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Bassil F, Delamarre A, Canron MH, Dutheil N, Vital A, Négrier-Leibreich ML, Bezard E, Fernagut PO, Meissner WG. Impaired brain insulin signalling in Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12760. [PMID: 34405431 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Brain insulin resistance (i.e., decreased insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1] signalling) may play a role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), and several anti-diabetic drugs have entred clinical development to evaluate their potential disease-modifying properties in PD. A measure of insulin resistance is the amount of the downstream messenger insulin receptor substrate-1 that is phosphorylated at serine residues 312 (IRS-1pS312) or 616 (IRS-1pS616). We assessed IRS-1pS312 and IRS-1pS616 expression in post-mortem brain tissue of PD patients and a preclinical rat model based on viral-mediated expression of A53T mutated human α-synuclein (AAV2/9-h-α-synA53T). METHODS IRS-1pS312 and IRS-1pS616 staining intensity were determined by immunofluorescence in both neurons and glial cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and putamen of PD patients and controls without known brain disease. We further explored a possible relation between α-synuclein aggregates and brain insulin resistance in PD patients. Both insulin resistance markers were also measured in the SNc and striatum of AAV2/9-h-α-synA53T rats. RESULTS We found higher IRS-1pS312 staining intensity in nigral dopaminergic neurons and a trend for higher IRS-1pS312 staining intensity in putaminal neurons of PD patients. We observed no differences for IRS-1pS616 staining intensity in neurons or IRS-1pS312 staining intensity in glial cells. IRS-1pS312 showed high co-localisation within the core of nigral Lewy bodies. Like PD patients, AAV2/9-h-α-synA53T rats showed higher IRS-1pS312 staining intensity in the SNc and striatum than controls, whereas IRS-1pS616 was not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for brain insulin resistance in PD and support the rationale for repurposing anti-diabetic drugs for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Bassil
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anna Delamarre
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Canron
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nathalie Dutheil
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Vital
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Laure Négrier-Leibreich
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Poitiers, INSERM UMR 1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurologie - Maladies Neurodégénératives, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
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202
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Lo Buono V, Lucà Trombetta M, Palmeri R, Bonanno L, Cartella E, Di Lorenzo G, Bramanti P, Marino S, Corallo F. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and impulsivity in Parkinson's disease: a descriptive review. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:837-847. [PMID: 33961279 PMCID: PMC8349322 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Standard treatment of Parkinson’s disease involves the dopaminergic medications. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is an important neurosurgical intervention often used as alternative treatment to drug therapy; however, it can be associated with increase of impulsive behaviors. This descriptive review focused on studies investigating the correlation between Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease patients, arguing, the action’s mechanism and the specific role of the subthalamic nucleus. We searched on PubMed and Web of Science databases and screening references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. From initial 106 studies, only 15 met the search criteria. Parkinson’s Disease patients with and without Deep Brain Stimulation were compared with healthy controls, through 16 different tasks that assessed some aspects of impulsivity. Both Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and medication were associated with impulsive behavior and influenced decision-making processes. Moreover, findings demonstrated that: Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs) occurred soon after surgery, while, in pharmacological treatment, they appeared mainly after the initiation of treatment or the increase in dosage, especially with dopamine agonists. The subthalamic nucleus plays a part in the fronto-striato-thalamic-cortical loops mediating motor, cognitive, and emotional functions: this could explain the role of the Deep Brain Stimulation in behavior modulation in Parkinson’s Disease patients. Indeed, increase impulsivity has been reported also after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus independently by dopaminergic medication status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lilla Bonanno
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Silvia Marino
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Messina, Italy
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203
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Hu J, Wu J, Wan F, Kou L, Yin S, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhou Q, Wang T. Calcitriol Alleviates MPP +- and MPTP-Induced Parthanatos Through the VDR/PARP1 Pathway in the Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:657095. [PMID: 34393753 PMCID: PMC8362855 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.657095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is currently unclear. Recent studies have suggested a correlation between vitamin D and PD. Vitamin D and its analogs have protective effects in animal models of PD, but these studies have not clarified the mechanism. Parthanatos is a distinct type of cell death caused by excessive activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), and the activation of PARP1 in PD models suggests that parthanatos may exist in PD pathophysiology. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) is a potential inhibitor of PARP1 in macrophages. This study aimed to investigate whether calcitriol treatment improves PD models and its effects on the parthanatos pathway. A 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced cell model and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) subacute animal model were selected as the in vitro and in vivo PD models, and calcitriol was applied in these models. Results showed that parthanatos existed in the MPP+-induced cell model and pretreatment with calcitriol improved cell viability, reduced the excessive activation of PARP1, and relieved parthanatos. The application of calcitriol in the MPTP subacute animal model also improved behavioral tests, restored the damage to dopamine neurons, and reduced the activation of PARP1-related signaling pathways. To verify whether calcitriol interacts with PARP1 through its vitamin D receptor (VDR), siRNA, and overexpression plasmids were used to downregulate or overexpress VDR. Following the downregulation of VDR, the expression and activation of PARP1 increased and PARP1 was inhibited when VDR was overexpressed. Coimmunoprecipitation verified the combination of VDR and PARP1. In short, calcitriol can substantially improve parthanatos in the MPP+-induced cell model and MPTP model, and the protective effect might be partly through the VDR/PARP1 pathway, which provides a new possibility for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunna Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiulu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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204
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Liu H, Deng B, Xie F, Yang X, Xie Z, Chen Y, Yang Z, Huang X, Zhu S, Wang Q. The influence of white matter hyperintensity on cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1917-1934. [PMID: 34310081 PMCID: PMC8419402 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this meta‐analysis was to review systematically and to identify the relationship between the severity and location of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and the degree of cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid, and Cochrane Library databases for clinical trials of the severity and location of WMHs on the degree of cognitive impairment in PD through October 2020. We conducted the survey to compare the association of WMH burden in patients with PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI) versus those with normal cognition (PD‐NC) and in patients with PD with dementia (PDD) versus those with PD without dementia (PD‐ND). Nine studies with PD‐MCI versus PD‐NC and 10 studies with PDD versus PD‐ND comparisons were included. The WMH burden in PD‐MCI patients was significantly different compared to that in PD‐NC patients (standard mean difference, SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.66, p = 0.005), while there was no correlation shown in the age‐matched subgroup of the comparison. In addition, PDD patients had a significantly higher burden of WMHs (SMD = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.44 to 1.71, p < 0.0001), especially deep white matter hyperintensities (SMD = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.73, p < 0.00001) and periventricular hyperintensities (SMD = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.36 to 1.04, p < 0.0001), than PD‐NC patients, regardless of the adjustment of age. WMHs might be imaging markers for cognitive impairment in PDD but not in PD‐MCI, regardless of age, vascular risk factors, or race. Further prospective studies are needed to validate the conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Fen Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Zhenchao Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, P.R. China
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205
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Lin X, Wang R, Li R, Tao T, Zhang D, Qi Y. Diagnostic Performance of miR-485-3p in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and its Relationship with Neuroinflammation. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 24:195-201. [PMID: 34279788 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative diseases. Some microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in the development of many neurological diseases. This study aims to evaluate the clinical significance and biological function of miR-485-3p in the development and progression of PD. The expression of miR-485-3p in serum of PD patients was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). LPS-treated microglia BV2 cells were used to mimic neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of PD. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnosis value of miR-485-3p was evaluated by plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A luciferase reporter assay was performed to demonstrate the interaction between miR-485-3p and FBXO45. The results showed that miR-485-3p was significantly up-regulated in serum of PD patients compared with that in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy cases, and had diagnostic accuracy for PD screening. The activated microglia BV2 cells induced by LPS also had elevated miR-485-3p, and the knockdown of miR-485-3p inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. FBXO protein 45 (FBXO45) served as a potential target of miR-485-3p, which was speculated to mediate the function of miR-485-3p. Our results suggest that the up-regulated expression of miR-485-3p in PD may be a novel diagnostic biomarker for PD. Reducing the expression level of miR-485-3p can inhibit the inflammatory responses of BV2 cells, which indicated that miR-485-3p, as a regulator of neuroinflammation, may have the potential as a therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Neurology, Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, 261014, Shandong, China
| | - Taotao Tao
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxiang Qi
- Department of Neurology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, No. 31, Jinan Road, Dongying District, Dongying, 257000, Shandong, China.
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206
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Khan ST, Ahmed S, Gul S, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. Search for safer and potent natural inhibitors of Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105135. [PMID: 34271080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease (PD) has taken second place in becoming one of the most commonly occurring neurological diseases being responsible for a number of disabling motor symptoms ranging from bradykinesia, akinesia, tremors to rigidity, that mostly targets the elderly population and severely disrupts their quality of life. The true underlying pathology of PD yet remains a mystery, however, recent advances in the field have pointed towards the production of α-synuclein aggregates, oxidative stress, and an imbalance between levels of acetylcholine and dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain that have been shown to result in loss of coordinated movement. Current treatments of PD include the gold standard dopamine precursor L-dopa, dopamine agonists pergolide and bromocriptine, catechol-o-methyl transferases inhibitors, entacapone and tolcapone and monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as Selegine and Rasagiline amongst several other drugs. While these drugs are successful in treating motor symptoms of the disease, they do so with a plethora of side effects that are especially debilitating to the elderly. In the recent years, a considerable amount of attention has been shifted towards phytocompounds such as flavonoids and green tea catechins due to promising experimental results. In this review, we have compiled phytocompounds that have shown potent activity against some of the most important targets for antiparkinsonian therapy. These compounds have exhibited activities that transcend the limits of simply attenuating mitochondrial oxidative stress and have opened doors to the discovery of novel lead compounds for newer, efficacious antiparkinsonian therapies with wider therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidrah Tariq Khan
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sagheer Ahmed
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Gul
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O Box 33, Postal Code 616, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
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207
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Jiang S, Gao H, Yong Y, Zhang H, Li P, Li Y, Luo Q, Yang X. Effect of Pramipexole on Inflammatory Response in Central Nervous System of Parkinson's Disease Rat Model. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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208
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An H, Lee H, Yang S, Won W, Lee CJ, Nam MH. Adenovirus-induced Reactive Astrogliosis Exacerbates the Pathology of Parkinson's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:222-231. [PMID: 34045369 PMCID: PMC8278136 DOI: 10.5607/en21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative motor disorder. While PD has been attributed to dopaminergic neuronal death in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), accumulating lines of evidence have suggested that reactive astrogliosis is critically involved in PD pathology. These pathological changes are associated with α-synuclein aggregation, which is more prone to be induced by an A53T mutation. Therefore, the overexpression of A53T-mutated α-synuclein (A53T-α-syn) has been utilized as a popular animal model of PD. However, this animal model only shows marginal-to-moderate extents of reactive astrogliosis and astrocytic α-synuclein accumulation, while these phenomena are prominent in human PD brains. Here we show that Adeno-GFAP-GFP virus injection into SNpc causes severe reactive astrogliosis and exacerbates the A53T-α-syn-mediated PD pathology. In particular, we demonstrate that AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn injection, when combined with Adeno-GFAP-GFP, causes more significant loss of dopaminergic neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase level and gain of astrocytic GFAP and GABA levels. Moreover, the combination of AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn and Adeno-GFAP-GFP causes an extensive astrocytic α-syn expression, just as in human PD brains. These results are in marked contrast to previous reports that AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn alone causes α-syn expression mostly in neurons but rarely in astrocytes. Furthermore, the combination causes a severe PD-like motor dysfunction as assessed by rotarod and cylinder tests within three weeks from the virus injection, whereas Adeno-GFAP-GFP alone or AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn alone does not. Our findings implicate that inducing reactive astrogliosis exacerbates PD-like pathologies and propose the virus combination as an advanced strategy for developing a new animal model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoung An
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Seulkee Yang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Woojin Won
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of KHU-KIST Convergent Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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209
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Nwabufo CK, Aigbogun OP, Allen KJH, Owens MN, Lee JS, Phenix CP, Krol ES. Employing in vitro metabolism to guide design of F-labelled PET probes of novel α-synuclein binding bifunctional compounds. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:885-900. [PMID: 34187286 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1943566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A challenge in the development of novel 18F-labelled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probes is identification of metabolically stable sites to incorporate the 18F radioisotope. Metabolic loss of 18F from PET probes in vivo can lead to misleading biodistribution data as displaced 18F can accumulate in various tissues.In this study we report on in vitro hepatic microsomal metabolism of novel caffeine containing bifunctional compounds (C8-6-I, C8-6-N, C8-6-C8) that can prevent in vitro aggregation of α-synuclein, which is associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. The metabolic profile obtained guided us to synthesize stable isotope 19F-labelled analogues in which the fluorine was introduced at the metabolically stable N7 of the caffeine moiety.An in vitro hepatic microsomal metabolism study of the 19F-labelled analogues resulted in similar metabolites to the unlabelled compounds and demonstrated that the fluorine was metabolically stable, suggesting that these analogues are appropriate PET imaging probes. This straightforward in vitro strategy is valuable for avoiding costly stability failures when designing radiolabelled compounds for PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso K Nwabufo
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Kevin J H Allen
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Madeline N Owens
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jeremy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Ed S Krol
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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210
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Yoshimura R, Ikenouchi A, Okamoto N, Konishi Y. Vortioxetine Improved Depressive State In Parkinson's Disease. Cureus 2021; 13:e15750. [PMID: 34290929 PMCID: PMC8289392 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 67-year-old Japanese Parkinson's disease (PD) patient with depression who was successfully treated with vortioxetine. The patient's PD was being treated with levodopa (100 mg/day). As improvement was noted in PD symptoms, levodopa was continued. Subsequently, she was referred to our department due to worsening of her depressive symptoms, including depressed mood, anhedonia, decreased energy, decreased concentration, decreased motivation, insomnia, hopelessness, and worthlessness. The patient did not respond to paroxetine and escitalopram. Finally, vortioxetine improved her depressive state without worsening PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Yoshimura
- Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, JPN
| | - Atsuko Ikenouchi
- Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, JPN
| | - Naomichi Okamoto
- Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, JPN
| | - Yuki Konishi
- Psychiatry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, JPN
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211
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Li X, Wu X, Li N, Li D, Sui A, Khan K, Ge B, Li S, Li S, Zhao J. Scorpion venom heat-resistant synthesized peptide ameliorates 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation: likely role of Na v 1.6 inhibition in microglia. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3553-3569. [PMID: 33886140 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Microglia-related inflammation is associated with the pathology of Parkinson's disease. Functional voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are involved in regulating microglial function. Here, we aim to investigate the effects of scorpion venom heat-resistant synthesized peptide (SVHRSP) on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson's disease-like mouse model and reveal its underlying mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Unilateral brain injection of 6-OHDA was performed to establish Parkinson's disease mouse model. After behaviour test, brain tissues were collected for morphological analysis and protein/gene expression examination. Primary microglia culture was used to investigate the role of sodium channel Nav 1.6 in the regulation of microglia inflammation by SVHRSP. KEY RESULTS SVHRSP treatment attenuated motor deficits, dopamine neuron degeneration, activation of glial cells and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by 6-OHDA lesion. Primary microglia activation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were also suppressed by SVHRSP treatment. In addition, SVHRSP could inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathway, which plays pivotal roles in the pro-inflammatory response. Notably, SVHRSP treatment suppressed the overexpression of microglial Nav 1.6 induced by 6-OHDA and LPS. Finally, it was shown that the anti-inflammatory effect of SVHRSP in microglia was Nav 1.6 dependent and was related to suppression of sodium current and probably the consequent Na+ /Ca2+ exchange. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS SVHRSP might inhibit neuroinflammation and protect dopamine neurons via down-regulating microglial Nav 1.6 and subsequently suppressing intracellular Ca2+ accumulation to attenuate the activation of MAPKs signalling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuefei Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Donglai Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Aoran Sui
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Khizar Khan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Biying Ge
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sheng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shao Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Chen Z, Wu H, Zhang M. Long non-coding RNA: An underlying bridge linking neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105101. [PMID: 34139298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are responsible for a large proportion of morbidity and mortality worldwide. CNS diseases caused by intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli stimulate the resident immune cells including microglia and astrocyte, resulting in neuroinflammation that exacerbates the progression of diseases. Recent evidence reveals the aberrant expression patterns of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the damaged tissues following CNS diseases. It was also proposed that lncRNAs possessed immune-modulatory activities by directly or indirectly affecting various effector proteins including transcriptional factor, acetylase, protein kinase, phosphatase, etc. In addition, lncRNAs can form a sophisticated network by interacting with other molecules to regulate the expression or activation of downstream immune response pathways. However, the major roles of lncRNAs in CNS pathophysiologies are still elusive, especially in neuroinflammation. Herein, we tend to review some potential roles of lncRNAs in modulating neuroinflammation based on current evidence in various CNS diseases, in order to provide novel explanations for the initiation and progression of CNS diseases and help to establish therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Haiyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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213
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miR-101-3p Contributes to α-Synuclein Aggregation in Neural Cells through the miR-101-3p/SKP1/PLK2 Pathway. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:6147434. [PMID: 34234930 PMCID: PMC8216813 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6147434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal loss in different brain regions, including the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) plays an essential role in the progression of PD-related neuron toxicity. In this study, bioinformatic analysis was used to confirm differentially expressed genes between patients with PD and healthy donors. Immunofluorescence was used to study the aggregation of α-Syn. Flow cytometry was used to confirm the apoptosis of neurons. Western blot was used to investigate the underlying mechanism. Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) was used to verify the interaction between proteins. Luciferase activity assay was used to confirm the target gene of miRNA. In vitro protein ubiquitination assay was used to ascertain the role of S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1) on the ubiquitination processes of polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2). The result indicated that miR-101-3p was overexpressed in the substantia nigra of the postmortem brains of patients with PD. The underlying role was investigated in the SH-SY5Y cell line. The overexpression of α-Syn did not result in toxicity or aggregation. However, the co-overexpression of miR-101-3p and α-Syn promoted aggregation and neuron toxicity. Luciferase activity assay indicated that SKP1 is a target gene of miR-101-3p. The co-IP experiment confirmed that SKP1 could directly interact with PLK2. In vitro protein ubiquitination assay confirmed that SKP1 could promote the ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation of PLK2. We also observed that the cotransfection of short hairpin RNA that targets PLK2 and α-Syn overexpression plasmid results in the endoplasmic reticulum stress of neurons. Our results collectively provide evidence that miR-101-3p contributes to α-Syn aggregation in neurons through the miR-101-3p/SKP1/PLK2 pathway.
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214
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Hou Y, Ning B, Liu Y, Liu Y, Fu W, Wen Z. Effectiveness and safety of moxibustion for Parkinson disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26256. [PMID: 34115018 PMCID: PMC8202601 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease among middle-aged and elderly people. Clinically, it is a movement disorder characterized mainly by static tremors, kinesia, myotonia, and postural balance disorder. In recent years, an increasing number of clinical reports on moxibustion therapy for PD have been published. Despite this, no systematic review of moxibustion therapy for PD has been undertaken. METHODS Two reviewers will search the following 7 English and Chinese databases online: the Cochrane Library; PubMed; EMBASE; the China National Knowledge Infrastructure; the Wan Fang databases; the China Science and Technology Journal Database; and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database. Reviewers will search each electronic database for studies published from journal inception to May 2021. Two reviewers will independently conduct clinical study inclusion, data extraction, and risk bias assessment. Any differences in the above process will be resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. If the data are sufficient, RevMan software 5.3 (Cochrane Community, London, UK) will be used for the meta-analysis of the extracted data. RESULTS In this systematic review, the effectiveness and safety of moxibustion therapy in PD treatment will be evaluated. CONCLUSION This systematic review may provide further evidence to encourage clinicians to use moxibustion in the treatment of PD. INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY202140097.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Hou
- Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Baile Ning
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Situ Ling Studio of Lingnan Acupuncture School
- Famous Doctor's Studio of Academician Shi Xuemin
- Shenzhen Bao’an Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen
| | - Yamin Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Shenzhen Bao’an Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen
| | - Ying Liu
- Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Wenbin Fu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Situ Ling Studio of Lingnan Acupuncture School
- Famous Doctor's Studio of Academician Shi Xuemin
- Shenzhen Bao’an Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen
| | - Zehuai Wen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- National Center for Design Measurement and Evaluation in Clinical Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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215
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Cu(II) and Ni (II) coordination polymers: magnetic properties and protective activity on Parkinson disease. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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216
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Chen APF, Chen L, Kim TA, Xiong Q. Integrating the Roles of Midbrain Dopamine Circuits in Behavior and Neuropsychiatric Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060647. [PMID: 34200134 PMCID: PMC8228225 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a behaviorally and clinically diverse neuromodulator that controls CNS function. DA plays major roles in many behaviors including locomotion, learning, habit formation, perception, and memory processing. Reflecting this, DA dysregulation produces a wide variety of cognitive symptoms seen in neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia, addiction, and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review recent advances in the DA systems neuroscience field and explore the advancing hypothesis that DA’s behavioral function is linked to disease deficits in a neural circuit-dependent manner. We survey different brain areas including the basal ganglia’s dorsomedial/dorsolateral striatum, the ventral striatum, the auditory striatum, and the hippocampus in rodent models. Each of these regions have different reported functions and, correspondingly, DA’s reflecting role in each of these regions also has support for being different. We then focus on DA dysregulation states in Parkinson’s disease, addiction, and Alzheimer’s Disease, emphasizing how these afflictions are linked to different DA pathways. We draw upon ideas such as selective vulnerability and region-dependent physiology. These bodies of work suggest that different channels of DA may be dysregulated in different sets of disease. While these are great advances, the fine and definitive segregation of such pathways in behavior and disease remains to be seen. Future studies will be required to define DA’s necessity and contribution to the functional plasticity of different striatal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen PF Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.P.C.); (L.C.); (T.A.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.P.C.); (L.C.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Thomas A. Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.P.C.); (L.C.); (T.A.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Qiaojie Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.P.C.); (L.C.); (T.A.K.)
- Correspondence:
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217
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Guo M, Hao Y, Feng Y, Li H, Mao Y, Dong Q, Cui M. Microglial Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:630808. [PMID: 34045943 PMCID: PMC8148341 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.630808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in neurodegenerative disease [i.e., Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]. These diseases share some similar pathological changes and several microglia-associated processes, including immune response, neuroinflammation, phagocytosis, elimination of synapses et al. Microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) has been described as having both destructive and protective effects in neurological disorders. Besides, considerable evidence also indicates that microglia play a significant role in neurogenesis, neuronal cell death, and synaptic interactions. The communication between microglia and neurons is of vital role in regulating complex functions which are key to appropriate the activity of the brain. Accumulating studies have also demonstrated that exosomes with sizes ranging from 40–100 nm, released by microglia, could serve as key mediators in intercellular signaling. These exosomes, identified in terms of cellular origin in many kinds of biological fluids, exert their effects by delivering specific cargos such as proteins, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNAs. It was shown that microglial exosomes could transport to and be uptake by neurons, which may either be beneficial or instead, detrimental to CNS diseases. The focus of this review is to summarize the involvement of microglial exosomes in critical pathologies associated with neurodegenerative disease and how they contribute to these disorders, including PD, AD, and ALS. We also review the application of microglia exosomes as potential biomarkers in monitoring disease progression, as well as focusing on their roles as drug delivery vehicles in treating neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yining Hao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiqing Li
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Mao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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218
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Efficacy of dance for Parkinson's disease: a pooled analysis of 372 patients. J Neurol 2021; 269:1195-1208. [PMID: 33966112 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that presents with motor and nonmotor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, postural instability, and cognitive and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Dance therapy or complex motor activity, besides pharmacological treatment, may have benefits in PD patients. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of dance in patients with PD. METHODS We searched for clinical trials in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and Cochrane till April 2020 using relevant keywords. Data were extracted and pooled as mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) by Review Manager 5.3. RESULTS Fourteen randomized controlled trials with 372 patients were included. Dance showed a significant improvement over the control group in term of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS III) after three (MD = - 4.49, 95% CI [- 6.78, - 2.21], p = 0.00001), six, (MD = - 5.96, 95% CI [- 8.89, - 3.02], p < 0.0001), and 12 months (MD = - 14.58, 95% CI [- 24.76, - 4.4], p = 0.005), and Mini-BES test after 12 months. Compared to exercise, dance showed a significant improvement in Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Mini-BES test. CONCLUSION In comparison to other types of exercise or no activity, dance improves the symptoms and outcomes in patients with PD, especially motor symptoms. Dance also has positive effects on balance, functional mobility, and cognition.
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219
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Mishra RK, Park C, Zhou H, Najafi B, Thrasher TA. Evaluation of Motor and Cognitive Performance in People with Parkinson's Disease Using Instrumented Trail-Making Test. Gerontology 2021; 68:234-240. [PMID: 33940574 DOI: 10.1159/000515940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) progressively impairs motor and cognitive performance. The current tools to detect decline in motor and cognitive functioning are often impractical for busy clinics and home settings. To address the gap, we designed an instrumented trail-making task (iTMT) based on a wearable sensor (worn on the shin) with interactive game-based software installed on a tablet. The iTMT test includes reaching to 5 indexed circles, a combination of numbers (1-3) and letters (A&B) randomly positioned inside target circles, in a sequential order, which virtually appears on a screen kept in front of the participants, by rotating one's ankle joint while standing and holding a chair for safety. By measuring time to complete iTMT task (iTMT time), iTMT enables quantifying cognitive-motor performance. PURPOSE This study's objective is to examine the feasibility of iTMT to detect early cognitive-motor decline in PDs. METHOD Three groups of volunteers, including 14 cognitively normal (CN) older adults, 14 PDs, and 11 mild cognitive impaireds (MCI), were recruited. Participants completed MoCA, 20 m walking test, and 3 trials of iTMT. RESULTS All participants enabled to complete iTMT with <3 min, indicating high feasibility. The average iTMT time for CN-Older, PD, and MCI participants were 20.9 ± 0.9 s, 32.3 ± 2.4 s, and 40.9 ± 4.5 s, respectively. After adjusting for age and education level, pairwise comparison suggested large effect sizes for iTMT between CN-older versus PD (Cohen's d = 1.7, p = 0.024) and CN-older versus MCI (d = 1.57, p < 0.01). Significant correlations were observed when comparing iTMT time with the gait speed (r = -0.4, p = 0.011) and MoCA score (r = -0.56, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the feasibility and early results supporting the potential application of iTMT to determine cognitive-motor and distinguishing individuals with MCI and PD from CN-older adults. Future studies are warranted to test the ability of iTMT to track its subtle changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kinker Mishra
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA, .,Department of Health and Human Performance, Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA,
| | - Catherine Park
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - He Zhou
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bijan Najafi
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Interdisciplinary Consortium on Advanced Motion Performance (iCAMP), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - T Adam Thrasher
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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220
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Ma L, Gholam Azad M, Dharmasivam M, Richardson V, Quinn RJ, Feng Y, Pountney DL, Tonissen KF, Mellick GD, Yanatori I, Richardson DR. Parkinson's disease: Alterations in iron and redox biology as a key to unlock therapeutic strategies. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101896. [PMID: 33799121 PMCID: PMC8044696 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate that iron metabolism is dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The literature reveals well-documented alterations consistent with established dogma, but also intriguing paradoxical observations requiring mechanistic dissection. An important fact is the iron loading in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are the cells primarily affected in PD. Assessment of these changes reveal increased expression of proteins critical for iron uptake, namely transferrin receptor 1 and the divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), and decreased expression of the iron exporter, ferroportin-1 (FPN1). Consistent with this is the activation of iron regulator protein (IRP) RNA-binding activity, which is an important regulator of iron homeostasis, with its activation indicating cytosolic iron deficiency. In fact, IRPs bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the 3ꞌ untranslated region (UTR) of certain mRNAs to stabilize their half-life, while binding to the 5ꞌ UTR prevents translation. Iron loading of dopaminergic neurons in PD may occur through these mechanisms, leading to increased neuronal iron and iron-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The "gold standard" histological marker of PD, Lewy bodies, are mainly composed of α-synuclein, the expression of which is markedly increased in PD. Of note, an atypical IRE exists in the α-synuclein 5ꞌ UTR that may explain its up-regulation by increased iron. This dysregulation could be impacted by the unique autonomous pacemaking of dopaminergic neurons of the SNpc that engages L-type Ca+2 channels, which imparts a bioenergetic energy deficit and mitochondrial redox stress. This dysfunction could then drive alterations in iron trafficking that attempt to rescue energy deficits such as the increased iron uptake to provide iron for key electron transport proteins. Considering the increased iron-loading in PD brains, therapies utilizing limited iron chelation have shown success. Greater therapeutic advancements should be possible once the exact molecular pathways of iron processing are dissected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Gholam Azad
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Dharmasivam
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Y Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - K F Tonissen
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - G D Mellick
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - I Yanatori
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - D R Richardson
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
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221
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The relation between falls risk and movement variability in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2077-2087. [PMID: 33914138 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Falls are a major health concern for older adults with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study was designed to examine differences in falls risk and its relation to changes in the average and variability (i.e. intra-individual variability) of reaction time (RT), finger tapping, standing balance and walking between healthy older adults and persons with PD. Thirty-nine adults with PD (70.0 ± 8.1 years) and 29 healthy older adults (66.8 ± 10.4 years) participated in this study. Falls risk (using the physiological profile assessment), gait, RT, balance and tapping responses were assessed for all persons. Results demonstrated that individuals with PD exhibited a greater risk of falling coupled with a general slowing of motor function covering declines in walking, RT and finger tapping. In addition, the movement responses of the PD group were more variable than the healthy older adults. Correlation results revealed group differences with regards to the neuromotor measures which were significantly correlated with falls risk. For the PD group, gait measures were highly correlated with their falls risk while, for the healthy older adults, falls risk was linked to balance measures even though PD persons had increased sway. Overall, persons with PD were at greater falls risk, moved slower and with increased variability compared to the healthy older adults. Further, while there are some similarities between the two groups in terms of those measures related to falls risk, there were also several differences which highlight that persons with PD can have different risk factors for falling compared to healthy adults of similar age.
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Koppula S, Alluri R, Kopalli SR. Coriandrum sativum attenuates microglia mediated neuroinflammation and MPTP-induced behavioral and oxidative changes in Parkinson's disease mouse model. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:835-850. [PMID: 34177406 PMCID: PMC8222636 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coriandrum sativum Linn. (family: Umbelliferae; C. sativum), is a potential herb widely used as a spice and traditional medicine. In the present work, the effects of C. sativum fruit extract (CSE), against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in vitro and 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) animal model in vivo was investigated. LPS-stimulated increase in nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly (p < 0.05 ~ p < 0.001) inhibited by CSE (25, 50 and 100 μg/mL) in BV-2 microglial cells. Further, CSE inhibited the LPS-induced nuclear factor of kappa-beta activation and IκB-α phosphorylation in BV-2 microglia. In vivo studies, CSE (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) ameliorated the MPTP (25 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced changes in locomotor, cognitive and behavior functions evaluated by rotarod, passive avoidance and open field test significantly (p < 0.05 ~ p < 0.001). The MPTP-induced changes in brain oxidative enzyme levels such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation were significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 at 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively) restored with CSE treatment. High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting analysis of CSE exhibited several distinctive peaks with quercetin and kaempferol-3O-glucoside as identifiable compounds. In conclusion, our study indicated that CSE attenuated neuroinflammatory processes in LPS-stimulated microglia in vitro and restored the MPTP-induced behavioral deficits and brain oxidative enzyme status in vivo proving its therapeutic potential in the treatment of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration seen in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Alluri
- Department of Pharmacy, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Liu W, Zhang R, Feng H, Zhu H. Fluoxetine tunes the abnormal hippocampal oscillations in association with cognitive impairments in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113314. [PMID: 33894299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a common clinical symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Fluoxetine (FLU), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, can improve cognitive deficits in demented patients. The present study investigated the effects of FLU on spatial learning and memory cognitions in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Morris water maze (MWM) test showed that FLU significantly improved spatial cognitive deficits in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA injection at 4 and 7 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the number and duration of high voltage spindles(HVSs)in the ipsilateral hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats were decreased by the administration of FLU. Furthermore, the spectral analysis of per frequency revealed increases in δ and θ rhythm power and decreases in α, β and γ rhythm power in the ipsilateral hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats in contrast to the saline-treated rats. Acute FLU treatment can reduce δ and θ rhythm power, and enhance α, β and γ rhythm power in the ipsilateral hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats. These findings suggest that FLU improves impaired cognition by tuning oscillatory activities in the hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitang Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renxing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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Silva S, Almeida AJ, Vale N. Importance of Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Antiparkinsonian Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:508. [PMID: 33917696 PMCID: PMC8068059 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) affects around ten million people worldwide and is considered the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. In addition, there is a higher risk incidence in the elderly population. The main PD hallmarks include the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the development of Lewy bodies. Unfortunately, motor symptoms only start to appear when around 50-70% of dopaminergic neurons have already been lost. This particularly poses a huge challenge for early diagnosis and therapeutic effectiveness. Actually, pharmaceutical therapy is able to relief motor symptoms, but as the disease progresses motor complications and severe side-effects start to appear. In this review, we explore the research conducted so far in order to repurpose drugs for PD with the use of nanodelivery systems, alternative administration routes, and nanotheranostics. Overall, studies have demonstrated great potential for these nanosystems to target the brain, improve drug pharmacokinetic profile, and decrease side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silva
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - António J. Almeida
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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Wu H, Liu X, Gao ZY, Lin M, Zhao X, Sun Y, Pu XP. Icaritin Provides Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease by Attenuating Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Energy Deficiency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040529. [PMID: 33805302 PMCID: PMC8066334 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are all important pathogenic mechanisms underlying motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal damage observed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, despite extensive efforts, targeting inflammation and oxidative stress using various approaches has not led to meaningful clinical outcomes, and mitochondrial enhancers have also failed to convincingly achieve disease-modifying effects. We tested our hypothesis that treatment approaches in PD should simultaneously reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and improve alterations in neuronal energy metabolism using the flavonoid icaritin in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), coupled with biochemical analyses and behavioral tests, we demonstrate that icaritin improves PD by attenuating the the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity and stabilizing mitochondrial function, based on our extensive analyses showing the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, reduction of NLRP3-mediated IL-1β secretion, and improvements in the levels of antioxidant molecules. Our data also indicated that icaritin stabilized the levels of proteins related to mitochondrial function, such as voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and ATP synthase subunit beta (ATP5B), as well as those of molecules related to energy metabolism, such as ATP and ADP, ultimately improving mitochondrial dysfunction. By employing molecular docking, we also discovered that icaritin can interact with NLRP3, VDAC, ATP5B, and several blood–brain barrier (BBB)-related proteins. These data provide insights into the promising therapeutic potential of icaritin in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xi Liu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ze-Yu Gao
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Lin
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Sun
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Pu
- National Key Research Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.W.); (X.L.); (Z.-Y.G.); (M.L.); (X.Z.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8280-2431
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Song Y, Gong T, Saleh MG, Mikkelsen M, Wang G, Edden RAE. Upper brainstem GABA levels in Parkinson's disease. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 34:689-696. [PMID: 33745095 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-021-00910-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dopaminergic pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) impacts circuits involving GABAergic neurons, especially in the brainstem, where the disease manifests early. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the upper brainstem are reduced in patients with PD compared to healthy controls, using edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS of GABA +). MATERIALS AND METHODS GABA + levels were examined in 18 PD patients and 18 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). GABA + -edited MRS was performed in 7.5-ml voxels in the upper brainstem, and the spectra were processed using the Gannet software. Differences in GABA + levels between the two groups were analyzed using independent t test analysis. RESULTS GABA + levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the upper brainstem of the patients with PD (4.57 ± 0.94 mM) than the HCs (5.89 ± 1.16 mM). CONCLUSION The lower GABA + levels in the upper brainstem of the PD patients suggest that a GABAergic deficit in the brainstem may contribute to the pathology in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Muhammad G Saleh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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227
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Jiang L, Pan HX, Zhao YW, Zeng Q, Liu ZH, Sun QY, Xu Q, Tan JQ, Yan XX, Li JC, Tang BS, Guo JF. Contribution of coding/non-coding variants in NUS1 to late-onset sporadic Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 84:29-34. [PMID: 33548880 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A recent study reported that rare variants in NUS1 were associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to assess the relative contribution of rare and common coding/non-coding variants of NUS1 to late-onset PD patients (LOPD). METHODS Whole genome sequencing data were analyzed for target NUS1 regions, derived from a cohort of 1962 cases and 1279 controls. The genetic association analyses were performed using logistic regression analysis and Sequence Kernel association test. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was conducted to further explore the association of variants with NUS1 expression based on the data from GTEx database. RESULTS We identified 18 rare coding variants. p.Y131C was first identified in LOPD. However, no significant burden of rare NUS1 coding variants in LOPD was found. The rare variant sets of two regulatory elements (GH06J117605 and GH06J117674) were significantly enriched in LOPD even after Bonferroni correction (adjusted P = 0.013; adjusted P = 0.010). Considering the joint effect of rare and common variants, all variant sets within GH06J117605 and GH06J117674 showed association with LOPD but were no longer significant after Bonferroni correction. None of the common variants within coding/non-coding regions were significant after Bonferroni correction. The eQTL results suggested these variants in GH06J117605 and GH06J117674 could potentially have eQTL effects on the brain tissues. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insight into the role of NUS1 regulatory regions in the development of LOPD and indicate that the variants in regulatory elements of NUS1 may be associated with LOPD by influencing the gene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Xu Pan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Ying Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin-Chen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Jewett KA, Thomas RE, Phan CQ, Lin B, Milstein G, Yu S, Bettcher LF, Neto FC, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Pallanck LJ, Davis MY. Glucocerebrosidase reduces the spread of protein aggregation in a Drosophila melanogaster model of neurodegeneration by regulating proteins trafficked by extracellular vesicles. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1008859. [PMID: 33539341 PMCID: PMC7888665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation within neurons is a key pathologic feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). The spread of brain protein aggregates is associated with clinical disease progression, but how this occurs remains unclear. Mutations in glucosidase, beta acid 1 (GBA), which encodes glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are the most penetrant common genetic risk factor for PD and dementia with Lewy bodies and associate with faster disease progression. To explore how GBA mutations influence pathogenesis, we previously created a Drosophila model of GBA deficiency (Gba1b) that manifests neurodegeneration and accelerated protein aggregation. Proteomic analysis of Gba1b mutants revealed dysregulation of proteins involved in extracellular vesicle (EV) biology, and we found altered protein composition of EVs from Gba1b mutants. Accordingly, we hypothesized that GBA may influence pathogenic protein aggregate spread via EVs. We found that accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and Ref(2)P, Drosophila homologue of mammalian p62, were reduced in muscle and brain tissue of Gba1b flies by ectopic expression of wildtype GCase in muscle. Neuronal GCase expression also rescued protein aggregation both cell-autonomously in brain and non-cell-autonomously in muscle. Muscle-specific GBA expression reduced the elevated levels of EV-intrinsic proteins and Ref(2)P found in EVs from Gba1b flies. Perturbing EV biogenesis through neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase), an enzyme important for EV release and ceramide metabolism, enhanced protein aggregation when knocked down in muscle, but did not modify Gba1b mutant protein aggregation when knocked down in neurons. Lipidomic analysis of nSMase knockdown on ceramide and glucosylceramide levels suggested that Gba1b mutant protein aggregation may depend on relative depletion of specific ceramide species often enriched in EVs. Finally, we identified ectopically expressed GCase within isolated EVs. Together, our findings suggest that GCase deficiency promotes accelerated protein aggregate spread between cells and tissues via dysregulated EVs, and EV-mediated trafficking of GCase may partially account for the reduction in aggregate spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Jewett
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Thomas
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chi Q. Phan
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bernice Lin
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gillian Milstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Selina Yu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa F. Bettcher
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fausto Carnevale Neto
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leo J. Pallanck
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marie Y. Davis
- VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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229
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Song Y, Gong T, Xiang Y, Mikkelsen M, Wang G, Edden RAE. Single-dose L-dopa increases upper brainstem GABA in Parkinson's disease: A preliminary study. J Neurol Sci 2021; 422:117309. [PMID: 33548666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the dysfunction between dopaminergic and GABAergic neuronal activities. Dopamine (DA) replacement by its precursor L-dopa remains the primary treatment for PD. In this preliminary study, we test the hypotheses that GABA+ levels would be lower in PD patients than controls, and normalized by L-dopa. METHODS Eleven PD patients and eleven age-and gender-matched healthy controls underwent a 1H-MRS scan of the upper brainstem using a J-difference-edited sequence to resolve signals of GABA. PD patients did not take all dopaminergic medicines for at least twelve hours prior to the first scan, and were scanned again after resuming L -dopa (pre- and post-L-dopa). MRS data were processed using the Gannet. Differences of GABA+ (GABA, macromolecules, and homocarnosine) levels within-subject (PD: pre- and post-L-dopa) and between-subjects (HC vs. PD-pre or PD-post) were tested using linear mixed-effects models with Holm-Bonferroni correction applied to pairwise comparisons. RESULTS Significant increased GABA+ levels were observed in the upper brainstem of PD patients post-L-dopa compared with pre-L-dopa (p < 0.001). Patients' GABA+ levels before administration of L-dopa were significantly lower than HCs (p = 0.001). Increased GABA+ level by administration of L-dopa in PD patients (post-L-dopa) was lower compared with HCs, but not significantly (p = 0.52). CONCLUSION Increased GABA+ levels were present in the upper brainstem with PD patients post-L-dopa, suggesting dopaminergic therapy capable of improving dopamine may improve the GABA+ levels in the upper brainstem, thereby achieving the effect of modulating the GABAergic system in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Province Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; FM Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Cui W, Dang Q, Chen C, Yuan W, Sun Z. Roles of circRNAs on tumor autophagy. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 23:918-929. [PMID: 33614240 PMCID: PMC7868924 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of special noncoding RNA. circRNAs are highly stable and are found mainly in the cytoplasm. Most circRNAs are conserved and usually exhibit tissue specificity and timing specificity. In addition to the regulation mode of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), circRNAs can also bind to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), regulate alternative splicing, encode proteins or polypeptides, and regulate the expression of parent genes affecting biological pathways in which coded proteins are involved. Autophagy is an important cellular mechanism that plays an essential role in normal cell physiological processes and in diseases, especially tumors. Studies reported that circRNAs have an important effect on autophagic processes. What are the detailed biological functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in autophagy? In this article, we summarize the relationship between circRNAs and autophagy and the regulatory function and mechanism (especially as microRNA [miRNA] sponges and binding to RBPs) of circRNAs in autophagy. In addition, we discuss the dysregulation and functional and clinical applications of autophagy-associated circRNAs in a variety of diseases. Autophagy-associated circRNAs have the potential to be essential biomarkers of diagnosis and treatment and to be beneficial to the research and development of targeted drugs for tumor or non-tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Qin Dang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Weitang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Corresponding author: Weitang Yuan, Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Corresponding author: Zhenqiang Sun, Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Zhang S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Zhou Y. Insights Into Translatomics in the Nervous System. Front Genet 2021; 11:599548. [PMID: 33408739 PMCID: PMC7779767 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.599548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurological disorders are caused by abnormal gene translation. Generally, dysregulation of elements involved in the translational process disrupts homeostasis in neurons and neuroglia. Better understanding of how the gene translation process occurs requires detailed analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic profile data. However, a lack of strictly direct correlations between mRNA and protein levels limits translational investigation by combining transcriptomic and proteomic profiling. The much better correlation between proteins and translated mRNAs than total mRNAs in abundance and insufficiently sensitive proteomics approach promote the requirement of advances in translatomics technology. Translatomics which capture and sequence the mRNAs associated with ribosomes has been effective in identifying translational changes by genetics or projections, ribosome stalling, local translation, and transcript isoforms in the nervous system. Here, we place emphasis on the main three translatomics methods currently used to profile mRNAs attached to ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC-mRNA). Their prominent applications in neurological diseases including glioma, neuropathic pain, depression, fragile X syndrome (FXS), neurodegenerative disorders are outlined. The content reviewed here expands our understanding on the contributions of aberrant translation to neurological disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeru Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Anti-Cancer Medicine of Zhejiang Province and Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Piao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youfa Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Sigcha L, Pavón I, Costa N, Costa S, Gago M, Arezes P, López JM, De Arcas G. Automatic Resting Tremor Assessment in Parkinson's Disease Using Smartwatches and Multitask Convolutional Neural Networks. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21010291. [PMID: 33406692 PMCID: PMC7794726 DOI: 10.3390/s21010291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resting tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most distinctive motor symptoms. Appropriate symptom monitoring can help to improve management and medical treatments and improve the patients' quality of life. Currently, tremor is evaluated by physical examinations during clinical appointments; however, this method could be subjective and does not represent the full spectrum of the symptom in the patients' daily lives. In recent years, sensor-based systems have been used to obtain objective information about the disease. However, most of these systems require the use of multiple devices, which makes it difficult to use them in an ambulatory setting. This paper presents a novel approach to evaluate the amplitude and constancy of resting tremor using triaxial accelerometers from consumer smartwatches and multitask classification models. These approaches are used to develop a system for an automated and accurate symptom assessment without interfering with the patients' daily lives. Results show a high agreement between the amplitude and constancy measurements obtained from the smartwatch in comparison with those obtained in a clinical assessment. This indicates that consumer smartwatches in combination with multitask convolutional neural networks are suitable for providing accurate and relevant information about tremor in patients in the early stages of the disease, which can contribute to the improvement of PD clinical evaluation, early detection of the disease, and continuous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Sigcha
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.M.L.); (G.D.A.)
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Ignacio Pavón
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.M.L.); (G.D.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-067-7222
| | - Nélson Costa
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Susana Costa
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Miguel Gago
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Arezes
- ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (N.C.); (S.C.); (P.A.)
| | - Juan Manuel López
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.M.L.); (G.D.A.)
| | - Guillermo De Arcas
- Instrumentation and Applied Acoustics Research Group (I2A2), ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur UPM, Ctra. Valencia, Km 7, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.); (J.M.L.); (G.D.A.)
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Han K, Jin X, Guo X, Cao G, Tian S, Song Y, Zuo Y, Yu P, Gao G, Chang YZ. Nrf2 knockout altered brain iron deposition and mitigated age-related motor dysfunction in aging mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:592-602. [PMID: 33248265 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a central regulator of cellular antioxidant and detoxification response. The association between Nrf2 activity and iron-related oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases has been studied, and Nrf2 was found to transcriptionally regulate the expression of iron transporters and ferroptosis-related factors. However, the role of Nrf2 in age-related motor dysfunction and its link to iron metabolism dysregulation in brain have not been fully elucidated. In this study, with different ages of Nrf2 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice, we investigated the effects of Nrf2 deficiency on brain oxidative stress, iron metabolism and the motor coordination ability of mice. In contrast to the predicted neuroprotective role of Nrf2 in oxidative stress-related diseases, we found that Nrf2 KO remarkably improved the motor coordination of aged mice, which was associated with the reduced ROS level and decreased apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN) of 18-month-old Nrf2 KO mice. With high-iron and Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse models, we revealed that Nrf2 KO prevented the deposition of brain iron, particularly in SN and striatum, which may subsequently delay motor dysfunction in aged mice. The regulation of Nrf2 KO on brain iron metabolism was likely mediated by decreasing the ferroportin 1 (FPN1) level on brain microvascular endothelial cells, thus hindering the process of iron entry into the brain. Nrf2 may be a potential therapeutic target in age-related motor dysfunction diseases for its role in regulating brain iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China
| | - Xiaofang Jin
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China; Department of Neurology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050017, China
| | - Guoli Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China
| | - Siyu Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China
| | - Yiming Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050024, China.
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Brown GL, Camacci ML, Kim SD, Grillo S, Nguyen JV, Brown DA, Ullah SP, Lewis MM, Du G, Kong L, Sundstrom JM, Huang X, Bowie EM. Choroidal Thickness Correlates with Clinical and Imaging Metrics of Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:1857-1868. [PMID: 34275909 PMCID: PMC8530855 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked clinically by motor symptoms and pathologically by Lewy bodies and dopamine neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Higher iron accumulation, assessed by susceptibility MRI, also is observed as PD progresses. Recently, evidence has suggested that PD affects the retina. OBJECTIVE To better understand retinal alterations in PD and their association to clinical and SNc iron-related imaging metrics. METHODS Ten PD and 12 control participants (2 eyes each) from an ongoing PD imaging biomarker study underwent enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography evaluation. Choroidal (vascular) thickness and nerve layers were measured in 4 subregions [superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal] and at 3 foveal distances (1, 1.5, and 3 mm). These metrics were compared between PD and control groups. For significantly different metrics, their associations with clinical [levodopa equivalent daily dosage (LEDD), motor and visuospatial function] and SNc susceptibility MRI metrics [R2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)] were explored. RESULTS Compared to control participants, PD participants had a thicker choroid (p = 0.005), but no changes in nerve layers. Higher mean choroidal thickness was associated with lower LEDD (p < 0.01) and better visuospatial function (p < 0.05). Subregion analyses revealed higher choroidal thickness correlated with lower LEDD and better motor and visuospatial measures. Higher mean choroidal thickness also was associated with lower nigral iron MRI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION A small cohort of PD research participants displayed higher choroidal thickness that was related to better clinical performance and less nigral pathology. These intriguing findings warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Brown
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Mona L. Camacci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sean D. Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Grillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James V. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Douglas A. Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, Temple University-Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah P. Ullah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pittsburgh University School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mechelle M. Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Guangwei Du
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Lan Kong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Sundstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Esther M. Bowie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Temple University-Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kang Y, Kang X, Zhang H, Liu Q, Yang H, Fan W. Gut Microbiota and Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211016217. [PMID: 34053243 PMCID: PMC8165863 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211016217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks the second place among neurodegenerative diseases in terms of its morbidity, which affects 1-2% people aged over 65 years. In addition to genetics, some environmental factors may exert vital parts in PD occurrence as well. At present, more and more studies are conducted to elucidate the association between gut microbial dysbiosis and the incidence of PD. Gut microbial dysbiosis has a certain effect on both the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), which indicates that there is a gut-microbiota-brain axis that induces CNS disorders. Some gut microbial strains are suggested to suppress or weaken the neuroinflammation- and gut-inflammation-immune responses, which suggests the protective and pathogenic effects of certain gut microbial species on PD progression. Therefore, gut microbiome may contain plenty of targets for preventing and managing PD. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may serve as a direct and useful treatment for PD in the future. Nonetheless, there is little available scientific research in this field. The present work reviewed the latest research to examine the association of gut microbiota with PD, and the future prospects of FMT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xing Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongfang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiping Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical
University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Paraoxonase Role in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010011. [PMID: 33374313 PMCID: PMC7824310 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body has biological redox systems capable of preventing or mitigating the damage caused by increased oxidative stress throughout life. One of them are the paraoxonase (PON) enzymes. The PONs genetic cluster is made up of three members (PON1, PON2, PON3) that share a structural homology, located adjacent to chromosome seven. The most studied enzyme is PON1, which is associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL), having paraoxonase, arylesterase and lactonase activities. Due to these characteristics, the enzyme PON1 has been associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we update the knowledge about the association of PON enzymes and their polymorphisms and the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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237
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Sheng YY, Xiang J, Wang ZS, Jin J, Wang YQ, Li QS, Li D, Fang ZT, Lu JL, Ye JH, Liang YR, Zheng XQ. Theacrine From Camellia kucha and Its Health Beneficial Effects. Front Nutr 2020; 7:596823. [PMID: 33392238 PMCID: PMC7773691 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.596823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theacrine, i.e., 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid, is one of the major purine alkaloids found in leaf of a wild tea plant species Camellia kucha Hung T. Chang. Theacrine has been attracted great attentions academically owing to its diverse health benefits. Present review examines the advances in the research on the health beneficial effects of theacrine, including antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory effect, locomotor activation and reducing fatigue effects, improving cognitive effect, hypnotic effect, ameliorating lipid metabolism and inhibiting breast cancer cell metastasis effect. The inconsistent results in this research field and further expectations were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yue Sheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Shi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Qi Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Sheng Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da Li
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou-Tao Fang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Liang Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Rong Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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238
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Hypomania, Depression, Euthymia: New Evidence in Parkinson's Disease. Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:5139237. [PMID: 33294055 PMCID: PMC7718041 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5139237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The field related to mood disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) is fragmented. The aim of this cohort observational study was to evaluate whether the episodes of mood alteration could appear in different disease stages and to verify how nonmotor symptoms were led off into different stages. We enrolled 93 PD outpatients (three groups: drug naive—DN; not exhibiting motor fluctuations—n-MF; and exhibiting motor fluctuations—MF) and 50 healthy controls. Mood state was assessed through the Internal State Scale (ISS) while depressive symptoms were evaluated through the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), nonmotor symptoms by means of the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), and the presence of impulse control disorders (ICDs) with the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (QUIP). Clinical and pharmacological data have also been recorded. No significant differences in mood state distribution between groups were observed. Nevertheless, as regards the mood state distribution within groups, in n-MF (47.6%) and MF patients (50%), (hypo)mania presence was significantly higher than other symptoms. In DN patients, hypomania showed a prevalence of 38.1% although it was not significant. At least one ICD was reported in 29.3% of n-MF and 50% of MF patients. In the MF group, a moderate positive correlation between ISS ACTivation subscale scores and the presence of ICDs and compulsive medication use emerged. Finally, MF patients reported higher BDI-II total scores than DN. Our results show that mood alterations in PD, considering both depressive symptoms and mood elevation, are related to the advanced stages of the disease as well as the presence of ICDs, and dopaminergic therapy would not always be able to restore a normal mood condition.
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Dankyi BO, Amponsah SK, Allotey-Babington GL, Adams I, Goode NA, Nettey H. Chitosan-Coated Hydroxypropylmethyl Cellulose Microparticles of Levodopa (and Carbidopa): In Vitro and Rat Model Kinetic Characteristics. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2020; 93:100612. [PMID: 33296447 PMCID: PMC7695871 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, and a major cause of disability. Levodopa, a prodrug of dopamine, remains the gold standard in the pharmacological management of Parkinson's disease. Despite several attempts to improve the clinical efficacy of levodopa, new oral levodopa formulations are needed to overcome irregular absorption and variable plasma concentrations. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo kinetic properties of chitosan-coated hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose microparticles of levodopa (and carbidopa). Methods Microparticles were formulated by encapsulating levodopa powder in chitosan-coated hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose using the spray-drying method. Levodopa microparticles were evaluated for size, zeta potential, drug loading capacity, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release. In evaluating in vivo pharmacokinetics, Sprague Dawley rats were administered either levodopa/carbidopa powder, levodopa/carbidopa microparticles, or Sinemet CR (a controlled release formulation of levodopa/carbidopa). The dose of respective formulations administered was 20/5 mg/kg; 20 mg levodopa combined with 5 mg carbidopa per kilogram body weight of animals. Treatments were administered via the oral route every 12 hours. Blood samples were collected after predetermined times following the third dose. Plasma was obtained from blood collected, and levodopa levels determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC, and t½ of the various formulations, were estimated. Results The mean (SD) size of levodopa microparticles was 0.5 (0.05) µm with polydispersity index of 0.41 and a zeta potential of 10.8 mV. Of the expected 20% drug loading, the actual drug loading capacity of levodopa microparticles was found to be 19.1%, giving an encapsulation efficiency of 95.7%. The in vitro release kinetics of levodopa microparticles showed a controlled and sustained release, with about 80% release occurring after 12 hours. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that rats administered levodopa/carbidopa microparticles had greater AUC (612.7 [17.42] ng.h/mL) and higher Cmax (262.4 [38.86] ng/mL) compared with Sinemet CR: AUC 354.7 (98.09) ng.h/mL and Cmax 95.5 (20.87) ng/mL. However, Sinemet CR had a much longer half-life (6.1 [2.58] hours) compared with levodopa/carbidopa microparticles (2.0 [0.31] hours). Conclusions Findings from this study suggest that chitosan-coated hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose microparticles of levodopa/carbidopa may give relatively high levels of levodopa in circulation. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020; 81:XXX–XXX) © 2020 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicta Obenewaa Dankyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth Kwabena Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Ismaila Adams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nana Aboadwe Goode
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Henry Nettey
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Rutsch A, Kantsjö JB, Ronchi F. The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:604179. [PMID: 33362788 PMCID: PMC7758428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut microbial alteration, also known as dysbiosis, is a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs. Recently it became evident that the intestinal bacteria can affect the central nervous system (CNS) physiology and inflammation. The nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract are communicating through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and bacterial metabolites and products. During dysbiosis, these pathways are dysregulated and associated with altered permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neuroinflammation. However, numerous mechanisms behind the impact of the gut microbiota in neuro-development and -pathogenesis remain poorly understood. There are several immune pathways involved in CNS homeostasis and inflammation. Among those, the inflammasome pathway has been linked to neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, but also anxiety and depressive-like disorders. The inflammasome complex assembles upon cell activation due to exposure to microbes, danger signals, or stress and lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and interleukin-18) and to pyroptosis. Evidences suggest that there is a reciprocal influence of microbiota and inflammasome activation in the brain. However, how this influence is precisely working is yet to be discovered. Herein, we discuss the status of the knowledge and the open questions in the field focusing on the function of intestinal microbial metabolites or products on CNS cells during healthy and inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and also neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, we focus on the innate inflammasome pathway as immune mechanism that can be involved in several of these conditions, upon exposure to certain microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesca Ronchi
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Research, Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Changes in Step Characteristics Over a Known Outdoor Surface Transition: The Effect of Parkinson Disease. J Appl Biomech 2020; 37:59-65. [PMID: 33285513 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The factors that contribute to the difficulties persons with Parkinson Disease (PwPD) have when negotiating transitions in walking surfaces are not completely known. The authors investigated if PwPD adjusted their step characteristics when negotiating a familiar outdoor surface transition between synthetic concrete and synthetic turf. Force plate and motion capture data were collected for 10 participants with mild to moderate Parkinson disease and 5 healthy older control participants ambulating bidirectionally across the transition between synthetic concrete and synthetic turf. Between groups, PwPD had a significantly higher minimum toe clearance (P = .007) for both directions of travel compared with the healthy control group. Within groups, PwPD significantly increased their hip (P < .001) and ankle (P = .016) range of motion walking from concrete to turf, while the healthy control participants significantly increased their minimum toe clearance (P = .013), margin of stability (P = .019), hip (P < .001) and ankle (P = .038) range of motion, and step length (P < .001). Walking from turf to concrete, both the Parkinson disease group (P = .014) and the healthy control group (P < .001) increased their knee range of motion. Both groups adjusted their step characteristics when negotiating known surface transitions, indicating that surface transitions result in step changes regardless of health status. However, PwPD exhibited overcompensations, particularly in their minimum toe clearance.
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242
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Amplitude and velocity dependence of patellar pendulum triggered by T reflex in Parkinson's rigidity. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:3257-3266. [PMID: 33247322 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relation between increase of tonus and joint movement velocity is controversial in Parkinson's rigidity. It is accepted that the increase of tonus in rigidity is constant during joint movement, and does not change within all limits of movement. However, there is thoughtful evidence that the change in tonus in rigidity has a correlation with joint movement velocity and amplitude of movement. The pendulum movement that is formed by triggering of the patellar T reflex allows the examination of phasic stretching reflexes and physiological changes of passive stretching. Therefore, the velocity and amplitude properties of tonus in Parkinson's rigidity can be scanned together. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patellar T reflex-triggered patellar pendulum was recorded in 40 Parkinson's patients. The velocity and amplitude changes in the pendulum were observed according to the rigidity scale. Muscle action potentials were recorded from the rectus femoris muscle and biceps femoris muscles simultaneously via superficial recording electrodes. Knee joint angle changes were recorded with a goniometer. The kinesiological and electromyographic features were compared with those of the control subjects. RESULTS The number of pendulums decreased significantly, the angle of joint movement decreased, the peak time decreased and the angular velocity slowed down significantly in the Parkinson's group. While the latency of the patellar T reflex did not change significantly, its amplitude decreased, and the onset time of joint movement measured by accelerometer was prolonged. CONCLUSIONS Parkinson's rigidity has a velocity-dependent component, and this correlates negatively with the rigidity scale.
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Rahnemayan S, Mirghafourvand M, Fathalizadeh A, Faramarzi E, Reyhanifard A, Mahmoodpoor A, Sanaie S. Leptin levels in patients with Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 41:104-109. [PMID: 33487251 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The exact mechanism of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not fully understood yet, but it is suggested that inflammation is one of its contributing factors. Among several inflammatory factors, adipokines, especially leptin may have a great role in this mechanism; since it is not only causing inflammation, but it can also play other roles in the body that may contribute to the symptoms described for PD. Regarding the contradictions in the association of serum leptin levels with Parkinson's disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to have a more accurate estimation of this relationship. METHODS Published literature was obtained by searching PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Ovid, ProQuest and Google Scholar. Random-effect model analysis was used to calculate pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was tested with the heterogeneity statistic Q and quantified using I2. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the study quality. RESULTS Six studies including a total number of 198 PD patients and 182 controls were finally included in the meta-analysis. Serum leptin levels in PD patients were non-significantly lower than those in control group (SMD = -0.40 ng/ml, 95% CI -2.33-1.53). Subgroup analyses revealed that serum leptin levels of PD patients and controls in either females or males didn't show any significant difference. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that leptin level doesn't show any significant difference between PD patients and healthy controls, even when taking the participants' gender into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Rahnemayan
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mirghafourvand
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Midwifery Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Fathalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Faramarzi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Anita Reyhanifard
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Baez S, Herrera E, Trujillo C, Cardona JF, Diazgranados JA, Pino M, Santamaría-García H, Ibáñez A, García AM. Classifying Parkinson's Disease Patients With Syntactic and Socio-emotional Verbal Measures. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:586233. [PMID: 33328964 PMCID: PMC7719774 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.586233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontostriatal disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by progressive disruption of cortico-subcortical dopaminergic loops involved in diverse higher-order domains, including language. Indeed, syntactic and emotional language tasks have emerged as potential biomarkers of frontostriatal disturbances. However, relevant studies and models have typically considered these linguistic dimensions in isolation, overlooking the potential advantages of targeting multidimensional markers. Here, we examined whether patient classification can be improved through the joint assessment of both dimensions using sentential stimuli. We evaluated 31 early PD patients and 24 healthy controls via two syntactic measures (functional-role assignment, parsing of long-distance dependencies) and a verbal task tapping social emotions (envy, Schadenfreude) and compared their classification accuracy when analyzed in isolation and in combination. Complementarily, we replicated our approach to discriminate between patients on and off medication. Results showed that specific measures of each dimension were selectively impaired in PD. In particular, joint analysis of outcomes in functional-role assignment and Schadenfreude improved the classification accuracy of patients and controls, irrespective of their overall cognitive and affective state. These results suggest that multidimensional linguistic assessments may better capture the complexity and multi-functional impact of frontostriatal disruptions, highlighting their potential contributions in the ongoing quest for sensitive markers of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Baez
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eduar Herrera
- Departamento de Estudios Psicológicos, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Juan F. Cardona
- Instituto de Psicología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Mariana Pino
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Hernando Santamaría-García
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición, Intellectus-Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Psychiatry-Physiology and Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adolfo M. García
- Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
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245
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Ferroptosis Mechanisms Involved in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228765. [PMID: 33233496 PMCID: PMC7699575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that was described less than a decade ago. It is caused by the excess of free intracellular iron that leads to lipid (hydro) peroxidation. Iron is essential as a redox metal in several physiological functions. The brain is one of the organs known to be affected by iron homeostatic balance disruption. Since the 1960s, increased concentration of iron in the central nervous system has been associated with oxidative stress, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and cell death. Here, we review the main mechanisms involved in the process of ferroptosis such as lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase 4 enzyme activity, and iron metabolism. Moreover, the association of ferroptosis with the pathophysiology of some neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, has also been addressed.
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246
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Liu Z, Cheung HH. Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218060. [PMID: 33137927 PMCID: PMC7663462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurological movement disorder resulting primarily from damage to and degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. The pathway consists of neural populations in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum of the brain where they release dopamine. Diagnosis of PD is based on the presence of impaired motor features such as asymmetric or unilateral resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. Nonmotor features including cognitive impairment, sleep disorders, and autonomic dysfunction are also present. No cure for PD has been discovered, and treatment strategies focus on symptomatic management through restoration of dopaminergic activity. However, proposed cell replacement therapies are promising because midbrain dopaminergic neurons have been shown to restore dopaminergic neurotransmission and functionally rescue the dopamine-depleted striatum. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD and discuss the development of new therapeutic strategies that have led to the initiation of exploratory clinical trials. We focus on the applications of stem cells for the treatment of PD and discuss how stem cell research has contributed to an understanding of PD, predicted the efficacy of novel neuroprotective therapeutics, and highlighted what we believe to be the critical areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Hoi-Hung Cheung
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education (Shenzhen Base), Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence:
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247
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Abdel-Sattar E, Mahrous EA, Thabet MM, Elnaggar DMY, Youssef AM, Elhawary R, Zaitone SA, Celia Rodríguez-Pérez, Segura-Carretero A, Mekky RH. Methanolic extracts of a selected Egyptian Vicia faba cultivar mitigate the oxidative/inflammatory burden and afford neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:221-235. [PMID: 33118083 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vicia faba L. is a legume from the family Fabaceae. Ancient Egyptians consumed fava beans thousands of years ago and they are still one of the most popular foods in Egypt. The current study examined the anti-Parkinson effect of 80% methanolic extracts of seeds or sprouts of the fava 'Sakha 3 'cultivar which has been selected based on the total phenol content among three cultivars tested. In addition, the extracts were characterized by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS). Three doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) of 80% methanol extracts of seeds or sprouts of the Sakha 3 cultivar were evaluated in rotenone-Parkinsonian mice from behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological aspects. The extract of fava sprouts (600 mg/kg dose) showed the most beneficial effect. It improved motor activity, enhanced striatal dopamine level, and decreased the striatal malondialdehyde, as well as the expression of the inflammatory markers, compared with the rotenone control group and groups receiving lower therapeutic doses of the extracts or L-Dopa. In addition, these findings were supported by a histopathological investigation which indicated that mice treated with the 600-mg/kg dose of the sprout extract showed a low number of degenerated neurons. The application of RP-HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS and mass/mass spectroscopy enabled the metabolic profiling of the sprouts and seeds of the 'Sakha 3' cultivar. It is obvious that germination increased the amounts of phenolic acids, saponins, and aromatic amino acids, together with a dramatic increase in flavonoids. In conclusion, the 80% methanolic extract of sprouts of the fava "Sakha 3" cultivar may be a promising candidate for treating Parkinsonism if appropriate safety data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Engy A Mahrous
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mareena M Thabet
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt
| | - Dina M Yousry Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt
| | - Amal M Youssef
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Reda Elhawary
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Pérez
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, AvenidaFuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, AvenidaFuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Reham Hassan Mekky
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Egypt.,Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregiόn Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento S/N, 18016, Granada, Spain
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248
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Zhang X, Zhou J, Gu Z, Zhang H, Gong Q, Luo K. Advances in nanomedicines for diagnosis of central nervous system disorders. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120492. [PMID: 33153757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of a great improvement in medical health services and an increase in lifespan, we have witnessed a skyrocket increase in the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease), ischemic stroke, and epilepsy, which have seriously undermined the quality of life and substantially increased economic and societal burdens. Development of diagnostic methods for CNS disorders is still in the early stage, and the clinical outcomes suggest these methods are not ready for the challenges associated with diagnosis of CNS disorders, such as early detection, specific binding, sharp contrast, and continuous monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Another challenge is to overcome various barrier structures during delivery of diagnostic agents, especially the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Fortunately, utilization of nanomaterials has been pursued as a potential and promising strategy to address these challenges. This review will discuss anatomical and functional structures of BBB and transport mechanisms of nanomaterials across the BBB, and special emphases will be placed on the state-of-the-art advances in the development of nanomedicines from a variety of nanomaterials for diagnosis of CNS disorders. Meanwhile, current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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249
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Functional validation of a human GLUD2 variant in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:897. [PMID: 33093440 PMCID: PMC7582183 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by Lewy body formation and progressive dopaminergic neuron death in the substantia nigra (SN). Genetic susceptibility is a strong risk factor for PD. Previously, a rare gain-of-function variant of GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase (T1492G) was reported to be associated with early onset in male PD patients; however, the function and underlying mechanism of this variant remains elusive. In the present study, we generated adeno-associated virus expressing GLUD2 and its mutant under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promotor and injected the virus into the SN pars compacta of either untreated mice or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model mice. Our results demonstrate that GLUD2 mutation in MPTP-induced PD mice exacerbates movement deficits and nigral dopaminergic neuron death and reduces glutamate transporters expression and function. Using GC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics, we determined that GLUD2 mutation damages mitochondrial function by decreasing succinate dehydrogenase activity to impede the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the SN of MPTP-induced PD mice. Accordingly, GLUD2 mutant mice had reduced energy metabolism and increased apoptosis, possibly due to downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling in in vitro and in vivo PD models. Collectively, our findings verify the function of GLUD2 in PD and unravel a mechanism by which a genetic variant in human GLUD2 may contribute to disease onset.
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250
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Klann E, Tagliamonte MS, Ukhanova M, Mai V, Vedam-Mai V. Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Parkinsonian Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3267-3276. [PMID: 32941730 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immunity is thought to be dysregulated in Parkinson's disease (PD) and may provide an avenue for novel immunotherapeutic interventions. Gut microbiota is a potential factor for modulating immunotherapy response. Considering the possibly complex role of the gut-brain axis in PD, we used a preclinical model to determine the effects of gut microbiota dynamics in mice receiving an immunotherapeutic intervention compared to controls. A total of 17 M83 heterozygous transgenic mice were used in this study. Mice in the treatment arm (N = 10) received adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) by injection, and control mice (N = 7) were injected with saline at 8 weeks of age. All mice received peripheral α-syn fibrils to hasten parkinsonian symptoms via an intramuscular injection 1 week later (9 weeks of age; baseline). Fecal pellets were collected from all mice at three time points postinjection (baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks). DNA from each stool sample was extracted, and 16S rDNA was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed using QIIME2 and RStudio. Differences in the relative abundance of bacterial taxa were observed over time between groups. No significant differences in alpha diversity were found between groups at any time point. UniFrac measures of phylogenetic distance between samples demonstrated distinct clustering between groups postbaseline (p = 0.002). These differences suggest that the gut microbiome may be capable of influencing immunotherapy outcomes. Conclusively, we observed distinctly different microbiota dynamics in treated mice compared to those in the control group. These results suggest a correlation between the gut-brain axis, PD pathology, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Klann
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Maria Ukhanova
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Volker Mai
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Vinata Vedam-Mai
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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