human GATA4 mutation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 43:677-85. [PMID: 17643447 PMCID: PMC2573470 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA4 is essential for heart morphogenesis. Heterozygous mutation of GATA4 causes familial septal defects. However, the phenotypic spectrum of heterozygous GATA4 mutation is not known. In this study, we defined the cardiac phenotypes that result from heterozygous mutation of murine Gata4. We then asked if GATA4 mutation occurs in humans with these forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). In mice, heterozygous Gata4 mutation was associated with atrial and ventricular septal defect (ASD, VSD), endocardial cushion defect (ECD), RV hypoplasia, and cardiomyopathy. Genetic background strongly influenced the expression of ECD and cardiomyopathy, indicating the presence of important genetic modifiers. In humans, non-synonymous GATA4 sequence variants were associated with ECD (2/43), ASD (1/8), and RV hypoplasia in the context of double inlet left ventricle (1/9), forms of CHD that overlapped with abnormalities seen in the mouse model. These variants were not found in at least 500 control chromosomes, and encode proteins with non-conservative amino acid substitutions at phylogenetically conserved positions, suggesting that they are disease-causing mutations. Cardiomyopathy was not associated with GATA4 mutation in humans. These data establish the phenotypic spectrum of heterozygous Gata4 mutation in mice, and suggest that heterozygous GATA4 mutation leads to partially overlapping phenotypes in humans. Additional studies will be required to determine the degree to which GATA4 mutation contributes to human CHD characterized by ECD or RV hypoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satish K. Rajagopal
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dita Obler
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jie Shen
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Aoy Tomita-Mitchell
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Kari Boardman
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christine Briggs
- Department of Genetics, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vidu Garg
- Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology) and Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9063
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramsom Research Center 702A, 3516 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Karl W. Broman
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - D. Woodrow Benson
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Leslie B. Smoot
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Pierpont ME, Basson CT, Benson DW, Gelb BD, Giglia TM, Goldmuntz E, McGee G, Sable CA, Srivastava D, Webb CL. Genetic basis for congenital heart defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2007; 115:3015-38. [PMID: 17519398 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.183056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intent of this review is to provide the clinician with a summary of what is currently known about the contribution of genetics to the origin of congenital heart disease. Techniques are discussed to evaluate children with heart disease for genetic alterations. Many of these techniques are now available on a clinical basis. Information on the genetic and clinical evaluation of children with cardiac disease is presented, and several tables have been constructed to aid the clinician in the assessment of children with different types of heart disease. Genetic algorithms for cardiac defects have been constructed and are available in an appendix. It is anticipated that this summary will update a wide range of medical personnel, including pediatric cardiologists and pediatricians, adult cardiologists, internists, obstetricians, nurses, and thoracic surgeons, about the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease and will encourage an interdisciplinary approach to the child and adult with congenital heart disease.
Collapse
|
221
|
|
222
|
Prall OWJ, Menon MK, Solloway MJ, Watanabe Y, Zaffran S, Bajolle F, Biben C, McBride JJ, Robertson BR, Chaulet H, Stennard FA, Wise N, Schaft D, Wolstein O, Furtado MB, Shiratori H, Chien KR, Hamada H, Black BL, Saga Y, Robertson EJ, Buckingham ME, Harvey RP. An Nkx2-5/Bmp2/Smad1 negative feedback loop controls heart progenitor specification and proliferation. Cell 2007; 128:947-59. [PMID: 17350578 PMCID: PMC2092439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During heart development the second heart field (SHF) provides progenitor cells for most cardiomyocytes and expresses the homeodomain factor Nkx2-5. We now show that feedback repression of Bmp2/Smad1 signaling by Nkx2-5 critically regulates SHF proliferation and outflow tract (OFT) morphology. In the cardiac fields of Nkx2-5 mutants, genes controlling cardiac specification (including Bmp2) and maintenance of the progenitor state were upregulated, leading initially to progenitor overspecification, but subsequently to failed SHF proliferation and OFT truncation. In Smad1 mutants, SHF proliferation and deployment to the OFT were increased, while Smad1 deletion in Nkx2-5 mutants rescued SHF proliferation and OFT development. In Nkx2-5 hypomorphic mice, which recapitulate human congenital heart disease (CHD), OFT anomalies were also rescued by Smad1 deletion. Our findings demonstrate that Nkx2-5 orchestrates the transition between periods of cardiac induction, progenitor proliferation, and OFT morphogenesis via a Smad1-dependent negative feedback loop, which may be a frequent molecular target in CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen WJ Prall
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Mary K Menon
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Mark J Solloway
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA2578, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA2578, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Bajolle
- Department of Developmental Biology, CNRS URA2578, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Christine Biben
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Jim J McBride
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Bronwyn R Robertson
- Ramaciotti Centre for Gene Function Analysis, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hervé Chaulet
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Wise
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel Schaft
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Orit Wolstein
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
| | | | | | - Kenneth R Chien
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Division of Mammalian Development National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | | | | | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney 2010, Australia
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2053, Australia
- * Corresponding author: , (tel) +61 2 9295 8520, (fax) +61 2 9295 8528
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Rifai L, Maazouzi W, Sefiani A. Novel point mutation in the NKX2-5 gene in a Moroccan family with atrioventricular conduction disturbance and an atrial septal defect in the oval fossa. Cardiol Young 2007; 17:107-9. [PMID: 17184575 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951106001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Defects of the oval fossa usually occur as isolated malformations, but can show an autosomal dominant pedigree in familial cases. Several mutations have been described for the transcription factor NKX2-5, and co-segregate with varied cardiac anomalies. We have identified by sequence analysis a novel missense heterozygous mutation in the NKX2-5 gene, specifically a substitution of glutamine for proline at codon 160, in a Moroccan family, the affected members having a deficiency of the floor of the oval fossa and atrioventricular block.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laïla Rifai
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Health, Rabat, Morocco.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Posch MG, Perrot A, Schmitt K, Mittelhaus S, Esenwein EM, Stiller B, Geier C, Dietz R, Gessner R, Ozcelik C, Berger F. Mutations inGATA4,NKX2.5,CRELD1, andBMP4 are infrequently found in patients with congenital cardiac septal defects. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 146A:251-3. [PMID: 18076106 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian G Posch
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Cardiology at Campus Buch and Helios-Klinikum Berlin-Buch and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
225
|
Abstract
Congenital heart disease likely results from a complex mixture of environmental and genetic factors. Recent work has elucidated rare single gene mutations that cause a variety of cardiac defects, but the etiologies of more common disease remains unknown. Here, we review the known genetic causes of cardiac malformations and discuss future approaches for addressing sporadic congenital heart disease as a complex trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ransom
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Abstract
The Human Genome Project promises to revolutionize our understanding and approach to human diseases. It promises to identify the genes and pathways involved in normal cardiac development and to determine the impact of mutations in these genes in the pathogenesis of syndromic and nonsyndromic congenital heart defects. Some of these advances in genetic knowledge are being translated into clinical care, raising the question of what role this knowledge should have in the adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) clinic. The authors summarize the clinical and molecular advances relevant to the care and genetic counseling of ACHD patients and explore the role of genetic care providers in an ACHD clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francois P Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, 1820 Richmond Road, SW Calgary, AB T2T5C7, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Sander TL, Klinkner DB, Tomita-Mitchell A, Mitchell ME. Molecular and cellular basis of congenital heart disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006; 53:989-1009, x. [PMID: 17027620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular basis of congenital heart disease (CHD) is an evolving area of rapid discovery. This article introduced the basic mechanisms underlying cardiac development and CHD in order to permit a clear understanding of current diagnostics and therapeutics and their future development. It is clear that although significant advances have been made in understanding mechanisms controlling heart formation, the direct causes of CHD remain poorly defined. Future studies tha delineate the complexity of these mechanisms are required to provide a comprehensive understanding of the etiologies of CHD. Such understanding will lead to the development of novel approaches to prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Sander
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Children's Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
228
|
Reamon-Buettner SM, Spanel-Borowski K, Borlak J. Bridging the gap between anatomy and molecular genetics for an improved understanding of congenital heart disease. Ann Anat 2006; 188:213-20. [PMID: 16711160 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality and malformations in congenital heart disease (CHD) are among the most prevalent and fatal of all birth defects. Yet the molecular mechanisms leading to CHD are complex and the causes of the cardiac malformations observed in humans are still unclear. In recent years, the pivotal role of certain transcription factors in heart development has been demonstrated, and gene targeting of cardiac-specific transcription factor genes in animal models has provided valuable insights into heart anomalies. Nonetheless results in these models can be species specific, and in humans, germline mutations in transcription factor genes can only account for some cases of CHD. Furthermore, most patients do not have family history of CHD. There is, therefore, a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms in both normal cardiac development and the formation of malformations. The combining of expertise in cardiac anatomy, pathology, and molecular genetics is essential to adequately comprehend developmental abnormalities associated with CHD. To help elucidate genetic alterations in affected tissues of malformed hearts, we carried out genetic analysis of cardiac-specific transcription factor genes from the Leipzig collection of formalin-fixed malformed hearts. Working with this morphologically well-characterized archival material not only provided valuable genetic information associated with disease, but enabled us to put forward a hypothesis of somatic mutations as a novel molecular cause of CHD. Knowledge of cause and disease mechanism may allow for intervention that could modify the degree of cardiac malformations or development of new approaches for prevention of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Marie Reamon-Buettner
- Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Gutierrez-Roelens I, De Roy L, Ovaert C, Sluysmans T, Devriendt K, Brunner HG, Vikkula M. A novel CSX/NKX2-5 mutation causes autosomal-dominant AV block: are atrial fibrillation and syncopes part of the phenotype? Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:1313-6. [PMID: 16896344 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of congenital heart defects is approximately 1% of all live births. Identifying the genes responsible for cardiac malformation is the first step to understand pathogenesis. Heterozygous mutations in the CSX/NKX2-5 (NKX2E) gene have been identified to cause atrial septal defect (ASD) and/or atrioventricular (AV) conduction disturbance in some families. However, there is great variability in expressivity of the phenotype between the patients with a CSX/NKX2-5 mutation. We screened four sporadic patients and three index cases of families with ASD and/or conduction defects. In one of them, a CSX/NKX2-5 mutation was identified. This novel mutation (p.Tyr256X) was inherited in a three-generation family causing five individuals to have cardiac anomalies ranging from ASD to arrhythmias. Interestingly, all the observed AV conduction disturbances were at the nodal level, manifesting first as an AV block of the first degree and evolving toward a second-degree block. Atrial fibrillation, previously reported in three individuals with CSX/NKX2-5 mutations, was observed in three patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gutierrez-Roelens
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74+5, bp 75.39, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
König K, Will JC, Berger F, Müller D, Benson DW. Familial congenital heart disease, progressive atrioventricular block and the cardiac homeobox transcription factor gene NKX2.5: identification of a novel mutation. Clin Res Cardiol 2006; 95:499-503. [PMID: 16845574 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-006-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
231
|
Kuehl KS, Loffredo CA. Genetic and environmental influences on malformations of the cardiac outflow tract. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006; 3:1125-30. [PMID: 16293002 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.6.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cardiovascular malformations are the most common form of birth defect recorded. Specific malformations of the outflow portions of the heart are termed conotruncal malformations and arise from the septation of the common conotruncus of the heart. There are multiple lines of evidence that point towards genetic-environmental interactions in the genesis of conotruncal congenital cardiovascular malformations. In particular, environmental exposures that involve vitamin A, retinol, folic acid or retinol receptors are identified as cardiac teratogens. Other environmental agents for which there is evidence of cardiac teratogenicity for outflow tract malformations include nitrofen, ambient air pollution, chlorinated hydrocarbons and pesticides. Genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotic metabolism are clearly differentiating in the effect of potential teratogens. Work in this field is at a new cusp, with the ability to measure xenobiotic exposure, document xenobiotic metabolizing genetic polymorphisms and integrate these data into models of cardiac teratogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Kuehl
- Cardiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
232
|
Abstract
Although there have been important advances in diagnostic modalities and therapeutic strategies for congenital heart defects (CHD), these malformations still lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Over the past 10 years, characterization of the genetic causes of CHD has begun to elucidate some of the molecular causes of these defects. Linkage analysis and candidate-gene approaches have been used to identify gene mutations that are associated with both familial and sporadic cases of CHD. Complementation of the human studies with developmental studies in mouse models provides information for the roles of these genes in normal development as well as indications for disease pathogenesis. Biochemical analysis of these gene mutations has provided further insight into the molecular effects of these genetic mutations. Here we review genetic, developmental, and biochemical studies of six cardiac transcription factors that have been identified as genetic causes for CHD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Clark
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
233
|
Dentice M, Cordeddu V, Rosica A, Ferrara AM, Santarpia L, Salvatore D, Chiovato L, Perri A, Moschini L, Fazzini C, Olivieri A, Costa P, Stoppioni V, Baserga M, De Felice M, Sorcini M, Fenzi G, Di Lauro R, Tartaglia M, Macchia PE. Missense mutation in the transcription factor NKX2-5: a novel molecular event in the pathogenesis of thyroid dysgenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1428-33. [PMID: 16418214 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a common endocrine disorder with an incidence of 1:3000-4000 at birth. In 80-85% of cases, CH is caused by defects in thyroid organogenesis, resulting in absent, ectopically located, and/or severely reduced gland [thyroid dysgenesis (TD)]. Mutations in genes controlling thyroid development have demonstrated that in a few cases, TD is a Mendelian trait. However, accumulating evidence supports the view that the genetics of TD are complex, possibly with a polygenic/multifactorial basis. A higher prevalence of congenital heart disease has been documented in children with CH than in the general population. Such an association suggests a possible pathogenic role of genes involved in both heart and thyroid development. NKX2-5 encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor with a major role in heart development, and mutations affecting this gene have been reported in individuals with congenital heart disease. OBJECTIVE In the present work we investigated the possible involvement of NKX2-5 mutations in TD. RESULTS Our results indicate that Nkx2-5(-/-) embryos exhibit thyroid bud hypoplasia, providing evidence that NKX2-5 plays a role in thyroid organogenesis and that NKX2-5 mutations contribute to TD. NKX2-5 mutational screening in 241 patients with TD allowed the identification of three heterozygous missense changes (R25C, A119S, and R161P) in four patients with TD. Functional characterization of the three mutations demonstrated reduced DNA binding and/or transactivation properties, with a dominant-negative effect on wild-type NKX2-5. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a previously unknown role of NKX2-5 in the pathogenesis of TD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dentice
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansin 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
234
|
Yu YE, Morishima M, Pao A, Wang DY, Wen XY, Baldini A, Bradley A. A deficiency in the region homologous to human 17q21.33-q23.2 causes heart defects in mice. Genetics 2006; 173:297-307. [PMID: 16489219 PMCID: PMC1461454 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several constitutional chromosomal rearrangements occur on human chromosome 17. Patients who carry constitutional deletions of 17q21.3-q24 exhibit distinct phenotypic features. Within the deletion interval, there is a genomic segment that is bounded by the myeloperoxidase and homeobox B1 genes. This genomic segment is syntenically conserved on mouse chromosome 11 and is bounded by the mouse homologs of the same genes (Mpo and HoxB1). To attain functional information about this syntenic segment in mice, we have generated a 6.9-Mb deletion [Df(11)18], the reciprocal duplication [Dp(11)18] between Mpo and Chad (the chondroadherin gene), and a 1.8-Mb deletion between Chad and HoxB1. Phenotypic analyses of the mutant mouse lines showed that the Dp(11)18/Dp(11)18 genotype was responsible for embryonic or adolescent lethality, whereas the Df(11)18/+ genotype was responsible for heart defects. The cardiovascular phenotype of the Df(11)18/+ fetuses was similar to those of patients who carried the deletions of 17q21.3-q24. Since heart defects were not detectable in Df(11)18/Dp(11)18 mice, the haplo-insufficiency of one or more genes located between Mpo and Chad may be responsible for the abnormal cardiovascular phenotype. Therefore, we have identified a new dosage-sensitive genomic region that may be critical for normal heart development in both mice and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Eugene Yu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Baekvad-Hansen M, Tümer Z, Delicado A, Erdogan F, Tommerup N, Larsen LA. Delineation of a 2.2 Mb microdeletion at 5q35 associated with microcephaly and congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:427-33. [PMID: 16470726 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fine mapping of chromosomal deletions and genotype-phenotype comparisons of clinically well-defined patients can be used to confirm or reveal loci and genes associated with human disorders. Eleven patients with cytogenetically visible deletions involving the terminal region of chromosome 5q have been described, but the extent of the deletion was determined only in one case. In this study we describe a 15-year-old boy with Ebstein anomaly, atrial septal defect (ASD), atrioventricular (AV) conduction defect, and microcephaly. He had an apparently balanced paracentric inversion of chromosome 5, with the karyotype 46, XY,inv(5)(q13q35) de novo. Further mapping of the chromosome breakpoints using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed a 2.2 Mb microdeletion at the 5q35 breakpoint, which spans 16 genes, including the cardiac homeobox transcription factor gene NKX2-5. The current data suggest that haploinsufficiency of NKX2-5 cause Ebstein anomaly and support previous results showing that NKX2-5 mutations cause ASD and AV conduction defect. Furthermore, we suggest presence of a new microcephaly locus within a 2.2 Mb region at 5q35.1-q35.2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Baekvad-Hansen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
236
|
Zhang L, Tümer Z, Jacobsen JR, Andersen PS, Tommerup N, Larsen LA. Screening of 99 Danish Patients with Congenital Heart Disease forGATA4Mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 10:277-80. [PMID: 17253934 DOI: 10.1089/gte.2006.10.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects nearly 1% of the population, but only few genes involved in human CHD are presently known. Germ-line mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor GATA4 have been associated with familial cases of atrial and ventricular septal defects and pulmonary stenosis. We have screened 99 unrelated Danish patients with different CHD phenotypes to evaluate the prevalence of GATA4 mutations in CHD. No pathogenic mutations were found among the patients, suggesting that GATA4 mutations are relatively rare among CHD patients. Thus, the diagnostic importance of GATA4 mutations may be confined to familial cases or specific subgroups of CHD phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Litu Zhang
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
237
|
Harris BS, Spruill L, Edmonson AM, Rackley MS, Benson DW, O’Brien TX, Gourdie RG. Differentiation of cardiac Purkinje fibers requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of Nkx2-5 expression. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:38-49. [PMID: 16245335 PMCID: PMC2610391 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nkx2-5 gene mutations cause cardiac abnormalities, including deficits of function in the atrioventricular conduction system (AVCS). In the chick, Nkx2-5 is elevated in Purkinje fiber AVCS cells relative to working cardiomyocytes. Here, we show that Nkx2-5 expression rises to a peak as Purkinje fibers progressively differentiate. To disrupt this pattern, we overexpressed Nkx2-5 from embryonic day 10, as Purkinje fibers are recruited within developing chick hearts. Overexpression of Nkx2-5 caused inhibition of slow tonic myosin heavy chain protein (sMHC), a late Purkinje fiber marker but did not affect Cx40 levels. Working cardiomyocytes overexpressing Nkx2-5 in these hearts ectopically up-regulated Cx40 but not sMHC. Isolated embryonic cardiomyocytes overexpressing Nkx2-5 also displayed increased Cx40 and suppressed sMHC. By contrast, overexpression of a human NKX2-5 mutant did not effect these markers in vivo or in vitro, suggesting one possible mechanism for clinical phenotypes. We conclude that a prerequisite for normal Purkinje fiber maturation is precise regulation of Nkx2-5 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett S. Harris
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
| | - Laura Spruill
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
| | - Angela M. Edmonson
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
- Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
| | - Mary S. Rackley
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
- Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
| | - D. Woodrow Benson
- Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Terrence X. O’Brien
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
- Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
| | - Robert G. Gourdie
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Akazawa H, Komuro I. Cardiac transcription factor Csx/Nkx2-5: Its role in cardiac development and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:252-68. [PMID: 15925411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, an emerging body of evidence has accumulated that cardiac transcription factors control a cardiac gene program and play a critical role in transcriptional regulation during cardiogenesis and during the adaptive process in adult hearts. Especially, an evolutionally conserved homeobox transcription factor Csx/Nkx2-5 has been in the forefront in the field of cardiac biology, providing molecular insights into the mechanisms of cardiac development and diseases. Csx/Nkx2-5 is indispensable for normal cardiac development, and mutations of the gene are associated with human congenital heart diseases (CHD). In the present review, the regulation of a cardiac gene program by Csx/Nkx2-5 is summarized, with an emphasis on its role in the cardiac development and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akazawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Weismann CG, Hager A, Kaemmerer H, Maslen CL, Morris CD, Schranz D, Kreuder J, Gelb BD. PTPN11 mutations play a minor role in isolated congenital heart disease. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:146-51. [PMID: 15940693 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PTPN11 missense mutations cause approximately 50% of Noonan syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder presenting with various congenital heart defects, most commonly valvar pulmonary stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Atrioventricular septal defects and coarctation of the aorta occur in 15% and 9%, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine if PTPN11 mutations exist in non-syndromic patients with these two relevant forms of congenital heart disease. The 15 coding PTPN11 exons and their intron boundaries from subjects with atrioventricular septal defects (n = 24) and coarctation of the aorta (n = 157) were analyzed using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and sequenced if abnormal. One subject with an atrioventricular septal defect but no other known medical problems had a c.127C > T transition in exon 2, predicting a p.L43F substitution. This mutation affected the phosphotyrosine-binding region in the N-terminal src homology 2 domain and was close to a Noonan syndrome mutation (p.T42A). An otherwise healthy patient with aortic coarctation had a silent c.540C > T change in exon 5 corresponding to p.D180D. Our study showed that PTPN11 mutations are rarely found in two isolated forms of congenital heart disease that commonly occur in Noonan syndrome. The p.L43F mutation belongs to a rare class of PTPN11 mutations altering the phosphotyrosine-binding region. These mutations are not predicted to alter the autoinhibition of the PTPN11 protein product, SHP-2, which is the mechanism for the vast majority of mutations causing Noonan syndrome. Future studies will be directed towards understanding these rare phosphotyrosine binding region mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance G Weismann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Justus Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
240
|
Hinton RB, Yutzey KE, Benson DW. Congenital heart disease: Genetic causes and developmental insights. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
241
|
Hobbs CA, Cleves MA, Keith C, Ghaffar S, James SJ. NKX2.5 and congenital heart defects: A population-based study. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134A:223-5. [PMID: 15633194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
242
|
Wessels MW, Berger RMF, Frohn-Mulder IME, Roos-Hesselink JW, Hoogeboom JJM, Mancini GS, Bartelings MM, Krijger RD, Wladimiroff JW, Niermeijer MF, Grossfeld P, Willems PJ. Autosomal dominant inheritance of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134A:171-9. [PMID: 15712195 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most nonsyndromic congenital heart malformations (CHMs) in humans are multifactorial in origin, although an increasing number of monogenic cases have been reported recently. We describe here four new families with presumed autosomal dominant inheritance of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), consisting of hypoplastic left heart (HLHS) or left ventricle (HLV), aortic valve stenosis (AS) and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), hypoplastic aortic arch (HAA), and coarctation of the aorta (CoA). LVOTO in these families shows a wide clinical spectrum with some family members having severe anomalies such as hypoplastic left heart, and others only minor anomalies such as mild aortic valve stenosis. This supports the suggestion that all anomalies of the LVOTO spectrum are developmentally related and can be caused by a single gene defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marja W Wessels
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Zeisberg EM, Ma Q, Juraszek AL, Moses K, Schwartz RJ, Izumo S, Pu WT. Morphogenesis of the right ventricle requires myocardial expression of Gata4. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:1522-31. [PMID: 15902305 PMCID: PMC1090473 DOI: 10.1172/jci23769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in developmental regulatory genes have been found to be responsible for some cases of congenital heart defects. One such regulatory gene is Gata4, a zinc finger transcription factor. In order to circumvent the early embryonic lethality of Gata4-null embryos and to investigate the role of myocardial Gata4 expression in cardiac development, we used Cre/loxP technology to conditionally delete Gata4 in the myocardium of mice at an early and a late time point in cardiac morphogenesis. Early deletion of Gata4 by Nkx2-5Cre resulted in hearts with striking myocardial thinning, absence of mesenchymal cells within the endocardial cushions, and selective hypoplasia of the RV. RV hypoplasia was associated with downregulation of Hand2, a transcription factor previously shown to regulate formation of the RV. Cardiomyocyte proliferation was reduced, with a greater degree of reduction in the RV than in the LV. Late deletion of Gata4 by Cre recombinase driven by the alpha myosin heavy chain promoter did not selectively affect RV development or generation of endocardial cushion mesenchyme but did result in marked myocardial thinning with decreased cardiomyocyte proliferation, as well as double-outlet RV. Our results demonstrate a general role of myocardial Gata4 in regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation and a specific, stage-dependent role in regulating the morphogenesis of the RV and the atrioventricular canal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Zeisberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
244
|
Hirayama-Yamada K, Kamisago M, Akimoto K, Aotsuka H, Nakamura Y, Tomita H, Furutani M, Imamura SI, Takao A, Nakazawa M, Matsuoka R. Phenotypes with GATA4 or NKX2.5 mutations in familial atrial septal defect. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 135:47-52. [PMID: 15810002 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, GATA4 and NKX2.5 were reported as the disease genes of atrial septal defect (ASD) but the relationship between the locations of their mutations and phenotypes is not clear. We analyzed GATA4 and NKX2.5 mutations in 16 familial ASD cases, including four probands with atrioventricular conduction disturbance (AV block) and two with pulmonary stenosis (PS), by PCR and direct sequencing, and examined their phenotypes clinically. Five mutations, including two GATA4 and three NKX2.5 mutations, were identified in 31.3% of the probands with ASD, and three of them were novel. The two GATA4 mutations in the probands without AV block were S52F and E359Xfs (c.1075delG) that was reported previously, and three NKX2.5 mutations in the probands with AV block were A88Xfs (c.262delG), R190C, and T178M. Additionally, we observed some remarkable phenotypes, i.e., dextrocardia with E359Xfs (c.1075delG) and cribriform type ASD with R190C, both of which are expected to be clues for further investigations. Furthermore, progressive, most severe AV block was closely related with a missense mutation in a homeodomain or with a nonsense/frame-shift mutation of NKX2.5 for which classification has not been clearly proposed. This pinpoints essential sites of NKX2.5 in the development of the conduction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Hirayama-Yamada
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
245
|
Inga A, Reamon-Buettner SM, Borlak J, Resnick MA. Functional dissection of sequence-specific NKX2-5 DNA binding domain mutations associated with human heart septation defects using a yeast-based system. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:1965-75. [PMID: 15917268 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human heart development requires an orderly coordination of transcriptional programs, with the homeodomain protein NKX2-5 being one of the key transcription factors required for the differentiation of mesodermal progenitor cells. Indeed, lack of Nkx2-5 in mice arrests heart development prior to looping, resulting in embryonic lethality. There are 28 germline NKX2-5 mutations identified in humans that are associated with congenital heart disease, and we recently reported multiple somatic mutations in patients with complex cardiac malformations. To address the functional consequences of single and multiple mutations of NKX2-5, we developed a functional assay in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which could determine transactivation capacity and specificity of expressed NKX2-5 alleles towards targeted response element (RE) sequences. We focused on mutants of the third helix, which provides DNA binding specificity, and characterized mutations that were highly associated with either ventricular (VSD) or atrioventricular (AVSD) septal defects. Individual mutants exhibited partial to complete loss of function and differences in transactivation capacity between the various REs. The mutants also exhibited gene dosage rather than dominant effects on transcription. Surprisingly, all AVSD patients (22/23) had a single K183E mutation in the DNA binding domain, which resulted in transcriptional inactivation. None of the VSD patients had this mutation; yet 14/29 had at least one mutation in the third helix leading to either inactivation or reduction of NKX2-5 transactivation. Therefore, mutations of somatic origin in the binding domains of NKX2-5 were associated specifically with AVSD or VSD and resulted in loss of protein function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Inga
- Chromosome Stability Section, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
246
|
Wang LH, Chmelik R, Tang D, Nirenberg M. Identification and analysis of vnd/NK-2 homeodomain binding sites in genomic DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7097-102. [PMID: 15870192 PMCID: PMC1129122 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502261102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vnd/NK-2 homeodomain affinity column chromatography was used to purify Drosophila DNA fragments bound by the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain. Sequencing the selected genomic DNA fragments led to the identification of 77 Drosophila DNA fragments that were grouped into 42 vnd/NK-2 homeodomain-binding loci. Most loci were within upstream or intronic regions, especially first introns. Nineteen of the Drosophila DNA fragments cloned correspond to one locus, termed Clone A, which is 312 bp in length and contains five vnd/NK-2 homeodomain core consensus binding sites, 5'-AAGTG, and is part of the first intron of the Beadex gene. We further analyzed the interactions between Clone A and vnd/NK-2 homeodomain protein by mobility-shift assay, DNase I footprinting, methylation interference, and ethylation interference. The DNase I footprinting analysis of Clone A with vnd/NK-2 homeodomain protein revealed three strong binding sites and one weak binding site between 15 and 130 bp of Clone A. We also analyzed binding of the vnd/NK-2 homeodomain to the 5'-flanking sequence of vnd/NK-2 genomic DNA. The DNase I footprinting result showed that there are two strong binding sites and five weak binding sites in the fragment between -385 and -675 bp from the transcription start site of the vnd/NK-2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsiang Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1654, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Pall GS, Wallis J, Axton R, Brownstein DG, Gautier P, Buerger K, Mulford C, Mullins JJ, Forrester LM. A novel transmembrane MSP-containing protein that plays a role in right ventricle development. Genomics 2005; 84:1051-9. [PMID: 15533722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have identified and characterized a gene, Mospd3 on mouse chromosome 5 using gene trapping in ES cells. MOSPD3 is part of a family of proteins, including MOSPD1, which is defined by the presence of a major sperm protein (MSP) domain and two transmembrane domains. Interestingly Mospd3 is mammalian specific and highly conserved between mouse and man. Insertion of the gene trap vector at the Mospd3 locus is mutagenic and breeding to homozygosity results in a characteristic right ventricle defect and neonatal lethality in 50% of mice. The phenotypic defect is dependent on the genetic background, indicating the presence of genetic modifier loci. We speculate that the further characterization of Mospd3 will shed light on the complex genetic interactions involved in cardiac development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurman S Pall
- Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Shiojima I, Komuro I. Cardiac Developmental Biology: From Flies to Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 55:245-54. [PMID: 16277874 DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.m94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to form during embryogenesis, and heart formation is essential for subsequent embryonic development. Since the identification of a cardiac-restricted transcription factor Csx/Nkx-2.5 in the early 1990s, extensive studies on cardiac development have been done in various species ranging from flies to humans. Molecular dissection of regulatory pathways that control multiple steps of cardiogenesis will not only advance our understanding of cardiac development and congenital heart diseases, but will also provide an important clue to novel therapeutic strategies for heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Shiojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Abstract
This article reviews the more recent findings on the genetic basis of congenital cardiovascular disease and highlights the clinical applications of these discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Molekulargenetische Grundlagen angeborener Herzfehler. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-004-1039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|