201
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Madrid A, Borth LE, Hogan KJ, Hariharan N, Papale LA, Alisch RS, Iskandar BJ. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation have distinct genome-wide profiles related to axonal regeneration. Epigenetics 2021; 16:64-78. [PMID: 32633672 PMCID: PMC7889172 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1786320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in environmentally sensitive epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation) influence axonal regeneration in the spinal cord following sharp injury. Conventional DNA methylation detection methods using sodium bisulphite treatment do not distinguish between methylated and hydroxymethylated forms of cytosine, meaning that past studies report a composite of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). To identify the distinct contributions of DNA methylation modifications to axonal regeneration, we collected spinal cord tissue after sharp injury from untreated adult F3 male rats with enhanced regeneration of injured spinal axons or controls, derived from folate- or water-treated F0 lineages, respectively. Genomic DNA was profiled for genome-wide 5hmC levels, revealing 658 differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs). Genomic profiling with whole genome bisulphite sequencing disclosed regeneration-related alterations in composite 5mC + 5hmC DNA methylation levels at 2,260 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). While pathway analyses revealed that differentially hydroxymethylated and methylated genes are linked to biologically relevant axon developmental pathways, only 22 genes harbour both DhMR and DMRs. Since these differential modifications were more than 60 kilobases on average away from each other, the large majority of differential hydroxymethylated and methylated regions are unique with distinct functions in the axonal regeneration phenotype. These data highlight the importance of distinguishing independent contributions of 5mC and 5hmC levels in the central nervous system, and denote discrete roles for DNA methylation modifications in spinal cord injury and regeneration in the context of transgenerational inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Madrid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura E. Borth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kirk J. Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nithya Hariharan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ligia A. Papale
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Reid S. Alisch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bermans J. Iskandar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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202
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Leite SC, Pinto-Costa R, Sousa MM. Actin dynamics in the growth cone: a key player in axon regeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 69:11-18. [PMID: 33359956 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal development, maintenance and function depends on the tight regulation of cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. Following injury, adult central nervous system neurons have a limited ability to regenerate and to recapitulate their robust developmental axon growth. This decreased regenerative capacity is set by their inability to establish regeneration-competent growth cones. Growth cones are actin-enriched structures that regulate axon extension rate and direction. During neuronal development, increasing actin dynamics in the growth cone through the regulation of the activity of specific actin-binding proteins leads to increased axon elongation. Here, we will focus on recent findings showing that enhanced axon regeneration in the adult nervous system can be achieved by promoting actin dynamics, or by decreasing actomyosin contraction in the growth cone. These discoveries underscore the importance of actin organization in the growth cone as a key factor to promote axon (re)growth that should be further explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Carvalho Leite
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Rita Pinto-Costa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Mendes Sousa
- Nerve Regeneration Group, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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203
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Enriched conditioning expands the regenerative ability of sensory neurons after spinal cord injury via neuronal intrinsic redox signaling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6425. [PMID: 33349630 PMCID: PMC7752916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the restricted axonal regenerative ability that limits functional repair following a central nervous system injury remains a challenge. Here we report a regenerative paradigm that we call enriched conditioning, which combines environmental enrichment (EE) followed by a conditioning sciatic nerve axotomy that precedes a spinal cord injury (SCI). Enriched conditioning significantly increases the regenerative ability of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons compared to EE or a conditioning injury alone, propelling axon growth well beyond the spinal injury site. Mechanistically, we established that enriched conditioning relies on the unique neuronal intrinsic signaling axis PKC-STAT3-NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), enhancing redox signaling as shown by redox proteomics in DRG. Finally, NOX2 conditional deletion or overexpression respectively blocked or phenocopied enriched conditioning-dependent axon regeneration after SCI leading to improved functional recovery. These studies provide a paradigm that drives the regenerative ability of sensory neurons offering a potential redox-dependent regenerative model for mechanistic and therapeutic discoveries. Pre conditioning injury or environmental enrichment have been shown to promote axon regeneration. Here the authors show that environmental enrichment, combined with preconditioning injury promotes regeneration via a redox signalling dependent mechanism.
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204
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Mesquida-Veny F, Del Río JA, Hervera A. Macrophagic and microglial complexity after neuronal injury. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101970. [PMID: 33358752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injuries do not heal properly in contrast to normal tissue repair, in which functional recovery typically occurs. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is explained in part by macrophage and microglial malfunction, affecting both the extrinsic and intrinsic barriers to appropriate axonal regeneration. In normal healing tissue, macrophages promote the repair of injured tissue by regulating transitions through different phases of the healing response. In contrast, inflammation dominates the outcome of CNS injury, often leading to secondary damage. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this dichotomy is critical to advance in neuronal repair therapies. Recent studies highlight the plasticity and complexity of macrophages and microglia beyond the classical view of the M1/M2 polarization paradigm. This plasticity represents an in vivo continuous spectrum of phenotypes with overlapping functions and markers. Moreover, macrophage and microglial plasticity affect many events essential for neuronal regeneration after injury, such as myelin and cell debris clearance, inflammation, release of cytokines, and trophic factors, affecting both intrinsic neuronal properties and extracellular matrix deposition. Until recently, this complexity was overlooked in the translation of therapies modulating these responses for the treatment of neuronal injuries. However, recent studies have shed important light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of this complexity and its transitions and effects on regenerative events. Here we review the complexity of macrophages and microglia after neuronal injury and their roles in regeneration, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, and we discuss current challenges and future opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain.
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205
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Biocompatibility of ferulic/succinic acid-grafted chitosan hydrogels for implantation after brain injury: A preliminary study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 121:111806. [PMID: 33579450 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays it is known that neural cells are capable of regenerating after brain injury, but their success highly depends on the local environment, including the presence of a biological structure to support cell proliferation and restore the lost tissue. Different chitosan-based biomaterials have been employed in response to this necessity. We hypothesized that hydrogels made of antioxidant compounds functionalizing chitosan could provide a suitable environment to home new cells and offer a way to achieve brain repair. In this work, the implantation of functionalized chitosan biomaterials in a brain injury animal model was evaluated. The injury consisted of mechanical damage applied to the cerebral cortex of Wistar rats followed by the implantation of four different chitosan-based biomaterials. After 15 and 30 days, animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging, then they were sacrificed, and the brain tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The proliferation of microglia and astrocytes increased at the lesion zone, showing differences between the evaluated biomaterials. Also, cell nuclei were seen inside the biomaterials, indicating cell migration and biodegradation. Chitosan-based hydrogels are able to fill in the tissue cavity and bare cells for the endogenous restoration process. The addition of ferulic and succinic acid to the chitosan structure increases this capacity and decreases the inflammatory reaction to the implant.
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206
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Inhibition of GCK-IV kinases dissociates cell death and axon regeneration in CNS neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33597-33607. [PMID: 33318207 PMCID: PMC7777023 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004683117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal injury plays a major role in many neurodegenerative diseases. The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) signaling pathway is a key regulator of axonal injury-induced neuronal cell death; however, DLK also has an important role in promoting axonal outgrowth. Therefore, inhibiting DLK as a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases is limited to a neuroprotective outcome without axon regeneration, prohibiting restoration of function. In fact, there are currently no strategies that provide long-term neuroprotection and axonal regeneration after injury. Here, we identified the germinal cell kinase four (GCK-IV) family of kinases as targets to maximize neuroprotection while promoting axon regeneration, making it an attractive therapeutic approach for a subset of neurodegenerative diseases. Axon injury is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, often resulting in neuronal cell death and functional impairment. Dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) has emerged as a key mediator of this process. However, while DLK inhibition is robustly protective in a wide range of neurodegenerative disease models, it also inhibits axonal regeneration. Indeed, there are no genetic perturbations that are known to both improve long-term survival and promote regeneration. To identify such a neuroprotective target, we conducted a set of complementary high-throughput screens using a protein kinase inhibitor library in human stem cell-derived retinal ganglion cells (hRGCs). Overlapping compounds that promoted both neuroprotection and neurite outgrowth were bioinformatically deconvoluted to identify specific kinases that regulated neuronal death and axon regeneration. This work identified the role of germinal cell kinase four (GCK-IV) kinases in cell death and additionally revealed their unexpected activity in suppressing axon regeneration. Using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) approach, coupled with genome editing, we validated that GCK-IV kinase knockout improves neuronal survival, comparable to that of DLK knockout, while simultaneously promoting axon regeneration. Finally, we also found that GCK-IV kinase inhibition also prevented the attrition of RGCs in developing retinal organoid cultures without compromising axon outgrowth, addressing a major issue in the field of stem cell-derived retinas. Together, these results demonstrate a role for the GCK-IV kinases in dissociating the cell death and axonal outgrowth in neurons and their druggability provides for therapeutic options for neurodegenerative diseases.
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207
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Xu H, Yang Y, Deng QW, Zhang BB, Ruan JW, Jin H, Wang JH, Ren J, Jiang B, Sun JH, Zeng YS, Ding Y. Governor Vessel Electro-Acupuncture Promotes the Intrinsic Growth Ability of Spinal Neurons through Activating Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/α-Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase/Neurotrophin-3 Pathway after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 38:734-745. [PMID: 33121345 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) invariably results in neuronal death and failure of axonal regeneration. This is attributed mainly to the hostile microenvironment and the poor intrinsic regrowth capacity of the injured spinal neurons. We have reported previously that electro-acupuncture on Governor Vessel acupoints (GV-EA) can promote neuronal survival and axonal regeneration of injured spinal cord. However, the underlying mechanism for this has remained uncertain. The present study aimed to explore the neural afferent pathway of GV-EA stimulation and the possible mechanism by which GV-EA can activate the intrinsic growth ability of injured spinal neurons. By cholera toxin B (CTB) retrograde labeling, immunostaining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we showed here that GV-EA could stimulate the spinal nerve branches of the dorsal root ganglion cells. This would then increase the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from the afferent terminals in the spinal cord. It is of note that the effect was abrogated after dorsal rhizotomy. Additionally, both in vivo and in vitro results showed that CGRP would act on the post-synaptic spinal cord neurons and triggered the synthesis and secretion of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) by activating the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)/ receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP)1/calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (αCaMKII) pathway. Remarkably, the observed effect was prevented by the dorsal rhizotomy and the blockers of the CGRP/RAMP1/αCaMKII pathway. More importantly, increase in NT-3 promoted the survival, axonal regrowth, and synaptic maintenance of spinal cord neurons in the injured spinal cord. Therefore, it is concluded that increase in NT-3 production is one of the mechanisms by which GV-EA can activate the intrinsic growth ability of spinal neurons after SCI. The experimental results have reinforced the theoretical basis of GV-EA for its clinical efficacy in patients with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Wen Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Bao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wen Ruan
- Department of Acupuncture, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hua Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiale Ren
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Ministry of Education, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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208
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An J, Yang H, Yang E, Chung S, Kim DY, Jou I, Park SM, Kim BG, Chwae YJ, Joe EH. Dying neurons conduct repair processes in the injured brain through osteopontin expression in cooperation with infiltrated blood monocytes. Glia 2020; 69:1037-1052. [PMID: 33300228 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The brain has an intrinsic capacity to repair injury, but the specific mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, we found that, despite their incipient death, damaged neurons play a key repair role with the help of monocytes infiltrated from blood. Monocytes phagocytosed damaged and/or dying neurons that expressed osteopontin (OPN), with possible subsequent activation of their inflammasome pathway, resulting in pyroptosis. During this process, monocytes released CD63-positive exosome-like vesicles containing OPN. Importantly, following the exosome-like vesicles, neuron and astrocyte processes elongated toward the injury core. In addition, exosomes prepared from the injured brain contained OPN, and enhanced neurite outgrowth of cultured neurons in an OPN-dependent manner. Thus, our results introduce the concept that neurons in the injured brain that are destined to die perceive the stressful condition and begin the regeneration processes through induction of OPN, ultimately executing the repair process with the help of monocytes recruited from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei An
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Haijie Yang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ilo Jou
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Byung Gon Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Chwae
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, South Korea
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209
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Trimarco
- INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Carla Taveggia
- INSPE, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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210
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Koinuma S, Negishi R, Nomura R, Sato K, Kojima T, Segi-Nishida E, Goitsuka R, Iwakura Y, Wada N, Koriyama Y, Kiryu-Seo S, Kiyama H, Nakamura T. TC10, a Rho family GTPase, is required for efficient axon regeneration in a neuron-autonomous manner. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1196-1206. [PMID: 33156548 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signaling pathways that promote axon regeneration are closely linked to the mechanism of neurite outgrowth. TC10, a signaling molecule that acts on neurite outgrowth through membrane transport, is a member of the Rho family G proteins. Axon injury increases the TC10 levels in motor neurons, suggesting that TC10 may be involved in axon regeneration. In this study, we tried to understand the roles of TC10 in the nervous system using TC10 knock-out mice. In cultured hippocampal neurons, TC10 ablation significantly reduced axon elongation without affecting ordinary polarization. We determined a role of TC10 in microtubule stabilization at the growth cone neck; therefore, we assume that TC10 limits axon retraction and promotes in vitro axon outgrowth. In addition, there were no notable differences in the size and structure of brains during prenatal and postnatal development between wild-type and TC10 knock-out mice. In motor neurons, axon regeneration after injury was strongly suppressed in mice lacking TC10 (both in conventional and injured nerve specific deletion). In retinal ganglion cells, TC10 ablation suppressed the axon regeneration stimulated by intraocular inflammation and cAMP after optic nerve crush. These results show that TC10 plays an important role in axon regeneration in both the peripheral and central nervous systems, and the role of TC10 in peripheral axon regeneration is neuron-intrinsic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Koinuma
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ryota Negishi
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Riko Nomura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Takuya Kojima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Segi-Nishida
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Goitsuka
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Wada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kiryu-Seo
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
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211
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Schaeffer J, Delpech C, Albert F, Belin S, Nawabi H. Adult Mouse Retina Explants: From ex vivo to in vivo Model of Central Nervous System Injuries. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:599948. [PMID: 33324161 PMCID: PMC7723849 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.599948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, adult neurons fail to regenerate following any insult to adult central nervous system (CNS), which leads to a permanent and irreversible loss of motor and cognitive functions. For a long time, much effort has been deployed to uncover mechanisms of axon regeneration in the CNS. Even if some cases of functional recovery have been reported, there is still a discrepancy regarding the functionality of a neuronal circuit upon lesion. Today, there is a need not only to identify new molecules implicated in adult CNS axon regeneration, but also to decipher the fine molecular mechanisms associated with regeneration failure. Here, we propose to use cultures of adult retina explants to study all molecular and cellular mechanisms that occur during CNS regeneration. We show that adult retinal explant cultures have the advantages to (i) recapitulate all the features observed in vivo, including axon regeneration induced by intrinsic factors, and (ii) be an ex vivo set-up with high accessibility and many downstream applications. Thanks to several examples, we demonstrate that adult explants can be used to address many questions, such as axon guidance, growth cone formation and cytoskeleton dynamics. Using laser guided ablation of a single axon, axonal injury can be performed at a single axon level, which allows to record early and late molecular events that occur after the lesion. Our model is the ideal tool to study all molecular and cellular events that occur during CNS regeneration at a single-axon level, which is currently not doable in vivo. It is extremely valuable to address unanswered questions of neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in the context of CNS lesion and neurodegenerative diseases.
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212
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Axon Injury-Induced Autophagy Activation Is Impaired in a C. elegans Model of Tauopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228559. [PMID: 33202845 PMCID: PMC7696692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved pathway that plays a key role in cell homeostasis in normal settings, as well as abnormal and stress conditions. Autophagy dysfunction is found in various neurodegenerative diseases, although it remains unclear whether autophagy impairment is a contributor or consequence of neurodegeneration. Axonal injury is an acute neuronal stress that triggers autophagic responses in an age-dependent manner. In this study, we investigate the injury-triggered autophagy response in a C. elegans model of tauopathy. We found that transgenic expression of pro-aggregant Tau, but not the anti-aggregant Tau, abolished axon injury-induced autophagy activation, resulting in a reduced axon regeneration capacity. Furthermore, axonal trafficking of autophagic vesicles were significantly reduced in the animals expressing pro-aggregant F3ΔK280 Tau, indicating that Tau aggregation impairs autophagy regulation. Importantly, the reduced number of total or trafficking autophagic vesicles in the tauopathy model was not restored by the autophagy activator rapamycin. Loss of PTL-1, the sole Tau homologue in C. elegans, also led to impaired injury-induced autophagy activation, but with an increased basal level of autophagic vesicles. Therefore, we have demonstrated that Tau aggregation as well as Tau depletion both lead to disruption of injury-induced autophagy responses, suggesting that aberrant protein aggregation or microtubule dysfunction can modulate autophagy regulation in neurons after injury.
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213
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Zhang L, Lei Z, Guo Z, Pei Z, Chen Y, Zhang F, Cai A, Mok G, Lee G, Swaminathan V, Wang F, Bai Y, Chen G. Development of Neuroregenerative Gene Therapy to Reverse Glial Scar Tissue Back to Neuron-Enriched Tissue. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:594170. [PMID: 33250718 PMCID: PMC7674596 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.594170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries in the central nervous system (CNS) often causes neuronal loss and glial scar formation. We have recently demonstrated NeuroD1-mediated direct conversion of reactive glial cells into functional neurons in adult mouse brains. Here, we further investigate whether such direct glia-to-neuron conversion technology can reverse glial scar back to neural tissue in a severe stab injury model of the mouse cortex. Using an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy approach, we ectopically expressed a single neural transcription factor NeuroD1 in reactive astrocytes in the injured areas. We discovered that the reactive astrocytes were efficiently converted into neurons both before and after glial scar formation, and the remaining astrocytes proliferated to repopulate themselves. The astrocyte-converted neurons were highly functional, capable of firing action potentials and establishing synaptic connections with other neurons. Unexpectedly, the expression of NeuroD1 in reactive astrocytes resulted in a significant reduction of toxic A1 astrocytes, together with a significant decrease of reactive microglia and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, accompanying the regeneration of new neurons and repopulation of new astrocytes, new blood vessels emerged and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) was restored. These results demonstrate an innovative neuroregenerative gene therapy that can directly reverse glial scar back to neural tissue, opening a new avenue for brain repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Zhuofan Lei
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Zifei Pei
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Alice Cai
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Gabriel Mok
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Vishal Swaminathan
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yuting Bai
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Biology, Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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214
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Protrudin functions from the endoplasmic reticulum to support axon regeneration in the adult CNS. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5614. [PMID: 33154382 PMCID: PMC7645621 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammalian central nervous system axons have intrinsically poor regenerative capacity, so axonal injury has permanent consequences. One approach to enhancing regeneration is to increase the axonal supply of growth molecules and organelles. We achieved this by expressing the adaptor molecule Protrudin which is normally found at low levels in non-regenerative neurons. Elevated Protrudin expression enabled robust central nervous system regeneration both in vitro in primary cortical neurons and in vivo in the injured adult optic nerve. Protrudin overexpression facilitated the accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum, integrins and Rab11 endosomes in the distal axon, whilst removing Protrudin’s endoplasmic reticulum localization, kinesin-binding or phosphoinositide-binding properties abrogated the regenerative effects. These results demonstrate that Protrudin promotes regeneration by functioning as a scaffold to link axonal organelles, motors and membranes, establishing important roles for these cellular components in mediating regeneration in the adult central nervous system. Increasing the supply of growth machinery to axons is a potential strategy for promoting repair after injury. Here the authors demonstrate that the endoplasmic reticulum adaptor molecule Protrudin provides cellular components that support axonal regeneration in the adult CNS.
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215
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Di Paolo A, Eastman G, Mesquita-Ribeiro R, Farias J, Macklin A, Kislinger T, Colburn N, Munroe D, Sotelo Sosa JR, Dajas-Bailador F, Sotelo-Silveira JR. PDCD4 regulates axonal growth by translational repression of neurite growth-related genes and is modulated during nerve injury responses. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:1637-1653. [PMID: 32747606 PMCID: PMC7566564 DOI: 10.1261/rna.075424.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) protein is a tumor suppressor that inhibits translation through the mTOR-dependent initiation factor EIF4A, but its functional role and mRNA targets in neurons remain largely unknown. Our work identified that PDCD4 is highly expressed in axons and dendrites of CNS and PNS neurons. Using loss- and gain-of-function experiments in cortical and dorsal root ganglia primary neurons, we demonstrated the capacity of PDCD4 to negatively control axonal growth. To explore PDCD4 transcriptome and translatome targets, we used Ribo-seq and uncovered a list of potential targets with known functions as axon/neurite outgrowth regulators. In addition, we observed that PDCD4 can be locally synthesized in adult axons in vivo, and its levels decrease at the site of peripheral nerve injury and before nerve regeneration. Overall, our findings demonstrate that PDCD4 can act as a new regulator of axonal growth via the selective control of translation, providing a target mechanism for axon regeneration and neuronal plasticity processes in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Di Paolo
- Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Eastman
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | | | - Joaquina Farias
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Andrew Macklin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Nancy Colburn
- Former Chief of Laboratory of Cancer Prevention at the National Cancer Institute-NIH at Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - David Munroe
- Former Laboratory of Molecular Technologies, LEIDOS at Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - José R Sotelo Sosa
- Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | | | - José R Sotelo-Silveira
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias UdelaR, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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216
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Molecular Mechanisms of Central Nervous System Axonal Regeneration and Remyelination: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218116. [PMID: 33143194 PMCID: PMC7662268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury, including stroke, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury, causes severe neurological symptoms such as sensory and motor deficits. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic method to restore neurological function because the adult CNS has limited capacity to regenerate after injury. Many efforts have been made to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and to establish novel therapeutic methods based on these mechanisms, with a variety of strategies including cell transplantation, modulation of cell intrinsic molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic targeting of the pathological nature of the extracellular environment in CNS injury. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that regulate CNS regeneration, highlighting the history, recent efforts, and questions left unanswered in this field.
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217
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Wang J, He X, Meng H, Li Y, Dmitriev P, Tian F, Page JC, Lu QR, He Z. Robust Myelination of Regenerated Axons Induced by Combined Manipulations of GPR17 and Microglia. Neuron 2020; 108:876-886.e4. [PMID: 33108748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelination facilitates rapid axonal conduction, enabling efficient communication across different parts of the nervous system. Here we examined mechanisms controlling myelination after injury and during axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Previously, we discovered multiple molecular pathways and strategies that could promote robust axon regrowth after optic nerve injury. However, regenerated axons remain unmyelinated, and the underlying mechanisms are elusive. In this study, we found that, in injured optic nerves, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo transient proliferation but fail to differentiate into mature myelination-competent oligodendrocytes, reminiscent of what is observed in human progressive multiple sclerosis. Mechanistically, we showed that OPC-intrinsic GPR17 signaling and sustained activation of microglia inhibit different stages of OPC differentiation. Importantly, co-manipulation of GPR17 and microglia led to extensive myelination of regenerated axons. The regulatory mechanisms of stage-dependent OPC differentiation uncovered here suggest a translatable strategy for efficient de novo myelination after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuelian He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huyan Meng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Li
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phillip Dmitriev
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Tian
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica C Page
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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218
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Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Distinct Peripheral Sensory Neuron Subtypes after Axonal Injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-144.e9. [PMID: 32810432 PMCID: PMC7590250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary somatosensory neurons are specialized to transmit specific types of sensory information through differences in cell size, myelination, and the expression of distinct receptors and ion channels, which together define their transcriptional and functional identity. By profiling sensory ganglia at single-cell resolution, we find that all somatosensory neuronal subtypes undergo a similar transcriptional response to peripheral nerve injury that both promotes axonal regeneration and suppresses cell identity. This transcriptional reprogramming, which is not observed in non-neuronal cells, resolves over a similar time course as target reinnervation and is associated with the restoration of original cell identity. Injury-induced transcriptional reprogramming requires ATF3, a transcription factor that is induced rapidly after injury and necessary for axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Our findings suggest that transcription factors induced early after peripheral nerve injury confer the cellular plasticity required for sensory neurons to transform into a regenerative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Renthal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ivan Tochitsky
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lite Yang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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219
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Microglia-organized scar-free spinal cord repair in neonatal mice. Nature 2020; 587:613-618. [PMID: 33029008 PMCID: PMC7704837 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that spinal cord injury triggers scar formation with little axon regeneration in mammals1–4. Here we report that in neonatal mice, a crush injury to the spinal cord leads to a scar-free healing that permits the growth of long projecting axons through the lesion. Depletion of microglia in neonates disrupts such healing and stalls axon regrowth, suggesting a critical role for microglia in orchestrating the injury response. Using single cell RNA-sequencing and functional analyses, we discovered that neonatal microglia undergo a transient activation and play at least two critical roles in scar-free healing. First, they transiently secrete fibronectin and its binding proteins, to form extracellular matrix bridges that ligate the severed ends. Second, neonatal, but not adult, microglia express a number of extracellular and intracellular peptidase inhibitors, along with other molecules involved in inflammatory resolution. Strikingly, upon transplantation into adult spinal cord lesions, both adult microglia treated with peptidases inhibitors and neonatal microglia significantly improve healing and axon regrowth. Together, our results reveal the cellular and molecular basis underlying the nearly complete recovery after spinal cord injury in neonatal mice, pointing to potential strategies to facilitate scar-free healing in the adult mammalian nervous system.
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220
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Wang Q, Fan H, Li F, Skeeters SS, Krishnamurthy VV, Song Y, Zhang K. Optical control of ERK and AKT signaling promotes axon regeneration and functional recovery of PNS and CNS in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:57395. [PMID: 33021199 PMCID: PMC7567606 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroregeneration is a dynamic process synergizing the functional outcomes of multiple signaling circuits. Channelrhodopsin-based optogenetics shows the feasibility of stimulating neural repair but does not pin down specific signaling cascades. Here, we utilized optogenetic systems, optoRaf and optoAKT, to delineate the contribution of the ERK and AKT signaling pathways to neuroregeneration in live Drosophila larvae. We showed that optoRaf or optoAKT activation not only enhanced axon regeneration in both regeneration-competent and -incompetent sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system but also allowed temporal tuning and proper guidance of axon regrowth. Furthermore, optoRaf and optoAKT differ in their signaling kinetics during regeneration, showing a gated versus graded response, respectively. Importantly in the central nervous system, their activation promotes axon regrowth and functional recovery of the thermonociceptive behavior. We conclude that non-neuronal optogenetics targets damaged neurons and signaling subcircuits, providing a novel strategy in the intervention of neural damage with improved precision. Most cells have a built-in regeneration signaling program that allows them to divide and repair. But, in the cells of the central nervous system, which are called neurons, this program is ineffective. This is why accidents and illnesses affecting the brain and spinal cord can cause permanent damage. Reactivating regeneration in neurons could help them repair, but it is not easy. Certain small molecules can switch repair signaling programs back on. Unfortunately, these molecules diffuse easily through tissues, spreading around the body and making it hard to target individual damaged cells. This both hampers research into neuronal repair and makes treatments directed at healing damage to the nervous system more likely to have side-effects. It is unclear whether reactivating regeneration signaling in individual neurons is possible. One way to address this question is to use optogenetics. This technique uses genetic engineering to fuse proteins that are light-sensitive to proteins responsible for relaying signals in the cell. When specific wavelengths of light hit the light-sensitive proteins, the fused signaling proteins switch on, leading to the activation of any proteins they control, for example, those involved in regeneration. Wang et al. used optogenetic tools to determine if light can help repair neurons in fruit fly larvae. First, a strong laser light was used to damage an individual neuron in a fruit fly larva that had been genetically modified so that blue light would activate the regeneration program in its neurons. Then, Wang et al. illuminated the cell with dim blue light, switching on the regeneration program. Not only did this allow the neuron to repair itself, it also allowed the light to guide its regeneration. By focusing the blue light on the damaged end of the neuron, it was possible to guide the direction of the cell's growth as it regenerated. Regeneration programs in flies and mammals involve similar signaling proteins, but blue light does not penetrate well into mammalian tissues. This means that further research into LEDs that can be implanted may be necessary before neuronal repair experiments can be performed in mammals. In any case, the ability to focus treatment on individual neurons paves the way for future work into the regeneration of the nervous system, and the combination of light and genetics could reveal more about how repair signals work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Huaxun Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, Urbana, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | | | - Yuanquan Song
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Urbana, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Urbana, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Urbana, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
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221
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Avraham O, Deng PY, Jones S, Kuruvilla R, Semenkovich CF, Klyachko VA, Cavalli V. Satellite glial cells promote regenerative growth in sensory neurons. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4891. [PMID: 32994417 PMCID: PMC7524726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral sensory neurons regenerate their axon after nerve injury to enable functional recovery. Intrinsic mechanisms operating in sensory neurons are known to regulate nerve repair, but whether satellite glial cells (SGC), which completely envelop the neuronal soma, contribute to nerve regeneration remains unexplored. Using a single cell RNAseq approach, we reveal that SGC are distinct from Schwann cells and share similarities with astrocytes. Nerve injury elicits changes in the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα) signaling. Conditional deletion of fatty acid synthase (Fasn) in SGC impairs axon regeneration. The PPARα agonist fenofibrate rescues the impaired axon regeneration in mice lacking Fasn in SGC. These results indicate that PPARα activity downstream of FASN in SGC contributes to promote axon regeneration in adult peripheral nerves and highlight that the sensory neuron and its surrounding glial coat form a functional unit that orchestrates nerve repair. The contribution of satellite glia to peripheral nerve regeneration is unclear. Here, the authors show that satellite glia are transcriptionally distinct from Schwann cells, share similarities with astrocytes, and, upon injury, they contribute to axon regeneration via Fasn-PPARα signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pan-Yue Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sara Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Vitaly A Klyachko
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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222
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Nieuwenhuis B, Barber AC, Evans RS, Pearson CS, Fuchs J, MacQueen AR, van Erp S, Haenzi B, Hulshof LA, Osborne A, Conceicao R, Khatib TZ, Deshpande SS, Cave J, Ffrench‐Constant C, Smith PD, Okkenhaug K, Eickholt BJ, Martin KR, Fawcett JW, Eva R. PI 3-kinase delta enhances axonal PIP 3 to support axon regeneration in the adult CNS. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11674. [PMID: 32558386 PMCID: PMC7411663 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons support axon regeneration into adulthood, whereas central nervous system (CNS) neurons lose regenerative ability after development. To better understand this decline whilst aiming to improve regeneration, we focused on phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and its product phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3 ). We demonstrate that adult PNS neurons utilise two catalytic subunits of PI3K for axon regeneration: p110α and p110δ. However, in the CNS, axonal PIP3 decreases with development at the time when axon transport declines and regenerative competence is lost. Overexpressing p110α in CNS neurons had no effect; however, expression of p110δ restored axonal PIP3 and increased regenerative axon transport. p110δ expression enhanced CNS regeneration in both rat and human neurons and in transgenic mice, functioning in the same way as the hyperactivating H1047R mutation of p110α. Furthermore, viral delivery of p110δ promoted robust regeneration after optic nerve injury. These findings establish a deficit of axonal PIP3 as a key reason for intrinsic regeneration failure and demonstrate that native p110δ facilitates axon regeneration by functioning in a hyperactive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Laboratory for Regeneration of Sensorimotor SystemsNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Barber
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rachel S Evans
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Craig S Pearson
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Amy R MacQueen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentBabraham InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Susan van Erp
- MRC Centre for Regenerative MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Barbara Haenzi
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lianne A Hulshof
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Raquel Conceicao
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tasneem Z Khatib
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sarita S Deshpande
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joshua Cave
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | - Britta J Eickholt
- Institute of BiochemistryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Keith R Martin
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- OphthalmologyDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre of Reconstructive NeuroscienceInstitute of Experimental MedicineCzech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic
| | - Richard Eva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain RepairDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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223
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Yepes M. The Plasminogen Activation System Promotes Neurorepair in the Ischemic Brain. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:953-959. [PMID: 30539695 PMCID: PMC6700753 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181211144550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The plasminogen activation (PA) system was originally thought to exclusively promote the degradation of fibrin by catalyzing the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin via two serine proteinases: tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). However, experimental evidence accumulated over the last 30 years indicates that tPA and uPA are also found in the central nervous system (CNS), where they have a plethora of functions that not always require plasmin generation or fibrin degradation. For example, plasminogen-dependent and - independent effects of tPA and uPA play a central role in the pathophysiological events that underlie one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in the world: cerebral ischemia. Indeed, recent work indicates that while the rapid release of tPA from the presynaptic compartment following the onset of cerebral ischemia protects the synapse from the deleterious effects of the ischemic injury, the secretion of uPA and its binding to its receptor (uPAR) during the recovery phase promotes the repair of synapses that have been lost to the acute ischemic insult. This restorative role of uPA has high translational significance because to this date there is no effective approach to induce neurorepair in the ischemic brain. Here we will discuss recent evidence that bridges the gap between basic research in the field of the PA system and the bedside of ischemic stroke patients, indicating that uPA and uPAR are potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies to promote neurological recovery among ischemic stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Atlanta, GA, United States
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224
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Yu Z, Li H, Xia P, Kong W, Chang Y, Fu C, Wang K, Yang X, Qi Z. Application of fibrin-based hydrogels for nerve protection and regeneration after spinal cord injury. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:22. [PMID: 32774454 PMCID: PMC7397605 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic accidents, falls, and many other events may cause traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs), resulting in nerve cells and extracellular matrix loss in the spinal cord, along with blood loss, inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and others. The continuous development of neural tissue engineering has attracted increasing attention on the application of fibrin hydrogels in repairing SCIs. Except for excellent biocompatibility, flexibility, and plasticity, fibrin, a component of extracellular matrix (ECM), can be equipped with cells, ECM protein, and various growth factors to promote damage repair. This review will focus on the advantages and disadvantages of fibrin hydrogels from different sources, as well as the various modifications for internal topographical guidance during the polymerization. From the perspective of further improvement of cell function before and after the delivery of stem cell, cytokine, and drug, this review will also evaluate the application of fibrin hydrogels as a carrier to the therapy of nerve repair and regeneration, to mirror the recent development tendency and challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Weijian Kong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Yuxin Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Chuan Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
| | - Zhiping Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang Street No. 218, Changchun, TX 130041 PR China
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225
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Rigoni M, Negro S. Signals Orchestrating Peripheral Nerve Repair. Cells 2020; 9:E1768. [PMID: 32722089 PMCID: PMC7464993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Myology Center (Cir-Myo), University of Padua, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
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226
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Stassart RM, Woodhoo A. Axo-glial interaction in the injured PNS. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:490-506. [PMID: 32628805 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axons share a close relationship with Schwann cells, their glial partners in peripheral nerves. An intricate axo-glia network of signals and bioactive molecules regulates the major aspects of nerve development and normal functioning of the peripheral nervous system. Disruptions to these complex axo-glial interactions can have serious neurological consequences, as typically seen in injured nerves. Recent studies in inherited neuropathies have demonstrated that damage to one of the partners in this symbiotic unit ultimately leads to impairment of the other partner, emphasizing the bidirectional influence of axon to glia and glia to axon signaling in these diseases. After physical trauma to nerves, dramatic alterations in the architecture and signaling environment of peripheral nerves take place. Here, axons and Schwann cells respond adaptively to these perturbations and change the nature of their reciprocal interactions, thereby driving the remodeling and regeneration of peripheral nerves. In this review, we focus on the nature and importance of axon-glia interactions in injured nerves, both for the reshaping and repair of nerves after trauma, and in driving pathology in inherited peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Stassart
- Department of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- Nerve Disorders Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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227
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Shorey M, Stone MC, Mandel J, Rolls MM. Neurons survive simultaneous injury to axons and dendrites and regrow both types of processes in vivo. Dev Biol 2020; 465:108-118. [PMID: 32687893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurons extend dendrites and axons to receive and send signals. If either type of process is removed, the cell cannot function. Rather than undergoing cell death, some neurons can regrow axons and dendrites. Axon and dendrite regeneration have been examined separately and require sensing the injury and reinitiating the correct growth program. Whether neurons in vivo can sense and respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury with polarized regeneration has not been explored. To investigate the outcome of simultaneous axon and dendrite damage, we used a Drosophila model system in which neuronal polarity, axon regeneration, and dendrite regeneration have been characterized. After removal of the axon and all but one dendrite, the remaining dendrite was converted to a process that had a long unbranched region that extended over long distances and a region where shorter branched processes were added. These observations suggested axons and dendrites could regrow at the same time. To further test the capacity of neurons to implement polarized regeneration after axon and dendrite damage, we removed all neurites from mature neurons. In this case a long unbranched neurite and short branched neurites were regrown from the stripped cell body. Moreover, the long neurite had axonal plus-end-out microtubule polarity and the shorter neurites had mixed polarity consistent with dendrite identity. The long process also accumulated endoplasmic reticulum at its tip like regenerating axons. We conclude that neurons in vivo can respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury by initiating growth of a new axon and new dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michelle C Stone
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jenna Mandel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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228
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Peng XQ, Dai SK, Li CP, Liu PP, Wang ZM, Du HZ, Teng ZQ, Yang SG, Liu CM. Loss of Arid1a Promotes Neuronal Survival Following Optic Nerve Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:131. [PMID: 32670021 PMCID: PMC7326083 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma or neurodegenerative diseases trigger the retrograde death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), causing an irreversible functional loss. AT-rich interaction domain 1A (ARID1A), a subunit of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, has been shown to play crucial roles in cell homeostasis and tissue regeneration. However, its function in adult RGC regeneration remains elusive. Here, we show that optic nerve injury induces dynamic changes of Arid1a expression. Importantly, deleting Arid1a in mice dramatically promotes RGC survival, but insignificantly impacts axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Next, joint profiling of transcripts and accessible chromatin in mature RGCs reveals that Arid1a regulates several genes involved in apoptosis and JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Thus, our findings suggest modulation of Arid1a as a potential therapeutic strategy to promote RGC neuroprotection after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shang-Kun Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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229
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Zhang Y, Jiang K, Xie G, Ding J, Peng S, Liu X, Sun C, Tang X. FGF21 impedes peripheral myelin development by stimulating p38 MAPK/c-Jun axis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1345-1361. [PMID: 32657446 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a metabolic stress hormone, is mainly secreted by the liver. In addition to its well-defined roles in energy homeostasis, FGF21 has been shown to promote remyelination after injury in the central nervous system. In the current study, we sought to examine the potential roles of FGF21 in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination. In the PNS myelin development, Fgf21 expression was reversely correlated with myelin gene expression. In cultured primary Schwann cells (SCs), the application of recombinant FGF21 greatly attenuates myelination-associated gene expression, including Oct6, Krox20, Mbp, Mpz, and Pmp22. Accordingly, the injection of FGF21 into neonatal rats markedly mitigates the myelination in sciatic nerves. On the contrary, the infusion of the anti-FGF21 antibody accelerates the myelination. Mechanistically, both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were stimulated by FGF21 in SCs and sciatic nerves. Following experiments including pharmaceutical intervention and gene manipulation revealed that the p38 MAPK/c-Jun axis, rather than ERK, is targeted by FGF21 for mediating its repression on myelination in SCs. Taken together, our data provide a new aspect of FGF21 by acting as a negative regulator for the myelin development process in the PNS via activation of p38 MAPK/c-Jun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ketao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqing Xie
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su Peng
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregenetation, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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230
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Lee J, Shin JE, Lee B, Kim H, Jeon Y, Ahn SH, Chi SW, Cho Y. The stem cell marker Prom1 promotes axon regeneration by down-regulating cholesterol synthesis via Smad signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:15955-15966. [PMID: 32554499 PMCID: PMC7355016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920829117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration is regulated by a neuron-intrinsic transcriptional program that is suppressed during development but that can be reactivated following peripheral nerve injury. Here we identify Prom1, which encodes the stem cell marker prominin-1, as a regulator of the axon regeneration program. Prom1 expression is developmentally down-regulated, and the genetic deletion of Prom1 in mice inhibits axon regeneration in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures and in the sciatic nerve, revealing the neuronal role of Prom1 in injury-induced regeneration. Elevating prominin-1 levels in cultured DRG neurons or in mice via adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery enhances axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo, allowing outgrowth on an inhibitory substrate. Prom1 overexpression induces the consistent down-regulation of cholesterol metabolism-associated genes and a reduction in cellular cholesterol levels in a Smad pathway-dependent manner, which promotes axonal regrowth. We find that prominin-1 interacts with the type I TGF-β receptor ALK4, and that they synergistically induce phosphorylation of Smad2. These results suggest that Prom1 and cholesterol metabolism pathways are possible therapeutic targets for the promotion of neural recovery after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Dong-A University College of Medicine, 49201 Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohm Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Chi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea;
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231
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Lee Y, Jeong H, Park KH, Kim KW. Effects of NAD + in Caenorhabditis elegans Models of Neuronal Damage. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E993. [PMID: 32630651 PMCID: PMC7407593 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor that mediates numerous biological processes in all living cells. Multiple NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes and NAD+-consuming enzymes are involved in neuroprotection and axon regeneration. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has served as a model to study the neuronal role of NAD+ because many molecular components regulating NAD+ are highly conserved. This review focuses on recent findings using C. elegans models of neuronal damage pertaining to the neuronal functions of NAD+ and its precursors, including a neuroprotective role against excitotoxicity and axon degeneration as well as an inhibitory role in axon regeneration. The regulation of NAD+ levels could be a promising therapeutic strategy to counter many neurodegenerative diseases, as well as neurotoxin-induced and traumatic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Hyeseon Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Kyung Hwan Park
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (Y.L.); (H.J.); (K.H.P.)
- Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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232
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Luvisetto S. Botulinum Toxin and Neuronal Regeneration after Traumatic Injury of Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E434. [PMID: 32630737 PMCID: PMC7404966 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are toxins produced by the bacteria Clostridiumbotulinum, the causing agent for botulism, in different serotypes, seven of which (A-G) are well characterized, while others, such as H or FA, are still debated. BoNTs exert their action by blocking SNARE (soluble N-ethylmale-imide-sensitive factor-attachment protein receptors) complex formation and vesicle release from the neuronal terminal through the specific cleavage of SNARE proteins. The action of BoNTs at the neuromuscular junction has been extensively investigated and knowledge gained in this field has set the foundation for the use of these toxins in a variety of human pathologies characterized by excessive muscle contractions. In parallel, BoNTs became a cosmetic drug due to its power to ward off facial wrinkles following the activity of the mimic muscles. Successively, BoNTs became therapeutic agents that have proven to be successful in the treatment of different neurological disorders, with new indications emerging or being approved each year. In particular, BoNT/A became the treatment of excellence not only for muscle hyperactivity conditions, such as dystonia and spasticity, but also to reduce pain in a series of painful states, such as neuropathic pain, lumbar and myofascial pain, and to treat various dysfunctions of the urinary bladder. This review summarizes recent experimental findings on the potential efficacy of BoNTs in favoring nerve regeneration after traumatic injury in the peripheral nervous system, such as the injury of peripheral nerves, like sciatic nerve, and in the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siro Luvisetto
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, via Ramarini 32, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy
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233
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Kiyoshi C, Tedeschi A. Axon growth and synaptic function: A balancing act for axonal regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in CNS trauma and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:277-301. [PMID: 32902152 PMCID: PMC7754183 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate inside out due to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants. During CNS development, axon growth, synapse formation, and function are tightly regulated processes allowing immature neurons to effectively grow an axon, navigate toward target areas, form synaptic contacts and become part of information processing networks that control behavior in adulthood. Not only immature neurons are able to precisely control the expression of a plethora of genes necessary for axon extension and pathfinding, synapse formation and function, but also non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes and microglia actively participate in sculpting the nervous system through refinement, consolidation, and elimination of synaptic contacts. Recent evidence indicates that a balancing act between axon regeneration and synaptic function may be crucial for rebuilding functional neuronal circuits after CNS trauma and disease in adulthood. Here, we review the role of classical and new intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants in the context of CNS development, injury, and disease. Moreover, we discuss strategies targeting neuronal and non-neuronal cell behaviors, either alone or in combination, to promote axon regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Kiyoshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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234
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Shao X, Sørensen MH, Xia X, Fang C, Hui TH, Chang RCC, Chu Z, Lin Y. Beading of injured axons driven by tension- and adhesion-regulated membrane shape instability. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200331. [PMCID: PMC7423423 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of multiple beads along an injured axon will lead to blockage of axonal transport and eventually neuron death, and this has been widely recognized as a hallmark of nervous system degeneration. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study to reveal key factors governing axon beading. Specifically, by transecting well-developed axons with a sharp atomic force microscope probe, significant beading of the axons was triggered. We showed that adhesion was not required for beading to occur, although when present strong axon–substrate attachments seemed to set the locations for bead formation. In addition, the beading wavelength, representing the average distance between beads, was found to correlate with the size and cytoskeleton integrity of axon, with a thinner axon or a disrupted actin cytoskeleton both leading to a shorter beading wavelength. A model was also developed to explain these observations which suggest that axon beading originates from the shape instability of the membrane and is driven by the release of work done by axonal tension as well as the reduction of membrane surface energy. The beading wavelength predicted from this theory was in good agreement with our experiments under various conditions. By elucidating the essential physics behind axon beading, the current study could enhance our understanding of how axonal injury and neurodegeneration progress as well as provide insights for the development of possible treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Maja Højvang Sørensen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsz Hin Hui
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Artemisinin protects motoneurons against axotomy-induced apoptosis through activation of the PKA-Akt signaling pathway and promotes neural stem/progenitor cells differentiation into NeuN + neurons. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105049. [PMID: 32598944 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brachial plexus axotomy is a common peripheral nerve trauma. Artemisinin, an FDA-approved antimalarial drug, has been described to possess neuroprotective properties. However, the specific mechanisms by which artemisinin protects neurons from axotomy-induced neurotoxicity remain to be elucidated. In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective effects of artemisinin on an experimental animal model of brachial plexus injury and explored the possible mechanisms involved. Artemisinin treatment restored both athletic ability and sensation of the affected upper limb, rescued motoneurons and attenuated the inflammatory response in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Additionally, artemisinin inhibited the molecular signals of apoptosis, activated signaling pathways related to cell survival and induced NSCPs differentiation into NeuN-positive neurons. Further validation of the involved key signaling molecules, using an in vitro model of hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity, revealed that both the inhibition of PKA signaling pathway or the silencing of Akt reversed the neuroprotective action of artemisinin on motoneurons. Our results indicate that artemisinin provides neuroprotection against axotomy and hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity, an effect that might be mediated by the PKA-Akt signaling pathway.
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236
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Chang C, Hisamoto N. Engulfment Genes Promote Neuronal Regeneration in
Caenorhabditis Elegans
: Two Divergent But Complementary Views. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900185. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Dept. of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho, Chikusa‐ku, Aichi Prefecture Nagoya 464‐8602 Japan
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237
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Cdk5 Phosphorylation of STAT3 in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Is Involved in Promoting Axonal Regeneration After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Int Neurourol J 2020; 24:S19-27. [PMID: 32482054 PMCID: PMC7285696 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040158.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study is to investigate the role of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in axonal regeneration in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after peripheral nerve injury. METHODS Crush injury was given on the sciatic nerve in rats. The DRG tissues were prepared 1, 3, and 7 days after injury and used for western blotting and immunofluorescence staining experiments. Primary DRG neurons were prepared and treated with Cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine or used for transfections with plasmid constructs. After immunofluorescence staining, neurite length of DRG neurons was analyzed and compared among experimental groups. In addition, roscovitine was injected into the DRG in vivo, and the sciatic nerve after injury was prepared and used for immunofluorescence staining to analyze axonal regeneration in nerve sections. RESULTS Levels of Cdk5 and p25 were increased in DRG neurons after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). Levels of S727-p-STAT3, but not Y705-p-STAT3, were increased in the DRG. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that Cdk5 and STAT3 proteins were mostly colocalized in DRG neurons and Y705-p-STAT3 signals were localized within the nucleus area of DRG neurons. A blockade of Cdk5 activity by roscovitine or by transfection with dominant negative Cdk5 (dn-Cdk5) and nonphosphorylatable forms of STAT3 (S727A or Y705F) resulted in significant reductions of the neurite outgrowth of cultured DRG neurons. In vivo administration of roscovitine into the DRG markedly attenuated distal elongation of regenerating axons in the sciatic nerve after injury. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that Cdk5 activity induced from DRG neurons after SNI increased phosphorylation of STAT3. The activation of Cdk5-STAT3 pathway may be involved in promoting axonal regeneration in the peripheral nerve after injury.
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238
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WANG Y, WANG Z. [Research progress on intrinsic signaling pathways in axon regeneration]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020; 49:82-89. [PMID: 32621408 PMCID: PMC8800775 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic regrowth ability of injured neurons is essential for axon regeneration and functional recovery. Recently, numerous intrinsic pathways that regulate axon regeneration have been discovered, among which the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway are arguably the best characterized examples. MAPK signaling pathway is involved in multiple processes including sensing injury signals, initiating and promoting axonal regrowth through regulating cytoskeleton dynamics and protein synthesis. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulates axon regeneration mainly through gene transcription and translation. Combinatory manipulation of multiple regeneration-promoting signals can further improve the extend of axonal regrowth. This paper summarizes current progresses on axon regeneration studies in various organisms and discuss their potentials in promoting functional recovery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiping WANG
- 王志萍(1980—),女,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事神经发育和神经再生研究;E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8944-9557
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Verheijen BM. Expression Profile of Long Non-Coding RNAs during Early Postnatal Development of Mouse Spinal Cord. Noncoding RNA 2020; 6:ncrna6020018. [PMID: 32443580 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a diverse class of transcripts that are >200 nucleotides long and lack significant protein-coding potential. LncRNAs are emerging as major regulators of gene expression networks in various physiological and pathological processes. Interestingly, many lncRNAs show tissue-specific expression, for example, in the nervous system. Although lncRNAs have been suggested to play key roles in the brain, most functions of neural lncRNAs remain poorly understood. In order to provide a catalog of lncRNA changes that occur in spinal cord during early postnatal development, RNA from mouse spinal cord was sequenced at different time points in the first week after birth (postnatal day 1 and postnatal day 7). Two hundred and ninty-six differentially expressed lncRNAs (FDR < 0.05) were identified in the resulting dataset. Altered transcripts were associated with several biological processes including myelination, neural differentiation, and glial cell development. PCR validation confirmed differential expression of select lncRNAs (i.e., Cerox1, lncOL3, Neat1, and Sox2ot). Additionally, analysis of circular RNAs (circRNAs), another class of non-coding RNA with regulatory potency, pointed out a number of circRNAs associated with spinal cord development. These data can be used as a resource for future studies on transcriptional changes during early postnatal nervous system development and studies of disorders that affect the spinal cord, e.g., spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert M Verheijen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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240
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Ojeda-Hernández DD, Canales-Aguirre AA, Matias-Guiu J, Gomez-Pinedo U, Mateos-Díaz JC. Potential of Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Biomedical Applications in the Central Nervous System. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:389. [PMID: 32432095 PMCID: PMC7214799 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the central nervous system (CNS) has a limited regenerative capacity and that many therapeutic molecules cannot cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). The use of biomaterials has emerged as an alternative to overcome these limitations. For many years, biomedical applications of chitosan have been studied due to its remarkable biological properties, biocompatibility, and high versatility. Moreover, the interest in this biomaterial for CNS biomedical implementation has increased because of its ability to cross the BBB, mucoadhesiveness, and hydrogel formation capacity. Several chitosan-based biomaterials have been applied with promising results as drug, cell and gene delivery vehicles. Moreover, their capacity to form porous scaffolds and to bear cells and biomolecules has offered a way to achieve neural regeneration. Therefore, this review aims to bring together recent works that highlight the potential of chitosan and its derivatives as adequate biomaterials for applications directed toward the CNS. First, an overview of chitosan and its derivatives is provided with an emphasis on the properties that favor different applications. Second, a compilation of works that employ chitosan-based biomaterials for drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine in the CNS is presented. Finally, the most interesting trends and future perspectives of chitosan and its derivatives applications in the CNS are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doddy Denise Ojeda-Hernández
- Biotecnología Industrial, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Alejandro A Canales-Aguirre
- Unidad de Evaluación Preclínica, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jorge Matias-Guiu
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulises Gomez-Pinedo
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Mateos-Díaz
- Biotecnología Industrial, CONACYT Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Zapopan, Mexico
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241
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Hutson TH, Kathe C, Palmisano I, Bartholdi K, Hervera A, De Virgiliis F, McLachlan E, Zhou L, Kong G, Barraud Q, Danzi MC, Medrano-Fernandez A, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Boutillier AL, Sinha SH, Singh AK, Chaturbedy P, Moon LDF, Kundu TK, Bixby JL, Lemmon VP, Barco A, Courtine G, Di Giovanni S. Cbp-dependent histone acetylation mediates axon regeneration induced by environmental enrichment in rodent spinal cord injury models. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/487/eaaw2064. [PMID: 30971452 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
After a spinal cord injury, axons fail to regenerate in the adult mammalian central nervous system, leading to permanent deficits in sensory and motor functions. Increasing neuronal activity after an injury using electrical stimulation or rehabilitation can enhance neuronal plasticity and result in some degree of recovery; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that placing mice in an enriched environment before an injury enhanced the activity of proprioceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons, leading to a lasting increase in their regenerative potential. This effect was dependent on Creb-binding protein (Cbp)-mediated histone acetylation, which increased the expression of genes associated with the regenerative program. Intraperitoneal delivery of a small-molecule activator of Cbp at clinically relevant times promoted regeneration and sprouting of sensory and motor axons, as well as recovery of sensory and motor functions in both the mouse and rat model of spinal cord injury. Our findings showed that the increased regenerative capacity induced by enhancing neuronal activity is mediated by epigenetic reprogramming in rodent models of spinal cord injury. Understanding the mechanisms underlying activity-dependent neuronal plasticity led to the identification of potential molecular targets for improving recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hutson
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claudia Kathe
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.,Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kay Bartholdi
- Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Francesco De Virgiliis
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eilidh McLachlan
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Luming Zhou
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Guiping Kong
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Quentin Barraud
- Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matt C Danzi
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alejandro Medrano-Fernandez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose P Lopez-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Anne L Boutillier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7364, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarmistha H Sinha
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Akash K Singh
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Piyush Chaturbedy
- Nanomaterials and Catalysis Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, JNCASR, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Lawrence D F Moon
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - John L Bixby
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Vance P Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernandez Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Brain Mind Institute and Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Centre for Restorative Neuroscience, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK. .,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany
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242
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Wang D, Chen Y, Liu M, Cao Q, Wang Q, Zhou S, Wang Y, Mao S, Gu X, Luo Z, Yu B. The long noncoding RNA Arrl1 inhibits neurite outgrowth by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA during neuronal regeneration in rats. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8374-8386. [PMID: 32336677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic regeneration ability of neurons is a pivotal factor in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Therefore, identifying the key modulators of nerve regeneration may help improve axon regeneration and functional recovery after injury. Unlike for classical transcription factors and regeneration-associated genes, the function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of neuronal regeneration remains mostly unknown. In this study, we used RNA-Seq-based transcriptome profiling to analyze the expression patterns of lncRNAs and mRNAs in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following sciatic nerve injury. Analyses using the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network, gene ontology enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway databases indicated that the lncRNA Arrl1 decreases neurite outgrowth after neuronal injury. shRNA-mediated Arrl1 silencing increased axon regeneration both in vitro and in vivo and improved functional recovery of the sciatic nerve. Moreover, inhibiting an identified target gene of Arrl1, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (Cdkn2b), markedly promoted neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons. We also found that Arrl1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA that sponges a Cdkn2b repressor, microRNA-761 (miR-761), and thereby up-regulates Cdkn2b expression during neuron regeneration. We conclude that the lncRNA Arrl1 affects the intrinsic regeneration of DRG neurons by derepressing Cdkn2b expression. Our findings indicate a role for an lncRNA-microRNA-kinase pathway in the regulation of axon regeneration and functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mingwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuoshuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Susu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhenge Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China .,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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243
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Injured adult neurons regress to an embryonic transcriptional growth state. Nature 2020; 581:77-82. [PMID: 32376949 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Grafts of spinal-cord-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) enable the robust regeneration of corticospinal axons and restore forelimb function after spinal cord injury1; however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this regeneration are unknown. Here we perform translational profiling specifically of corticospinal tract (CST) motor neurons in mice, to identify their 'regenerative transcriptome' after spinal cord injury and NPC grafting. Notably, both injury alone and injury combined with NPC grafts elicit virtually identical early transcriptomic responses in host CST neurons. However, in mice with injury alone this regenerative transcriptome is downregulated after two weeks, whereas in NPC-grafted mice this transcriptome is sustained. The regenerative transcriptome represents a reversion to an embryonic transcriptional state of the CST neuron. The huntingtin gene (Htt) is a central hub in the regeneration transcriptome; deletion of Htt significantly attenuates regeneration, which shows that Htt has a key role in neural plasticity after injury.
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244
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Kole C, Brommer B, Nakaya N, Sengupta M, Bonet-Ponce L, Zhao T, Wang C, Li W, He Z, Tomarev S. Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells and Promotes Functional Preservation After Optic Nerve Crush. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:31. [PMID: 32084268 PMCID: PMC7326601 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the possible role of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotection and optic nerve regeneration after optic nerve crush (ONC). Methods Overexpression of proteins of interest (ATF3, phosphatase and tensin homolog [PTEN], placental alkaline phosphatase, green fluorescent protein) in the retina was achieved by intravitreal injections of recombinant adenovirus-associated viruses (rAAVs) expressing corresponding proteins. The number of RGCs and αRGCs was evaluated by immunostaining retinal sections and whole-mount retinas with antibodies against RNA binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) and osteopontin, respectively. Axonal regeneration was assessed via fluorophore-coupled cholera toxin subunit B labeling. RGC function was evaluated by recording positive scotopic threshold response. Results The level of ATF3 is preferentially elevated in osteopontin+/RBPMS+ αRGCs following ONC. Overexpression of ATF3 by intravitreal injection of rAAV 2 weeks before ONC promoted RBPMS+ RGC survival and preserved RGC function as assessed by positive scotopic threshold response recordings 2 weeks after ONC. However, overexpression of ATF3 and simultaneous downregulation of PTEN, a negative regulator of the mTOR pathway, combined with ONC, only moderately promoted short distance RGC axon regeneration (200 μm from the lesion site) but did not provide additional RGC neuroprotection compared with PTEN downregulation alone. Conclusions These results reveal a neuroprotective effect of ATF3 in the retina following injury and identify ATF3 as a promising agent for potential treatments of optic neuropathies.
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245
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Roselló-Busquets C, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Soriano E, Martínez-Mármol R. Nystatin Regulates Axonal Extension and Regeneration by Modifying the Levels of Nitric Oxide. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:56. [PMID: 32317932 PMCID: PMC7146717 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nystatin is a pharmacological agent commonly used for the treatment of oral, mucosal and cutaneous fungal infections. Nystatin has also been extensively applied to study the cellular function of cholesterol-enriched structures because of its ability to bind and extract cholesterol from mammalian membranes. In neurons, cholesterol level is tightly regulated, being essential for synapse and dendrite formation, and axonal guidance. However, the action of Nystatin on axon regeneration has been poorly evaluated. Here, we examine the effect of Nystatin on primary cultures of hippocampal neurons, showing how acute dose (minutes) of Nystatin increases the area of growth cones, and chronic treatment (days) enhances axon length, axon branching, and axon regeneration post-axotomy. We describe two alternative signaling pathways responsible for the observed effects and activated at different concentrations of Nystatin. At elevated concentrations, Nystatin promotes growth cone expansion through phosphorylation of Akt; whereas, at low concentrations, Nystatin enhances axon length and regrowth by increasing nitric oxide levels. Together, our findings indicate new signaling pathways of Nystatin and propose this compound as a novel regulator of axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Roselló-Busquets
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Hernaiz-Llorens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Martínez-Mármol
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Sartori AM, Hofer AS, Schwab ME. Recovery after spinal cord injury is enhanced by anti-Nogo-A antibody therapy — from animal models to clinical trials. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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247
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Regenerative Potential of Carbon Monoxide in Adult Neural Circuits of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072273. [PMID: 32218342 PMCID: PMC7177523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of adult neural circuits after an injury is limited in the central nervous system (CNS). Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that produces HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin and iron by heme degradation. CO may act as a biological signal transduction effector in CNS regeneration by stimulating neuronal intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. CO may give directions by which the injured neurovascular system switches into regeneration mode by stimulating endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells to produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS. The present review discusses the regenerative potential of CO in acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease and the role of signaling pathways and neurotrophic factors. CO-mediated facilitation of cellular communications may boost regeneration, consequently forming functional adult neural circuits in CNS injury.
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Sutherland TC, Geoffroy CG. The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32269994 PMCID: PMC7109259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging western population, the average age of incidence for spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased, as has the length of survival of SCI patients. This places great importance on understanding SCI in middle-aged and aging patients. Axon regeneration after injury is an area of study that has received substantial attention and made important experimental progress, however, our understanding of how aging affects this process, and any therapeutic effort to modulate repair, is incomplete. The growth and regeneration of axons is mediated by both neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review we explore some of the key extrinsic influences on axon regeneration in the literature, focusing on inflammation and astrogliosis, other cellular responses, components of the extracellular matrix, and myelin proteins. We will describe how each element supports the contention that axonal growth after injury in the central nervous system shows an age-dependent decline, and how this may affect outcomes after a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Yang et al. (2020) identify glycerolipid metabolism as a neuron-intrinsic mechanism that regulates axonal growth and regeneration. Shifting glycerolipid metabolism toward increased triglyceride synthesis blocks PNS neuron regeneration, whereas shifting it toward membrane phospholipid synthesis overcomes regeneration failure in CNS neurons.
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Nye DMR, Albertson RM, Weiner AT, Hertzler JI, Shorey M, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C, Janes KA, Rolls MM. The receptor tyrosine kinase Ror is required for dendrite regeneration in Drosophila neurons. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000657. [PMID: 32163406 PMCID: PMC7067388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many regulators of axon regeneration have been identified, very little is known about mechanisms that allow dendrites to regenerate after injury. Using a Drosophila model of dendrite regeneration, we performed a candidate screen of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and found a requirement for RTK-like orphan receptor (Ror). We confirmed that Ror was required for regeneration in two different neuron types using RNA interference (RNAi) and mutants. Ror was not required for axon regeneration or normal dendrite development, suggesting a specific role in dendrite regeneration. Ror can act as a Wnt coreceptor with frizzleds (fzs) in other contexts, so we tested the involvement of Wnt signaling proteins in dendrite regeneration. We found that knockdown of fz, dishevelled (dsh), Axin, and gilgamesh (gish) also reduced dendrite regeneration. Moreover, Ror was required to position dsh and Axin in dendrites. We recently found that Wnt signaling proteins, including dsh and Axin, localize microtubule nucleation machinery in dendrites. We therefore hypothesized that Ror may act by regulating microtubule nucleation at baseline and during dendrite regeneration. Consistent with this hypothesis, localization of the core nucleation protein γTubulin was reduced in Ror RNAi neurons, and this effect was strongest during dendrite regeneration. In addition, dendrite regeneration was sensitive to partial reduction of γTubulin. We conclude that Ror promotes dendrite regeneration as part of a Wnt signaling pathway that regulates dendritic microtubule nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. R. Nye
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Albertson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MSTP Program, Milton S. Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexis T. Weiner
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Ian Hertzler
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Clive Wilson
- Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A. Janes
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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