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Nieuwhof F, Reelick MF, Maidan I, Mirelman A, Hausdorff JM, Olde Rikkert MG, Bloem BR, Muthalib M, Claassen JA. Measuring prefrontal cortical activity during dual task walking in patients with Parkinson's disease: feasibility of using a new portable fNIRS device. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2016; 2:59. [PMID: 27965875 PMCID: PMC5154104 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-016-0099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulties in performing a second task during walking (i.e., dual task walking). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a promising approach to study the presumed contribution of dysfunction within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to such difficulties. In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility of using a new portable and wireless fNIRS device to measure PFC activity during different dual task walking protocols in PD. Specifically, we tested whether PD patients were able to perform the protocol and whether we were able to measure the typical fNIRS signal of neuronal activity. METHODS We included 14 PD patients (age 71.2 ± 5.4 years, Hoehn and Yahr stage II/III). The protocol consisted of five repetitions of three conditions: walking while (i) counting forwards, (ii) serially subtracting, and (iii) reciting digit spans. Ability to complete this protocol, perceived exertion, burden of the fNIRS devices, and concentrations of oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin from the left and right PFC were measured. RESULTS Two participants were unable to complete the protocol due to fatigue and mobility safety concerns. The remaining 12 participants experienced no burden from the two fNIRS devices and completed the protocol with ease. Bilateral PFC O2Hb concentrations increased during walking while serially subtracting (left PFC 0.46 μmol/L, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.12-0.81, right PFC 0.49 μmol/L, 95 % CI 0.14-0.84) and reciting digit spans (left PFC 0.36 μmol/L, 95 % CI 0.03-0.70, right PFC 0.44 μmol/L, 95 % CI 0.09-0.78) when compared to rest. HHb concentrations did not differ between the walking tasks and rest. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a new wireless fNIRS device is a feasible measure of PFC activity in PD during dual task walking. Future studies should reduce the level of noise and inter-individual variability to enable measuring differences in PFC activity between different dual walking conditions and across health states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek Nieuwhof
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Medicine, and Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam F. Reelick
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Medicine, and Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Department of Neurology, Center for the study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Department of Neurology, Center for the study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M. Hausdorff
- Department of Neurology, Center for the study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcel G.M. Olde Rikkert
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Medicine, and Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Medicine, and Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jurgen A.H.R. Claassen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Neurology, Geriatric Medicine, and Radboud Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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202
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Functional near infrared spectroscopy as a probe of brain function in people with prolonged disorders of consciousness. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 12:312-9. [PMID: 27547728 PMCID: PMC4983150 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique which measures changes in brain tissue oxygenation. NIRS has been used for continuous monitoring of brain oxygenation during medical procedures carrying high risk of iatrogenic brain ischemia and also has been adopted by cognitive neuroscience for studies on executive and cognitive functions. Until now, NIRS has not been used to detect residual cognitive functions in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness (pDOC). In this study we aimed to evaluate the brain function of patients with pDOC by using a motor imagery task while recording NIRS. We also collected data from a group of age and gender matched healthy controls while they carried out both real and imagined motor movements to command. We studied 16 pDOC patients in total, split into two groups: five had a diagnosis of Vegetative state/Unresponsive Wakefulness State, and eleven had a diagnosis of Minimally Conscious State. In the control subjects we found a greater oxy-haemoglobin (oxyHb) response during real movement compared with imagined movement. For the between group comparison, we found a main effect of hemisphere, with greater depression of oxyHb signal in the right > left hemisphere compared with rest period for all three groups. A post-hoc analysis including only the two pDOC patient groups was also significant suggesting that this effect was not just being driven by the control subjects. This study demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of using NIRS for the assessment of brain function in pDOC patients using a motor imagery task.
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Key Words
- (Prolonged) disorders of consciousness
- Brain function assessment in disorders of consciousness
- Functional near infrared spectroscopy
- M1, primary motor cortex
- MCS, minimally conscious state
- MI, motor imagery
- MM, motor movement
- SMA, supplementary motor area
- SMART, Sensory Modality Assessment for Rehabilitation Technique
- UWS, unresponsive wakefulness state
- VS, vegetative state
- fNIRS, functional near infrared spectroscopy
- pDOC, prolonged disorders of consciousness
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Effective Connectivity of Cortical Sensorimotor Networks During Finger Movement Tasks: A Simultaneous fNIRS, fMRI, EEG Study. Brain Topogr 2016; 29:645-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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204
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Quaresima V, Ferrari M. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) for Assessing Cerebral Cortex Function During Human Behavior in Natural/Social Situations: A Concise Review. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116658959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Upon adequate stimulation, real-time maps of cortical hemodynamic responses can be obtained by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which noninvasively measures changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin after positioning multiple sources and detectors over the human scalp. This review is aimed at giving a concise and simple overview of the basic principles of fNIRS including features, strengths, advantages, limitations, and utility for evaluating human behavior. The transportable/wireless commercially available fNIRS systems have a time resolution of 1 to 10 Hz, a depth sensitivity of about 1.5 cm, and a spatial resolution up to 1 cm. fNIRS has been found suitable for many applications on human beings, either adults or infants/children, in the field of social sciences, neuroimaging basic research, and medicine. Some examples of present and future prospects of fNIRS for assessing cerebral cortex function during human behavior in different situations (in natural and social situations) will be provided. Moreover, the most recent fNIRS studies for investigating interpersonal interactions by adopting the hyperscanning approach, which consists of the measurement of brain activity simultaneously on two or more people, will be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Italy
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205
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Maidan I, Nieuwhof F, Bernad-Elazari H, Reelick MF, Bloem BR, Giladi N, Deutsch JE, Hausdorff JM, Claassen JAH, Mirelman A. The Role of the Frontal Lobe in Complex Walking Among Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Older Adults: An fNIRS Study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 30:963-971. [PMID: 27221042 DOI: 10.1177/1545968316650426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait is influenced by higher order cognitive and cortical control mechanisms. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been used to examine frontal activation during walking in healthy older adults, reporting increased oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) levels during dual task walking (DT), compared with usual walking. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the frontal lobe during DT and obstacle negotiation, in healthy older adults and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Thirty-eight healthy older adults (mean age 70.4 ± 0.9 years) and 68 patients with PD (mean age 71.7 ± 1.1 years,) performed 3 walking tasks: (a) usual walking, (b) DT walking, and (c) obstacles negotiation, with fNIRS and accelerometers. Linear-mix models were used to detect changes between groups and within tasks. RESULTS Patients with PD had higher activation during usual walking (P < .030). During DT, HbO2 increased only in healthy older adults (P < .001). During obstacle negotiation, HbO2 increased in patients with PD (P = .001) and tended to increase in healthy older adults (P = .053). Higher DT and obstacle cost (P < .003) and worse cognitive performance were observed in patients with PD (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS A different pattern of frontal activation during walking was observed between groups. The higher activation during usual walking in patients with PD suggests that the prefrontal cortex plays an important role already during simple walking. However, higher activation relative to baseline during obstacle negotiation and not during DT in the patients with PD demonstrates that prefrontal activation depends on the nature of the task. These findings may have important implications for rehabilitation of gait in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Maidan
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Freek Nieuwhof
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Miriam F Reelick
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bas R Bloem
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nir Giladi
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Jeffery M Hausdorff
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jurgen A H Claassen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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206
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Balconi M, Vanutelli ME, Bartolo A, Cortesi L. Transitive and intransitive gesture execution and observation compared to resting state: the hemodynamic measures (fNIRS). Cogn Process 2016. [PMID: 26224278 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored cortical correlates of gesture execution and observation in peripersonal space, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Moreover, a direct comparison was realized between resting state condition and execution/observation. Meaningful gestures produced in the presence (transitive action) or in the absence (intransitive action) of the object were considered in a real context (situated representation of gestures). Subjects were required to execute or observe transitive versus intransitive gestures during fNIRS registration. Gesture execution was related to higher brain activity (increased oxygenated hemoglobin levels) with respect to observation in motor areas (premotor cortex, PMC; supplementary motor cortex, SM1). In contrast, the posterior parietal cortex was similarly activated in case of both execution and observation task. Moreover, both tasks showed increased brain activity within these areas compared to resting state. Finally, it was shown that action execution and observation of transitive gestures was supported by similar parietal posterior areas. These findings support the hypothesis of a partial common network for observation and execution of gestures within peripersonal space, mainly in transitive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy,
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207
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Eliseyev A, Aksenova T. Penalized Multi-Way Partial Least Squares for Smooth Trajectory Decoding from Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Recording. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154878. [PMID: 27196417 PMCID: PMC4873044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current paper the decoding algorithms for motor-related BCI systems for continuous upper limb trajectory prediction are considered. Two methods for the smooth prediction, namely Sobolev and Polynomial Penalized Multi-Way Partial Least Squares (PLS) regressions, are proposed. The methods are compared to the Multi-Way Partial Least Squares and Kalman Filter approaches. The comparison demonstrated that the proposed methods combined the prediction accuracy of the algorithms of the PLS family and trajectory smoothness of the Kalman Filter. In addition, the prediction delay is significantly lower for the proposed algorithms than for the Kalman Filter approach. The proposed methods could be applied in a wide range of applications beyond neuroscience.
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208
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Andreu-Perez J, Leff DR, Shetty K, Darzi A, Yang GZ. Disparity in Frontal Lobe Connectivity on a Complex Bimanual Motor Task Aids in Classification of Operator Skill Level. Brain Connect 2016; 6:375-88. [PMID: 26899241 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective metrics of technical performance (e.g., dexterity, time, and path length) are insufficient to fully characterize operator skill level, which may be encoded deep within neural function. Unlike reports that capture plasticity across days or weeks, this articles studies long-term plasticity in functional connectivity that occurs over years of professional task practice. Optical neuroimaging data are acquired from professional surgeons of varying experience on a complex bimanual coordination task with the aim of investigating learning-related disparity in frontal lobe functional connectivity that arises as a consequence of motor skill level. The results suggest that prefrontal and premotor seed connectivity is more critical during naïve versus expert performance. Given learning-related differences in connectivity, a least-squares support vector machine with a radial basis function kernel is employed to evaluate skill level using connectivity data. The results demonstrate discrimination of operator skill level with accuracy ≥0.82 and Multiclass Matthew's Correlation Coefficient ≥0.70. Furthermore, these indices are improved when local (i.e., within-region) rather than inter-regional (i.e., between-region) frontal connectivity is considered (p = 0.002). The results suggest that it is possible to classify operator skill level with good accuracy from functional connectivity data, upon which objective assessment and neurofeedback may be used to improve operator performance during technical skill training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kunal Shetty
- 1 The Hamlyn Centre Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Ara Darzi
- 1 The Hamlyn Centre Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- 1 The Hamlyn Centre Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
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209
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Moro SB, Carrieri M, Avola D, Brigadoi S, Lancia S, Petracca A, Spezialetti M, Ferrari M, Placidi G, Quaresima V. A novel semi-immersive virtual reality visuo-motor task activates ventrolateral prefrontal cortex: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:036002. [PMID: 27001948 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/3/036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the last few years, the interest in applying virtual reality systems for neurorehabilitation is increasing. Their compatibility with neuroimaging techniques, such as functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), allows for the investigation of brain reorganization with multimodal stimulation and real-time control of the changes occurring in brain activity. The present study was aimed at testing a novel semi-immersive visuo-motor task (VMT), which has the features of being adopted in the field of neurorehabilitation of the upper limb motor function. APPROACH A virtual environment was simulated through a three-dimensional hand-sensing device (the LEAP Motion Controller), and the concomitant VMT-related prefrontal cortex (PFC) response was monitored non-invasively by fNIRS. Upon the VMT, performed at three different levels of difficulty, it was hypothesized that the PFC would be activated with an expected greater level of activation in the ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), given its involvement in the motor action planning and in the allocation of the attentional resources to generate goals from current contexts. Twenty-one subjects were asked to move their right hand/forearm with the purpose of guiding a virtual sphere over a virtual path. A twenty-channel fNIRS system was employed for measuring changes in PFC oxygenated-deoxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb/HHb, respectively). MAIN RESULTS A VLPFC O2Hb increase and a concomitant HHb decrease were observed during the VMT performance, without any difference in relation to the task difficulty. SIGNIFICANCE The present study has revealed a particular involvement of the VLPFC in the execution of the novel proposed semi-immersive VMT adoptable in the neurorehabilitation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Basso Moro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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210
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Carrieri M, Petracca A, Lancia S, Basso Moro S, Brigadoi S, Spezialetti M, Ferrari M, Placidi G, Quaresima V. Prefrontal Cortex Activation Upon a Demanding Virtual Hand-Controlled Task: A New Frontier for Neuroergonomics. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:53. [PMID: 26909033 PMCID: PMC4754420 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive vascular-based functional neuroimaging technology that can assess, simultaneously from multiple cortical areas, concentration changes in oxygenated-deoxygenated hemoglobin at the level of the cortical microcirculation blood vessels. fNIRS, with its high degree of ecological validity and its very limited requirement of physical constraints to subjects, could represent a valid tool for monitoring cortical responses in the research field of neuroergonomics. In virtual reality (VR) real situations can be replicated with greater control than those obtainable in the real world. Therefore, VR is the ideal setting where studies about neuroergonomics applications can be performed. The aim of the present study was to investigate, by a 20-channel fNIRS system, the dorsolateral/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC/VLPFC) in subjects while performing a demanding VR hand-controlled task (HCT). Considering the complexity of the HCT, its execution should require the attentional resources allocation and the integration of different executive functions. The HCT simulates the interaction with a real, remotely-driven, system operating in a critical environment. The hand movements were captured by a high spatial and temporal resolution 3-dimensional (3D) hand-sensing device, the LEAP motion controller, a gesture-based control interface that could be used in VR for tele-operated applications. Fifteen University students were asked to guide, with their right hand/forearm, a virtual ball (VB) over a virtual route (VROU) reproducing a 42 m narrow road including some critical points. The subjects tried to travel as long as possible without making VB fall. The distance traveled by the guided VB was 70.2 ± 37.2 m. The less skilled subjects failed several times in guiding the VB over the VROU. Nevertheless, a bilateral VLPFC activation, in response to the HCT execution, was observed in all the subjects. No correlation was found between the distance traveled by the guided VB and the corresponding cortical activation. These results confirm the suitability of fNIRS technology to objectively evaluate cortical hemodynamic changes occurring in VR environments. Future studies could give a contribution to a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying human performance either in expert or non-expert operators during the simulation of different demanding/fatiguing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Carrieri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Petracca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefania Lancia
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Basso Moro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sabrina Brigadoi
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Spezialetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Placidi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valentina Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
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211
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Lin TY, Wu JS, Lin LL, Ho TC, Lin PY, Chen JJJ. Assessments of Muscle Oxygenation and Cortical Activity Using Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Healthy Adults During Hybrid Activation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2016; 24:1-9. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2429655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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212
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Balconi M, Cortesi L. Brain Activity (fNIRS) in Control State Differs from the Execution and Observation of Object-Related and Object-Unrelated Actions. J Mot Behav 2015; 48:289-96. [PMID: 26675979 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2015.1092936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The authors explored cortical correlates of action execution and observation, directly comparing control condition condition and execution-observation, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Transitive actions (meaningful gestures produced in presence of an object) or intransitive actions (meaningful gestures produced in absence of an object) were performed. Increased oxygenated hemoglobin levels were revealed for both action execution and action observation in premotor cortex, and sensorimotor cortex compared to control condition. However, a higher activity in motor areas was observed for action execution than motor observation. In contrast the posterior parietal cortex was similarly activated in case of both execution and observation task. Finally, it was shown that action execution and observation of transitive more than intransitive gestures was supported by similar parietal posterior areas. These findings support the hypothesis of a partial common network for observation and execution of action, and significant implications related to action types (transitive vs. intransitive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- a Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Milan , Italy.,b Department of Psychology , Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Milan , Italy
| | - Livia Cortesi
- a Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Milan , Italy
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213
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Simultaneous fNIRS and thermal infrared imaging during cognitive task reveal autonomic correlates of prefrontal cortex activity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17471. [PMID: 26632763 PMCID: PMC4668373 DOI: 10.1038/srep17471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional Near Infrared-Spectroscopy (fNIRS) represents a powerful tool to non-invasively study task-evoked brain activity. fNIRS assessment of cortical activity may suffer for contamination by physiological noises of different origin (e.g. heart beat, respiration, blood pressure, skin blood flow), both task-evoked and spontaneous. Spontaneous changes occur at different time scales and, even if they are not directly elicited by tasks, their amplitude may result task-modulated. In this study, concentration changes of hemoglobin were recorded over the prefrontal cortex while simultaneously recording the facial temperature variations of the participants through functional infrared thermal (fIR) imaging. fIR imaging provides touch-less estimation of the thermal expression of peripheral autonomic. Wavelet analysis revealed task-modulation of the very low frequency (VLF) components of both fNIRS and fIR signals and strong coherence between them. Our results indicate that subjective cognitive and autonomic activities are intimately linked and that the VLF component of the fNIRS signal is affected by the autonomic activity elicited by the cognitive task. Moreover, we showed that task-modulated changes in vascular tone occur both at a superficial and at larger depth in the brain. Combined use of fNIRS and fIR imaging can effectively quantify the impact of VLF autonomic activity on the fNIRS signals.
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214
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Roberts CA, Montgomery C. Cortical oxygenation suggests increased effort during cognitive inhibition in ecstasy polydrug users. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1170-81. [PMID: 26333432 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115598412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is understood that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) causes serotonin dysfunction and deficits in executive functioning. When investigating executive function, functional neuroimaging allows the physiological changes underlying these deficits to be investigated. The present study investigated behavioural and brain indices of inhibition in ecstasy-polydrug users. METHODS Twenty ecstasy-polydrug users and 20 drug-naïve participants completed an inhibitory control task (Random Letter Generation (RLG)) while prefrontal haemodynamic response was assessed using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). RESULTS There were no group differences on background measures including sleep quality and mood state. There were also no behavioural differences between the two groups. However, ecstasy-polydrug users displayed significant increases in oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb) from baseline compared to controls at several voxels relating to areas of the inferior right medial prefrontal cortex, as well the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Regression analysis revealed that recency of ecstasy use was a significant predictor of oxy-Hb increase at two voxels over the right hemisphere after controlling for alcohol and cannabis use indices. CONCLUSION Ecstasy-polydrug users show increased neuronal activation in the prefrontal cortex compared to non-users. This is taken to be compensatory activation/recruitment of additional resources to attain similar performance levels on the task, which may be reversible with prolonged abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Roberts
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Catharine Montgomery
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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215
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Crewther BT, Shetty K, Jarchi D, Selvadurai S, Cook CJ, Leff DR, Darzi A, Yang GZ. Skill acquisition and stress adaptations following laparoscopic surgery training and detraining in novice surgeons. Surg Endosc 2015; 30:2961-8. [PMID: 26487239 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical training and practice is stressful, but adaptive changes in the stress circuitry (e.g. perceptual, physiological, hormonal, neural) could support skill development. This work examined skill acquisition and stress adaptations in novice surgeons during laparoscopic surgery (LS) training and detraining. METHODS Twelve medical students were assessed for skill performance after 2 h (BASE), 5 h (MID) and 8 h (POST) of LS training in weeks 1-3, and then after 4 weeks of no training (RETEST). The stress outcomes included state anxiety, perceived stress and workload, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to assess cortical oxygenation change, as a marker of prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity. RESULTS Skill performance improved in every session from BASE (p < 0.01), with corresponding decreases in state anxiety, stress, workload, low- and high-frequency HRV in the MID, POST and/or RETEST sessions (p < 0.05). Left and right PFC were symmetrically activated within each testing session (p < 0.01). The stress and workload measures predicted skill performance and changes over time (p < 0.05), with state anxiety, mean HR and the HRV measures also showing some predictive potential (p < 0.10). CONCLUSIONS A 3-week LS training programme promoted stress-related adaptations likely to directly, or indirectly, support the acquisition of new surgical skills, and many outcomes were retained after a 4-week period without further LS training. These results have implications for medical training and education (e.g. distributed training for skill development and maintenance, stress resource and management training) and highlighted possible areas for new research (e.g. longitudinal stress and skill profiling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.
| | - Kunal Shetty
- The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Delaram Jarchi
- The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | | | - Christian J Cook
- The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Daniel R Leff
- The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Guang-Zhong Yang
- The Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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Brain activity during walking: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:310-27. [PMID: 26306029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review provides an overview of the literature deducing information about brain activation during (1) imagined walking using MRI/fMRI or (2) during real walking using measurement systems as fNIRS, EEG and PET. METHODS Three independent reviewers undertook an electronic database research browsing six databases. The search request consisted of three search fields. The first field comprised common methods to evaluate brain activity. The second search field comprised synonyms for brain responses to movements. The third search field comprised synonyms for walking. RESULTS 48 of an initial yield of 1832 papers were reviewed. We found differences in cortical activity regarding young vs. old individuals, physically fit vs. physically unfit cohorts, healthy people vs. patients with neurological diseases, and between simple and complex walking tasks. CONCLUSIONS We summarize that the dimension of brain activity in different brain areas during walking is highly sensitive to task complexity, age and pathologies supporting previous assumptions underpinning the significance of cortical control. Many compensation mechanisms reflect the brain's plasticity which ensures stable walking.
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217
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Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Control during Gaming Revealed by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134816. [PMID: 26244781 PMCID: PMC4526694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In everyday life we quickly build and maintain associations between stimuli and behavioral responses. This is governed by rules of varying complexity and past studies have identified an underlying fronto-parietal network involved in cognitive control processes. However, there is only limited knowledge about the neuronal activations during more natural settings like game playing. We thus assessed whether near-infrared spectroscopy recordings can reflect different demands on cognitive control during a simple game playing task. Sixteen healthy participants had to catch falling objects by pressing computer keys. These objects either fell randomly (RANDOM task), according to a known stimulus-response mapping applied by players (APPLY task) or according to a stimulus-response mapping that had to be learned (LEARN task). We found an increased change of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin during LEARN covering broad areas over right frontal, central and parietal cortex. Opposed to this, hemoglobin changes were less pronounced for RANDOM and APPLY. Along with the findings that fewer objects were caught during LEARN but stimulus-response mappings were successfully identified, we attribute the higher activations to an increased cognitive load when extracting an unknown mapping. This study therefore demonstrates a neuronal marker of cognitive control during gaming revealed by near-infrared spectroscopy recordings.
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218
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Yao J, Tian F, Rakvongthai Y, Oraintara S, Liu H. Quantification and normalization of noise variance with sparsity regularization to enhance diffuse optical tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2961-79. [PMID: 26309760 PMCID: PMC4541524 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Conventional reconstruction of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is based on the Tikhonov regularization and the white Gaussian noise assumption. Consequently, the reconstructed DOT images usually have a low spatial resolution. In this work, we have derived a novel quantification method for noise variance based on the linear Rytov approximation of the photon diffusion equation. Specifically, we have implemented this quantification of noise variance to normalize the measurement signals from all source-detector channels along with sparsity regularization to provide high-quality DOT images. Multiple experiments from computer simulations and laboratory phantoms were performed to validate and support the newly developed algorithm. The reconstructed images demonstrate that quantification and normalization of noise variance with sparsity regularization (QNNVSR) is an effective reconstruction approach to greatly enhance the spatial resolution and the shape fidelity for DOT images. Since noise variance can be estimated by our derived expression with relatively limited resources available, this approach is practically useful for many DOT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Yothin Rakvongthai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Soontorn Oraintara
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
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219
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Drenckhahn C, Koch SP, Dümmler J, Kohl-Bareis M, Steinbrink J, Dreier JP. A validation study of the use of near-infrared spectroscopy imaging in primary and secondary motor areas of the human brain. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 49:118-25. [PMID: 25976181 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The electroencephalographically measured Bereitschafts (readiness)-potential in the supplementary motor area (SMA) serves as a signature of the preparation of motor activity. Using a multichannel, noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imager, we studied the vascular correlate of the readiness potential. Sixteen healthy subjects performed a self-paced or externally triggered motor task in a single or repetitive pattern, while NIRS simultaneously recorded the task-related responses of deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) in the primary motor area (M1) and the SMA. Right-hand movements in the repetitive sequence trial elicited a significantly greater HbR response in both the SMA and the left M1 compared to left-hand movements. During the single sequence condition, the HbR response in the SMA, but not in the M1, was significantly greater for self-paced than for externally cued movements. Nonetheless, an unequivocal temporal delay was not found between the SMA and M1. Near-infrared spectroscopy is a promising, noninvasive bedside tool for the neuromonitoring of epileptic seizures or cortical spreading depolarizations (CSDs) in patients with epilepsy, stroke, or brain trauma because these pathological events are associated with typical spatial and temporal changes in HbR. Propagation is a characteristic feature of these events which importantly supports their identification and characterization in invasive recordings. Unfortunately, the present noninvasive study failed to show a temporal delay during self-paced movements between the SMA and M1 as a vascular correlate of the readiness potential. Although this result does not exclude, in principle, the possibility that scalp-NIRS can detect a temporal delay between different regions during epileptic seizures or CSDs, it strongly suggests that further technological development of NIRS should focus on both improved spatial and temporal resolution. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Status Epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Drenckhahn
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan P Koch
- Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Dümmler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jens Steinbrink
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens P Dreier
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Neuroimaging Center, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Effects of Increasing Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Current Intensity on Cortical Sensorimotor Network Activation: A Time Domain fNIRS Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131951. [PMID: 26158464 PMCID: PMC4497661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have shown neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-evoked movements activate regions of the cortical sensorimotor network, including the primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC), premotor cortex (PMC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and secondary somatosensory area (S2), as well as regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) known to be involved in pain processing. The aim of this study, on nine healthy subjects, was to compare the cortical network activation profile and pain ratings during NMES of the right forearm wrist extensor muscles at increasing current intensities up to and slightly over the individual maximal tolerated intensity (MTI), and with reference to voluntary (VOL) wrist extension movements. By exploiting the capability of the multi-channel time domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy technique to relate depth information to the photon time-of-flight, the cortical and superficial oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin concentrations were estimated. The O2Hb and HHb maps obtained using the General Linear Model (NIRS-SPM) analysis method, showed that the VOL and NMES-evoked movements significantly increased activation (i.e., increase in O2Hb and corresponding decrease in HHb) in the cortical layer of the contralateral sensorimotor network (SMC, PMC/SMA, and S2). However, the level and area of contralateral sensorimotor network (including PFC) activation was significantly greater for NMES than VOL. Furthermore, there was greater bilateral sensorimotor network activation with the high NMES current intensities which corresponded with increased pain ratings. In conclusion, our findings suggest that greater bilateral sensorimotor network activation profile with high NMES current intensities could be in part attributable to increased attentional/pain processing and to increased bilateral sensorimotor integration in these cortical regions.
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221
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Baker WB, Parthasarathy AB, Ko TS, Busch DR, Abramson K, Tzeng SY, Mesquita RC, Durduran T, Greenberg JH, Kung DK, Yodh AG. Pressure modulation algorithm to separate cerebral hemodynamic signals from extracerebral artifacts. NEUROPHOTONICS 2015; 2:035004. [PMID: 26301255 PMCID: PMC4524732 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and validate a pressure measurement paradigm that reduces extracerebral contamination from superficial tissues in optical monitoring of cerebral blood flow with diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). The scheme determines subject-specific contributions of extracerebral and cerebral tissues to the DCS signal by utilizing probe pressure modulation to induce variations in extracerebral blood flow. For analysis, the head is modeled as a two-layer medium and is probed with long and short source-detector separations. Then a combination of pressure modulation and a modified Beer-Lambert law for flow enables experimenters to linearly relate differential DCS signals to cerebral and extracerebral blood flow variation without a priori anatomical information. We demonstrate the algorithm's ability to isolate cerebral blood flow during a finger-tapping task and during graded scalp ischemia in healthy adults. Finally, we adapt the pressure modulation algorithm to ameliorate extracerebral contamination in monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation and blood volume by near-infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B. Baker
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Wesley B. Baker, E-mail:
| | - Ashwin B. Parthasarathy
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tiffany S. Ko
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David R. Busch
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kenneth Abramson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shih-Yu Tzeng
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- National Cheng Kung University, Department of Photonics, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Rickson C. Mesquita
- University of Campinas, Institute of Physics, 777 R. Sergio Buarque de Holanda, Campinas 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, Castelldefels (Barcelona) 08860, Spain
| | - Joel H. Greenberg
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurology, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David K. Kung
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Neurosurgery, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Weyand S, Takehara-Nishiuchi K, Chau T. Weaning Off Mental Tasks to Achieve Voluntary Self-Regulatory Control of a Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Brain-Computer Interface. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2015; 23:548-61. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2015.2399392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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223
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Lu CF, Liu YC, Yang YR, Wu YT, Wang RY. Maintaining Gait Performance by Cortical Activation during Dual-Task Interference: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129390. [PMID: 26079605 PMCID: PMC4469417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, mobility requires walking while performing a cognitive or upper-extremity motor task. Although previous studies have evaluated the effects of dual tasks on gait performance, few studies have evaluated cortical activation and its association with gait disturbance during dual tasks. In this study, we simultaneously assessed gait performance and cerebral oxygenation in the bilateral prefrontal cortices (PFC), premotor cortices (PMC), and supplemental motor areas (SMA), using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, in 17 young adults performing dual tasks. Each participant was evaluated while performing normal-pace walking (NW), walking while performing a cognitive task (WCT), and walking while performing a motor task (WMT). Our results indicated that the left PFC exhibited the strongest and most sustained activation during WCT, and that NW and WMT were associated with minor increases in oxygenation levels during their initial phases. We observed increased activation in channels in the SMA and PMC during WCT and WMT. Gait data indicated that WCT and WMT both caused reductions in walking speed, but these reductions resulted from differing alterations in gait properties. WCT was associated with significant changes in cadence, stride time, and stride length, whereas WMT was associated with reductions in stride length only. During dual-task activities, increased activation of the PMC and SMA correlated with declines in gait performance, indicating a control mechanism for maintaining gait performance during dual tasks. Thus, the regulatory effects of cortical activation on gait behavior enable a second task to be performed while walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Lu
- Translational Imaging Research Center, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yan-Ci Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yea-Ru Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Te Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (Y-TW); (R-YW)
| | - Ray-Yau Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail: (Y-TW); (R-YW)
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fNIRS suggests increased effort during executive access in ecstasy polydrug users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1571-82. [PMID: 25391436 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecstasy use is associated with cognitive impairment, believed to result from damage to 5-HT axons. Neuroimaging techniques to investigate executive dysfunction in ecstasy users provide a more sensitive measure of cognitive impairment than behavioural indicators. The present study assessed executive access to semantic memory in ecstasy polydrug users and non-users. METHODS Twenty ecstasy polydrug users and 20 non-user controls completed an oral variant of the Chicago Word Fluency Test (CWFT), whilst the haemodynamic response to the task was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). RESULTS There were no between-group differences in many background measures including measures of sleep and mood state (anxiety, arousal, hedonic tone). No behavioural differences were observed on the CWFT. However, there were significant differences in oxy-Hb level change at several voxels relating to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and right medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the CWFT, indicating increased cognitive effort in ecstasy users relative to controls. Regression analyses showed that frequency of ecstasy use, total lifetime dose and amount used in the last 30 days was significant predictors of oxy-Hb increase at several voxels after controlling for alcohol and cannabis use indices. CONCLUSION The results suggest that ecstasy users show increased activation in the PFC as a compensatory mechanism, to achieve equivalent performance to non-users. These findings are in agreement with much of the literature in the area which suggests that ecstasy may be a selective serotonin neurotoxin in humans.
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225
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Weyand S, Schudlo L, Takehara-Nishiuchi K, Chau T. Usability and performance-informed selection of personalized mental tasks for an online near-infrared spectroscopy brain-computer interface. NEUROPHOTONICS 2015; 2:025001. [PMID: 26158005 PMCID: PMC4478988 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.2.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow individuals to use only cognitive activities to interact with their environment. The widespread use of BCIs is limited, due in part to their lack of user-friendliness. The main goal of this work was to develop a more user-centered BCI and determine if: (1) individuals can acquire control of an online near-infrared spectroscopy BCI via usability and performance-informed selection of mental tasks without compromising classification accuracy and (2) the combination of usability and performance-informed selection of mental tasks yields subjective ease-of-use ratings that exceed those attainable with prescribed mental tasks. Twenty able-bodied participants were recruited. Half of the participants served as a control group, using the state-of-the-art prescribed mental strategies. The other half of the participants comprised the study group, choosing their own personalized mental strategies out of eleven possible tasks. It was concluded that users were, in fact, able to acquire control of the more user-centered BCI without a significant change in accuracy compared to the prescribed task BCI. Furthermore, the personalized BCI yielded higher subjective ease-of-use ratings than the prescribed BCI. Average online accuracies of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were achieved by the personalized and prescribed mental task groups, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weyand
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4G 1R8, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Larissa Schudlo
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4G 1R8, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | | | - Tom Chau
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4G 1R8, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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Bigliassi M, Barreto-Silva V, Altimari LR, Vandoni M, Codrons E, Buzzachera CF. HOW MOTIVATIONAL AND CALM MUSIC MAY AFFECT THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX AREA AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSES: A FUNCTIONAL NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (fNIRS) STUDY. Percept Mot Skills 2015; 120:202-18. [PMID: 25650505 DOI: 10.2466/27.24.pms.120v12x5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, the present study investigated how listening to differently valenced music is associated with changes in hemoglobin concentrations in the prefrontal cortex area, indicating changes in neural activity. Thirty healthy people (15 men; M age = 24.8 yr., SD = 2.4; 15 women; M age = 25.2 yr., SD = 3.1) participated. Prefrontal cortex activation, emotional responses (heart rate variability), and self-reported affective ratings were measured while listening to calm and motivational music. The songs were presented in a random counterbalanced order and separated by periods of white noise. Mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluated the relationships for main effects and interactions. The results showed that music was associated with increased activation of the prefrontal cortex area. For both sexes, listening to the motivational song was associated with higher vagal withdrawal (lower HR) than the calm song. As expected, participants rated the motivational song with greater affective valence and higher arousal. Effects persisted longer in men than in women. These findings suggest that both the characteristics of music and sex differences may significantly affect the results of emotional neuroimaging in samples of young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Bigliassi
- 1 Center of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Brazil
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227
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Roberts CA, Wetherell MA, Fisk JE, Montgomery C. Differences in prefrontal blood oxygenation during an acute multitasking stressor in ecstasy polydrug users. Psychol Med 2015; 45:395-406. [PMID: 25066866 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits are well documented in ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) users, with such deficits being taken as evidence of dysregulation of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. More recently neuroimaging has been used to corroborate these deficits. The present study aimed to assess multitasking performance in ecstasy polydrug users, polydrug users and drug-naive individuals. It was predicted that ecstasy polydrug users would perform worse than non-users on the behavioural measure and this would be supported by differences in cortical blood oxygenation. METHOD In the study, 20 ecstasy-polydrug users, 17 polydrug users and 19 drug-naive individuals took part. On day 1, drug use history was taken and questionnaire measures were completed. On day 2, participants completed a 20-min multitasking stressor while brain blood oxygenation was measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). RESULTS There were no significant differences between the three groups on the subscales of the multitasking stressor. In addition, there were no significant differences on self-report measures of perceived workload (NASA Task Load Index). In terms of mood, ecstasy users were significantly less calm and less relaxed compared with drug-naive controls. There were also significant differences at three voxels on the fNIRS, indicating decreased blood oxygenation in ecstasy users compared with drug-naive controls at voxel 2 (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), voxel 14 and voxel 16 (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and compared with polydrug controls at V14. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study provide support for changes in brain activation during performance of demanding tasks in ecstasy polydrug users, which could be related to cerebral vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Roberts
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology,Liverpool John Moores University,Liverpool,UK
| | - M A Wetherell
- Health in Action: Stress Research Group, Department of Psychology,University of Northumbria,Newcastle upon Tyne,UK
| | - J E Fisk
- School of Psychology,University of Central Lancashire,Preston,UK
| | - C Montgomery
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology,Liverpool John Moores University,Liverpool,UK
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Dempsey LA, Cooper RJ, Roque T, Correia T, Magee E, Powell S, Gibson AP, Hebden JC. Data-driven approach to optimum wavelength selection for diffuse optical imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:016003. [PMID: 25562501 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.1.016003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The production of accurate and independent images of the changes in concentration of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin by diffuse optical imaging is heavily dependent on which wavelengths of near-infrared light are chosen to interrogate the target tissue. Although wavelengths can be selected by theoretical methods, in practice the accuracy of reconstructed images will be affected by wavelength-specific and system-specific factors such as laser source power and detector sensitivity. We describe the application of a data-driven approach to optimum wavelength selection for the second generation of University College London's multichannel, time-domain optical tomography system (MONSTIR II). By performing a functional activation experiment using 12 different wavelengths between 690 and 870 nm, we were able to identify the combinations of 2, 3, and 4 wavelengths which most accurately reproduced the results obtained using all 12 wavelengths via an imaging approach. Our results show that the set of 2, 3, and 4 wavelengths which produce the most accurate images of functional activation are [770, 810], [770, 790, 850], and [730, 770, 810, 850] respectively, but also that the system is relatively robust to wavelength selection within certain limits. Although these results are specific to MONSTIR II, the approach we developed can be applied to other multispectral near-infrared spectroscopy and optical imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Dempsey
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Cooper
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Roque
- Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Teresa Correia
- University College London, Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Magee
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Powell
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London WC1E 6BT, United KingdomdUniversity College London, Department of Computer Science, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Gibson
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy C Hebden
- University College London, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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229
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Sukal-Moulton T, de Campos AC, Stanley CJ, Damiano DL. Functional near infrared spectroscopy of the sensory and motor brain regions with simultaneous kinematic and EMG monitoring during motor tasks. J Vis Exp 2014:52391. [PMID: 25548919 PMCID: PMC4396965 DOI: 10.3791/52391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sukal-Moulton
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Ana Carolina de Campos
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Christopher J Stanley
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Diane L Damiano
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health;
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230
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Chen C, Tian F, Liu H, Huang J. Diffuse optical tomography enhanced by clustered sparsity for functional brain imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:2323-31. [PMID: 25055380 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2338214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a noninvasive technique which measures hemodynamic changes in the tissue with near infrared light, which has been increasingly used to study brain functions. Due to the nature of light propagation in the tissue, the reconstruction problem is severely ill-posed. For linearized DOT problems, sparsity regularization has achieved promising results over conventional Tikhonov regularization in recent experimental research. As extensions to standard sparsity, it is widely known that structured sparsity based methods are often superior in terms of reconstruction accuracy, when the data follows some structures. In this paper, we exploit the structured sparsity of diffuse optical images. Based on the functional specialization of the brain, it is observed that the in vivo absorption changes caused by a specific brain function would be clustered in certain region(s) and not randomly distributed. Thus, a new algorithm is proposed for this clustered sparsity reconstruction (CSR). Results of numerical simulations and phantom experiments have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art methods. An example from human in vivo measurements further confirmed the advantages of the proposed CSR method.
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231
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Activation of the prefrontal cortex while performing a task at preferred slow pace and metronome slow pace: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:269120. [PMID: 25436155 PMCID: PMC4243132 DOI: 10.1155/2014/269120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals have a preferred pace at which they perform voluntary repetitive movements. Previous studies have reported that greater activation of the prefrontal cortex was observed during self-initiated movements than during externally triggered movements. The purpose of the present study is to compare the activation of the prefrontal cortex induced when the subjects performed a peg-board task at their preferred slow pace (PSP, the self-initiated condition) with that induced when they performed the same task at metronome slow pace (MSP, the externally triggered condition) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Healthy subjects performed the task while sitting in a chair. By assessing the activated channels individually, we confirmed that all of the prefrontal regions of interest were activated by both tasks. In the second-level analyses, we found that the activation detected in the frontopolar cortex (FPPFC; Brodmann area 10) was higher during the PSP task than during the MSP task. The FPPFC is known to be at the top of prefrontal hierarchy, and specifically involved in evaluating self-generated information. In addition, the FPPFC plays a role in coordinating lateral prefrontal cortex. In the present study, the subjects evaluated and managed the internally generated PSP by coordinating the activity of other lower level prefrontal regions.
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232
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Baker WB, Parthasarathy AB, Busch DR, Mesquita RC, Greenberg JH, Yodh AG. Modified Beer-Lambert law for blood flow. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4053-75. [PMID: 25426330 PMCID: PMC4242038 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We develop and validate a Modified Beer-Lambert law for blood flow based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements. The new formulation enables blood flow monitoring from temporal intensity autocorrelation function data taken at single or multiple delay-times. Consequentially, the speed of the optical blood flow measurement can be substantially increased. The scheme facilitates blood flow monitoring of highly scattering tissues in geometries wherein light propagation is diffusive or non-diffusive, and it is particularly well-suited for utilization with pressure measurement paradigms that employ differential flow signals to reduce contributions of superficial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B. Baker
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | | | - David R. Busch
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
- Div. of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | - Rickson C. Mesquita
- Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859,
Brazil
| | - Joel H. Greenberg
- Dept. Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | - A. G. Yodh
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
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233
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Li W, Liu Y, Qian Z. Determination of detection depth of optical probe in pedicle screw measurement device. Biomed Eng Online 2014; 13:148. [PMID: 25361700 PMCID: PMC4234868 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-13-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a high probability of accidental perforation of the vertebral pedicle wall in pedicle screw insertion surgery. A pedicle screw (PS) measurement device with an optical probe has been reported to send out a warning signal before the PS tip breaking the vertebral pedicle wall. METHODS In this study, we explored the detection depth of optical probe in this measurement device, which was closely related to the effective alarm distance. In the boundary, the vertebrae tissues could be treated as 2-layer models including spongy bones and compact bones. The Monte Carlo simulation and phantom models were performed to analyse and define the detection depth. Then the porcine vertebrae models were performed to obtain optical spectrum and reduced scattering coefficient, based on which the detection depths were deduced. Moreover, a comparison was made to explore the most significant pattern factor from the experiment results. RESULTS According to the pattern factor, an alarm threshold was successfully deduced to define the alarm distance during pedicle screw monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the proposed alarm standard based on detection depth provides a potential for guiding pedicle screw in surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Yudao Street, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Yudao Street, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Yudao Street, Nanjing, China
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234
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Hirao K. Prefrontal hemodynamic responses and the degree of flow experience among occupational therapy students during their performance of a cognitive task. JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2014; 11:24. [PMID: 25270254 PMCID: PMC4319471 DOI: 10.3352/jeehp.2014.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although flow experience is positively associated with motivation to learn, the biological basis of flow experience is poorly understood. Accumulation of evidence on the underlying brain mechanisms related to flow is necessary for a deeper understanding of the motivation to learn. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between flow experience and brain function using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during the performance of a cognitive task. METHODS Sixty right-handed occupational therapy (OT) students participated in this study. These students performed a verbal fluency test (VFT) while 2-channel NIRS was used to assess changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (oxygenated hemoglobin [oxy-Hb]) in the prefrontal cortex. Soon after that, the OT students answered the flow questionnaire (FQ) to assess the degree of flow experience during the VFT. RESULTS Average oxy-Hb in the prefrontal cortex had a significant negative correlation with the satisfaction scores on the FQ. CONCLUSION Satisfaction during the flow experience correlated with prefrontal hemodynamic suppression. This finding may assist in understanding motivation to learn and related flow experience.
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235
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Hemodynamic and EEG Time-Courses During Unilateral Hand Movement in Patients with Cortical Myoclonus. An EEG-fMRI and EEG-TD-fNIRS Study. Brain Topogr 2014; 28:915-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-014-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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236
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Bauernfeind G, Wriessnegger SC, Daly I, Müller-Putz GR. Separating heart and brain: on the reduction of physiological noise from multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) signals. J Neural Eng 2014; 11:056010. [PMID: 25111822 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/11/5/056010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging technique for the in vivo assessment of functional activity of the cerebral cortex as well as in the field of brain-computer interface (BCI) research. A common challenge for the utilization of fNIRS in these areas is a stable and reliable investigation of the spatio-temporal hemodynamic patterns. However, the recorded patterns may be influenced and superimposed by signals generated from physiological processes, resulting in an inaccurate estimation of the cortical activity. Up to now only a few studies have investigated these influences, and still less has been attempted to remove/reduce these influences. The present study aims to gain insights into the reduction of physiological rhythms in hemodynamic signals (oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb)). APPROACH We introduce the use of three different signal processing approaches (spatial filtering, a common average reference (CAR) method; independent component analysis (ICA); and transfer function (TF) models) to reduce the influence of respiratory and blood pressure (BP) rhythms on the hemodynamic responses. MAIN RESULTS All approaches produce large reductions in BP and respiration influences on the oxy-Hb signals and, therefore, improve the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). In contrast, for deoxy-Hb signals CAR and ICA did not improve the CNR. However, for the TF approach, a CNR-improvement in deoxy-Hb can also be found. SIGNIFICANCE The present study investigates the application of different signal processing approaches to reduce the influences of physiological rhythms on the hemodynamic responses. In addition to the identification of the best signal processing method, we also show the importance of noise reduction in fNIRS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bauernfeind
- Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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237
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Bahnmueller J, Dresler T, Ehlis AC, Cress U, Nuerk HC. NIRS in motion-unraveling the neurocognitive underpinnings of embodied numerical cognition. Front Psychol 2014; 5:743. [PMID: 25101020 PMCID: PMC4102851 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bahnmueller
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Knowledge Media Research Center Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresler
- LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Cress
- Knowledge Media Research Center Tuebingen, Germany ; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Nuerk
- Department of Psychology, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Knowledge Media Research Center Tuebingen, Germany ; LEAD Graduate School, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
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238
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Beurskens R, Helmich I, Rein R, Bock O. Age-related changes in prefrontal activity during walking in dual-task situations: A fNIRS study. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 92:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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239
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Perrey S. Possibilities for examining the neural control of gait in humans with fNIRS. Front Physiol 2014; 5:204. [PMID: 24904433 PMCID: PMC4035560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Perrey
- Movement to Health (M2H), Montpellier-1 University, EuroMov Montpellier, France
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240
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Lin ZJ, Li L, Cazzell M, Liu H. Atlas-guided volumetric diffuse optical tomography enhanced by generalized linear model analysis to image risk decision-making responses in young adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4249-66. [PMID: 24619964 PMCID: PMC4282392 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a variant of functional near infrared spectroscopy and has the capability of mapping or reconstructing three dimensional (3D) hemodynamic changes due to brain activity. Common methods used in DOT image analysis to define brain activation have limitations because the selection of activation period is relatively subjective. General linear model (GLM)-based analysis can overcome this limitation. In this study, we combine the atlas-guided 3D DOT image reconstruction with GLM-based analysis (i.e., voxel-wise GLM analysis) to investigate the brain activity that is associated with risk decision-making processes. Risk decision-making is an important cognitive process and thus is an essential topic in the field of neuroscience. The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) is a valid experimental model and has been commonly used to assess human risk-taking actions and tendencies while facing risks. We have used the BART paradigm with a blocked design to investigate brain activations in the prefrontal and frontal cortical areas during decision-making from 37 human participants (22 males and 15 females). Voxel-wise GLM analysis was performed after a human brain atlas template and a depth compensation algorithm were combined to form atlas-guided DOT images. In this work, we wish to demonstrate the excellence of using voxel-wise GLM analysis with DOT to image and study cognitive functions in response to risk decision-making. Results have shown significant hemodynamic changes in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the active-choice mode and a different activation pattern between genders; these findings correlate well with published literature in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fNIRS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jing Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Joint Program of Biomedical Engineering between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas; National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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241
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Jang SH, Jang WH, Chang PH, Lee SH, Jin SH, Kim YG, Yeo SS. Cortical activation change induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation during hand movements: a functional NIRS study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2014; 11:29. [PMID: 24597550 PMCID: PMC3973889 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used in the field of rehabilitation for a long time. Previous studies on NMES have focused on the peripheral effect, in contrast, relatively little is known about the effect on the cerebral cortex. In the current study, we attempted to investigate the change of cortical activation pattern induced by NMES during execution of hand movements in normal subjects, using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS Twelve healthy normal subjects were randomly assigned to the NMES group (six subjects) and the sham group (six subjects). We measured oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) in six regions of interest (ROI) during pre-NMES and post-NMES motor phase; the left dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary sensory-motor cortex (SM1), hand somatotopic area of SM1, and posterior parietal cortex. Between the pre-NMES and the post-NMES motor phases, real or sham NMES was applied on finger and wrist extensors of all subjects during a period of 5 minutes. RESULTS In all groups, during the pre-NMES motor phase, the HbO value in the hand somatotopic area of the left SM1 was higher than those of other ROIs. In the NMES group, during the post-NMES motor phase, HbO value variation in the hand somatotopic area of the left SM1 showed a significant decrease, compared with that of sham group (p < 0.05). However, in the sham group, similar aspect of results in HbO values of all ROIs was observed between pre-NMES and post-NMES motor phases (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study showed that NMES induced a decrease of cortical activation during execution of hand movements. This finding appears to indicate that application of NMES can increase the efficiency of the cerebral cortex during execution of motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 330-714, Republic of Korea.
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242
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Kober SE, Wood G. Changes in hemodynamic signals accompanying motor imagery and motor execution of swallowing: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Neuroimage 2014; 93 Pt 1:1-10. [PMID: 24576696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated hemodynamic changes in the brain in response to motor execution (ME) and motor imagery (MI) of swallowing using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Previous studies provide evidence that ME and MI of limb movements lead to comparable brain activation patterns indicating the potential value of MI for motor rehabilitation. In this context, identifying brain correlates of MI of swallowing may be potentially useful for the treatment of dysphagia. Fourteen healthy participants actively swallowed water (ME) and mentally imagined to swallow water (MI) in a randomized order while changes in concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) were assessed. MI and ME led to the strongest NIRS signal changes in the inferior frontal gyrus. During and after ME, oxy-Hb significantly increased, with a maximum peak around 15s after task onset. In contrast, oxy-Hb decreased during MI compared to a rest period probably because of motor inhibition mechanisms. Changes in deoxy-Hb were largely comparable between MI and ME, especially when participants used a kinesthetic motor imagery strategy during MI compared to no specific strategy. Hence, the present study provides new evidence concerning timing and topographical distribution of the hemodynamic response during ME and MI of swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Kober
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - G Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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243
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Chang PH, Lee SH, Gu GM, Lee SH, Jin SH, Yeo SS, Seo JP, Jang SH. The cortical activation pattern by a rehabilitation robotic hand: a functional NIRS study. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:49. [PMID: 24570660 PMCID: PMC3915242 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Clarification of the relationship between external stimuli and brain response has been an important topic in neuroscience and brain rehabilitation. In the current study, using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we attempted to investigate cortical activation patterns generated during execution of a rehabilitation robotic hand. Methods: Ten normal subjects were recruited for this study. Passive movements of the right fingers were performed using a rehabilitation robotic hand at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. We measured values of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO), deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR) and total-hemoglobin (HbT) in five regions of interest: the primary sensory-motor cortex (SM1), hand somatotopy of the contralateral SM1, supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex (PMC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results: HbO and HbT values indicated significant activation in the left SM1, left SMA, left PMC, and left PFC during execution of the rehabilitation robotic hand (uncorrected, p < 0.01). By contrast, HbR value indicated significant activation only in the hand somatotopic area of the left SM1 (uncorrected, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results appear to indicate that execution of the rehabilitation robotic hand could induce cortical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung-Hun Chang
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Taegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Department of Robotics Engineering, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Taegu, South Korea
| | - Gwang Min Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology Taegu, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Lee
- Robotics Research Division, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Taegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Jin
- Robotics Research Division, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Taegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Taegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Pyo Seo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Taegu, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Taegu, South Korea
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244
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Kainerstorfer JM, Sassaroli A, Hallacoglu B, Pierro ML, Fantini S. Practical steps for applying a new dynamic model to near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of hemodynamic oscillations and transient changes: implications for cerebrovascular and functional brain studies. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:185-96. [PMID: 24439332 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Perturbations in cerebral blood volume (CBV), blood flow (CBF), and metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) lead to associated changes in tissue concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin (ΔO and ΔD), which can be measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A novel hemodynamic model has been introduced to relate physiological perturbations and measured quantities. We seek to use this model to determine functional traces of cbv(t) and cbf(t) - cmro2(t) from time-varying NIRS data, and cerebrovascular physiological parameters from oscillatory NIRS data (lowercase letters denote the relative changes in CBV, CBF, and CMRO2 with respect to baseline). Such a practical implementation of a quantitative hemodynamic model is an important step toward the clinical translation of NIRS. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the time domain, we have simulated O(t) and D(t) traces induced by cerebral activation. In the frequency domain, we have performed a new analysis of frequency-resolved measurements of cerebral hemodynamic oscillations during a paced breathing paradigm. RESULTS We have demonstrated that cbv(t) and cbf(t) - cmro2(t) can be reliably obtained from O(t) and D(t) using the model, and that the functional NIRS signals are delayed with respect to cbf(t) - cmro2(t) as a result of the blood transit time in the microvasculature. In the frequency domain, we have identified physiological parameters (e.g., blood transit time, cutoff frequency of autoregulation) that can be measured by frequency-resolved measurements of hemodynamic oscillations. CONCLUSIONS The ability to perform noninvasive measurements of cerebrovascular parameters has far-reaching clinical implications. Functional brain studies rely on measurements of CBV, CBF, and CMRO2, whereas the diagnosis and assessment of neurovascular disorders, traumatic brain injury, and stroke would benefit from measurements of local cerebral hemodynamics and autoregulation.
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Wilson TW, Kurz MJ, Arpin DJ. Functional specialization within the supplementary motor area: a fNIRS study of bimanual coordination. Neuroimage 2014; 85 Pt 1:445-50. [PMID: 23664948 PMCID: PMC3838451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimanual movements can be performed by flexing and extending the target effectors (e.g., hand muscles) in unison, or by flexing units on one side in unison with extension of the same units on the opposite side. The former movement patterns are generally referred to as in-phase or parallel, whereas the latter patterns are often termed anti-phase movements. It is well known that anti-phase patterns are unstable and tend to spontaneously transition to in-phase movements at higher repetition rates, but the mechanisms and brain regions involved are not fully understood. In the current study, we utilized functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to evaluate whether anterior/posterior subdivisions of the supplementary motor complex (SMA) have distinct functional roles in maintaining in-phase and anti-phase movement patterns. Twelve healthy adult participants completed a bimanual coordination task comprised of anti-phase and in-phase trials as 24-channel fNIRS data was recorded from dorsal-medial motor areas. We examined the relative concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in the channels that were located over the anterior SMA (e.g., pre-SMA) and the SMA proper. Our most interesting results indicated that oxygenated hemoglobin responses were greater in the anterior SMA during performance of anti-phase compared to in-phase movements. In the SMA proper, oxygenated hemoglobin responses did not differ between the two movement patterns. These data suggest that the anterior SMA is critical to programming and maintaining the less stable anti-phase movement patterns, and support the conceptual framework of an anterior-directed gradient of progressively more complex functionality in the SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Comparison of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and electrodermal activity in assessing objective versus subjective risk during risky financial decisions. Neuroimage 2014; 84:833-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Prefrontal Cortex Activated Bilaterally by a Tilt Board Balance Task: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study in a Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality Environment. Brain Topogr 2013; 27:353-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10548-013-0320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The present review describes brain imaging technologies that can be used to assess the effects of nutritional interventions in human subjects. Specifically, we summarise the biological relevance of their outcome measures, practical use and feasibility, and recommended use in short- and long-term nutritional studies. The brain imaging technologies described consist of MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and functional MRI, as well as electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography, near-IR spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerised tomography. In nutritional interventions and across the lifespan, brain imaging can detect macro- and microstructural, functional, electrophysiological and metabolic changes linked to broader functional outcomes, such as cognition. Imaging markers can be considered as specific for one or several brain processes and as surrogate instrumental endpoints that may provide sensitive measures of short- and long-term effects. For the majority of imaging measures, little information is available regarding their correlation with functional endpoints in healthy subjects; therefore, imaging markers generally cannot replace clinical endpoints that reflect the overall capacity of the brain to behaviourally respond to specific situations and stimuli. The principal added value of brain imaging measures for human nutritional intervention studies is their ability to provide unique in vivo information on the working mechanism of an intervention in hypothesis-driven research. Selection of brain imaging techniques and target markers within a given technique should mainly depend on the hypothesis regarding the mechanism of action of the intervention, level (structural, metabolic or functional) and anticipated timescale of the intervention's effects, target population, availability and costs of the techniques.
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Abstract
Resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (R-fNIRS) is an active area of interest and is currently attracting considerable attention as a new imaging tool for the study of resting-state brain function. Using variations in hemodynamic concentration signals, R-fNIRS measures the brain’s low-frequency spontaneous neural activity, combining the advantages of portability, low-cost, high temporal sampling rate and less physical burden to participants. The temporal synchronization of spontaneous neuronal activity in anatomically separated regions is referred to as resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). In the past several years, an increasing body of R-fNIRS RSFC studies has led to many important findings about functional integration among local or whole-brain regions by measuring inter-regional temporal synchronization. Here, we summarize recent advances made in the R-fNIRS RSFC methodologies, from the detection of RSFC (e.g., seed-based correlation analysis, independent component analysis, whole-brain correlation analysis, and graph-theoretical topological analysis), to the assessment of RSFC performance (e.g., reliability, repeatability, and validity), to the application of RSFC in studying normal development and brain disorders. The literature reviewed here suggests that RSFC analyses based on R-fNIRS data are valid and reliable for the study of brain function in healthy and diseased populations, thus providing a promising imaging tool for cognitive science and clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Niu H, Li Z, Liao X, Wang J, Zhao T, Shu N, Zhao X, He Y. Test-retest reliability of graph metrics in functional brain networks: a resting-state fNIRS study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72425. [PMID: 24039763 PMCID: PMC3767699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of combining functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and graph theory approaches to explore the topological attributes of human brain networks. However, the test-retest (TRT) reliability of the application of graph metrics to these networks remains to be elucidated. Here, we used resting-state fNIRS and a graph-theoretical approach to systematically address TRT reliability as it applies to various features of human brain networks, including functional connectivity, global network metrics and regional nodal centrality metrics. Eighteen subjects participated in two resting-state fNIRS scan sessions held ∼20 min apart. Functional brain networks were constructed for each subject by computing temporal correlations on three types of hemoglobin concentration information (HbO, HbR, and HbT). This was followed by a graph-theoretical analysis, and then an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was further applied to quantify the TRT reliability of each network metric. We observed that a large proportion of resting-state functional connections (∼90%) exhibited good reliability (0.6< ICC <0.74). For global and nodal measures, reliability was generally threshold-sensitive and varied among both network metrics and hemoglobin concentration signals. Specifically, the majority of global metrics exhibited fair to excellent reliability, with notably higher ICC values for the clustering coefficient (HbO: 0.76; HbR: 0.78; HbT: 0.53) and global efficiency (HbO: 0.76; HbR: 0.70; HbT: 0.78). Similarly, both nodal degree and efficiency measures also showed fair to excellent reliability across nodes (degree: 0.52∼0.84; efficiency: 0.50∼0.84); reliability was concordant across HbO, HbR and HbT and was significantly higher than that of nodal betweenness (0.28∼0.68). Together, our results suggest that most graph-theoretical network metrics derived from fNIRS are TRT reliable and can be used effectively for brain network research. This study also provides important guidance on the choice of network metrics of interest for future applied research in developmental and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhong Liao
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tengda Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Imaging Department, Shanghai TongJi Hospital, TongJi University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (XHZ)
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (XHZ)
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