201
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Mahato DK, Keast R, Liem DG, Russell CG, Cicerale S, Gamlath S. Sugar Reduction in Dairy Food: An Overview with Flavoured Milk as an Example. Foods 2020; 9:E1400. [PMID: 33023125 PMCID: PMC7600122 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the public health concern associated with the consumption of added sugar, the World Health Organization recommends cutting down sugar in processed foods. Furthermore, due to the growing concern of increased calorie intake from added sugar in sweetened dairy foods, the present review provides an overview of different types and functions of sugar, various sugar reduction strategies, and current trends in the use of sweeteners for sugar reduction in dairy food, taking flavoured milk as a central theme where possible to explore the aforementioned aspects. The strength and uniqueness of this review are that it brings together all the information on the available types of sugar and sugar reduction strategies and explores the current trends that could be applied for reducing sugar in dairy foods without much impact on consumer acceptance. Among different strategies for sugar reduction, the use of natural non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs), has received much attention due to consumer demand for natural ingredients. Sweetness imparted by sugar can be replaced by natural NNSs, however, sugar provides more than just sweetness to flavoured milk. Sugar reduction involves multiple technical challenges to maintain the sensory properties of the product, as well as to maintain consumer acceptance. Because no single sugar has a sensory profile that matches sucrose, the use of two or more natural NNSs could be an option for food industries to reduce sugar using a holistic approach rather than a single sugar reduction strategy. Therefore, achieving even a small sugar reduction can significantly improve the diet and health of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (R.K.); (D.G.L.); (C.G.R.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
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202
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Karl CM, Wendelin M, Lutsch D, Schleining G, Dürrschmid K, Ley JP, Krammer GE, Lieder B. Structure-dependent effects of sweet and sweet taste affecting compounds on their sensorial properties. Food Chem X 2020; 7:100100. [PMID: 32904296 PMCID: PMC7452649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2020.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in sugar consumption is desirable from a health point of view. However, the sensory profiles of alternative sweet tasting compounds differ from sucrose regarding their temporal profile and undesired side tastes, reducing consumers' acceptance. The present study describes a sensory characterization of a variety of sweet and sweet taste affecting compounds followed by a comparison of similarity to sucrose and a multivariate regression analysis to investigate structural determinants and possible interactions for the temporal profile of the sweetness and side-tastes. The results of the present study suggest a pivotal role for the number of ketones, aromatic rings, double bonds and the M LogP in the temporal profile of sweet and sweet taste affecting compounds. Furthermore, interactions between aggregated physicochemical descriptors demonstrate the complexity of the sensory response, which should be considered in future models to predict a comprehensive sensory profile of sweet and sweet taste affecting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna M. Karl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Taste Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gerhard Schleining
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Dürrschmid
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Barbara Lieder
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Taste Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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203
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Structure-Function Analyses of Human Bitter Taste Receptors-Where Do We Stand? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194423. [PMID: 32993119 PMCID: PMC7582848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that bitter taste receptors are expressed in numerous tissues outside the oral cavity and fulfill important roles in metabolic regulation, innate immunity and respiratory control, have made these receptors important targets for drug discovery. Efficient drug discovery depends heavily on detailed knowledge on structure-function-relationships of the target receptors. Unfortunately, experimental structures of bitter taste receptors are still lacking, and hence, the field relies mostly on structures obtained by molecular modeling combined with functional experiments and point mutageneses. The present article summarizes the current knowledge on the structure–function relationships of human bitter taste receptors. Although these receptors are difficult to express in heterologous systems and their homology with other G protein-coupled receptors is very low, detailed information are available at least for some of these receptors.
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204
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Taruno A, Nomura K, Kusakizako T, Ma Z, Nureki O, Foskett JK. Taste transduction and channel synapses in taste buds. Pflugers Arch 2020; 473:3-13. [PMID: 32936320 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The variety of taste sensations, including sweet, umami, bitter, sour, and salty, arises from diverse taste cells, each of which expresses specific taste sensor molecules and associated components for downstream signal transduction cascades. Recent years have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying transduction of basic tastes in taste buds, including the identification of the bona fide sour sensor H+ channel OTOP1, and elucidation of transduction of the amiloride-sensitive component of salty taste (the taste of sodium) and the TAS1R-independent component of sweet taste (the taste of sugar). Studies have also discovered an unconventional chemical synapse termed "channel synapse" which employs an action potential-activated CALHM1/3 ion channel instead of exocytosis of synaptic vesicles as the conduit for neurotransmitter release that links taste cells to afferent neurons. New images of the channel synapse and determinations of the structures of CALHM channels have provided structural and functional insights into this unique synapse. In this review, we discuss the current view of taste transduction and neurotransmission with emphasis on recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyuki Taruno
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Kengo Nomura
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kusakizako
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhongming Ma
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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205
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Gutierrez R, Fonseca E, Simon SA. The neuroscience of sugars in taste, gut-reward, feeding circuits, and obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3469-3502. [PMID: 32006052 PMCID: PMC11105013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the animal kingdom sucrose is one of the most palatable and preferred tastants. From an evolutionary perspective, this is not surprising as it is a primary source of energy. However, its overconsumption can result in obesity and an associated cornucopia of maladies, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Here we describe three physiological levels of processing sucrose that are involved in the decision to ingest it: the tongue, gut, and brain. The first section describes the peripheral cellular and molecular mechanisms of sweet taste identification that project to higher brain centers. We argue that stimulation of the tongue with sucrose triggers the formation of three distinct pathways that convey sensory attributes about its quality, palatability, and intensity that results in a perception of sweet taste. We also discuss the coding of sucrose throughout the gustatory pathway. The second section reviews how sucrose, and other palatable foods, interact with the gut-brain axis either through the hepatoportal system and/or vagal pathways in a manner that encodes both the rewarding and of nutritional value of foods. The third section reviews the homeostatic, hedonic, and aversive brain circuits involved in the control of food intake. Finally, we discuss evidence that overconsumption of sugars (or high fat diets) blunts taste perception, the post-ingestive nutritional reward value, and the circuits that control feeding in a manner that can lead to the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranier Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Esmeralda Fonseca
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Appetite, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sidney A Simon
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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206
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Matsumoto R, Yamada K, Nakazawa M, Mori S, Kitajima S. Structure–Activity Relationship Study of T1R2/T1R3 Positive Allosteric Modulators and Evaluation of Their Enhancing Effect on Various Sweeteners. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsumoto
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1, Suzuki-Cho Kawasaki-Ku Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681 Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1, Suzuki-Cho Kawasaki-Ku Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681 Japan
| | - Masakazu Nakazawa
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1, Suzuki-Cho Kawasaki-Ku Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681 Japan
| | - Suguru Mori
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1, Suzuki-Cho Kawasaki-Ku Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681 Japan
| | - Seiji Kitajima
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1–1, Suzuki-Cho Kawasaki-Ku Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681 Japan
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207
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Dutta Banik D, Benfey ED, Martin LE, Kay KE, Loney GC, Nelson AR, Ahart ZC, Kemp BT, Kemp BR, Torregrossa AM, Medler KF. A subset of broadly responsive Type III taste cells contribute to the detection of bitter, sweet and umami stimuli. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008925. [PMID: 32790785 PMCID: PMC7425866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste receptor cells use multiple signaling pathways to detect chemicals in potential food items. These cells are functionally grouped into different types: Type I cells act as support cells and have glial-like properties; Type II cells detect bitter, sweet, and umami taste stimuli; and Type III cells detect sour and salty stimuli. We have identified a new population of taste cells that are broadly tuned to multiple taste stimuli including bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. The goal of this study was to characterize these broadly responsive (BR) taste cells. We used an IP3R3-KO mouse (does not release calcium (Ca2+) from internal stores in Type II cells when stimulated with bitter, sweet, or umami stimuli) to characterize the BR cells without any potentially confounding input from Type II cells. Using live cell Ca2+ imaging in isolated taste cells from the IP3R3-KO mouse, we found that BR cells are a subset of Type III cells that respond to sour stimuli but also use a PLCβ signaling pathway to respond to bitter, sweet, and umami stimuli. Unlike Type II cells, individual BR cells are broadly tuned and respond to multiple stimuli across different taste modalities. Live cell imaging in a PLCβ3-KO mouse confirmed that BR cells use this signaling pathway to respond to bitter, sweet, and umami stimuli. Short term behavioral assays revealed that BR cells make significant contributions to taste driven behaviors and found that loss of either PLCβ3 in BR cells or IP3R3 in Type II cells caused similar behavioral deficits to bitter, sweet, and umami stimuli. Analysis of c-Fos activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) also demonstrated that functional Type II and BR cells are required for normal stimulus induced expression. We use our taste system to decide if we are going to consume or reject a potential food item. This is critical for survival, as we need energy to live but also need to avoid potentially toxic compounds. Therefore, it is important to understand how the taste cells in our mouth detect the chemicals in food and send a message to our brain. Signals from the taste cells form a code that conveys information about the nature of the potential food item to the brain. How this taste coding works is not well understood. Currently, it is thought that taste cells are primarily selective for each taste stimuli and only detect either bitter, sweet, sour, salt, or umami (amino acids) compounds. Our study describes a new population of taste cells that can detect multiple types of stimuli, including chemicals from different taste qualities. Thus, taste cells can be either selective or generally responsive to stimuli which is similar to the cells in the brain that process taste information. The presence of these broadly responsive taste cells provides new insight into how taste information is sent to the brain for processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarghya Dutta Banik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Benfey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Martin
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kristen E. Kay
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Loney
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Zachary C. Ahart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Barrett T. Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Bailey R. Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann-Marie Torregrossa
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathryn F. Medler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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208
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Zhang N, Wei X, Fan Y, Zhou X, Liu Y. Recent advances in development of biosensors for taste-related analyses. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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209
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Baldwin MW, Ko MC. Functional evolution of vertebrate sensory receptors. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104771. [PMID: 32437717 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors enable animals to perceive their external world, and functional properties of receptors evolve to detect the specific cues relevant for an organism's survival. Changes in sensory receptor function or tuning can directly impact an organism's behavior. Functional tests of receptors from multiple species and the generation of chimeric receptors between orthologs with different properties allow for the dissection of the molecular basis of receptor function and identification of the key residues that impart functional changes in different species. Knowledge of these functionally important sites facilitates investigation into questions regarding the role of epistasis and the extent of convergence, as well as the timing of sensory shifts relative to other phenotypic changes. However, as receptors can also play roles in non-sensory tissues, and receptor responses can be modulated by numerous other factors including varying expression levels, alternative splicing, and morphological features of the sensory cell, behavioral validation can be instrumental in confirming that responses observed in heterologous systems play a sensory role. Expression profiling of sensory cells and comparative genomics approaches can shed light on cell-type specific modifications and identify other proteins that may affect receptor function and can provide insight into the correlated evolution of complex suites of traits. Here we review the evolutionary history and diversity of functional responses of the major classes of sensory receptors in vertebrates, including opsins, chemosensory receptors, and ion channels involved in temperature-sensing, mechanosensation and electroreception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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210
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Allelic variation of the Tas1r3 taste receptor gene affects sweet taste responsiveness and metabolism of glucose in F1 mouse hybrids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235913. [PMID: 32673349 PMCID: PMC7365461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, inter- and intraspecies differences in consumption of sweeteners largely depend on allelic variation of the Tas1r3 gene (locus Sac) encoding the T1R3 protein, a sweet taste receptor subunit. To assess the influence of Tas1r3 polymorphisms on feeding behavior and metabolism, we examined the phenotype of F1 male hybrids obtained from crosses between the following inbred mouse strains: females from 129SvPasCrl (129S2) bearing the recessive Tas1r3 allele and males from either C57BL/6J (B6), carrying the dominant allele, or the Tas1r3-gene knockout strain C57BL/6J-Tas1r3tm1Rfm (B6-Tas1r3-/-). The hybrids 129S2B6F1 and 129S2B6-Tas1r3-/-F1 had identical background genotypes and different sets of Tas1r3 alleles. The effect of Tas1r3 hemizygosity was analyzed by comparing the parental strain B6 (Tas1r3 homozygote) and hemizygous F1 hybrids B6 × B6-Tas1r3-/-. Data showed that, in 129S2B6-Tas1r3-/-F1 hybrids, the reduction of glucose tolerance, along with lower consumption of and lower preference for sweeteners during the initial licking responses, is due to expression of the recessive Tas1r3 allele. Hemizygosity of Tas1r3 did not influence these behavioral and metabolic traits. However, the loss of the functional Tas1r3 allele was associated with a small decline in the long-term intake and preference for sweeteners and reduction of plasma insulin and body, liver, and fat mass.
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211
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Moriconi E, Feraco A, Marzolla V, Infante M, Lombardo M, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32765425 PMCID: PMC7378387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to the development of chronic metabolic diseases prevalent in the western world, the use of sweeteners has gradually increased worldwide over the last few years. Although low- and non-calorie sweeteners may represent a valuable tool to reduce calorie intake and prevent weight gain, studies investigating the safety and efficacy of these compounds in the short- and long-term period are scarce and controversial. Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the impact of different sweeteners on central nervous system, gut hormones and gut microbiota is important, given the strong implications that changes in such systems may have for human health. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence for the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sweeteners, as well as their impact on gut microbiota. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of the use of sweeteners in the context of very-low calorie ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Moriconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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212
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Melis M, Sollai G, Mastinu M, Pani D, Cosseddu P, Bonfiglio A, Crnjar R, Tepper BJ, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Electrophysiological Responses from the Human Tongue to the Six Taste Qualities and Their Relationships with PROP Taster Status. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2017. [PMID: 32645975 PMCID: PMC7400817 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste buds containing receptor cells that primarily detect one taste quality provide the basis for discrimination across taste qualities. The molecular receptor multiplicity and the interactions occurring between bud cells encode information about the chemical identity, nutritional value, and potential toxicity of stimuli before transmitting signals to the hindbrain. PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) tasting is widely considered a marker for individual variations of taste perception, dietary preferences, and health. However, controversial data have been reported. We present measures of the peripheral gustatory system activation in response to taste qualities by electrophysiological recordings from the tongue of 39 subjects classified for PROP taster status. The waveform of the potential variation evoked depended on the taste quality of the stimulus. Direct relationships between PROP sensitivity and electrophysiological responses to taste qualities were found. The largest and fastest responses were recorded in PROP super-tasters, who had the highest papilla density, whilst smaller and slower responses were found in medium tasters and non-tasters with lower papilla densities. The intensities perceived by subjects of the three taster groups correspond to their electrophysiological responses for all stimuli except NaCl. Our results show that each taste quality can generate its own electrophysiological fingerprint on the tongue and provide direct evidence of the relationship between general taste perception and PROP phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (G.S.); (M.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (G.S.); (M.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Mariano Mastinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (G.S.); (M.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Danilo Pani
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, I 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy; (D.P.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Piero Cosseddu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, I 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy; (D.P.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi, I 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy; (D.P.); (P.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (G.S.); (M.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Beverly J. Tepper
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA;
| | - Iole Tomassini Barbarossa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy; (G.S.); (M.M.); (R.C.)
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213
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Udagawa H, Hiramoto M, Kawaguchi M, Uebanso T, Ohara‐Imaizumi M, Nammo T, Nishimura W, Yasuda K. Characterization of the taste receptor-related G-protein, α-gustducin, in pancreatic β-cells. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:814-822. [PMID: 31957256 PMCID: PMC7378449 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Taste receptors, T1rs and T2rs, and the taste-selective G-protein, α-gustducin, are expressed outside the taste-sensing system, such as enteroendocrine L cells. Here, we examined whether α-gustducin also affects nutrition sensing and insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of α-gustducin and taste receptors was evaluated in β-cell lines, and in rat and mouse islets either by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or fluorescence immunostaining. The effects of α-gustducin knockdown on insulin secretion and on cyclic adenosine monophosphate and intracellular Ca2+ levels in rat INS-1 cells were estimated. Sucralose (taste receptor agonist)-induced insulin secretion was investigated in INS-1 cells with α-gustducin suppression and in islets from mouse disease models. RESULTS The expression of Tas1r3 and α-gustducin was confirmed in β-cell lines and pancreatic islets. Basal levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, intracellular calcium and insulin secretion were significantly enhanced with α-gustducin knockdown in INS-1 cells. The expression of α-gustducin was decreased in high-fat diet-fed mice and in diabetic db/db mice. Sucralose-induced insulin secretion was not attenuated in INS-1 cells with α-gustducin knockdown or in mouse islets with decreased expression of α-gustducin. CONCLUSIONS α-Gustducin is involved in the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, intracellular calcium levels and insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells in a manner independent of taste receptor signaling. α-Gustducin might play a novel role in β-cell physiology and the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhide Udagawa
- Department of Metabolic DisorderDiabetes Research CenterResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Cellular BiochemistryKyorin University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Masaki Hiramoto
- Department of BiochemistryTokyo Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Miho Kawaguchi
- Department of Metabolic DisorderDiabetes Research CenterResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Preventive Environment and NutritionInstitute of Biomedical SciencesTokushima University Graduate SchoolTokushimaJapan
| | - Mica Ohara‐Imaizumi
- Department of Cellular BiochemistryKyorin University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takao Nammo
- Department of Metabolic DisorderDiabetes Research CenterResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Wataru Nishimura
- Department of Molecular BiologyInternational University of Health and Welfare School of MedicineChibaJapan
- Division of AnatomyJichi Medical UniversityBio‐imaging and Neuro‐cell ScienceShimotsukeJapan
| | - Kazuki Yasuda
- Department of Metabolic DisorderDiabetes Research CenterResearch InstituteNational Center for Global Health and MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismKyorin University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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214
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Sokolinskaya EL, Kolesov DV, Lukyanov KA, Bogdanov AM. Molecular Principles of Insect Chemoreception. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:81-91. [PMID: 33173598 PMCID: PMC7604898 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoreception, an ability to perceive specific chemical stimuli, is one of the most evolutionarily ancient forms of interaction between living organisms and their environment. Chemoreception systems are found in organisms belonging to all biological kingdoms. In higher multicellular animals, chemoreception (along with photo- and mechanoreception) underlies the functioning of five traditional senses. Insects have developed a peculiar and one of the most sophisticated chemoreception systems, which exploits at least three receptor superfamilies providing perception of smell and taste, as well as chemical communication in these animals. The enormous diversity of physiologically relevant compounds in the environment has given rise to a wide-ranging repertoire of chemoreceptors of various specificities. Thus, in insects, they are represented by several structurally and functionally distinct protein classes and are encoded by hundreds of genes. In the current review, we briefly characterize the insect chemoreception system by describing the main groups of receptors that constitute it and putting emphasis on the peculiar architecture and mechanisms of functioning possessed by these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Sokolinskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - D. V. Kolesov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - K. A. Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - A. M. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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215
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Wongthahan P, Sae‐Eaw A, Prinyawiwatkul W. Sensory lexicon and relationships among brown colour, saltiness perception and sensory liking evaluated by regular users and culinary chefs: a case of soy sauces. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peerapong Wongthahan
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Technology Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Amporn Sae‐Eaw
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Technology Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
| | - Witoon Prinyawiwatkul
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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216
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Fat taste signal transduction and its possible negative modulator components. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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217
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Current Progress in Understanding the Structure and Function of Sweet Taste Receptor. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:234-244. [PMID: 32607758 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The sweet taste receptor, which was identified approximately 20 years ago, mediates sweet taste recognition in humans and other vertebrates. With the development of genomics, metabonomics, structural biology, evolutionary biology, physiology, and neuroscience, as well as technical advances in these areas, our understanding of this important protein has resulted in substantial progress. This article reviews the structure, function, genetics, and evolution of the sweet taste receptor and offers meaningful insights into this G protein-coupled receptor, which may be helpful guidances for personalized feeding, diet, and medicine. Prospective directions for research on sweet taste receptors have also been proposed.
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218
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Artificial Sweeteners Disrupt Tight Junctions and Barrier Function in the Intestinal Epithelium through Activation of the Sweet Taste Receptor, T1R3. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061862. [PMID: 32580504 PMCID: PMC7353258 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier and subsequent increase in intestinal permeability can lead to systemic inflammatory diseases and multiple-organ failure. Nutrition impacts the intestinal barrier, with dietary components such as gluten increasing permeability. Artificial sweeteners are increasingly consumed by the general public in a range of foods and drinks. The sweet taste receptor (T1R3) is activated by artificial sweeteners and has been identified in the intestine to play a role in incretin release and glucose transport; however, T1R3 has not been previously linked to intestinal permeability. Here, the intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, was used to study the effect of commonly-consumed artificial sweeteners, sucralose, aspartame and saccharin, on permeability. At high concentrations, aspartame and saccharin were found to induce apoptosis and cell death in intestinal epithelial cells, while at low concentrations, sucralose and aspartame increased epithelial barrier permeability and down-regulated claudin 3 at the cell surface. T1R3 knockdown was found to attenuate these effects of artificial sweeteners. Aspartame induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to cause permeability and claudin 3 internalization, while sweetener-induced permeability and oxidative stress was rescued by the overexpression of claudin 3. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the artificial sweeteners sucralose, aspartame, and saccharin exert a range of negative effects on the intestinal epithelium through the sweet taste receptor T1R3.
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219
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Lin C, Colquitt L, Wise P, Breslin PAS, Rawson NE, Genovese F, Maina I, Joseph P, Fomuso L, Slade L, Brooks D, Miclo A, Hayes JE, Sullo A, Reed DR. Studies of human twins reveal genetic variation that affects dietary fat perception. Chem Senses 2020; 45:bjaa036. [PMID: 32516399 PMCID: PMC7339080 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To learn more about the mechanisms of human dietary fat perception, 398 human twins rated fattiness and liking for six types of potato chips that differed in triglyceride content (2.5, 5, 10, and 15% corn oil); reliability estimates were obtained from a subset (n = 50) who did the task twice. Some chips also had a saturated long-chain fatty acid (hexadecanoic acid, 16:0) added (0.2%) to evaluate its effect on fattiness and liking. We computed the heritability of these measures and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify regions of the genome that co-segregate with fattiness and liking. Perceived fattiness and liking for the potato chips were reliable (r = 0.31-0.62, p < 0.05) and heritable (up to h2 = 0.29, p < 0.001, for liking). Adding hexadecanoic acid to the potato chips significantly increased ratings of fattiness but decreased liking. Twins with the G allele of rs263429 near GATA3-AS1 or the G allele of rs8103990 within ZNF729 reported more liking for potato chips than did twins with the other allele (multivariate GWAS, p < 1×10-5), with results reaching genome-wide suggestive but not significance criteria. Person-to-person variation in the perception and liking of dietary fat was (a) negatively affected by the addition of a saturated fatty acid and (b) related to inborn genetic variants. These data suggest liking for dietary fat is not due solely to fatty acid content and highlight new candidate genes and proteins within this sensory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Paul Wise
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ivy Maina
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paule Joseph
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Louise Slade
- Food Polymer Science Consultancy, Morris Plains, NJ, USA
| | | | - Aurélie Miclo
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John E Hayes
- Sensory Evaluation Center, and Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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220
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Turner A, Veysey M, Keely S, Scarlett CJ, Lucock M, Beckett EL. Intense Sweeteners, Taste Receptors and the Gut Microbiome: A Metabolic Health Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4094. [PMID: 32521750 PMCID: PMC7312722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intense sweeteners (IS) are often marketed as a healthier alternative to sugars, with the potential to aid in combating the worldwide rise of diabetes and obesity. However, their use has been counterintuitively associated with impaired glucose homeostasis, weight gain and altered gut microbiota. The nature of these associations, and the mechanisms responsible, are yet to be fully elucidated. Differences in their interaction with taste receptors may be a potential explanatory factor. Like sugars, IS stimulate sweet taste receptors, but due to their diverse structures, some are also able to stimulate bitter taste receptors. These receptors are expressed in the oral cavity and extra-orally, including throughout the gastrointestinal tract. They are involved in the modulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and gut motility. Therefore, taste genotypes resulting in functional receptor changes and altered receptor expression levels may be associated with metabolic conditions. IS and taste receptors may both interact with the gastrointestinal microbiome, and their interactions may potentially explain the relationship between IS use, obesity and metabolic outcomes. While these elements are often studied in isolation, the potential interactions remain unexplored. Here, the current evidence of the relationship between IS use, obesity and metabolic outcomes is presented, and the potential roles for interactions with taste receptors and the gastrointestinal microbiota in modulating these relationships are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Turner
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Veysey
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia;
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights 2305, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mark Lucock
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Emma L. Beckett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights 2305, Australia
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221
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Nakao Y, Koshimura M, Yamasaki T, Ohtubo Y. Cell-type-independent expression of inwardly rectifying potassium currents in mouse fungiform taste bud cells. Physiol Res 2020; 69:501-510. [PMID: 32469236 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels play key roles in functions, including maintaining the resting membrane potential and regulating the action potential duration in excitable cells. Using in situ whole-cell recordings, we investigated Kir currents in mouse fungiform taste bud cells (TBCs) and immunologically identified the cell types (type I-III) expressing these currents. We demonstrated that Kir currents occur in a cell-type-independent manner. The activation potentials we measured were -80 to -90 mV, and the magnitude of the currents increased as the membrane potentials decreased, irrespective of the cell types. The maximum current densities at -120 mV showed no significant differences among cell types (p>0.05, one-way ANOVA). The density of Kir currents was not correlated with the density of either transient inward currents or outwardly rectifying currents, although there was significant correlation between transient inward and outwardly rectifying current densities (p<0.05, test for no correlation). RT-PCR studies employing total RNA extracted from peeled lingual epithelia detected mRNAs for Kir1, Kir2, Kir4, Kir6, and Kir7 families. These findings indicate that TBCs express several types of Kir channels functionally, which may contribute to regulation of the resting membrane potential and signal transduction of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakao
- Department of Human Intelligence Systems, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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222
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Glendinning JI, Maleh J, Ortiz G, Touzani K, Sclafani A. Olfaction contributes to the learned avidity for glucose relative to fructose in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R901-R916. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When offered glucose and fructose solutions, rodents consume more glucose solution because it produces stronger postoral reinforcement. Intake of these sugars also conditions a higher avidity for glucose relative to fructose. We asked which chemosensory cue mediates the learned avidity for glucose. We subjected mice to 18 days of sugar training, offering them 0.3, 0.6, and 1 M glucose and fructose solutions. Before and after training, we measured avidity for 0.3 and 0.6 M glucose and fructose in brief-access lick tests. First, we replicated prior work in C57BL/6 mice. Before training, the mice licked at a slightly higher rate for 0.6 M fructose; after training, they licked at a higher rate for 0.6 M glucose. Second, we assessed the necessity of the glucose-specific ATP-sensitive K+(KATP) taste pathway for the learned avidity for glucose, using mice with a nonfunctional KATPchannel [regulatory sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1) knockout (KO) mice]. Before training, SUR1 KO and wild-type mice licked at similar rates for 0.6 M glucose and fructose; after training, both strains licked at a higher rate for 0.6 M glucose, indicating that the KATPpathway is not necessary for the learned discrimination. Third, we investigated the necessity of olfaction by comparing sham-treated and anosmic mice. The mice were made anosmic by olfactory bulbectomy or ZnSO4treatment. Before training, sham-treated and anosmic mice licked at similar rates for 0.6 M glucose and fructose; after training, sham-treated mice licked at a higher rate for 0.6 M glucose, whereas anosmic mice licked at similar rates for both sugars. This demonstrates that olfaction contributes significantly to the learned avidity for glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I. Glendinning
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jennifer Maleh
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Gabriella Ortiz
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Khalid Touzani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
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223
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Abstract
The taste of sugar is one of the most basic sensory percepts for humans and other animals. Animals can develop a strong preference for sugar even if they lack sweet taste receptors, indicating a mechanism independent of taste1-3. Here we examined the neural basis for sugar preference and demonstrate that a population of neurons in the vagal ganglia and brainstem are activated via the gut-brain axis to create preference for sugar. These neurons are stimulated in response to sugar but not artificial sweeteners, and are activated by direct delivery of sugar to the gut. Using functional imaging we monitored activity of the gut-brain axis, and identified the vagal neurons activated by intestinal delivery of glucose. Next, we engineered mice in which synaptic activity in this gut-to-brain circuit was genetically silenced, and prevented the development of behavioural preference for sugar. Moreover, we show that co-opting this circuit by chemogenetic activation can create preferences to otherwise less-preferred stimuli. Together, these findings reveal a gut-to-brain post-ingestive sugar-sensing pathway critical for the development of sugar preference. In addition, they explain the neural basis for differences in the behavioural effects of sweeteners versus sugar, and uncover an essential circuit underlying the highly appetitive effects of sugar.
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224
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Fotsing JR, Darmohusodo V, Patron AP, Ching BW, Brady T, Arellano M, Chen Q, Davis TJ, Liu H, Servant G, Zhang L, Williams M, Saganich M, Ditschun T, Tachdjian C, Karanewsky DS. Discovery and Development of S6821 and S7958 as Potent TAS2R8 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4957-4977. [PMID: 32330040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In humans, bitter taste is mediated by 25 TAS2Rs. Many compounds, including certain active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and nutraceuticals, impart their bitter taste (or in part) through TAS2R8 activation. However, effective TAS2R8 blockers that can either suppress or reduce the bitterness of these compounds have not been described. We are hereby reporting a series of novel 3-(pyrazol-4-yl) imidazolidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective TAS2R8 antagonists. In human sensory tests, S6821 and S7958, two of the most potent analogues from the series, demonstrated efficacy in blocking TAS2R8-mediated bitterness and were selected for development. Following data evaluation by expert panels of a number of national and multinational regulatory bodies, including the US, the EU, and Japan, S6821 and S7958 were approved as safe under conditions of intended use as bitter taste blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Fotsing
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vincent Darmohusodo
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andrew P Patron
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brett W Ching
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas Brady
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Melissa Arellano
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy J Davis
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hanghui Liu
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Guy Servant
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lan Zhang
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Williams
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Saganich
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tanya Ditschun
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Catherine Tachdjian
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donald S Karanewsky
- Firmenich SA, R&D North America, San Diego site, 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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225
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Bouysset C, Belloir C, Antonczak S, Briand L, Fiorucci S. Novel scaffold of natural compound eliciting sweet taste revealed by machine learning. Food Chem 2020; 324:126864. [PMID: 32344344 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sugar replacement is still an active issue in the food industry. The use of structure-taste relationships remains one of the most rational strategy to expand the chemical space associated to sweet taste. A new machine learning model has been setup based on an update of the SweetenersDB and on open-source molecular features. It has been implemented on a freely accessible webserver. Cellular functional assays show that the sweet taste receptor is activated in vitro by a new scaffold of natural compounds identified by the in silico protocol. The newly identified sweetener belongs to the lignan chemical family and opens a new chemical space to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bouysset
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Christine Belloir
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, AgroSup Dijon, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Serge Antonczak
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- INRAE, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, AgroSup Dijon, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Fiorucci
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR7272, 06108 Nice, France.
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226
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Saccharin Supplementation Inhibits Bacterial Growth and Reduces Experimental Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041122. [PMID: 32316544 PMCID: PMC7230785 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-caloric artificial sweeteners are frequently discussed as components of the “Western diet”, negatively modulating intestinal homeostasis. Since the artificial sweetener saccharin is known to depict bacteriostatic and microbiome-modulating properties, we hypothesized oral saccharin intake to influence intestinal inflammation and aimed at delineating its effect on acute and chronic colitis activity in mice. In vitro, different bacterial strains were grown in the presence or absence of saccharin. Mice were supplemented with saccharin before or after induction of acute or chronic colitis using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and the extent of colitis was assessed. Ex vivo, intestinal inflammation, fecal bacterial load and composition were studied by immunohistochemistry analyses, quantitative PCR, 16 S RNA PCR or next generation sequencing in samples collected from analyzed mice. In vitro, saccharin inhibited bacterial growth in a species-dependent manner. In vivo, oral saccharin intake reduced fecal bacterial load and altered microbiome composition, while the intestinal barrier was not obviously affected. Of note, DSS-induced colitis activity was significantly improved in mice after therapeutic or prophylactic treatment with saccharin. Together, this study demonstrates that oral saccharin intake decreases intestinal bacteria count and hence encompasses the capacity to reduce acute and chronic colitis activity in mice.
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227
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Yamada K, Matsumoto R, Suzuki Y, Mori S, Kitajima S. Design, synthesis and evaluation of unnatural peptides as T1R2/T1R3 PAMs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127000. [PMID: 32063432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sweet receptor T1R2/T1R3 is a member of G protein-coupled receptor family and recognizes diverse natural and synthetic sweeteners. Previously, we reported a novel class of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of T1R2/T1R3 comprising an unnatural tripeptide structure. We classified the structure of these PAMs into three parts: "head", "linker" and "tail". Here, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of various tail structures to obtain highly active unnatural peptide structure of PAM. In conclusion, we discovered the novel unnatural tetrapeptide with highly potent PAM activity on T1R2/T1R3 in a cell-based assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Yamada
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Ryo Matsumoto
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yumiko Suzuki
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Suguru Mori
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681, Japan
| | - Seiji Kitajima
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-Cho, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi 210-8681, Japan
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228
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Frolikova M, Otcenaskova T, Valasková E, Postlerova P, Stopkova R, Stopka P, Komrskova K. The Role of Taste Receptor mTAS1R3 in Chemical Communication of Gametes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072651. [PMID: 32290318 PMCID: PMC7177404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilization is a multiple step process leading to the fusion of female and male gametes and the formation of a zygote. Besides direct gamete membrane interaction via binding receptors localized on both oocyte and sperm surface, fertilization also involves gamete communication via chemical molecules triggering various signaling pathways. This work focuses on a mouse taste receptor, mTAS1R3, encoded by the Tas1r3 gene, as a potential receptor mediating chemical communication between gametes using the C57BL/6J lab mouse strain. In order to specify the role of mTAS1R3, we aimed to characterize its precise localization in testis and sperm using super resolution microscopy. The testis cryo-section, acrosome-intact sperm released from cauda epididymis and sperm which underwent the acrosome reaction (AR) were evaluated. The mTAS1R3 receptor was detected in late spermatids where the acrosome was being formed and in the acrosomal cap of acrosome intact sperm. AR is triggered in mice during sperm maturation in the female reproductive tract and by passing through the egg surroundings such as cumulus oophorus cells. This AR onset is independent of the extracellular matrix of the oocyte called zona pellucida. After AR, the relocation of mTAS1R3 to the equatorial segment was observed and the receptor remained exposed to the outer surroundings of the female reproductive tract, where its physiological ligand, the amino acid L-glutamate, naturally occurs. Therefore, we targeted the possible interaction in vitro between the mTAS1R3 and L-glutamate as a part of chemical communication between sperm and egg and used an anti-mTAS1R3-specific antibody to block it. We detected that the acrosome reacted spermatozoa showed a chemotactic response in the presence of L-glutamate during and after the AR, and it is likely that mTAS1R3 acted as its mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Frolikova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (T.O.); (E.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Tereza Otcenaskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (T.O.); (E.V.); (P.P.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Eliska Valasková
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (T.O.); (E.V.); (P.P.)
| | - Pavla Postlerova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (T.O.); (E.V.); (P.P.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Stopkova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Katerina Komrskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (M.F.); (T.O.); (E.V.); (P.P.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-325-873-799
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Duarte AC, Santos J, Costa AR, Ferreira CL, Tomás J, Quintela T, Ishikawa H, Schwerk C, Schroten H, Ferrer I, Carro E, Gonçalves I, Santos CRA. Bitter taste receptors profiling in the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid-barrier. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113954. [PMID: 32251676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells establish an important blood-brain interface, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which constitutes a complementary gateway to the blood-brain-barrier for the entrance of several molecules into the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms that operate at the BCSFB to regulate the molecular traffic are still poorly understood. The taste signalling machinery, present in many extra-oral tissues, is involved in the chemical sensing of the composition of body fluids. We have identified this pathway in rat CP and hypothesised that it could also be present in the human BCSFB. In this study, we characterised the bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) expression profiling in human CP by combining data retrieved from available databases of the human CP transcriptome with its expression analysis in a human CP cell line and immunohistochemistry of human CP sections from men and women. TAS2R4, 5, 14 and 39 expression was confirmed in human CP tissue by immunohistochemistry and in HIBCPP cells by RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and Western blot. Moreover, the presence of downstream effector proteins GNAT3, PLCβ2 and TRPM5 was also detected in HIBCPP cells. Then, we demonstrated that HIBCPP cells respond to chloramphenicol via TAS2R39 and to quercetin via TAS2R14. Our findings support an active role of TAS2Rs at the human BCSFB, as surveyors of the bloodstream and CSF compositions. These findings open new avenues for studies on the uptake of relevant compounds for targeted therapies of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana R Costa
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Ferreira
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joana Tomás
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eva Carro
- Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases. CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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230
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Iwamura M, Honda R, Nagasawa K. Elevation of the Blood Glucose Level is Involved in an Increase in Expression of Sweet Taste Receptors in Taste Buds of Rat Circumvallate Papillae. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040990. [PMID: 32252371 PMCID: PMC7230327 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gustation system for sweeteners is well-known to be regulated by nutritional and metabolic conditions, but there is no or little information on the underlying mechanism. Here, we examined whether elevation of the blood glucose level was involved in alteration of the expression of sweet taste receptors in circumvallate papillae (CP) and sweet taste sensitivity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats under 4 h-fed conditions following 18 h-fasting exhibited elevated blood glucose levels and decreased pancreatic T1R3 expression, compared to rats after 18 h-fasting treatment, and they exhibited increased protein expression of sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 in CP. Under streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellites (DM) conditions, the protein expression levels of T1R2 and T1R3 in CP were higher than those under control conditions, and these DM rats exhibited increased lick ratios in a low sucrose concentration range in a brief access test with a mixture of sucrose and quinine hydrochloride (QHCl). These findings indicate that the elevation of blood glucose level is a regulator for an increase in sweet taste receptor protein expression in rat CP, and such alteration in STZ-induced DM rats is involved in enhancement of their sweet taste sensitivity.
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231
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Tan HE, Sisti AC, Jin H, Vignovich M, Villavicencio M, Tsang KS, Goffer Y, Zuker CS. The gut-brain axis mediates sugar preference. Nature 2020; 580:511-516. [PMID: 32322067 PMCID: PMC7185044 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The taste of sugar is one of the most basic sensory percepts for humans and other animals. Animals can develop a strong preference for sugar even if they lack sweet taste receptors, indicating a mechanism independent of taste1-3. Here we examined the neural basis for sugar preference and demonstrate that a population of neurons in the vagal ganglia and brainstem are activated via the gut-brain axis to create preference for sugar. These neurons are stimulated in response to sugar but not artificial sweeteners, and are activated by direct delivery of sugar to the gut. Using functional imaging we monitored activity of the gut-brain axis, and identified the vagal neurons activated by intestinal delivery of glucose. Next, we engineered mice in which synaptic activity in this gut-to-brain circuit was genetically silenced, and prevented the development of behavioural preference for sugar. Moreover, we show that co-opting this circuit by chemogenetic activation can create preferences to otherwise less-preferred stimuli. Together, these findings reveal a gut-to-brain post-ingestive sugar-sensing pathway critical for the development of sugar preference. In addition, they explain the neural basis for differences in the behavioural effects of sweeteners versus sugar, and uncover an essential circuit underlying the highly appetitive effects of sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ee Tan
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander C Sisti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hao Jin
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Vignovich
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Villavicencio
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katherine S Tsang
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yossef Goffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles S Zuker
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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232
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Aji GK, Warren FJ, Roura E. Salivary α-Amylase Activity and Starch-Related Sweet Taste Perception in Humans. Chem Senses 2020; 44:249-256. [PMID: 30753419 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch-related sweet taste perception plays an important role as a part of the dietary nutrient sensing mechanisms in the oral cavity. However, the release of sugars from starchy foods eliciting sweetness has been less studied in humans than in laboratory rodents. Thus, 28 respondents were recruited and evaluated for their starch-related sweet taste perception, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) activity, oral release of reducing sugars, and salivary leptin. The results demonstrated that a 2-min oral mastication of starchy chewing gum produced an oral concentration of maltose above the sweet taste threshold and revealed that the total amount of maltose equivalent reducing sugars produced was positively correlated with the sAA activity. In addition, respondents who consistently identified the starch-related sweet taste in two sessions (test and retest) generated a higher maltose equivalent reducing sugar concentration compared to respondents who could not detect starch-related sweet taste at all (51.52 ± 2.85 and 29.96 ± 15.58 mM, respectively). In our study, salivary leptin levels were not correlated with starch-related sweet taste perception. The data contribute to the overall understanding of oral nutrient sensing and potentially to the control of food intake in humans. The results provide insight on how starchy foods without added glucose can elicit variable sweet taste perception in humans after mastication as a result of the maltose generated. The data contribute to the overall understanding of oral sensing of simple and complex carbohydrates in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galih Kusuma Aji
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.,Centre of Technology for Agro-Industry, The Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology, Kompleks Perkantoran Puspiptek, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | | | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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233
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Sensing Senses: Optical Biosensors to Study Gustation. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071811. [PMID: 32218129 PMCID: PMC7180777 DOI: 10.3390/s20071811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The five basic taste modalities, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and sour induce changes of Ca2+ levels, pH and/or membrane potential in taste cells of the tongue and/or in neurons that convey and decode gustatory signals to the brain. Optical biosensors, which can be either synthetic dyes or genetically encoded proteins whose fluorescence spectra depend on levels of Ca2+, pH or membrane potential, have been used in primary cells/tissues or in recombinant systems to study taste-related intra- and intercellular signaling mechanisms or to discover new ligands. Taste-evoked responses were measured by microscopy achieving high spatial and temporal resolution, while plate readers were employed for higher throughput screening. Here, these approaches making use of fluorescent optical biosensors to investigate specific taste-related questions or to screen new agonists/antagonists for the different taste modalities were reviewed systematically. Furthermore, in the context of recent developments in genetically encoded sensors, 3D cultures and imaging technologies, we propose new feasible approaches for studying taste physiology and for compound screening.
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234
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Myers KP, Summers MY, Geyer-Roberts E, Schier LA. The Role of Post-Ingestive Feedback in the Development of an Enhanced Appetite for the Orosensory Properties of Glucose over Fructose in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030807. [PMID: 32197514 PMCID: PMC7146512 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The simple sugars glucose and fructose share a common “sweet” taste quality mediated by the T1R2+T1R3 taste receptor. However, when given the opportunity to consume each sugar, rats learn to affectively discriminate between glucose and fructose on the basis of cephalic chemosensory cues. It has been proposed that glucose has a unique sensory property that becomes more hedonically positive through learning about the relatively more rewarding post-ingestive effects that are associated with glucose as compared to fructose. We tested this theory using intragastric (IG) infusions to manipulate the post-ingestive consequences of glucose and fructose consumption. Food-deprived rats with IG catheters repeatedly consumed multiple concentrations of glucose and fructose in separate sessions. For rats in the “Matched” group, each sugar was accompanied by IG infusion of the same sugar. For the “Mismatched” group, glucose consumption was accompanied by IG fructose, and vice versa. This condition gave rats orosensory experience with each sugar but precluded the differential post-ingestive consequences. Following training, avidity for each sugar was assessed in brief access and licking microstructure tests. The Matched group displayed more positive evaluation of glucose relative to fructose than the Mismatched group. A second experiment used a different concentration range and compared responses of the Matched and Mismatched groups to a control group kept naïve to the orosensory properties of sugar. Consistent with results from the first experiment, the Matched group, but not the Mismatched or Control group, displayed elevated licking responses to glucose. These experiments yield additional evidence that glucose and fructose have discriminable sensory properties and directly demonstrate that their different post-ingestive effects are responsible for the experience-dependent changes in the motivation for glucose versus fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Myers
- Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA;
- Neuroscience Program, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA;
| | - Megan Y. Summers
- Neuroscience Program, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA;
| | | | - Lindsey A. Schier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-213-740-6633
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235
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Neural Isolation of the Olfactory Bulbs Severely Impairs Taste-Guided Behavior to Normally Preferred, But Not Avoided, Stimuli. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0026-20.2020. [PMID: 32152061 PMCID: PMC7142272 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0026-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we systematically tested the hypothesis that motivated behavioral responsiveness to preferred and avoided taste compounds is relatively independent of the olfactory system in mice whose olfactory bulbs (main and accessory) were surgically disconnected from the rest of the brain [bulbotomy (BULBx)]. BULBx was confirmed histologically as well as functionally with the buried food test. In brief access taste tests, animals received 10-s trials of various concentrations of a taste compound delivered quasirandomly. BULBx C57BL/6 (B6) mice displayed severely blunted concentration-dependent licking for the disaccharide sucrose, the maltodextrin Maltrin, and the fat emulsion Intralipid relative to their sham-operated controls (SHAM B6). Licking for the noncaloric sweetener saccharin was also blunted by bulbotomy, but less so. As expected, mice lacking a functional “sweet” receptor [T1R2+T1R3 knockout (KO)] displayed concentration-dependent responsiveness to Maltrin and severely attenuated licking to sucrose. Like in B6 mice, responsiveness to both stimuli was exceptionally curtailed by bulbotomy. In contrast to these deficits in taste-guided behavior for unconditionally preferred stimuli, BULBx in B6 and KO mice did not alter concentration-dependent decreases for the representative avoided stimuli quinine and citric acid. Nor did it temper the intake of and preference for high concentrations of affectively positive stimuli when presented in long-term (23-h) two-bottle tests, demonstrating that the surgery does not lead to a generalized motivational deficit. Collectively, these behavioral results demonstrate that specific aspects of taste-guided ingestive motivation are profoundly disturbed by eliminating the anatomic connections between the main/accessory olfactory bulbs and the rest of the brain.
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236
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Venditti C, Musa-Veloso K, Lee HY, Poon T, Mak A, Darch M, Juana J, Fronda D, Noori D, Pateman E, Jack M. Determinants of Sweetness Preference: A Scoping Review of Human Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030718. [PMID: 32182697 PMCID: PMC7146214 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors associated with sweetness preference are multi-faceted and incredibly complex. A scoping review was undertaken to identify determinants of sweetness preference in humans. Using an online search tool, ProQuest ™, a total of 99 publications were identified and subsequently grouped into the following categories of determinants: Age, dietary factors, reproductive hormonal factors, body weight status, heritable, weight loss, sound, personality, ethnicity and lifestyle, previous exposure, disease, and 'other' determinants. Methodologies amongst studies were heterogenous in nature (e.g., there was variability across studies in the sweetness concentrations tested, the number of different sweetness concentrations used to assess sweetness preference, and the methods utilized to measure sweetness preference), rendering interpretation of overall findings challenging; however, for certain determinants, the evidence appeared to support predictive capacity of greater sweetness preference, such as age during certain life-stages (i.e., young and old), being in a hungry versus satiated state, and heritable factors (e.g., similar sweetness preferences amongst family members). Recommendations for the design of future studies on sweetness preference determinants are provided herein, including an "investigator checklist" of criteria to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Venditti
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathy Musa-Veloso
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Han Youl Lee
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Theresa Poon
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Alastair Mak
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Maryse Darch
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Justine Juana
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Dylan Fronda
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Daniel Noori
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Erika Pateman
- Intertek Health Sciences, Inc., Suite 201, 2233 Argentia Road, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Maia Jack
- American Beverage Association, Science and Regulatory Affairs, 1275 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 200042, USA
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237
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Li J, Shen T, Shi F, Fu Y. Influences of non‐nutritive sweeteners on ovarian and uterine expression of T1R2 and T1R3 in peripubertal female guinea pigs. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13348. [PMID: 32219957 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanism of taste receptor type 1 subunit 2 (T1R2) and taste receptor type 1 subunit 3 (T1R3) in the hormonal and reproductive system is still elusive. A low or a high dose of sweetness equivalent to that sodium saccharin (SS, 1.5 or 7.5 mM) and rebaudioside A (RA, 0.5 or 2.5 mM) was administered to young female guinea pigs for 28 consecutive days from the age of 28 days. Our results indicated that the sweet taste receptor subunit T1R2 was markedly expressed in the ovary and uterus of guinea pigs, whereas the T1R3 protein was expressed at a lower level. We elucidated that low-dose (1.5 mM) SS increased body and ovary weight associated with elevated ovarian expression of T1R2 in guinea pigs, unlike the high-dose (7.5 mM) SS, which suppressed the ovarian expression of T1R2 and resulted in certain adverse effects on ovarian and uterine morphology. Furthermore, high-dose (2.5 mM) RA increased the number of corpus luteum and elevated uterine expression of T1R2, whereas low-dose (0.5 mM) RA induced increased secretion of serum progesterone. Therefore, our findings suggest that we should pay more attention to the potential adverse effects, including increases in ovary weight, morphology changes, and increased progesterone that result from the dose-dependent regulation of T1R2 by non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in the ovaries and uteri of peripubertal females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junrong Li
- College of Agriculture and Bio‐engineering Jinhua Polytechnic Jinhua China
- College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ting Shen
- College of Agriculture and Bio‐engineering Jinhua Polytechnic Jinhua China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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238
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Wang Q, Liszt KI, Depoortere I. Extra-oral bitter taste receptors: New targets against obesity? Peptides 2020; 127:170284. [PMID: 32092303 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Taste perception on the tongue is essential to help us to identify nutritious or potential toxic food substances. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the expression and function of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in a wide range of extra-oral tissues. In particular, TAS2Rs in gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells control the secretion of appetite regulating gut hormones and influence hunger and food intake. Furthermore, these effects may be reinforced by the presence of TAS2Rs on intestinal smooth muscle cells, adipocytes and the brain. This review summarises how activation of extra-oral TAS2Rs can influence appetite and body weight control and how obesity impacts the expression and function of TAS2Rs. Region-selective targeting of bitter taste receptors may be promising targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathrin I Liszt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Welcome MO. The bitterness of genitourinary infections: Properties, ligands of genitourinary bitter taste receptors and mechanisms linking taste sensing to inflammatory processes in the genitourinary tract. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 247:101-110. [PMID: 32088528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though, first identified in the gastrointestinal tract, bitter taste receptors are now believed to be ubiquitously expressed in several regions of the body, including the respiratory tract, where they play a critical role in sensing and clearance of excess metabolic substrates, toxins, debris, and pathogens. More recently, bitter taste receptor expression has been reported in cells, tissues and organs of the genitourinary (GU) system, suggesting that these receptors may play an integral role in mediating inflammatory responses to microbial aggression in the GU tract. However, the mechanisms, linking bitter taste receptor sensing with inflammatory responses are not exactly clear. Here, I review recent data on the properties and ligands of bitter taste receptors and suggest mechanisms of bitter taste receptor signaling in the GU tract, and the molecular pathways that link taste sensing to inflammatory responses in GU tract. METHOD Computer-aided search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 1990 and 2018, investigating the functional implication of bitter taste receptors in GU infections, using the following keywords: extra-oral bitter taste receptors, bitter taste receptors, GU bitter taste receptors, kidney OR renal OR ureteral OR urethral OR bladder OR detrusor smooth muscle OR testes OR spermatozoa OR prostate OR vaginal OR cervix OR ovarian OR endometrial OR myometrial OR placenta OR cutaneous bitter taste receptors. To identify research gaps on etiopathogenesis of GU infections/inflammation, additional search was conducted using the following keywords: GU inflammatory signaling, GU microbes, GU bacteria, GU virus, GU protozoa, GU microbial metabolites, and GU infection. The retrieved articles were filtered and further screened for relevance according to the aim of the study. A narrative review was performed for selected literatures. RESULTS Bitter taste receptors of the GU tract may constitute essential components of the pathogenetic mechanisms of GU infections/inflammation that are activated by microbial components, known as quorum sensing signal molecules. Based on accumulating evidences, indicating that taste receptors may signal downstream to activate inflammatory cascades, in addition to the nitric oxide-induced microbicidal effects produced upon taste receptor activation, it is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activities of bitter taste receptor stimulation are mediated via pathways involving the nuclear factor κB by downstream signaling of the metabolic and stress sensors, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (sirtuin 1), resulting to the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and antimicrobial factors, which ultimately, under normal conditions, leads to the elimination of microbial aggression. CONCLUSIONS GU bitter taste receptors may represent critical players in GU tract infections/inflammation. Bitter taste receptors may serve as important therapeutic target for treatment of a number of infectious diseases that affect the GU tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Mouillot T, Parise A, Greco C, Barthet S, Brindisi MC, Penicaud L, Leloup C, Brondel L, Jacquin-Piques A. Differential Cerebral Gustatory Responses to Sucrose, Aspartame, and Stevia Using Gustatory Evoked Potentials in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020322. [PMID: 32012665 PMCID: PMC7071252 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame and Stevia are widely substituted for sugar. Little is known about cerebral activation in response to low-caloric sweeteners in comparison with high-caloric sugar, whereas these molecules lead to different metabolic effects. We aimed to compare gustatory evoked potentials (GEPs) obtained in response to sucrose solution in young, healthy subjects, with GEPs obtained in response to aspartame and Stevia. Twenty healthy volunteers were randomly stimulated with three solutions of similar intensities of sweetness: Sucrose 10 g/100 mL of water, aspartame 0.05 g/100 mL, and Stevia 0.03 g/100 mL. GEPs were recorded with EEG (Electroencephalogram) electrodes. Hedonic values of each solution were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS). The main result was that P1 latencies of GEPs were significantly shorter when subjects were stimulated by the sucrose solution than when they were stimulated by either the aspartame or the Stevia one. P1 latencies were also significantly shorter when subjects were stimulated by the aspartame solution than the Stevia one. No significant correlation was noted between GEP parameters and hedonic values marked by VAS. Although sucrose, aspartame, and Stevia lead to the same taste perception, cerebral activation by these three sweet solutions are different according to GEPs recording. Besides differences of taste receptors and cerebral areas activated by these substances, neural plasticity, and change in synaptic connections related to sweet innate preference and sweet conditioning, could be the best hypothesis to explain the differences in cerebral gustatory processing after sucrose and sweeteners activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mouillot
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anaïs Parise
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Camille Greco
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Sophie Barthet
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Marie-Claude Brindisi
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Luc Penicaud
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Laurent Brondel
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Agnès Jacquin-Piques
- Centre des Sciences du goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (S.B.); (M.-C.B.); (L.P.); (C.L.); (L.B.)
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, 14, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Rue Paul Gaffarel, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-80-29-59-02; Fax: +33-3-80-29-33-5
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242
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Iwamoto M, Takashima M, Ohtubo Y. A subset of taste receptor cells express biocytin-permeable channels activated by reducing extracellular Ca 2+ concentration. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:1605-1623. [PMID: 31912931 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Taste receptor cells (type II cells) transmit taste information to taste nerve fibres via ATP-permeable channels, including calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM), connexin and/or pannexin1 channels, via the paracrine release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a predominant transmitter. In the present study, we demonstrate that extracellular Ca2+ -dependent biocytin-permeable channels are present in a subset of type II cells in mouse fungiform taste buds using biocytin uptake, immunohistochemistry and in situ whole-cell recordings. Type II cells were labelled with biocytin in an extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]out )-sensitive manner. We found that the ratio of biocytin-labelled type II cells to type II cells per taste bud was approximately 20% in 2 mM Ca2+ saline, and this ratio increased to approximately 50% in nominally Ca2+ -free saline. The addition of 300 µM GdCl3 , which inhibits various channels including CALHM1 channels, significantly inhibited biocytin labelling in nominally Ca2+ -free saline, whereas the addition of 20 µM ruthenium red did not. Moreover, Cs+ -insensitive currents increased in nominally Ca2+ -free saline in approximately 40% of type II cells. These increased currents appeared at a potential of above -35 mV, reversed at approximately +10 mV and increased with depolarization. These results suggest that biocytin labels type II cells via ion channels activated by [Ca2+ ]out reduction, probably "CALHM-like" channels, on the basolateral membrane and that taste receptor cells can be categorized into two groups based on differences in the expression levels of [Ca2+ ]out -dependent biocytin-permeable channels. These data indicate electrophysiological and pharmacologically relevant properties of biocytin-permeable channels and suggest their contributions to taste signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Iwamoto
- Graduate school of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Madoka Takashima
- Graduate school of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ohtubo
- Graduate school of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu-shi, Japan
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243
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Malick C, Chatterjee SK, Bhattacharya S, Suresh VR, Kundu R, Saikia SK. Gustatory ultrastructures of an amphihaline migratory fish hilsa Tenualosa ilisha. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:507-513. [PMID: 31951088 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted with the tongue samples of different life stages of hilsa, that is, adult Marine hilsa, adult Riverine hilsa, and Riverine juvenile hilsa, respectively. Three types of taste buds (Types I, II, and III based on their elevation from the epithelium at different levels) of the tongue, which may be to ensure full utilization of the gustatory ability of the fish were rocorded. Presence of specific taste buds indicate that the fish hilsa dwells in turbid waters with a possible preference toward diatom like planktonic food source. Enhanced expression of taste receptors (T1R1 and T1R3) and associated stimulatory G-proteins subunits on tongue also indicate occurrence of amino acid like substances that guided sensory cues for feeding by this fish. A firm regularity or stringency of the free surface of the epithelial cells may be attributed to compactly arranged microridges. These structures protect against physical abrasions potentially caused during food manoeuvring and swallowing. In our present observations, the surface architectures of the tongue of hilsa are discussed within the background of migratory adaptation of the species in the context of feeding and habitat preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Malick
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Subhendu Kumar Chatterjee
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Samir Bhattacharya
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Vettath Raghavan Suresh
- Riverine Ecology and Fisheries Division, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India
| | - Rakesh Kundu
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| | - Surjya Kumar Saikia
- Aquatic Ecology and Fish Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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244
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Kalyanasundar B, Blonde GD, Spector AC, Travers SP. Electrophysiological responses to sugars and amino acids in the nucleus of the solitary tract of type 1 taste receptor double-knockout mice. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:843-859. [PMID: 31913749 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00584.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence supports a major role for heterodimers of the type 1 taste receptor (T1R) family in the taste transduction of sugars (T1R2+T1R3) and amino acids (T1R1+T1R3), but there are also neural and behavioral data supporting T1R-independent mechanisms. Most neural evidence for alternate mechanisms comes from whole nerve recordings in mice with deletion of a single T1R family member, limiting conclusions about the functional significance and T1R independence of the remaining responses. To clarify these issues, we recorded single-unit taste responses from the nucleus of the solitary tract in T1R double-knockout (double-KO) mice lacking functional T1R1+T1R3 [KO1+3] or T1R2+T1R3 [KO2+3] receptors and their wild-type background strains [WT; C57BL/6J (B6), 129X1/SvJ (S129)]. In both double-KO strains, responses to sugars and a moderate concentration of an monosodium glutamate + amiloride + inosine 5'-monophosphate cocktail (0.1 M, i.e., umami) were profoundly depressed, whereas a panel of 0.6 M amino acids were mostly unaffected. Strikingly, in contrast to WT mice, no double-KO neurons responded selectively to sugars and umami, precluding segregation of this group of stimuli from those representing other taste qualities in a multidimensional scaling analysis. Nevertheless, residual sugar responses, mainly elicited by monosaccharides, persisted as small "sideband" responses in double-KOs. Thus other receptors may convey limited information about sugars to the central nervous system, but T1Rs appear critical for coding the distinct perceptual features of sugar and umami stimuli. The persistence of amino acid responses supports previous proposals of alternate receptors, but because these stimuli affected multiple neuron types, further investigations are necessary.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The type 1 taste receptor (T1R) family is crucial for transducing sugars and amino acids, but there is evidence for T1R-independent mechanisms. In this study, single-unit recordings from the nucleus of the solitary tract in T1R double-knockout mice lacking T1R1+T1R3 or T1R2+T1R3 receptors revealed greatly reduced umami synergism and sugar responses. Nevertheless, residual sugar responses persisted, mainly elicited by monosaccharides and evident as "sidebands" in neurons activated more vigorously by other qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kalyanasundar
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ginger D Blonde
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Susan P Travers
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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245
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The c-kit Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Marks Sweet or Umami Sensing T1R3 Positive Adult Taste Cells in Mice. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-019-09277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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246
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Ina S, Hamada A, Nakamura H, Yamaguchi Y, Kumagai H, Kumagai H. Rice (Oryza sativa japonica) albumin hydrolysates suppress postprandial blood glucose elevation by adsorbing glucose and inhibiting Na+-d-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 expression. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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247
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The function and allosteric control of the human sweet taste receptor. FROM STRUCTURE TO CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT: ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 2020; 88:59-82. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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248
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Botta J, Appelhans J, McCormick PJ. Continuing challenges in targeting oligomeric GPCR-based drugs. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 169:213-245. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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249
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Merino B, Fernández-Díaz CM, Cózar-Castellano I, Perdomo G. Intestinal Fructose and Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2019; 12:E94. [PMID: 31905727 PMCID: PMC7019254 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes have been linked to increased sugar consumption in humans. Here, we review fructose and glucose metabolism, as well as potential molecular mechanisms by which excessive sugar consumption is associated to metabolic diseases and insulin resistance in humans. To this end, we focus on understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of fructose and glucose transport and sensing in the intestine, the intracellular signaling effects of dietary sugar metabolism, and its impact on glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Finally, the peripheral and central effects of dietary sugars on the gut-brain axis will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merino
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
| | - Cristina M. Fernández-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - German Perdomo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular-IBGM (CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid), Valladolid 47003, Spain; (B.M.); (C.M.F.-D.); (G.P.)
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos 09001, Spain
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250
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Wang N, Lv B, Guan L, Qiao H, Sun B, Luo X, Jia R, Chen K, Yan J. Maternal low protein exposure alters glucose tolerance and intestinal nutrient-responsive receptors and transporters expression of rat offspring. Life Sci 2019; 243:117216. [PMID: 31884096 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Maternal protein malnutrition during perinatal period has long-term consequences on the offspring's metabolic phenotype. Here we determined the effects of maternal protein-restricted (PR) diet on offspring's metabolism in 3- and 12-week-old. MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with standard chow diet or PR diet during pregnancy and lactation. Food intake and body weight of offspring were measured weekly. The oral glucose tolerance tests were underwent, the pancreases were collected for histochemical staining, and the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected for gene and protein expression analysis in 3- and 12-week-old offspring. KEY FINDINGS PR offspring had significant lower body weight and persisted till 12-week-old. From 3- to 12-week-old, PR offspring presented considerably impaired glucose tolerance, while no marked change was shown in control rats. Additionally, the average islet size of PR offspring decreased significantly in 12-week-old. The mRNA and protein expression of nutrient-responsive receptors and transporters T1R3, SGLT1 and GLUT2 increased significantly in the intestine of 3-week-old PR offspring. And from 3- and 12-week-old, the increase tendency of expression subdued. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that maternal PR diet during critical developmental windows influences offspring metabolism, which may be subdued partially, but not be reversed completely by chow diet after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bo Lv
- School of Humanities, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710126, China
| | - Limin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Hu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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