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Holmes SE, Esterlis I, Mazure CM, Lim YY, Ames D, Rainey-Smith S, Fowler C, Ellis K, Martins RN, Salvado O, Doré V, Villemagne VL, Rowe CC, Laws SM, Masters CL, Pietrzak RH, Maruff P. Trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults: a 6-year prospective cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:405-413. [PMID: 28736899 PMCID: PMC5773367 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in older adults, significantly affect quality of life, and are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. We sought to identify the determinants of predominant trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms in cognitively normal older adults. METHOD Four hundred twenty-three older adults recruited from the general community underwent Aβ positron emission tomography imaging, apolipoprotein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotyping, and cognitive testing at baseline and had follow-up assessments. All participants were cognitively normal and free of clinical depression at baseline. Latent growth mixture modeling was used to identify predominant trajectories of subthreshold depressive and anxiety symptoms over 6 years. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify baseline predictors of symptomatic depressive and anxiety trajectories. RESULTS Latent growth mixture modeling revealed two predominant trajectories of depressive and anxiety symptoms: a chronically elevated trajectory and a low, stable symptom trajectory, with almost one in five participants falling into the elevated trajectory groups. Male sex (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 3.23), lower attentional function (RRR = 1.90), and carriage of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met allele in women (RRR = 2.70) were associated with increased risk for chronically elevated depressive symptom trajectory. Carriage of the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele (RRR = 1.92) and lower executive function in women (RRR = 1.74) were associated with chronically elevated anxiety symptom trajectory. CONCLUSION Our results indicate distinct and sex-specific risk factors linked to depressive and anxiety trajectories, which may help inform risk stratification and management of these symptoms in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Irina Esterlis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolyn M. Mazure
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yen Ying Lim
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, St. Vincent’s Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Kew, Victoria, Australia,National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Fowler
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Ellis
- National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia,Sir James McCusker Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olivier Salvado
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia
| | - Vincent Doré
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, Australia,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor L. Villemagne
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M. Laws
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer’s Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia,Co-operative Research Centre for Mental Health,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University
| | - Colin L. Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert H. Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul Maruff
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Cogstate Ltd., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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202
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Harrewijn A, van der Molen MJW, van Vliet IM, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Westenberg PM. Delta-beta correlation as a candidate endophenotype of social anxiety: A two-generation family study. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:398-405. [PMID: 29154156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by an extreme and intense fear and avoidance of social situations. In this two-generation family study we examined delta-beta correlation during a social performance task as candidate endophenotype of SAD. METHODS Nine families with a target participant (diagnosed with SAD), their spouse and children, as well as target's siblings with spouse and children performed a social performance task in which they gave a speech in front of a camera. EEG was measured during resting state, anticipation, and recovery. Our analyses focused on two criteria for endophenotypes: co-segregation within families and heritability. RESULTS Co-segregation analyses revealed increased negative delta-low beta correlation during anticipation in participants with (sub)clinical SAD compared to participants without (sub)clinical SAD. Heritability analyses revealed that delta-low beta and delta-high beta correlation during anticipation were heritable. Delta-beta correlation did not differ between participants with and without (sub)clinical SAD during resting state or recovery, nor between participants with and without SAD during all phases of the task. LIMITATIONS It should be noted that participants were seen only once, they all performed the EEG tasks in the same order, and some participants were too anxious to give a speech. CONCLUSIONS Delta-low beta correlation during anticipation of giving a speech might be a candidate endophenotype of SAD, possibly reflecting increased crosstalk between cortical and subcortical regions. If validated as endophenotype, delta-beta correlation during anticipation could be useful in studying the genetic basis, as well as improving treatment and early detection of persons at risk for developing SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Harrewijn
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Melle J W van der Molen
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Irene M van Vliet
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Houwing-Duistermaat
- Department of Medical Statistics and BioInformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Statistics, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - P Michiel Westenberg
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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203
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Gilat M, Ehgoetz Martens KA, Miranda-Domínguez O, Arpan I, Shine JM, Mancini M, Fair DA, Lewis SJG, Horak FB. Dysfunctional Limbic Circuitry Underlying Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2018; 374:119-132. [PMID: 29408498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a poorly understood symptom affecting many patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite growing evidence of a behavioral link between anxiety, attention and FOG in PD, no research to date has investigated the neural mechanisms that might explain this relationship. The present study therefore examined resting-state MRI functional connectivity between the amygdala, striatum and frontoparietal attentional control network in PD patients with (freezers: n = 19) and without FOG (non-freezers: n = 21) in the dopaminergic 'off' state. Functional connectivity was subsequently correlated with an objective measure of FOG severity and a subjective scale of affective disorder within each group. Connectivity between the right amygdala and right putamen was significantly increased in freezers compared to non-freezers (p < 0.01). Furthermore, freezers showed increased anti-coupling between the frontoparietal network and left amygdala (p = 0.011), but reduced anti-coupling between this network and the right putamen (p = 0.027) as compared to non-freezers. Key functional connections between the amygdala, putamen and frontoparietal network were significantly associated with FOG severity and a fear of falling. This study provides the first evidence that dysfunctional fronto-striato-limbic processes may underpin the link between anxiety and FOG in PD. It is proposed that freezers have heightened striato-limbic load and reduced top-down attentional control at rest, which when further challenged by the parallel processing demands of walking may precipitate FOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Gilat
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kaylena A Ehgoetz Martens
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oscar Miranda-Domínguez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ishu Arpan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James M Shine
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina Mancini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Damien A Fair
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Simon J G Lewis
- Parkinson's Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fay B Horak
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Medical Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS), Portland, OR, USA
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204
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Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Affective Responses to Acute Bouts of Aerobic Exercise, Mindfulness Meditation, and Combinations of Exercise and Meditation: A Randomized Controlled Intervention. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:465-484. [PMID: 29368545 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118755099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to induce positive affect. In a novel experimental paradigm, we sought to examine the effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meditation, as well as exercise and meditation combined on affect among young adults. Participants ( N = 110, mean age = 21.4 years) were randomly assigned to walk, meditate, walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). All walking and meditation bouts were 10 minutes in duration. Participants' affect was monitored before and after the intervention using the Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory. Significant group × time interaction effects were observed for three Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory subscales, including revitalization ( p < .001), tranquility ( p = .02), and exhaustion ( p = .03); the group × time interaction for Exercise Induced Feelings Inventory positive engagement was nonsignificant ( p = .16). A single bout of brisk walking or meditation, as well as a combination of walking and meditation, may positively influence affect. There is some evidence to suggest that affective benefits may be greater following meditation or a combination of meditation and walking, when compared with walking alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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205
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Carlisi CO, Robinson OJ. The role of prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in negative bias in anxiety: Translational, developmental and treatment perspectives. Brain Neurosci Adv 2018; 2:2398212818774223. [PMID: 30167466 PMCID: PMC6097108 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818774223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common cause of mental ill health in the developed world, but our understanding of symptoms and treatments is not presently grounded in knowledge of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In this review, we discuss accumulating work that points to a role for prefrontal-subcortical brain circuitry in driving a core psychological symptom of anxiety disorders - negative affective bias. Specifically, we point to converging work across humans and animal models, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between dorsal and ventral prefrontal-amygdala circuits in promoting and inhibiting negative bias, respectively. We discuss how the developmental trajectory of these circuits may lead to the onset of anxiety during adolescence and, moreover, how effective pharmacological and psychological treatments may serve to shift the balance of activity within this circuitry to ameliorate negative bias symptoms. Together, these findings may bring us closer to a mechanistic, neurobiological understanding of anxiety disorders and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina O. Carlisi
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver J. Robinson
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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206
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Birk JL, Rogers AH, Shahane AD, Urry HL. The heart of control: Proactive cognitive control training limits anxious cardiac arousal under stress. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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207
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Edwards MK, Rosenbaum S, Loprinzi PD. Differential Experimental Effects of a Short Bout of Walking, Meditation, or Combination of Walking and Meditation on State Anxiety Among Young Adults. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:949-958. [PMID: 29216745 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117744913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single bouts of aerobic exercise and meditation have been shown to improve anxiety states. Yet to be evaluated in the literature, we sought to examine the effects of a single, short bout of aerobic exercise or meditation, as well as exercise and meditation combined on state anxiety among young adults. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING University. SUBJECTS Participants (N = 110, mean age = 21.4 years) were randomly assigned to walk, meditate, walk then meditate, meditate then walk, or to sit (inactive control). MEASURES All walking and meditation bouts were 10 minutes in duration. Participants' state anxiety was monitored before and after the intervention using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. RESULTS Significant group × time interaction effects were observed ( P = .01). Post hoc paired t tests revealed that state anxiety significantly decreased from baseline to postintervention in the meditation ( P = .002), meditation then walk ( P = .002), and walk then meditation ( P = .03) groups but not the walk ( P = .75) or control ( P = .45) groups. CONCLUSION Meditation (vs a brisk walk) may be a preferred method of attenuating anxiety symptomology. Individuals desiring the health benefits associated with aerobic exercise may achieve additional anxiolytic benefits if they employ a brief meditation session before or after exercising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Edwards
- 1 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- 2 School of Psychiatry, Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- 3 Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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208
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Fullana MA, Zhu X, Alonso P, Cardoner N, Real E, López-Solà C, Segalàs C, Subirà M, Galfalvy H, Menchón JM, Simpson HB, Marsh R, Soriano-Mas C. Basolateral amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity predicts cognitive behavioural therapy outcome in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42. [PMID: 28632120 PMCID: PMC5662459 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.160215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), including exposure and ritual prevention, is a first-line treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but few reliable predictors of CBT outcome have been identified. Based on research in animal models, we hypothesized that individual differences in basolateral amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (BLA-vmPFC) communication would predict CBT outcome in patients with OCD. METHODS We investigated whether BLA-vmPFC resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) predicts CBT outcome in patients with OCD. We assessed BLA-vmPFC rs-fc in patients with OCD on a stable dose of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor who then received CBT and in healthy control participants. RESULTS We included 73 patients with OCD and 84 healthy controls in our study. Decreased BLA-vmPFC rs-fc predicted a better CBT outcome in patients with OCD and was also detected in those with OCD compared with healthy participants. Additional analyses revealed that decreased BLA-vmPFC rs-fc uniquely characterized the patients with OCD who responded to CBT. LIMITATIONS We used a sample of convenience, and all patients were receiving pharmacological treatment for OCD. CONCLUSION In this large sample of patients with OCD, BLA-vmPFC functional connectivity predicted CBT outcome. These results suggest that future research should investigate the potential of BLA-vmPFC pathways to inform treatment selection for CBT across patients with OCD and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel A. Fullana
- Correspondence to: M.A. Fullana, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25/29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
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209
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Trait anxiety and probabilistic learning: Behavioral and electrophysiological findings. Biol Psychol 2017; 132:17-26. [PMID: 29100909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety is a negative emotion that affects various aspects of people's daily life. To explain why individuals with high anxiety tend to make suboptimal decisions, we suggest that their learning ability might play an important role. Regarding that anxiety modulates both outcome expectation and attention allocation, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the function of feedback learning should be sensitive to individual level of anxiety. However, previous studies that directly examined this hypothesis were scarce. In this study, forty-two Chinese participants were assigned to a high-trait anxiety (HTA) group or a low-trait anxiety (LTA) group according to their scores in the Trait form of Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Both groups finished a reward learning task in which two options were associated with different winning probabilities. The event-related potential (ERP) elicited by outcome feedback during the task was recorded and analyzed. Behavioral results revealed that, when the winning probability was 80% for one option and 20% for another, the HTA group chose the 80% winning option less often than the LTA group at the initial stage (i.e., first 20 trials) of the task, but there was no between-group difference in total number of choice. In addition, HTA participants took more time to make decisions in the 80/20 condition than in the 50/50 condition, but this effect was insignificant in the LTA group. ERP results indicated that anxiety affects learning in two ways. First, compared to their LTA counterparts, HTA participants showed a smaller feedback-related negativity (FRN) in response to negative feedback, indicating the impact of anxiety on outcome expectation. Second, HTA participants showed a larger P3 component in the 80/20 condition than in the 50/50 condition, indicating the impact of anxiety on attention allocation. Accordingly, we suggest that individuals' ability of feedback learning could be negatively modulated by anxiety.
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210
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Electrocortical measures of information processing biases in social anxiety disorder: A review. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:324-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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211
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PALMA PRISCILADECAMARGO, NEUFELD CARMEMBEATRIZ, BRUST-RENCK PRISCILAGOERGEN, ROSSETTO CAROLINAPRATESFERREIRA, CRIPPA JOSÉALEXANDREDESOUZA. False memories in social anxiety disorder. ARCH CLIN PSYCHIAT 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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212
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Chen NTM, Basanovic J, Notebaert L, MacLeod C, Clarke PJF. Attentional bias mediates the effect of neurostimulation on emotional vulnerability. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 93:12-19. [PMID: 28554079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique which has garnered recent interest in the potential treatment for emotion-based psychopathology. While accumulating evidence suggests that tDCS may attenuate emotional vulnerability, critically, little is known about underlying mechanisms of this effect. The present study sought to clarify this by examining the possibility that tDCS may affect emotional vulnerability via its capacity to modulate attentional bias towards threatening information. Fifty healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive either anodal tDCS (2 mA/min) stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), or sham. Participants were then eye tracked during a dual-video stressor task designed to elicit emotional reactivity, while providing a concurrent in-vivo measure of attentional bias. Greater attentional bias towards threatening information was associated with greater emotional reactivity to the stressor task. Furthermore, the active tDCS group showed reduced attentional bias to threat, compared to the sham group. Importantly, attentional bias was found to statistically mediate the effect of tDCS on emotional reactivity, while no direct effect of tDCS on emotional reactivity was observed. The findings are consistent with the notion that the effect of tDCS on emotional vulnerability may be mediated by changes in attentional bias, holding implications for the application of tDCS in emotion-based psychopathology. The findings also highlight the utility of in-vivo eye tracking measures in the examination of the mechanisms associated with DLPFC neuromodulation in emotional vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel T M Chen
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Julian Basanovic
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Lies Notebaert
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; School of Psychology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Strada Mihail Kogãlniceanu 1, Mihail Kogalniceanu St, Cluj-Napoca 3400, Romania.
| | - Patrick J F Clarke
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley WA 6102, Australia.
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213
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Forcadell E, Torrents-Rodas D, Treen D, Fullana MA, Tortella-Feliu M. Attentional Control and Fear Extinction in Subclinical Fear: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1654. [PMID: 29018384 PMCID: PMC5622961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional control (AC) and fear extinction learning are known to be involved in pathological anxiety. In this study we explored whether individual differences in non-emotional AC were associated with individual differences in the magnitude and gradient of fear extinction (learning and recall). In 50 individuals with fear of spiders, we collected measures of non-emotional AC by means of self-report and by assessing the functioning of the major attention networks (executive control, orienting, and alerting). The participants then underwent a paradigm assessing fear extinction learning and extinction recall. The two components of the orienting network functioning (costs and benefits) were significantly associated with fear extinction gradient over and above the effects of trait anxiety. Specifically, participants with enhanced orienting costs (i.e., difficulties in disengaging attention from cues not relevant for the task) showed faster extinction learning, while those with enhanced orienting benefits (i.e., attention facilitated by valid cues) exhibited faster extinction recall as measured by fear-potentiated startle and Unconditioned Stimulus expectancies, respectively. Our findings suggest that, in non-emotional conditions, the orienting component of attention may be predictive of fear extinction. They also show that the use of fear extinction gradients and the exploration of individual differences in non-emotional AC (using performance-based measures of attentional network functioning) can provide a better understanding of individual differences in fear learning. Our findings also may help to understand differences in exposure therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Forcadell
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Mental Health, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - David Torrents-Rodas
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Specialized Department in Mental Health and Intellectual Disability, Institut Assistència Sanitària (IAS), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Salt, Spain
| | - Devi Treen
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Fullana
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Anxiety Unit, Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Addictions, Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Tortella-Feliu
- University Research Institute on Health Sciencies (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, Mallorca, Spain.,PROMOSAM Red de Investigación en Procesos, Mecanismos y Tratamientos Psicológicos para la Promoción de la Salud Mental, Mallorca, Spain
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214
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Putative EEG measures of social anxiety: Comparing frontal alpha asymmetry and delta-beta cross-frequency correlation. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 16:1086-1098. [PMID: 27557885 PMCID: PMC5153416 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine whether frontal alpha asymmetry and delta-beta cross-frequency correlation during resting state, anticipation, and recovery are electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of social anxiety. For the first time, we jointly examined frontal alpha asymmetry and delta-beta correlation during resting state and during a social performance task in high (HSA) versus low (LSA) socially anxious females. Participants performed a social performance task in which they first watched and evaluated a video of a peer, and then prepared their own speech. They believed that their speech would be videotaped and evaluated by a peer. We found that HSA participants showed significant negative delta-beta correlation as compared to LSA participants during both anticipation of and recovery from the stressful social situation. This negative delta-beta correlation might reflect increased activity in subcortical brain regions and decreased activity in cortical brain regions. As we hypothesized, no group differences in delta-beta correlation were found during the resting state. This could indicate that a certain level of stress is needed to find EEG measures of social anxiety. As for frontal alpha asymmetry, we did not find any group differences. The present frontal alpha asymmetry results are discussed in relation to the evident inconsistencies in the frontal alpha asymmetry literature. Together, our results suggest that delta-beta correlation is a putative EEG measure of social anxiety.
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215
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Neurogenetic plasticity and sex influence the link between corticolimbic structural connectivity and trait anxiety. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10959. [PMID: 28887539 PMCID: PMC5591318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticolimbic pathways connecting the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) are linked with trait anxiety, but it remains unclear what potential genetic moderators contribute to this association. We sought to address this by examining the inter-individual variability in neuroplasticity as modeled by a functional polymorphism (rs6265) in the human gene for brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Amygdala-vPFC pathway fractional anisotropy (FA) from 669 diffusion magnetic resonance images was used to examine associations with trait anxiety as a function of rs6265 genotype. We first replicated the inverse correlation between trait anxiety and amygdala-vPFC pathway FA in women. Furthermore, we found a moderating influence of rs6265 genotype such that the association between trait anxiety and right amygdala-vPFC pathway FA was strongest in women carrying the Met allele, which is linked with decreased activity-dependent neuroplasticity. Results indicate that the microstructural integrity of pathways supporting communication between the amygdala and vPFC help shape the expression of trait anxiety in women, and that this association is further modulated by genetically driven variability in neuroplasticity.
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216
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Donley MP, Rosen JB. Novelty and fear conditioning induced gene expression in high and low states of anxiety. Learn Mem 2017; 24:449-461. [PMID: 28814471 PMCID: PMC5580523 DOI: 10.1101/lm.044289.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Emotional states influence how stimuli are interpreted. High anxiety states in humans lead to more negative, threatening interpretations of novel information, typically accompanied by activation of the amygdala. We developed a handling protocol that induces long-lasting high and low anxiety-like states in rats to explore the role of state anxiety on brain activation during exposure to a novel environment and fear conditioning. In situ hybridization of the inducible transcription factor Egr-1 found increased gene expression in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) following exposure to a novel environment and contextual fear conditioning in high anxiety-like rats. In contrast, low state anxiety-like rats did not generate Egr-1 increases in LA when placed in a novel chamber. Egr-1 expression was also examined in the dorsal hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In CA1 of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), Egr-1 expression increased in response to novel context exposure and fear conditioning, independent of state anxiety level. Furthermore, in mPFC, Egr-1 in low anxiety-like rats was increased more with fear conditioning than novel exposure. The current series of experiments show that brain areas involved in fear and anxiety-like states do not respond uniformly to novelty during high and low states of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie P Donley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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217
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Delli Pizzi S, Chiacchiaretta P, Mantini D, Bubbico G, Edden RA, Onofrj M, Ferretti A, Bonanni L. GABA content within medial prefrontal cortex predicts the variability of fronto-limbic effective connectivity. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3217-3229. [PMID: 28386778 PMCID: PMC5630505 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) circuit plays a key role in social behavior. The amygdala and mPFC are bidirectionally connected, functionally and anatomically, via the uncinate fasciculus. Recent evidence suggests that GABA-ergic neurotransmission within the mPFC could be central to the regulation of amygdala activity related to emotions and anxiety processing. However, the functional and neurochemical interactions within amygdala-mPFC circuits are unclear. In the current study, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging techniques were combined to investigate effective connectivity within the amygdala-mPFC network and its relationship with mPFC neurotransmission in 22 healthy subjects aged between 41 and 88 years. Effective connectivity in the amygdala-mPFC circuit was assessed on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data using spectral dynamic causal modelling. State and trait anxiety were also assessed. The mPFC was shown to be the target of incoming outputs from the amygdalae and the source of exciting inputs to the limbic system. The amygdalae were reciprocally connected by excitatory projections. About half of the variance relating to the strength of top-down endogenous connection between right amygdala and mPFC was explained by mPFC GABA levels. State anxiety was correlated with the strength of the endogenous connections between right amygdala and mPFC. We suggest that mPFC GABA content predicts variability in the effective connectivity within the mPFC-amygdala circuit, providing new insights on emotional physiology and the underlying functional and neurochemical interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Dante Mantini
- Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanna Bubbico
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Richard A Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional MRI, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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218
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Pizzie RG, Kraemer DJM. Avoiding math on a rapid timescale: Emotional responsivity and anxious attention in math anxiety. Brain Cogn 2017; 118:100-107. [PMID: 28826050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Math anxiety (MA) is characterized by negative feelings towards mathematics, resulting in avoidance of math classes and of careers that rely on mathematical skills. Focused on a long timescale, this research may miss important cognitive and affective processes that operate moment-to-moment, changing rapid reactions even when a student simply sees a math problem. Here, using fMRI with an attentional deployment paradigm, we show that MA influences rapid spontaneous emotional and attentional responses to mathematical stimuli upon brief presentation. Critically, participants viewed but did not attempt to solve the problems. Indicating increased threat reactivity to even brief presentations of math problems, increased MA was associated with increased amygdala response during math viewing trials. Functionally and anatomically defined amygdala ROIs yielded similar results, indicating robustness of the finding. Similar to the pattern of vigilance and avoidance observed in specific phobia, behavioral results of the attentional paradigm demonstrated that MA is associated with attentional disengagement for mathematical symbols. This attentional avoidance is specific to math stimuli; when viewing negatively-valenced images, MA is correlated with attentional engagement, similar to other forms of anxiety. These results indicate that even brief exposure to mathematics triggers a neural response related to threat avoidance in highly MA individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G Pizzie
- Department of Education and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, USA.
| | - David J M Kraemer
- Department of Education and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, USA
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219
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Martins AT, Ros A, Valério L, Faísca L. Basic Emotion Recognition According to Clinical Personality Traits. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9661-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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220
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Nieuwenhuys A, Oudejans RRD. Anxiety and performance: perceptual-motor behavior in high-pressure contexts. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 16:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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221
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Hope and the brain: Trait hope mediates the protective role of medial orbitofrontal cortex spontaneous activity against anxiety. Neuroimage 2017; 157:439-447. [PMID: 28559191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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222
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Wang J, Wang D, Cui L, McWhinnie CM, Wang L, Xiao J. The "weakest link" as an indicator of cognitive vulnerability differentially predicts symptom dimensions of anxiety in adolescents in China. J Anxiety Disord 2017; 50:69-75. [PMID: 28595115 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This multiwave longitudinal study examined the cognitive vulnerability-stress component of hopelessness theory to differentially predict symptom dimensions of anxiety using a "weakest link" approach in a sample of adolescents from Hunan Province, China. Baseline and 6-month follow-up data were obtained from 553 middle-school students. During an initial assessment, participants completed measures of assessing their weakest links, anxious symptoms, and the occurrence of stress. Participants subsequently completed measures assessing stress, and anxious symptoms one a month for six months. Higher weakest link scores were associated with greater increases in the harm avoidance and separation anxiety/panic dimensions, but not the physical or social anxiety dimension, of anxious symptoms following stress in Chinese adolescents. These results support the applicability of the "weakest link" approach, derived from hopelessness theory, in Chinese adolescents. Weakest link scores as cognitive vulnerability factors may play a role in the development of anxious symptoms, especially in the cognitive dimensions (e.g., harm avoidance and separation anxiety/panic). Our findings also have potential value in explaining the effectiveness of cognitive relevant therapy in treating the cognitive dimensions of anxious symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Danyang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition and Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
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223
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The effect of bicephalic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the attentional bias for threat: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:1048-1057. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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224
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørby
- Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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225
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Ko J. Neuroanatomical Substrates of Rodent Social Behavior: The Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Its Projection Patterns. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:41. [PMID: 28659766 PMCID: PMC5468389 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Social behavior encompasses a number of distinctive and complex constructs that form the core elements of human imitative culture, mainly represented as either affiliative or antagonistic interactions with conspecifics. Traditionally considered in the realm of psychology, social behavior research has benefited from recent advancements in neuroscience that have accelerated identification of the neural systems, circuits, causative genes and molecular mechanisms that underlie distinct social cognitive traits. In this review article, I summarize recent findings regarding the neuroanatomical substrates of key social behaviors, focusing on results from experiments conducted in rodent models. In particular, I will review the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and downstream subcortical structures in controlling social behavior, and discuss pertinent future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu, South Korea
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226
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Damjanovic L, Meyer M, Sepulveda F. Raising the alarm: Individual differences in the perceptual awareness of masked facial expressions. Brain Cogn 2017; 114:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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227
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The Role of the Cerebellum in Unconscious and Conscious Processing of Emotions: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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228
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Itier RJ, Neath-Tavares KN. Effects of task demands on the early neural processing of fearful and happy facial expressions. Brain Res 2017; 1663:38-50. [PMID: 28315309 PMCID: PMC5756067 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Task demands shape how we process environmental stimuli but their impact on the early neural processing of facial expressions remains unclear. In a within-subject design, ERPs were recorded to the same fearful, happy and neutral facial expressions presented during a gender discrimination, an explicit emotion discrimination and an oddball detection tasks, the most studied tasks in the field. Using an eye tracker, fixation on the face nose was enforced using a gaze-contingent presentation. Task demands modulated amplitudes from 200 to 350ms at occipito-temporal sites spanning the EPN component. Amplitudes were more negative for fearful than neutral expressions starting on N170 from 150 to 350ms, with a temporo-occipital distribution, whereas no clear effect of happy expressions was seen. Task and emotion effects never interacted in any time window or for the ERP components analyzed (P1, N170, EPN). Thus, whether emotion is explicitly discriminated or irrelevant for the task at hand, neural correlates of fearful and happy facial expressions seem immune to these task demands during the first 350ms of visual processing.
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229
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Caouette JD, Feldstein Ewing SW. Four Mechanistic Models of Peer Influence on Adolescent Cannabis Use. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:90-99. [PMID: 29104847 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Most adolescents begin exploring cannabis in peer contexts, but the neural mechanisms that underlie peer influence on adolescent cannabis use are still unknown. This theoretical overview elucidates the intersecting roles of neural function and peer factors in cannabis use in adolescents. Recent findings Novel paradigms using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in adolescents have identified distinct neural mechanisms of risk decision-making and incentive processing in peer contexts, centered on reward-motivation and affect regulatory neural networks; these findings inform a theoretical model of peer-driven cannabis use decisions in adolescents. Summary We propose four "mechanistic profiles" of social facilitation of cannabis use in adolescents: (1) peer influence as the primary driver of use; (2) cannabis exploration as the primary driver, which may be enhanced in peer contexts; (3) social anxiety; and (4) negative peer experiences. Identification of "neural targets" involved in motivating cannabis use may inform clinicians about which treatment strategies work best in adolescents with cannabis use problems, and via which social and neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Caouette
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Psychiatry, 3314 SW US Veteran's Hospital Road, M/C DC7P, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Psychiatry, 3314 SW US Veteran's Hospital Road, M/C DC7P, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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230
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Burkhouse KL, Kujawa A, Klumpp H, Fitzgerald KD, Monk CS, Phan KL. Neural correlates of explicit and implicit emotion processing in relation to treatment response in pediatric anxiety. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:546-554. [PMID: 27861879 PMCID: PMC5393919 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 40%-45% of youth with anxiety disorders do not achieve remission (or a substantial reduction in symptoms) following treatment, highlighting the need to identify predictors of treatment response. Given the well-established link between attentional biases and anxiety disorders in youth and adults, this study examined the neural correlates of directing attention toward and away from emotional faces in relation to pediatric anxiety treatment response. METHOD Prior to beginning treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline or cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), 37 youth (age 7-19 years) with generalized and/or social anxiety disorder completed a task with conditions that manipulated whether participants were instructed to match emotional faces (explicit emotion processing) or match shapes in the context of emotional face distractors (implicit emotion processing) during functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Results revealed that reduced activation in superior frontal gyrus (SFG), encompassing the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), during implicit processing of emotional faces predicted a greater reduction in anxiety severity pre-to-post treatment. Post hoc analyses indicated that effects were not significantly moderated by the type of treatment or anxiety type. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that less recruitment of SFG, including the dorsal ACC and dorsomedial PFC, during implicit emotion processing predicts a greater reduction in youth anxiety symptoms pre-to-post treatment. Youth who exhibit reduced activation in these areas while matching shapes in the context of emotional face distractors may have more to gain from CBT and SSRI treatment due to preexisting deficits in attentional control. These findings suggest that neuroimaging may be a useful tool for predicting which youth are most likely to benefit from anxiety treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
| | - Heide Klumpp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Christopher S. Monk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - K. Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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231
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Minkova L, Sladky R, Kranz GS, Woletz M, Geissberger N, Kraus C, Lanzenberger R, Windischberger C. Task-dependent modulation of amygdala connectivity in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 262:39-46. [PMID: 28226306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increased amygdala activation is consistently found in patients suffering from social anxiety disorder (SAD), a psychiatric condition characterized by an intense fear of social situations and scrutiny. Disruptions in the amygdalar-frontal network in SAD may explain the inability of frontal regions to appropriately down-regulate amygdalar hyper-activation. In this study, we measured 15 SAD patients and 15 healthy controls during an affective counting Stroop task with emotional faces to assess the interaction of affective stimuli with a cognitive task in SAD, as well as to investigate the causal interactions between the amygdala and the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) using dynamic causal modeling (DCM). Here we show for the first time that differences in OFC-amygdala effective connectivity between SAD patients and healthy controls are influenced by cognitive load during task processing. In SAD patients relative to controls dysfunctional amygdala regulation was observed during passive viewing of harsh faces This could be linked to ongoing self-initiated cognitive processes (such as rumination and anticipation of negative events) that hinder successful amygdala regulation. However, between-group differences diminished during cognitive processing, suggesting that attentional load interfered with emotional processing in both patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Minkova
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Sladky
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Woletz
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Geissberger
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Windischberger
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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232
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Venetacci R, Johnstone A, Kirkby KC, Matthews A. ERP correlates of attentional processing in spider fear: evidence of threat-specific hypervigilance. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:437-449. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1310717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Venetacci
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Amber Johnstone
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Kenneth C. Kirkby
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Allison Matthews
- School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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233
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Delli Pizzi S, Chiacchiaretta P, Mantini D, Bubbico G, Ferretti A, Edden RA, Di Giulio C, Onofrj M, Bonanni L. Functional and neurochemical interactions within the amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex circuit and their relevance to emotional processing. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:1267-1279. [PMID: 27566606 PMCID: PMC5549263 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) circuit plays a key role in emotional processing. GABA-ergic inhibition within the mPFC has been suggested to play a role in the shaping of amygdala activity. However, the functional and neurochemical interactions within the amygdala-mPFC circuits and their relevance to emotional processing remain unclear. To investigate this circuit, we obtained resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and proton MR spectroscopy in 21 healthy subjects to assess the potential relationship between GABA levels within mPFC and the amygdala-mPFC functional connectivity. Trait anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y2). Partial correlations were used to measure the relationships among the functional connectivity outcomes, mPFC GABA levels and STAI-Y2 scores. Age, educational level and amount of the gray and white matters within 1H-MRS volume of interest were included as nuisance variables. The rs-fMRI signals of the amygdala and the vmPFC were significantly anti-correlated. This negative functional coupling between the two regions was inversely correlated with the GABA+/tCr level within the mPFC and the STAI-Y2 scores. We suggest a close relationship between mPFC GABA levels and functional interactions within the amygdala-vmPFC circuit, providing new insights in the physiology of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Centre, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Dante Mantini
- Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Giovanna Bubbico
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Richard A Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional MRI, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camillo Di Giulio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Aging Research Centre, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Centre, ''G. d'Annunzio'' University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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Goodwin H, Yiend J, Hirsch CR. Generalized Anxiety Disorder, worry and attention to threat: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 54:107-122. [PMID: 28448826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among anxious populations, attention has been demonstrated to be preferentially biased to threatening material compared to neutral or other valenced material. Individuals who have high levels of trait worry, such as those with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), may be biased to threat but research has produced equivocal findings. This review aimed to systematically review the extant experimental literature to establish the current evidence of attentional bias to threat among trait worriers compared to healthy controls and other clinical populations. Twenty-nine published articles were included in the final review. There was strong evidence of a bias to threat among GAD patients compared to other groups and this was found across most experimental paradigms. Few studies had investigated this bias in non-clinical trait worriers. Among GAD patients this bias to threat was most strongly evidenced when visual threat material was in a verbal-linguistic format (i.e., words) rather than when in pictorial form (i.e., images or faces). The bias was also found across several domains of negative material, supporting the general nature of worry. Further research should look to examine the specific components of the threat bias in GAD, as well as investigating the bias to threat in trait worriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Yiend
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colette R Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom.
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235
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Lin T, Gilam G, Raz G, Or-Borichev A, Bar-Haim Y, Fruchter E, Hendler T. Accessible Neurobehavioral Anger-Related Markers for Vulnerability to Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in a Population of Male Soldiers. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:38. [PMID: 28326027 PMCID: PMC5339223 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying vulnerable individuals prone to develop post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) is of paramount importance, especially in populations at high risk for stress exposure such as combat soldiers. While several neural and psychological risk factors are known, no post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) biomarker has yet progressed to clinical use. Here we present novel and clinically applicable anger-related neurobehavioral risk markers for military-related PTSS in a large cohort of Israeli soldiers. The psychological, electrophysiological and neural (Simultaneous recording of scalp electroencephalography [EEG] and functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) reaction to an anger-inducing film were measured prior to advanced military training and PTSS were recorded at 1-year follow-up. Limbic modulation was measured using a novel approach that monitors amygdala modulation using fMRI-inspired EEG, hereafter termed amygdala electrical fingerprint (amyg-EFP). Inter-subject correlation (ISC) analysis on fMRI data indicated that during movie viewing participants' brain activity was synchronized in limbic regions including the amygdala. Self-reported state-anger and amyg-EFP modulation successfully predicted PTSS levels. State-anger significantly accounted for 20% of the variance in PTSS, and amyg-EFP signal modulation significantly accounted for additional 15% of the variance. Our study was limited by the moderate PTSS levels and lack of systematic baseline symptoms assessment. These results suggest that pre-stress neurobehavioral measures of anger may predict risk for later PTSS, pointing to anger-related vulnerability factors that can be measured efficiently and at a low cost before stress exposure. Possible mechanisms underlying the association between the anger response and risk for PTSS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Lin
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gadi Gilam
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Raz
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- The Department of Film and Television, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ayelet Or-Borichev
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Fruchter
- Division of Mental Health, Medical Corps, Israel Defense ForcesTel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- The Tel-Aviv Center for Brain Functions, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel Aviv, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
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236
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Jarros RB, Salum GA, Silva CTBD, Toazza R, Becker N, Agranonik M, Salles JFD, Manfro GG. Attention, memory, visuoconstructive, and executive task performance in adolescents with anxiety disorders: a case-control community study. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2017; 39:5-11. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess children and adolescents with mild and severe anxiety disorders for their performance in attention, verbal episodic memory, working memory, visuoconstructive skills, executive functions, and cognitive global functioning and conduct comparative analyses with the performance of children free from anxiety disorders. Methods: Our sample comprised 68 children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (41 with current diagnoses of anxiety disorders and 27 controls) selected from a larger cross-sectional community sample of adolescents. Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders were categorized into two groups on the basis of anxiety severity (mild or severe). All participants underwent a neuropsychological assessment battery to evaluate attention, verbal episodic memory, working memory, visuoconstructive skills, and executive and cognitive functions. Results: No differences were found in any neuropsychological tests, with the single exception that the group with mild anxiety had better performance on the Digit Span backward test compared to subjects with severe anxiety and to controls (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.11). Conclusions: Not only might anxiety disorders spare main cognitive functions during adolescence, they may even enhance certain working memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Behs Jarros
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes, Brazil; UFRGS, Brazil; UFRGS, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes, Brazil; UFRGS, Brazil
| | | | - Rudineia Toazza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; UFRGS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes, Brazil; UFRGS, Brazil
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237
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Oikonomidis L, Santangelo AM, Shiba Y, Clarke FH, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. A dimensional approach to modeling symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders in the marmoset monkey. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:328-353. [PMID: 27589556 PMCID: PMC5412688 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Some patients suffering from the same neuropsychiatric disorder may have no overlapping symptoms whilst others may share symptoms common to other distinct disorders. Therefore, the Research Domain Criteria initiative recognises the need for better characterisation of the individual symptoms on which to focus symptom-based treatment strategies. Many of the disorders involve dysfunction within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and so the marmoset, due to their highly developed PFC and small size, is an ideal species for studying the neurobiological basis of the behavioural dimensions that underlie these symptoms.Here we focus on a battery of tests that address dysfunction spanning the cognitive (cognitive inflexibility and working memory), negative valence (fear generalisation and negative bias) and positive valence (anhedonia) systems pertinent for understanding disorders such as ADHD, Schizophrenia, Anxiety, Depression and OCD. Parsing the separable prefrontal and striatal circuits and identifying the selective neurochemical modulation (serotonin vs dopamine) that underlie cognitive dysfunction have revealed counterparts in the clinical domain. Aspects of the negative valence system have been explored both at individual- (trait anxiety and genetic variation in serotonin transporter) and circuit-based levels enabling the understanding of generalisation processes, negative biases and differential responsiveness to SSRIs. Within the positive valence system, the combination of cardiovascular and behavioural measures provides a framework for understanding motivational, anticipatory and consummatory aspects of anhedonia and their neurobiological mechanisms. Together, the direct comparison of experimental findings in marmosets with clinical studies is proving an excellent translational model to address the behavioural dimensions and neurobiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 328-353, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Oikonomidis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Santangelo
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshiro Shiba
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - F Hannah Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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238
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Bowler J, Hoppitt L, Illingworth J, Dalgleish T, Ononaiye M, Perez-Olivas G, Mackintosh B. Asymmetrical transfer effects of cognitive bias modification: Modifying attention to threat influences interpretation of emotional ambiguity, but not vice versa. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:239-246. [PMID: 27620071 PMCID: PMC5134930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It is well established that attention bias and interpretation bias each have a key role in the development and continuation of anxiety. How the biases may interact with one another in anxiety is, however, poorly understood. Using cognitive bias modification techniques, the present study examined whether training a more positive interpretation bias or attention bias resulted in transfer of effects to the untrained cognitive domain. Differences in anxiety reactivity to a real-world stressor were also assessed. METHODS Ninety-seven first year undergraduates who had self-reported anxiety were allocated to one of four groups: attention bias training (n = 24), interpretation bias training (n = 26), control task training (n = 25) and no training (n = 22). Training was computer-based and comprised eight sessions over four weeks. Baseline and follow-up measures of attention and interpretation bias, anxiety and depression were taken. RESULTS A significant reduction in threat-related attention bias and an increase in positive interpretation bias occurred in the attention bias training group. The interpretation bias training group did not exhibit a significant change in attention bias, only interpretation bias. The effect of attention bias training on interpretation bias was significant as compared with the two control groups. There were no effects on self-report measures. LIMITATIONS The extent to which interpretive training can modify attentional processing remains unclear. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the idea that attentional training might have broad cognitive consequences, impacting downstream on interpretive bias. However, they do not fully support a common mechanism hypothesis, as interpretive training did not impact on attentional bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.O. Bowler
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, UK,Corresponding author. School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.School of PsychologyUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7TJUK
| | - L. Hoppitt
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - T. Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - M. Ononaiye
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | | | - B. Mackintosh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
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239
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Matthews AJ, Mackintosh C, Williams S, Williams M, Kirkby KC. Habituation of self-reported anxiety and cortical hyper-vigilance during image-based exposure to spiders. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:150-157. [PMID: 27497062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine habituation of subjective anxiety and electrophysiological correlates of cortical hyper-vigilance during exposure to spider images among high (n = 12) and low (n = 11) spider fear groups. METHODS Participants viewed a six-stage hierarchy of spider images. The images used at stage 1 and stage 6 were the same. Subjective anxiety was rated at four intervals during each three-minute exposure stage (0, 60, 120, and 180 s) and event-related potentials (ERPs) were averaged across these epochs (0-60, 60-120, 120-180). RESULTS High spider fearfuls demonstrated greater habituation of self-reported anxiety within and between exposure stages compared to low fearfuls. Consistent with attentional hyper-vigilance, the high-fear group also demonstrated greater P1 amplitude in response to spider images. In both groups, habituation of P1 amplitude was found at later relative to earlier stages, but increased at stage six when the stage 1 image was re-presented, despite low subjective anxiety. LIMITATIONS While the passive viewing paradigm mirrored image-based exposure, it was not possible to determine whether participants engaged in avoidance strategies. In addition, further research is needed to assess the relevance of habituation and reinstatement of P1 amplitude to therapeutic outcome. CONCLUSIONS Habituation of subjective anxiety during image-based exposure is not necessarily accompanied by a reduction in measures of cortical hyper-vigilance. The reinstatement of the P1 response may indicate either re-activation of previous associations, less avoidance, or a more generalised dishabituation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Matthews
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
| | - Carolyn Mackintosh
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Sarah Williams
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Monique Williams
- School of Medicine, Division of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 30, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Kenneth C Kirkby
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 27, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
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240
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Ioannou C, Zein ME, Wyart V, Scheid I, Amsellem F, Delorme R, Chevallier C, Grèzes J. Shared mechanism for emotion processing in adolescents with and without autism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42696. [PMID: 28218248 PMCID: PMC5317002 DOI: 10.1038/srep42696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, the quest to understand emotional processing in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has led to an impressive number of studies, the picture that emerges from this research remains inconsistent. Some studies find that Typically Developing (TD) individuals outperform those with ASD in emotion recognition tasks, others find no such difference. In this paper, we move beyond focusing on potential group differences in behaviour to answer what we believe is a more pressing question: do individuals with ASD use the same mechanisms to process emotional cues? To this end, we rely on model-based analyses of participants’ accuracy during an emotion categorisation task in which displays of anger and fear are paired with direct vs. averted gaze. Behavioural data of 20 ASD and 20 TD adolescents revealed that the ASD group displayed lower overall performance. Yet, gaze direction had a similar impact on emotion categorisation in both groups, i.e. improved accuracy for salient combinations (anger-direct, fear-averted). Critically, computational modelling of participants’ behaviour reveals that the same mechanism, i.e. increased perceptual sensitivity, underlies the contextual impact of gaze in both groups. We discuss the specific experimental conditions that may favour emotion processing and the automatic integration of contextual information in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ioannou
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Inserm unit 960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Marwa El Zein
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Inserm unit 960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Valentin Wyart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Inserm unit 960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Isabelle Scheid
- Centre Expert Asperger, Fondation Fondamental, Paris, 75019, France.,Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Paris, 75019, France
| | - Frédérique Amsellem
- Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Paris, 75019, France.,Génétique Humaine et Fonction Cognitive, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Service de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Paris, 75019, France.,Génétique Humaine et Fonction Cognitive, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Coralie Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Inserm unit 960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Julie Grèzes
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Inserm unit 960, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
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241
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Faull OK, Pattinson KTS. The cortical connectivity of the periaqueductal gray and the conditioned response to the threat of breathlessness. eLife 2017; 6:e21749. [PMID: 28211789 PMCID: PMC5332157 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we observed differential activation in individual columns of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) during breathlessness and its conditioned anticipation (Faull et al., 2016b). Here, we have extended this work by determining how the individual columns of the PAG interact with higher cortical centres, both at rest and in the context of breathlessness threat. Activation was observed in ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) and lateral PAG (lPAG), where activity scaled with breathlessness intensity ratings, revealing a potential interface between sensation and cognition during breathlessness. At rest the lPAG was functionally correlated with cortical sensorimotor areas, conducive to facilitating fight/flight responses, and demonstrated increased synchronicity with the amygdala during breathlessness. The vlPAG showed fronto-limbic correlations at rest, whereas during breathlessness anticipation, reduced functional synchronicity was seen to both lPAG and motor structures, conducive to freezing behaviours. These results move us towards understanding how the PAG might be intricately involved in human responses to threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia K Faull
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kyle TS Pattinson
- FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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242
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Spangler DP, Friedman BH. A Little Goes a Long Way: Low Working Memory Load Is Associated with Optimal Distractor Inhibition and Increased Vagal Control under Anxiety. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:43. [PMID: 28217091 PMCID: PMC5289964 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety impairs both inhibition of distraction and attentional focus. It is unclear whether these impairments are reduced or exacerbated when loading working memory with non-affective information. Cardiac vagal control has been related to top-down regulation of anxiety; therefore, vagal control may reflect load-related inhibition of distraction under anxiety. The present study examined whether: (1) the enhancing and impairing effects of load on inhibition exist together in a non-linear function, (2) there is a similar association between inhibition and concurrent vagal control under anxiety. During anxiogenic threat-of-noise, 116 subjects maintained a digit series of varying lengths (0, 2, 4, and 6 digits) while completing a visual flanker task. The task was broken into four blocks, with a baseline period preceding each. Electrocardiography was acquired throughout to quantify vagal control as high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV). There were significant quadratic relations of working memory load to flanker performance and to HRV, but no associations between HRV and performance. Results indicate that low load was associated with relatively better inhibition and increased HRV. These findings suggest that attentional performance under anxiety depends on the availability of working memory resources, which might be reflected by vagal control. These results have implications for treating anxiety disorders, in which regulation of anxiety can be optimized for attentional focus.
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243
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Effects of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG7142 on the structure of anxiety-related behavior of male Wistar rats tested in hole board. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:381-391. [PMID: 27838748 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Little is known about the structural characteristics of the behavior of rats with enhanced anxiety level. To fill this gap, a study was undertaken where effects of an anxiogenic drug were examined on behavioral structure of rats tested in hole board. OBJECTIVES This study investigates effects of increased anxiety level on the structure of the behavior of rats tested in hole board METHODS: Different doses of FG7142 (1, 4, 8 mg/kg IP), a potent anxiety-inducing drug, were administered to three groups of male Wistar rats. A further group was administered saline. Experiments were recorded through a digital camera. Quantitative and multivariate approaches were applied. RESULTS Percent distributions and durations showed increases of immobile sniffing, rearing, head dip, and edge sniff and a significant reduction of grooming activities and of walking. In addition, a decrease of head dip/edge sniff ratio was detected. Transition matrices evidenced that FG7142 provoked evident modifications of behavioral structure mainly of general exploration of environment and focused exploration of the hole. Finally, adjusted residuals showed a reduced effectiveness of FG7142 on transitions from head dip to edge sniff; on the contrary, transitions from edge sniff to head dip underwent evident dose-dependent changes. CONCLUSIONS Present study provides a useful tool to analyze behavioral responses to different anxiety conditions. Accordingly, it is demonstrated that a condition of increased anxiety deeply modifies the structure of male Wistar rat's behavior in hole board. In addition, our results suggest that evaluation of head dip/edge sniff ratio can be considered a reliable index to appraise effects of pharmacological manipulation of anxiety and related behavioral elements.
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Xia L, Gu R, Zhang D, Luo Y. Anxious Individuals Are Impulsive Decision-Makers in the Delay Discounting Task: An ERP Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:5. [PMID: 28174528 PMCID: PMC5258725 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, which is linked to a wide range of psychiatric disorders, is often characterized by a preference for immediate but smaller rewards over delayed but larger rewards. However, debate exists on the relationship between anxiety and impulsivity. Here we use event-related potential (ERP) components as biomarkers in the temporal discounting task to examine the effect of anxiety on inter-temporal decision-making. Our behavioral results indicated that the high trait anxiety (HTA) group made significantly more immediate choices than the low trait anxiety (LTA) group. Compared with the LTA group, shorter response time was associated with immediate rewards in the HTA group. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated three ERP components that are associated with impulsivity and/or delay discounting. First, the N1 is an early sensory component involved in selective attention and attention processing for goal-directed actions. Second, the reward positivity (RewP) reflects reward-related dopaminergic activity and encodes reward values. Third, the P3 is regarded as a measure of motivational significance in the decision-making literature. Accordingly, this study found in the immediate-option-evoked ERPs that the HTA group had a larger N1 than the LTA group did. For the delayed-option-evoked ERPs, the HTA group had larger N1 and RewP for the immediate choice than the LTA group did, while the LTA group had a larger P3 for the delayed choice than the HTA group did. These results support the notion that anxiety individuals are impulsive decision-makers in the Delay Discounting Task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xia
- College of Information Engineering, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
- Department of Psychology, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhen, China
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Raymond JG, Steele JD, Seriès P. Modeling Trait Anxiety: From Computational Processes to Personality. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28167920 PMCID: PMC5253387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational methods are increasingly being applied to the study of psychiatric disorders. Often, this involves fitting models to the behavior of individuals with subclinical character traits that are known vulnerability factors for the development of psychiatric conditions. Anxiety disorders can be examined with reference to the behavior of individuals high in "trait" anxiety, which is a known vulnerability factor for the development of anxiety and mood disorders. However, it is not clear how this self-report measure relates to neural and behavioral processes captured by computational models. This paper reviews emerging computational approaches to the study of trait anxiety, specifying how interacting processes susceptible to analysis using computational models could drive a tendency to experience frequent anxious states and promote vulnerability to the development of clinical disorders. Existing computational studies are described in the light of this perspective and appropriate targets for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Raymond
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J. Douglas Steele
- School of Medicine (Neuroscience), Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Peggy Seriès
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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246
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Parra-Damas A, Chen M, Enriquez-Barreto L, Ortega L, Acosta S, Perna JC, Fullana MN, Aguilera J, Rodríguez-Alvarez J, Saura CA. CRTC1 Function During Memory Encoding Is Disrupted in Neurodegeneration. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:111-123. [PMID: 27587263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associative memory impairment is an early clinical feature of dementia patients, but the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these deficits are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the functional regulation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) by associative learning in physiological and neurodegenerative conditions. METHODS We evaluated the activation of CRTC1 in the hippocampus of control mice and mice lacking the Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin genes (presenilin conditional double knockout [PS cDKO]) after one-trial contextual fear conditioning by using biochemical, immunohistochemical, and gene expression analyses. PS cDKO mice display classical features of neurodegeneration occurring in Alzheimer's disease including age-dependent cortical atrophy, neuron loss, dendritic degeneration, and memory deficits. RESULTS Context-associative learning, but not single context or unconditioned stimuli, induces rapid dephosphorylation (Ser151) and translocation of CRTC1 from the cytosol/dendrites to the nucleus of hippocampal neurons in the mouse brain. Accordingly, context-associative learning induces differential CRTC1-dependent transcription of c-fos and the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (Nr4a) genes Nr4a1-3 in the hippocampus through a mechanism that involves CRTC1 recruitment to CRE promoters. Deregulation of CRTC1 dephosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional function are associated with long-term contextual memory deficits in PS cDKO mice. Importantly, CRTC1 gene therapy in the hippocampus ameliorates context memory and transcriptional deficits and dendritic degeneration despite ongoing cortical degeneration in this neurodegeneration mouse model. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a critical role of CRTC1 in the hippocampus during associative memory, and provide evidence that CRTC1 deregulation underlies memory deficits during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Parra-Damas
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meng Chen
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lilian Enriquez-Barreto
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ortega
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the
| | - Sara Acosta
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the
| | - Judith Camats Perna
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the
| | - M Neus Fullana
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the
| | - José Aguilera
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Rodríguez-Alvarez
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos A Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular; and the; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lagattuta KH, Kramer HJ. Try to look on the bright side: Children and adults can (sometimes) override their tendency to prioritize negative faces. J Exp Psychol Gen 2017; 146:89-101. [PMID: 28054815 PMCID: PMC5289071 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We used eye tracking to examine 4- to 10-year-olds' and adults' (N = 173) visual attention to negative (anger, fear, sadness, disgust) and neutral faces when paired with happy faces in 2 experimental conditions: free-viewing ("look at the faces") and directed ("look only at the happy faces"). Regardless of instruction, all age groups more often looked first to negative versus positive faces (no age differences), suggesting that initial orienting is driven by bottom-up processes. In contrast, biases in more sustained attention-last looks and looking duration-varied by age and could be modified by top-down instruction. On the free-viewing task, all age groups exhibited a negativity bias which attenuated with age and remained stable across trials. When told to look only at happy faces (directed task), all age groups shifted to a positivity bias, with linear age-related improvements. This ability to implement the "look only at the happy faces" instruction, however, fatigued over time, with the decrement stronger for children. Controlling for age, individual differences in executive function (working memory and inhibitory control) had no relation to the free-viewing task; however, these variables explained substantial variance on the directed task, with children and adults higher in executive function showing better skill at looking last and looking longer at happy faces. Greater anxiety predicted more first looks to angry faces on the directed task. These findings advance theory and research on normative development and individual differences in the bias to prioritize negative information, including contributions of bottom-up salience and top-down control. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah J Kramer
- Department of Psychology, and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis
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Bang L, Rø Ø, Endestad T. Threat-Detection and Attentional Bias to Threat in Women Recovered from Anorexia Nervosa: Neural Alterations in Extrastriate and Medial Prefrontal Cortices. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2016; 25:80-88. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Bang
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
| | - Øyvind Rø
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Tor Endestad
- Department of Psychology; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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250
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The role of anxiety in stuttering: Evidence from functional connectivity. Neuroscience 2016; 346:216-225. [PMID: 27919696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Persistent developmental stuttering is a neurologically based speech disorder associated with cognitive-linguistic, motor and emotional abnormalities. Previous studies investigating the relationship between anxiety and stuttering have yielded mixed results, but it has not yet been examined whether anxiety influences brain activity underlying stuttering. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the functional connectivity associated with state anxiety in a syllable repetition task, and trait anxiety during rest in adults who stutter (N=19) and fluent controls (N=19). During the speech task, people who stutter (PWS) showed increased functional connectivity of the right amygdala with the prefrontal gyrus (the left ventromedial frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus) and the left insula compared to controls. During rest, PWS showed stronger functional connectivity between the right hippocampus and the left orbital frontal gyrus, and between the left hippocampus and left motor areas than controls. Taken together, our results suggest aberrant bottom-up and/or top-down interactions for anxiety regulation, which might be responsible for the higher level of state anxiety during speech and for the anxiety-prone trait in PWS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the neural underpinnings of anxiety in PWS, thus yielding new insight into the causes of stuttering which might aid strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of stuttering.
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