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Antifungal Activity of Commercial Essential Oils and Biocides against Candida Albicans. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7010015. [PMID: 29370147 PMCID: PMC5874741 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of oral candidosis, most frequently caused by Candida albicans, is limited due to the relatively low number of antifungal drugs and the emergence of antifungal tolerance. In this study, the antifungal activity of a range of commercial essential oils, two terpenes, chlorhexidine and triclosan was evaluated against C. albicans in planktonic and biofilm form. In addition, cytotoxicity of the most promising compounds was assessed using murine fibroblasts and expressed as half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Antifungal activity was determined using a broth microdilution assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established against planktonic cells cultured in a range of concentrations of the test agents. The minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) was determined by measuring re-growth of cells after pre-formed biofilm was treated for 24 h with the test agents. All tested commercial essential oils demonstrated anticandidal activity (MICs from 0.06% (v/v) to 0.4% (v/v)) against planktonic cultures, with a noticeable increase in resistance exhibited by biofilms (MBECs > 1.5% (v/v)). The IC50s of the commercial essential oils were lower than the MICs, while a one hour application of chlorhexidine was not cytotoxic at concentrations lower than the MIC. In conclusion, the tested commercial essential oils exhibit potential as therapeutic agents against C. albicans, although host cell cytotoxicity is a consideration when developing these new treatments.
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Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Rizzetto L, Tocci N, De Filippo C, Lionetti P, Ardizzoni A, Colombari B, Paulone S, Gut IG, Berná L, Gut M, Blanc J, Kapushesky M, Pericolini E, Blasi E, Peppoloni S. Genomic and Phenotypic Variation in Morphogenetic Networks of Two Candida albicans Isolates Subtends Their Different Pathogenic Potential. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1997. [PMID: 29403478 PMCID: PMC5780349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from commensalism to pathogenicity of Candida albicans reflects both the host inability to mount specific immune responses and the microorganism’s dimorphic switch efficiency. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing and microarray analysis to investigate the genomic determinants of the phenotypic changes observed in two C. albicans clinical isolates (YL1 and YQ2). In vitro experiments employing epithelial, microglial, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were thus used to evaluate C. albicans isolates interaction with first line host defenses, measuring adhesion, susceptibility to phagocytosis, and induction of secretory responses. Moreover, a murine model of peritoneal infection was used to compare the in vivo pathogenic potential of the two isolates. Genome sequence and gene expression analysis of C. albicans YL1 and YQ2 showed significant changes in cellular pathways involved in environmental stress response, adhesion, filamentous growth, invasiveness, and dimorphic transition. This was in accordance with the observed marked phenotypic differences in biofilm production, dimorphic switch efficiency, cell adhesion, invasion, and survival to phagocyte-mediated host defenses. The mutations in key regulators of the hyphal growth pathway in the more virulent strain corresponded to an overall greater number of budding yeast cells released. Compared to YQ2, YL1 consistently showed enhanced pathogenic potential, since in vitro, it was less susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells and more efficient in invading epithelial cells, while in vivo YL1 was more effective than YQ2 in recruiting inflammatory cells, eliciting IL-1β response and eluding phagocytic cells. Overall, these results indicate an unexpected isolate-specific variation in pathways important for host invasion and colonization, showing how the genetic background of C. albicans may greatly affect its behavior both in vitro and in vivo. Based on this approach, we propose that the co-occurrence of changes in sequence and expression in genes and pathways driving dimorphic transition and pathogenicity reflects a selective balance between traits favoring dissemination of the pathogen and traits involved in host defense evasion. This study highlights the importance of investigating strain-level, rather than species level, differences, when determining fungal–host interactions and defining commensal or pathogen behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duccio Cavalieri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Rizzetto
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Noemi Tocci
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Ardizzoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Bruna Colombari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Paulone
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ivo G Gut
- Centro Nacional de Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Berná
- Unidad de Biologia Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julie Blanc
- Centro Nacional de Anàlisi Genòmica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Misha Kapushesky
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Samuele Peppoloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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203
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Limban C, Missir AV, Caproiu MT, Grumezescu AM, Chifiriuc MC, Bleotu C, Marutescu L, Papacocea MT, Nuta DC. Novel Hybrid Formulations Based on Thiourea Derivatives and Core@Shell Fe₃O₄@C 18 Nanostructures for the Development of Antifungal Strategies. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8010047. [PMID: 29342119 PMCID: PMC5791134 DOI: 10.3390/nano8010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The continuously increasing global impact of fungal infections is requiring the rapid development of novel antifungal agents. Due to their multiple pharmacological activities, thiourea derivatives represent privileged candidates for shaping new drugs. We report here the preparation, physico-chemical characterization and bioevaluation of hybrid nanosystems based on new 2-((4-chlorophenoxy)methyl)-N-(substituted phenylcarbamo-thioyl)benzamides and Fe3O4@C18 core@shell nanoparticles. The new benzamides were prepared by an efficient method, then their structure was confirmed by spectral studies and elemental analysis and they were further loaded on Fe3O4@C18 nanostructures. Both the obtained benzamides and the resulting hybrid nanosystems were tested for their efficiency against planktonic and adherent fungal cells, as well as for their in vitro biocompatibility, using mesenchymal cells. The antibiofilm activity of the obtained benzamides was dependent on the position and nature of substituents, demonstrating that structure modulation could be a very useful approach to enhance their antimicrobial properties. The hybrid nanosystems have shown an increased efficiency in preventing the development of Candida albicans (C. albicans) biofilms and moreover, they exhibited a good biocompatibility, suggesting that Fe3O4@C18core@shell nanoparticles could represent promising nanocarriers for antifungal substances, paving the way to the development of novel effective strategies with prophylactic and therapeutic value for fighting biofilm associated C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Limban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Vasile Missir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Miron Teodor Caproiu
- The Organic Chemistry Center of Romanian Academy "Costin D. Nenitescu" Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei, 202B, 77208 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 91-95, R-76201 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan Nicolau Institute of Virology, 030304 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Luminita Marutescu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 91-95, R-76201 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marius Toma Papacocea
- Department of Neurosurgery, "Sf. Pantelimon," Emergency Hospital, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 021659 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Diana Camelia Nuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
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204
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Zheng S, Chang W, Zhang M, Shi H, Lou H. Chiloscyphenol A derived from Chinese liverworts exerts fungicidal action by eliciting both mitochondrial dysfunction and plasma membrane destruction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:326. [PMID: 29321629 PMCID: PMC5762906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the antifungal effects of chiloscyphenol A (CA), a natural small molecule isolated from Chinese liverworts, and investigate its mode of action. CA was effective against five tested Candida species with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8-32 μg/ml and exhibited fungicidal activity against Candida albicans in both the planktonic state and mature biofilms. The in vivo study using Caenorhabditis elegans showed that CA prolonged the survival of C. albicans infected worms. Further investigations revealed that CA resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction as indicated by mtΔψ hyperpolarization, increased ATP production and intracellular ROS accumulation, and aggregated distribution of Tom70. In addition, CA caused perturbation of the cell membrane and increased membrane permeability, as demonstrated by specific staining and confocal microscopic and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and by calcein-leakage measurements. This conclusion was further confirmed by the decreased cell size of CA-treated cells via three-dimensional contour-plot analysis using flow cytometry. Taken together, these results suggest that CA exerts fungicidal activity by eliciting both mitochondrial dysfunction and plasma membrane destruction in C. albicans. The elucidated mechanism supports the potential application of CA against clinical fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zheng
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenqiang Chang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongzhuo Shi
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
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205
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Kernien JF, Snarr BD, Sheppard DC, Nett JE. The Interface between Fungal Biofilms and Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1968. [PMID: 29375581 PMCID: PMC5767580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal biofilms are communities of adherent cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. These biofilms are commonly found during infection caused by a variety of fungal pathogens. Clinically, biofilm infections can be extremely difficult to eradicate due to their resistance to antifungals and host defenses. Biofilm formation can protect fungal pathogens from many aspects of the innate immune system, including killing by neutrophils and monocytes. Altered immune recognition during this phase of growth is also evident by changes in the cytokine profiles of monocytes and macrophages exposed to biofilm. In this manuscript, we review the host response to fungal biofilms, focusing on how these structures are recognized by the innate immune system. Biofilms formed by Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus have received the most attention and are highlighted. We describe common themes involved in the resilience of fungal biofilms to host immunity and give examples of biofilm defenses that are pathogen-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Kernien
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brendan D Snarr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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206
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Rai LS, Singha R, Brahma P, Sanyal K. Epigenetic determinants of phenotypic plasticity in Candida albicans. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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207
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Kim SR, Yeon KM. Quorum Sensing as Language of Chemical Signals. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUORUM SENSING, ANALYTICAL METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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208
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Pathogenicity Testing of Clinical Candida Isolates by Assesing Biofilm Formation and their Adhesion to Urinary Catheter Material. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.4.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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209
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Pentland DR, Piper-Brown E, Mühlschlegel FA, Gourlay CW. Ras signalling in pathogenic yeasts. MICROBIAL CELL 2017; 5:63-73. [PMID: 29417055 PMCID: PMC5798406 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.02.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPase Ras acts as a master regulator of growth, stress response and cell death in eukaryotic cells. The control of Ras activity is fundamental, as highlighted by the oncogenic properties of constitutive forms of Ras proteins. Ras also plays a crucial role in the pathogenicity of fungal pathogens where it has been found to regulate a number of adaptions required for virulence. The importance of Ras in fungal disease raises the possibility that it may provide a useful target for the development of new treatments at a time when resistance to available antifungals is increasing. New findings suggest that important regulatory sequences found within fungal Ras proteins that are not conserved may prove useful in the development of new antifungals. Here we review the roles of Ras protein function and signalling in the major human yeast pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans and discuss the potential for targeting Ras as a novel approach to anti-fungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Pentland
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NJ
| | - Elliot Piper-Brown
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NJ
| | - Fritz A Mühlschlegel
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NJ.,Laboratoire national de santé, 1, Rue Louis Rech, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Campbell W Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, CT2 7NJ
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210
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Liposomal and Deoxycholate Amphotericin B Formulations: Effectiveness against Biofilm Infections of Candida spp. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6040062. [PMID: 29194382 PMCID: PMC5750586 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: candidiasis is the primary fungal infection encountered in patients undergoing prolonged hospitalization, and the fourth leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. One of the most important Candida spp. virulence factors is the ability to form biofilms, which are extremely refractory to antimicrobial therapy and very difficult to treat with the traditional antifungal therapies. It is known that the prophylaxis or treatment of a systemic candidiasis are recurrently taken without considering the possibility of a Candida spp. biofilm-related infections. Therefore, it is important to assess the effectiveness of the available drugs and which formulations have the best performance in these specific infections. Methods: 24-h-biofilms of four Candida spp. and their response to two amphotericin B (AmB) pharmaceutical formulations (liposomal and deoxycholate) were evaluated. Results: generally, Candida glabrata was the less susceptible yeast species to both AmBs. MBECs revealed that it is therapeutically more appealing to use AmB-L than AmB-Deox for all Candida spp. biofilms, since none of the determined concentrations of AmB-L reached 10% of the maximum daily dose, but both formulations showed a very good capacity in the biomass reduction. Conclusions: the liposomal formulation presents better performance in the eradication of the biofilm cells for all the species in comparison with the deoxycholate formulation.
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211
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Caspofungin on ARGET-ATRP grafted PHEMA polymers: Enhancement and selectivity of prevention of attachment ofCandida albicans. Biointerphases 2017; 12:05G602. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4986054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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212
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Ascione C, Sala A, Mazaheri-Tehrani E, Paulone S, Palmieri B, Blasi E, Cermelli C. Herpes simplex virus-1 entrapped in Candida albicans biofilm displays decreased sensitivity to antivirals and UVA1 laser treatment. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:72. [PMID: 29137671 PMCID: PMC5686830 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we published data suggesting a mutualistic relationship between HSV-1 and Candida. albicans; in particular: (a) HSV-1 infected macrophages are inhibited in their anti-Candida effector function and (b) Candida biofilm protects HSV-1 from inactivation. The present in vitro study is aimed at testing the effects of Candida biofilm on HSV-1 sensitivity to pharmacological and physical stress, such as antiviral drugs (acyclovir and foscarnet) and laser UVA1 irradiation. We also investigated whether fungus growth pattern, either sessile or planktonic, influences HSV-1 sensitivity to antivirals. METHODS Mature Candida biofilms were exposed to HSV-1 and then irradiated with laser light (UVA1, 355 λ). In another set of experiments, mature Candida biofilm were co-cultured with HSV-1 infected VERO cells in the presence of different concentrations of acyclovir or foscarnet. In both protocols, controls unexposed to laser or drugs were included. The viral yield of treated and untreated samples was evaluated by end-point titration. To evaluate whether this protective effect might occur in relation with a different growth pattern, HSV-1 infected cells were co-cultured with either sessile or planktonic forms of Candida and then assessed for susceptibility to antiviral drugs. RESULTS UVA1 irradiation caused a 2 Log reduction of virus yield in the control cultures whereas the reduction was only 1 Log with Candida biofilm, regardless to the laser dose applied to the experimental samples (50 or 100 J/cm2). The presence of biofilm increased the IC90 from 18.4-25.6 J/cm2. Acyclovir caused a 2.3 Log reduction of virus yield in the control cultures whereas with Candida biofilm the reduction was only 0.5 Log; foscarnet determined a reduction of 1.4 Log in the controls and 0.2 Log in biofilm cultures. Consequently, the ICs50 for acyclovir and foscarnet increased by 4- and 12-folds, respectively, compared to controls. When HSV-1 was exposed to either sessile or planktonic fungal cells, the antiviral treatments caused approximately the same weak reduction of virus yield. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that: (1) HSV-1 encompassed in Candida biofilm is protected from inactivation by physical (laser) and pharmacological (acyclovir or foscarnet) treatments; (2) the drug antiviral activity is reduced at a similar extent for both sessile or planktonic Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Ascione
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 87, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Arianna Sala
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 87, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Elham Mazaheri-Tehrani
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simona Paulone
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 87, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Via del Pozzo 87, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 87, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Cermelli
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinic and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 87, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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213
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Fais R, Di Luca M, Rizzato C, Morici P, Bottai D, Tavanti A, Lupetti A. The N-Terminus of Human Lactoferrin Displays Anti-biofilm Activity on Candida parapsilosis in Lumen Catheters. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2218. [PMID: 29180990 PMCID: PMC5693879 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is a major cause of hospital-acquired infection, often related to parenteral nutrition administered via catheters and hand colonization of health care workers, and its peculiar biofilm formation ability on plastic surfaces. The mortality rate of 30% points to the pressing need for new antifungal drugs. The present study aimed at analyzing the inhibitory activity of the N-terminal lactoferrin-derived peptide, further referred to as hLF 1-11, against biofilms produced by clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis characterized for their biofilm forming ability and fluconazole susceptibility. hLF 1-11 anti-biofilm activity was assessed in terms of reduction of biofilm biomass, metabolic activity, and observation of sessile cell morphology on polystyrene microtiter plates and using an in vitro model of catheter-associated C. parapsilosis biofilm production. Moreover, fluctuation in transcription levels of genes related to cell adhesion, hyphal development and extracellular matrix production upon peptide exposure were evaluated by quantitative real time RT-PCR. The results revealed that hLF 1-11 exhibits an inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by all the C. parapsilosis isolates tested, in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of their fluconazole susceptibility. In addition, hLF 1-11 induced a statistically significant dose-dependent reduction of preformed-biofilm cellular density and metabolic activity at high peptide concentrations only. Interestingly, when assessed in a catheter lumen, hLF 1-11 was able to induce a 2-log reduction of sessile cell viability at both the peptide concentrations used in RPMI diluted in NaPB. A more pronounced anti-biofilm effect was observed (3.5-log reduction) when a 10% glucose solution was used as experimental condition on both early and preformed C. parapsilosis biofilm. Quantitative real time RT-PCR experiments confirmed that hLF 1-11 down-regulates key biofilm related genes. The overall findings suggest hLF 1-11 as a promising candidate for the prevention of C. parapsilosis biofilm formation and to treatment of mature catheter-related C. parapsilosis biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fais
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Di Luca
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité – University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Istituto Nanoscienze-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cosmeri Rizzato
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Morici
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Istituto Nanoscienze-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daria Bottai
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Lupetti
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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214
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Oliveira MACD, Borges AC, Brighenti FL, Salvador MJ, Gontijo AVL, Koga-Ito CY. Cymbopogon citratus essential oil: effect on polymicrobial caries-related biofilm with low cytotoxicity. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e89. [PMID: 29116300 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and its main compound (citral) against primary dental colonizers and caries-related species. Chemical characterization of the essential oil was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), and the main compound was determined. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, S. gordonii, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. sanguinis and S. sobrinus. Minimum inhibitory and bactericide concentrations were determined by broth microdilution assay for streptococci and lactobacilli reference, and for clinical strains. The effect of the essential oil on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation/disruption was investigated. Negative (without treatment) and positive controls (chlorhexidine) were used. The effect of citral on preformed biofilm was also tested using the same methodology. Monospecies and microcosm biofilms were tested. ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used (α=0.05). Cytotoxicity of the essential oil to human keratinocytes was performed by MTT assay. GC/MS demonstrated one major component (citral). The essential oil showed an inhibitory effect on all tested bacterial species, including S. mutans and L. acidophilus. Essential oil of C. citratus (10X MIC) reduced the number of viable cells of lactobacilli and streptococci biofilms (p < 0.05). The essential oil inhibited adhesion of caries-related polymicrobial biofilm to dental enamel (p < 0.01). Citral significantly reduced the number of viable cells of streptococci biofilm (p < 0.001). The essential oil showed low cytotoxicity to human keratinocytes. Based on these findings, this study can contribute to the development of new formulations for products like mouthwash, against dental biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alcionéia Carvalho de Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos , SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Chiodi Borges
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, São José dos Campos , SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Vidal Lacerda Gontijo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, Institute of Biology, Department of Plant Biology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, São José dos Campos , SP, Brazil
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215
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Tan Y, Leonhard M, Schneider-Stickler B. Evaluation of culture conditions for mixed biofilm formation with clinically isolated non- albicans Candida species and Staphylococcus epidermidis on silicone. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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216
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Alves R, Mota S, Silva S, F Rodrigues C, P Brown AJ, Henriques M, Casal M, Paiva S. The carboxylic acid transporters Jen1 and Jen2 affect the architecture and fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilm in the presence of lactate. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:943-954. [PMID: 29094611 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1392514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans has the ability to adapt to different host niches, often glucose-limited but rich in alternative carbon sources. In these glucose-poor microenvironments, this pathogen expresses JEN1 and JEN2 genes, encoding carboxylate transporters, which are important in the early stages of infection. This work investigated how host microenvironments, in particular acidic containing lactic acid, affect C. albicans biofilm formation and antifungal drug resistance. Multiple components of the extracellular matrix were also analysed, including their impact on antifungal drug resistance, and the involvement of both Jen1 and Jen2 in this process. The results show that growth on lactate affects biofilm formation, morphology and susceptibility to fluconazole and that both Jen1 and Jen2 might play a role in these processes. These results support the view that the adaptation of Candida cells to the carbon source present in the host niches affects their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alves
- a Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Sandra Mota
- a Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
- b Centre of Health and Environmental Research, School of Allied Health Sciences , Polytechnic Institute of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- c Centre of Biological Engineering , LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- c Centre of Biological Engineering , LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- d MRC Centre for Medical Mycology , Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen , UK
| | - Mariana Henriques
- c Centre of Biological Engineering , LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Margarida Casal
- a Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Sandra Paiva
- a Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
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217
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Dispersal of single and mixed non-albicans Candida species biofilms by β-1,3-glucanase in vitro. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:342-347. [PMID: 29101060 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
β-1,3-glucan plays a role in non-albicans Candida species biofilm formation and survival of biofilm Candida to stresses. In this study, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of β-1,3-glucanase, which can degrade poly-β(1 → 3)-glucose of non-albicans Candida species biofilms, on single and mixed species biofilm of non-albicans Candida species, including Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei. Biofilm by all tested species in microplate were dispersed more than 60%. β-1,3-glucanase also detached mixed species biofilm in microplate and on medical material surface. β-1,3-glucanase had no effect on Candida planktonic growth as well as adhesion. However, further biofilm formation was inhibited with β-1,3-glucanase added at 24 h after biofilm initiation. β-1,3-glucanase markedly enhanced the antifungal susceptibility of amphotericin B. The examination using confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscope confirmed the antibiofilm activity of β-1,3-glucanase. Our findings demonstrate that β-1,3-glucanase may be useful as an antibiofilm agent.
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218
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Lee KH, Park SJ, Choi SJ, Park JY. Proteus vulgaris and Proteus mirabilis Decrease Candida albicans Biofilm Formation by Suppressing Morphological Transition to Its Hyphal Form. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:1135-1143. [PMID: 29047237 PMCID: PMC5653478 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.6.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Proteus species are causative agents in a variety of opportunistic nosocomial infections, and their ability to form biofilms is known to be a virulence factor. In this study, the influence of co-cultivation with Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) on C. albicans biofilm formation and its underlying mechanisms were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS XTT reduction assays were adopted to measure biofilm formation, and viable colony counts were performed to quantify yeast growth. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the expression of yeast-specific genes (rhd1 and rbe1), filament formation inhibiting genes (tup1 and nrg1), and hyphae-related genes (als3, ece1, hwp1, and sap5). RESULTS Candida biofilm formation was markedly inhibited by treatment with either living or heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis. Proteus-cultured supernatant also inhibited Candida biofilm formation. Likewise, treatment with live P. vulgaris or P. mirabilis or with Proteus-cultured supernatant decreased expression of hyphae-related C. albicans genes, while the expression of yeast-specific genes and the filament formation inhibiting genes of C. albicans were increased. Heat-killed P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis treatment, however, did not affect the expression of C. albicans morphology-related genes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that secretory products from P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis regulate the expression of genes related to morphologic changes in C. albicans such that transition from the yeast form to the hyphal form can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sun Ju Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
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Böhm L, Torsin S, Tint SH, Eckstein MT, Ludwig T, Pérez JC. The yeast form of the fungus Candida albicans promotes persistence in the gut of gnotobiotic mice. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006699. [PMID: 29069103 PMCID: PMC5673237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many microorganisms that cause systemic, life-threatening infections in humans reside as harmless commensals in our digestive tract. Yet little is known about the biology of these microbes in the gut. Here, we visualize the interface between the human commensal and pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and the intestine of mice, a surrogate host. Because the indigenous mouse microbiota restricts C. albicans settlement, we compared the patterns of colonization in the gut of germ free and antibiotic-treated conventionally raised mice. In contrast to the heterogeneous morphologies found in the latter, we establish that in germ free animals the fungus almost uniformly adopts the yeast cell form, a proxy of its commensal state. By screening a collection of C. albicans transcription regulator deletion mutants in gnotobiotic mice, we identify several genes previously unknown to contribute to in vivo fitness. We investigate three of these regulators—ZCF8, ZFU2 and TRY4—and show that indeed they favor the yeast form over other morphologies. Consistent with this finding, we demonstrate that genetically inducing non-yeast cell morphologies is detrimental to the fitness of C. albicans in the gut. Furthermore, the identified regulators promote adherence of the fungus to a surface covered with mucin and to mucus-producing intestinal epithelial cells. In agreement with this result, histology sections indicate that C. albicans dwells in the murine gut in close proximity to the mucus layer. Thus, our findings reveal a set of regulators that endows C. albicans with the ability to endure in the intestine through multiple mechanisms. The very same microbes that cause life-threatening human diseases are often harmless inhabitants on our mucosal surfaces. Yet the hallmarks of this so-called ‘commensal’ state remain underexplored. In this report we investigate the case of Candida albicans, the most prominent fungal species living in the human intestine but also a common cause of deep-seated, fatal infections. Mice carrying their own natural intact flora are not readily colonized by C. albicans implying a fundamental incompatibility between the indigenous mouse microbiota and this fungus. We explore the patterns of colonization of C. albicans in mice completely devoid of other microbes. We show that the fungus adopts its normal commensal morphology in these animals indicating that this experimental system is a suitable proxy to clearly dissect its commensal lifestyle in vivo. Gaining insights into the mechanisms that sustain the commensal features of C. albicans and other microbes is key to understand—and be able to prevent—what goes awry when these microorganisms invade other tissues and cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Böhm
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sanda Torsin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Su Hlaing Tint
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marie Therese Eckstein
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Ludwig
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Christian Pérez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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220
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Fernández-Rivero ME, Del Pozo JL, Ramírez P, Valentín E, Ruiz-Gaitán A, Pemán J, Cantón E. Time-kill assays of amphotericin B plus anidulafungin against Candida tropicalis biofilms formed on two different biomaterials. Int J Artif Organs 2017; 41:0. [PMID: 29048702 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the fungicidal activity by time-killing assays of amphotericin B (AMB) combined with anidulafungin (ANF) against biofilms of 2 clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and the reference strain ATCC® 750, developed on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and titanium, using the CDC Biofilm Reactor (CBR) as an in vitro model. METHODS Biofilms were developed for 24 hours on the disk surfaces and then exposed to AMB (40 mg/L), ANF (8 mg/L), alone and combined. At predetermined time points after drug exposure, biofilms were removed from the disk surface by vortexing-sonication to quantify viable biofilm cells. RESULTS Drug activity was dependent on strain and time. After exposure to AMB, the mean decrease in viable cells attached to PTFE was 2.23 ± 0.89 Log10 cfu/cm2 (range 0.6-3.56 Log10), and on titanium 2.91 ± 1.04 (range 1.49-4.51 Log10). The reduction with ANF was 0.78 ± 0.5 (0.03-1.58 Log10) on PTFE and 0.8 ± 2.26 (0.42-1.16 Log10) on titanium. The reduction obtained with the combination of AMB + ANF was 1.8 ± 1.07 (0.22-3.54 Log10) on PTFE and 1.97 ± 0.49 (1.36-2.84 Log10) on titanium. The interaction was classified as indifferent with a tendency to antagonism. CONCLUSIONS The activity of antifungal agents depends on the biomaterial surfaces the biofilm forming capacity of the isolate. AMB + ANF is less effective than AMB alone on both surfaces. Thus, the combination of these antifungals does not seem to add additional benefits to the treatment of C. tropicalis biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José L Del Pozo
- Severe Infection Research Group, Medical Research Institute La Fe, Valencia - Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinic University of Navarra, Pamplona - Spain
| | - Paula Ramírez
- Department of Critical Care, Hospital La Fe, Valencia - Spain
| | - Eulogio Valentín
- Severe Infection Research Group, Medical Research Institute La Fe, Valencia - Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia - Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz-Gaitán
- Severe Infection Research Group, Medical Research Institute La Fe, Valencia - Spain
| | - Javier Pemán
- Severe Infection Research Group, Medical Research Institute La Fe, Valencia - Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital La Fe, Valencia - Spain
| | - Emilia Cantón
- Severe Infection Research Group, Medical Research Institute La Fe, Valencia - Spain
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221
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Zuza-Alves DL, Silva-Rocha WP, Chaves GM. An Update on Candida tropicalis Based on Basic and Clinical Approaches. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1927. [PMID: 29081766 PMCID: PMC5645804 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida tropicalis has emerged as one of the most important Candida species. It has been widely considered the second most virulent Candida species, only preceded by C. albicans. Besides, this species has been recognized as a very strong biofilm producer, surpassing C. albicans in most of the studies. In addition, it produces a wide range of other virulence factors, including: adhesion to buccal epithelial and endothelial cells; the secretion of lytic enzymes, such as proteinases, phospholipases, and hemolysins, bud-to-hyphae transition (also called morphogenesis) and the phenomenon called phenotypic switching. This is a species very closely related to C. albicans and has been easily identified with both phenotypic and molecular methods. In addition, no cryptic sibling species were yet described in the literature, what is contradictory to some other medically important Candida species. C. tropicalis is a clinically relevant species and may be the second or third etiological agent of candidemia, specifically in Latin American countries and Asia. Antifungal resistance to the azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins has already been described. Apart from all these characteristics, C. tropicalis has been considered an osmotolerant microorganism and this ability to survive to high salt concentration may be important for fungal persistence in saline environments. This physiological characteristic makes this species suitable for use in biotechnology processes. Here we describe an update of C. tropicalis, focusing on all these previously mentioned subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guilherme M. Chaves
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Mycology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Abstract
Candida albicans is among the most prevalent fungal species of the human microbiota and asymptomatically colonizes healthy individuals. However, it is also an opportunistic pathogen that can cause severe, and often fatal, bloodstream infections. The medical impact of C. albicans typically depends on its ability to form biofilms, which are closely packed communities of cells that attach to surfaces, such as tissues and implanted medical devices. In this Review, we provide an overview of the processes involved in the formation of C. albicans biofilms and discuss the core transcriptional network that regulates biofilm development. We also consider some of the advantages that biofilms provide to C. albicans in comparison with planktonic growth and explore polymicrobial biofilms that are formed by C. albicans and certain bacterial species.
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223
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Tian B, Yan Q, Wang J, Ding C, Sai S. Enhanced antifungal activity of voriconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers against Candida albicans with a dimorphic switching model. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:7131-7141. [PMID: 29026306 PMCID: PMC5627732 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s145695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida commonly adheres to implanted medical devices and forms biofilms. Due to the minimal activity of current antifungals against biofilms, new drugs or drug-delivery systems to treat these persistent infections are urgently needed. In the present investigation, voriconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (Vrc-NLCs) were formulated for enhanced drug-delivery efficiency to C. albicans to increase the antifungal activity of Vrc and to improve the treatment of infectious Candida diseases. Vrc-NLCs were prepared by a hot-melt, high-pressure homogenization method, and size distribution, ζ-potential, morphology, drug-encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, and physical stability were characterized. The antifungal activity of Vrc-NLCs in vitro was tested during planktonic and biofilm growth in C. albicans. The mean particle size of the Vrc-NLCs was 45.62±0.53 nm, and they exhibited spheroid-like morphology, smooth surfaces, and ζ-potential of -0.69±0.03 mV. Encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of Vrc-NLCs were 75.37%±2.65% and 3.77%±0.13%, respectively. Physical stability results revealed that despite the low measured ζ-potential, the dispersion of the Vrc-NLCs was stable during their 3-week storage at 4°C. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Vrc-NLCs was identical to that of Vrc. However, the inhibition rate of Vrc-NLCs at lower concentrations was significantly higher than that of Vrc during planktonic growth in C. albicans in yeast-extract peptone dextrose medium. Surprisingly, Vrc-NLCs treatment reduced cell density in biofilm growth in C. albicans and induced more switches form hyphal cells to yeast cells compared with Vrc treatment. In conclusion, Vrc-NLCs maintain antifungal activity of Vrc and increase antifungal drug-delivery efficiency to C. albicans. Therefore, Vrc-NLCs will greatly contribute to the treatment of infectious diseases caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocheng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai
| | - Qi Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai
| | - Chen Ding
- College of Life and Health Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sixiang Sai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai
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Mail MH, Himratul-Aznita WH, Musa MY. Anti-hyphal properties of potential bioactive compounds for oral rinse in suppression of Candidagrowth. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1348255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Mail
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Harun Himratul-Aznita
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Yusoff Musa
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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225
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Immune Recognition of Fungal Polysaccharides. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3030047. [PMID: 29371564 PMCID: PMC5715945 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has dramatically increased in recent years, in large part due to increased use of immunosuppressive medications, as well as aggressive medical and surgical interventions that compromise natural skin and mucosal barriers. There are relatively few currently licensed antifungal drugs, and rising resistance to these agents has led to interest in the development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting these devastating infections. One approach to combat fungal infections is to augment the host immune response towards these organisms. The polysaccharide-rich cell wall is the initial point of contact between fungi and the host immune system, and therefore, represents an important target for immunotherapeutic approaches. This review highlights the advances made in our understanding of the mechanisms by which the immune system recognizes and interacts with exopolysaccharides produced by four of the most common fungal pathogens: Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Work to date suggests that inner cell wall polysaccharides that play an important structural role are the most conserved across diverse members of the fungal kingdom, and elicit the strongest innate immune responses. The immune system senses these carbohydrates through receptors, such as lectins and complement proteins. In contrast, a greater diversity of polysaccharides is found within the outer cell walls of pathogenic fungi. These glycans play an important role in immune evasion, and can even induce anti-inflammatory host responses. Further study of the complex interactions between the host immune system and the fungal polysaccharides will be necessary to develop more effective therapeutic strategies, as well as to explore the use of immunosuppressive polysaccharides as therapeutic agents to modulate inflammation.
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226
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Tan Y, Leonhard M, Ma S, Moser D, Schneider-Stickler B. Efficacy of carboxymethyl chitosan against Candida tropicalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 110:150-156. [PMID: 28834707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Polymicrobial biofilms with fungi and bacteria are the leading cause for the failure of medical devices and related infections. In this study, antibiofilm activities of carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-chitosan) on monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida tropicalis in vitro were evaluated. CM-chitosan was effective as a sole agent, inhibiting both monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms in microplates and also on the silicone surface in short- and long-term periods. Biofilm architecture was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to examine living/dead organisms within biofilm. CM-chitosan inhibited planktonic growth as well as adhesion. Further biofilm formation was inhibited by CM-chitosan added at 90min or 12h after biofilm initiation. CM-chitosan may serve as a possible antibiofilm agent to limit monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Leonhard
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Su Ma
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Moser
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Berit Schneider-Stickler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Efficient click chemistry towards fatty acids containing 1,2,3-triazole: Design and synthesis as potential antifungal drugs for Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:596-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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228
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Gallic acid/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complex: Improving solubility for application on in vitro/ in vivo Candida albicans biofilms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181199. [PMID: 28700692 PMCID: PMC5507443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to increase the solubility of gallic acid (GA) for the treatment of Candida albicans biofilm, which is very difficult to treat and requires high drug concentrations. Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used for this purpose. Complexes were evaluated by phase-solubility studies, prepared by spray drying and characterized by drug loading, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The complexes were tested on C. albicans biofilm using in vitro and in vivo models. HPβCD formed soluble inclusion complexes with GA. The percentage of GA in GA/HPβCD was 10.8 ± 0.01%. The SEM and DSC analyses confirmed the formation of inclusion complexes. GA/HPβCD maintained the antimicrobial activity of the pure GA. GA/HPβCD was effective on C. albicans biofilms of 24 and 48h. The in vivo results showed an anti-inflammatory activity of GA/HPβCD with no difference in invading hypha counting among the groups. This study encourages the development of new antifungal agents.
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Abstract
Candida species are the most common infectious fungal species in humans; out of the approximately 150 known species, Candida albicans is the leading pathogenic species, largely affecting immunocompromised individuals. Apart from its role as the primary etiology for various types of candidiasis, C. albicans is known to contribute to polymicrobial infections. Polymicrobial interactions, particularly between C. albicans and bacterial species, have gained recent interest in which polymicrobial biofilm virulence mechanisms have been studied including adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and development of antimicrobial resistance. These trans-kingdom interactions, either synergistic or antagonistic, may help modulate the virulence and pathogenicity of both Candida and bacteria while uniquely impacting the pathogen-host immune response. As antibiotic and antifungal resistance increases, there is a great need to explore the intermicrobial cross-talk with a focus on the treatment of Candida-associated polymicrobial infections. This article explores the current literature on the interactions between Candida and clinically important bacteria and evaluates these interactions in the context of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and disease management.
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Fernández-Rivero ME, del Pozo JL, Valentín A, Fornes V, Molina de Diego A, Pemán J, Cantón E. Actividad de la anfotericina B y la anidulafungina, solas y combinadas, frente a biopelículas de Candida tropicalis formadas sobre Teflon ® y titanio. Rev Iberoam Micol 2017; 34:175-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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231
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Yun DG, Lee DG. Assessment of silibinin as a potential antifungal agent and investigation of its mechanism of action. IUBMB Life 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gyu Yun
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University; 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University; 80 Daehakro, Bukgu Daegu, 41566 Republic of Korea
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232
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Polke M, Leonhardt I, Kurzai O, Jacobsen ID. Farnesol signalling in Candida albicans – more than just communication. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:230-243. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1337711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ines Leonhardt
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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233
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Hwang G, Liu Y, Kim D, Li Y, Krysan DJ, Koo H. Candida albicans mannans mediate Streptococcus mutans exoenzyme GtfB binding to modulate cross-kingdom biofilm development in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006407. [PMID: 28617874 PMCID: PMC5472321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently detected with heavy infection by Streptococcus mutans in plaque-biofilms from children with early-childhood caries (ECC). This cross-kingdom biofilm contains an extensive matrix of extracellular α-glucans that is produced by an exoenzyme (GtfB) secreted by S. mutans. Here, we report that mannans located on the outer surface of C. albicans cell-wall mediates GtfB binding, enhancing glucan-matrix production and modulating bacterial-fungal association within biofilms formed in vivo. Using single-molecule atomic force microscopy, we determined that GtfB binds with remarkable affinity to mannans and to the C. albicans surface, forming a highly stable and strong bond (1-2 nN). However, GtfB binding properties to C. albicans was compromised in strains defective in O-mannan (pmt4ΔΔ) or N-mannan outer chain (och1ΔΔ). In particular, the binding strength of GtfB on och1ΔΔ strain was severely disrupted (>3-fold reduction vs. parental strain). In turn, the GtfB amount on the fungal surface was significantly reduced, and the ability of C. albicans mutant strains to develop mixed-species biofilms with S. mutans was impaired. This phenotype was independent of hyphae or established fungal-biofilm regulators (EFG1, BCR1). Notably, the mechanical stability of the defective biofilms was weakened, resulting in near complete biomass removal by shear forces. In addition, these in vitro findings were confirmed in vivo using a rodent biofilm model. Specifically, we observed that C. albicans och1ΔΔ was unable to form cross-kingdom biofilms on the tooth surface of rats co-infected with S. mutans. Likewise, co-infection with S. mutans defective in GtfB was also incapable of forming mixed-species biofilms. Taken together, the data support a mechanism whereby S. mutans-secreted GtfB binds to the mannan layer of C. albicans to promote extracellular matrix formation and their co-existence within biofilms. Enhanced understanding of GtfB-Candida interactions may provide new perspectives for devising effective therapies to disrupt this cross-kingdom relationship associated with an important childhood oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geelsu Hwang
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yong Li
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Damian J. Krysan
- Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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234
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Hope EA, Amorosi CJ, Miller AW, Dang K, Heil CS, Dunham MJ. Experimental Evolution Reveals Favored Adaptive Routes to Cell Aggregation in Yeast. Genetics 2017; 206:1153-1167. [PMID: 28450459 PMCID: PMC5499169 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.198895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast flocculation is a community-building cell aggregation trait that is an important mechanism of stress resistance and a useful phenotype for brewers; however, it is also a nuisance in many industrial processes, in clinical settings, and in the laboratory. Chemostat-based evolution experiments are impaired by inadvertent selection for aggregation, which we observe in 35% of populations. These populations provide a testing ground for understanding the breadth of genetic mechanisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses to flocculate, and which of those mechanisms provide the biggest adaptive advantages. In this study, we employed experimental evolution as a tool to ask whether one or many routes to flocculation are favored, and to engineer a strain with reduced flocculation potential. Using a combination of whole genome sequencing and bulk segregant analysis, we identified causal mutations in 23 independent clones that had evolved cell aggregation during hundreds of generations of chemostat growth. In 12 of those clones, we identified a transposable element insertion in the promoter region of known flocculation gene FLO1, and, in an additional five clones, we recovered loss-of-function mutations in transcriptional repressor TUP1, which regulates FLO1 and other related genes. Other causal mutations were found in genes that have not been previously connected to flocculation. Evolving a flo1 deletion strain revealed that this single deletion reduces flocculation occurrences to 3%, and demonstrated the efficacy of using experimental evolution as a tool to identify and eliminate the primary adaptive routes for undesirable traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse A Hope
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Clara J Amorosi
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Aaron W Miller
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kolena Dang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Caiti Smukowski Heil
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Maitreya J Dunham
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Mandelblat M, Frenkel M, Abbey D, Ben Ami R, Berman J, Segal E. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Candida albicans isolates from bloodstream and mucosal infections. Mycoses 2017; 60:534-545. [PMID: 28543785 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of Candida albicans with the host is of a complex nature involving fungal factors and host's response. In this study, we concentrated on the phenotypic expression of virulence attributes and genotypic characteristics of C. albicans isolates from two distinct clinical entities of candidiasis-blood stream and vaginal infections, and the possible role of these factors. Hence, we conducted a comparative in vitro assessment of virulence characteristics, including adhesion to epithelial cells and HaCat cell line, biofilm formation, aspartic proteinases and phospholipase activity of 20 C. albicans isolates from patients with C. albicans bloodstream infection and 22 isolates from patients with C. albicans vaginitis. Further, we studied the epigenetic phenotypic switching of the strains and their ploidy, by flow cytometry and CHEF techniques. These studies indicated that although no overall differentiation between the isolates of the two groups (bloodstream infection and vaginitis) could be demonstrated, several characteristics were more specific to one of the groups than the other. While the strains from vaginal infection had higher capacity to adhere, the strains from patients with bloodstream infection had higher activity of phospholipase. Differences were also noted in phenotypic switching, with the strains from bloodstream infection revealing primarily the "white" type colonies, known to be more virulent, and had higher DNA content. This study is unique considering the concurrent comparison of isolates from different clinical entities, at the phenotypic and genotypic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mandelblat
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Frenkel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Darren Abbey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ronen Ben Ami
- Infectious Diseases Unit, the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology & Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Segal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Lorin D, Cristina RT, Teusdea V, Mitrănescu E, Muselin F, Butnariu M, David G, Dumitrescu E. Efficiency of four currently used decontamination conditionings in Romania against Aspergillus and Candida strains. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:357-363. [PMID: 28499642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efficacy of four commercial biocidal products (noted A to D), using manufacturers' recommendations, and a contact time of 30minutes, were evaluated in the purpose of standard SR EN1657: 2006 adapted. METHODS Were used four strains, two as reference: Aspergillus brasiliensis (niger) (ATCC 16404) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), and two isolates: Aspergillus flavus and respectively Aspergillus fumigatus. The inoculum plates containing Malt Extract Agar (MEA) were incubated 48h for C. albicans and 72hours for Aspergillus spp. The standard SR EN1657: 2006 adapted was conducted in two phases: the test cultures preparation and the method validation. Method validation included: the control of experimental conditions and of neutralizant solution, and the method verification. RESULTS Results revealed that three from the four tested products (A, B and D) had exerted biocidal effect on the studied strains at the recommended concentrations, the registered CFU values being reduced by more than 4 log10, conversely in the case of the product (C), applied against A. fumigatus at the recommended concentration of 2%, the biocidal effect was not detected, fact confirmed also by the CFU's value (3.59 log10). The biocide retested at a greater concentration (of 5%), showed a biocidal effect against A. fumigatus after 30minutes, the CFU value being reduced, by more than 5.29 log10, evidencing the resistance emergence of A. fumigatus under the repeated pressure of biocides. CONCLUSION It is re-confirming that merely the "chemical" defense measures to defuse the fungi's strategies become unproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lorin
- Department of veterinary hygiene and environment protection, faculty of veterinary medicine, university of agronomic sciences and veterinary medicine, Splaiul Independenței 105, 050097 București, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - R T Cristina
- Departments of pharmacology and pharmacy, faculty of veterinary medicine, Banat's university of agriculture and veterinary medicine "King Michael I of Romania" (BUAVM), Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - V Teusdea
- Department of veterinary hygiene and environment protection, faculty of veterinary medicine, university of agronomic sciences and veterinary medicine, Splaiul Independenței 105, 050097 București, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - E Mitrănescu
- Department of veterinary hygiene and environment protection, faculty of veterinary medicine, university of agronomic sciences and veterinary medicine, Splaiul Independenței 105, 050097 București, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - F Muselin
- Department of toxicology, faculty of veterinary medicine, BUAVM, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - M Butnariu
- Department of biochemistry, BUAVM, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - G David
- Department of biologic agriculture, faculty of agriculture, BUAVM, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - E Dumitrescu
- Departments of pharmacology and pharmacy, faculty of veterinary medicine, Banat's university of agriculture and veterinary medicine "King Michael I of Romania" (BUAVM), Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania.
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In vitro activity of a novel compound, Mul-1867, against clinically significant fungi Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:47-54. [PMID: 28457835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new antifungal compounds to treat various types of fungal infections, including pulmonary infections. This study was designed to investigate the potency of a novel compound (Mul-1867) against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. isolated from patients with fungal pneumonia, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mul-1867 was highly effective against susceptible control strains as well as resistant clinical isolates, with minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) varying from 0.06 µg/mL to 0.5 µg/mL. It was also highly effective against pre-formed 48-h-old biofilms formed by yeasts and moulds. The half-minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50) was equal to the MFC. The minimum biofilm eradication concentration to eliminate 90% of biofilms (MBEC90) varied from 1 × to 4 × MFC. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological changes accompanied by the release of intracellular material from the fungal cells following exposure to Mul-1867. Furthermore, an increased concentration of nucleic acids was found in the medium after 5 min and 20 min of Mul-1867 treatment, indicating leakage of cytoplasmic contents. Overall, these data indicate that Mul-1867 may be a promising inhaled antifungal agent for the treatment and prevention of fungal respiratory infections.
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238
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Assessment and Optimizations of Candida albicans In Vitro Biofilm Assays. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02749-16. [PMID: 28289028 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02749-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms have a significant medical impact due to their rapid growth on implanted medical devices, their resistance to antifungal drugs, and their ability to seed disseminated infections. Biofilm assays performed in vitro allow for rapid, high-throughput screening of gene deletion libraries or antifungal compounds and typically serve as precursors to in vivo studies. Here, we compile and discuss the protocols for several recently published C. albicansin vitro biofilm assays. We also describe improved versions of these protocols as well as novel in vitro assays. Finally, we consider some of the advantages and disadvantages of these different types of assays.
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239
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Song YG, Lee SH. Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus casei on Candida biofilm of denture surface. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 76:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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240
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Khan S, Imran M, Imran M, Pindari N. Antimicrobial activity of various ethanolic plant extracts against pathogenic multi drug resistant Candida spp. Bioinformation 2017; 13:67-72. [PMID: 28584446 PMCID: PMC5450247 DOI: 10.6026/97320630013067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 50 Candida isolates were isolated and identified from clinical specimens and these were tested for resistance to various antifungal drugs. It was observed multi-drug resistance in all candida isolates by 84%, 62%, 60%, 76%, 46, 30%, and 22% against fluconazole, clotrimazole, Amphotericin B, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole and nystatin tested respectively. The isolates, which were found to be resistant to antifungal drugs were selected and subjected to antifungal testing against six ethanolic plants, extract namely Azadiracta indica, Allium sativum, Cordia dichotoma Ocimum sanctum, Syzygium cumini and Trigonella foenum grecum. All the plant extracts tested were found to effective against all MDR Candida isolates with inhibition zone ranging from 10- 18mm in diameter. Ethanolic extract of Allium sativum was observed most effective against the isolates among all the plants extracts tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all ethanolic plant extract was recorded ranging from 1.56-25mg/ml against MDR candida isolates. Phytochemical analysis of the alcoholic plant extracts revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavanoid, glycosoid, phenol; phenol, tannins, saponins in all the plants studied. The present study may be successful in identifying the plants with different antimicrobial activity. These plants containing various phytochemicals may be exploited in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by drug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
| | - Mohammed Imran
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
| | - Nuzhat Pindari
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow U.P. India
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241
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Li SX, Song YJ, Zhang YS, Wu HT, Guo H, Zhu KJ, Li DM, Zhang H. Mitochondrial Complex V α Subunit Is Critical for Candida albicans Pathogenicity through Modulating Multiple Virulence Properties. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:285. [PMID: 28280492 PMCID: PMC5322696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The α subunit (ATP1) is a vital component of mitochondrial complex V which counts for the majority of cellular ATP production in a living organism. Nevertheless, how the α subunit influences other cellular processes such as pathogenicity in Candida albicans remains poorly understood. To address this question, ATP1 mutant (atp1Δ/Δ) and the gene-reconstituted strain (atp1Δ/ATP1) have been constructed in this study and their pathogenicity-related traits are compared to those of wild type (WT). In a murine model of disseminated candidiasis, atp1Δ/Δ infected mice have a significantly higher survival rate and experience a lower fungal burden in tissues. In in vitro studies atp1Δ/Δ lose a capability to damage or destroy macrophages and endothelial cells. Furthermore, atp1Δ/Δ is not able to grow under either glucose-denial conditions or high H2O2 conditions, both of which are associated with the potency of the macrophages to kill C. albicans. Defects in filamentation and biofilm formation may impair the ability of atp1Δ/Δ to penetrate host cells and establish robust colonies in the host tissues. In concert with these pathogenic features, intracellular ATP levels of atp1Δ/Δ can drop to 1/3 of WT level. These results indicate that the α subunit of Complex V play important roles in C. albicans pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Xiu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Jun Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Shan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hui Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Kun-Ju Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
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242
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Silva S, Rodrigues CF, Araújo D, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M. Candida Species Biofilms' Antifungal Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3010008. [PMID: 29371527 PMCID: PMC5715972 DOI: 10.3390/jof3010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infections (candidiasis) are the most prevalent opportunistic fungal infection on humans and, as such, a major public health problem. In recent decades, candidiasis has been associated to Candida species other than Candida albicans. Moreover, biofilms have been considered the most prevalent growth form of Candida cells and a strong causative agent of the intensification of antifungal resistance. As yet, no specific resistance factor has been identified as the sole responsible for the increased recalcitrance to antifungal agents exhibited by biofilms. Instead, biofilm antifungal resistance is a complex multifactorial phenomenon, which still remains to be fully elucidated and understood. The different mechanisms, which may be responsible for the intrinsic resistance of Candida species biofilms, include the high density of cells within the biofilm, the growth and nutrient limitation, the effects of the biofilm matrix, the presence of persister cells, the antifungal resistance gene expression and the increase of sterols on the membrane of biofilm cells. Thus, this review intends to provide information on the recent advances about Candida species biofilm antifungal resistance and its implication on intensification of the candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Araújo
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Henriques
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Khalaf S, Ariffin Z, Husein A, Reza F. Surface Coating of Gypsum-Based Molds for Maxillofacial Prosthetic Silicone Elastomeric Material: Evaluating Different Microbial Adhesion. J Prosthodont 2017; 26:664-669. [PMID: 28177575 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the adhesion of three microorganisms on modified and unmodified silicone elastomer surfaces with different surface roughnesses and porosities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus were incubated with modified and unmodified silicone groups (N = 35) for 30 days at 37°C. The counts of viable microorganisms in the accumulating biofilm layer were determined and converted to cfu/cm2 unit surface area. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the microbial adhesion. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post hoc tests as indicated. RESULTS Significant differences in microbial adhesion were observed between modified and unmodified silicone elastomers after the cells were incubated for 30 days (p < 0.001). SEM showed evident differences in microbial adhesion on modified silicone elastomer compared with unmodified silicone elastomer. CONCLUSIONS Surface modification of silicone elastomer yielding a smoother and less porous surface showed lower adhesion of different microorganisms than observed on unmodified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Khalaf
- Prosthodontics Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Prosthodontics Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq
| | - Zaihan Ariffin
- Prosthodontics Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Adam Husein
- Prosthodontics Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Fazal Reza
- Prosthodontics Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Gallarato L, Mulko L, Dardanelli M, Barbero C, Acevedo D, Yslas E. Synergistic effect of polyaniline coverage and surface microstructure on the inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 150:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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245
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Singh K, Shekhar S, Yadav Y, Xess I, Dey S. DS6: anticandidal, antibiofilm peptide against Candida tropicalis
and exhibit synergy with commercial drug. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:228-235. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Singh
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Yudhishthir Yadav
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Immaculata Xess
- Microbiology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi 110029 India
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Singh S, Fatima Z, Hameed S. Citronellal-induced disruption of membrane homeostasis in Candida albicans and attenuation of its virulence attributes. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 49:465-72. [PMID: 27598633 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0190-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an increasing burden of multidrug resistance. As a result, deciphering the mechanisms of action of natural compounds with antifungal activity has gained considerable prominence. We aimed to elucidate the probable mechanism of action of citronellal, a monoterpenoid found in the essential oil extracted from Cymbopogon plants, against Candida albicans. METHODS Drug susceptibility was measured by broth microdilution and spot assays. Ergosterol levels were estimated using the alcoholic potassium hydroxide method and H+ extrusion was assessed by monitoring the glucose-induced acidification of the external medium. Virulence traits were studied by hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation, along with fungal cell adherence to polystyrene surface and human oral epithelial cells. RESULTS Citronellal showed anticandidal activity against C. albicans and non-albicans species of Candida at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 mg/ml. Citronellal interfered with membrane homeostasis, which is the major target of known antifungal drugs, by increasing the hypersensitivity of the fungi to membrane-perturbing agents, reducing ergosterol levels, and diminishing glucose-induced H+ extrusion. In addition, oxidative and genotoxic stresses were induced via an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, citronellal inhibited the virulent attributes of yeast-to-hypha transition and biofilm formation. It also reduced cell adherence to polystyrene surface and the human oral epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to propose the cell membrane, morphogenetic switching, biofilm formation, and cell adherence of Candida albicans as potential targets for the anticandidal activity of citronellal. However, clinical investigations on the therapeutic applications of citronellal are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar), India
| | - Zeeshan Fatima
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar), India
| | - Saif Hameed
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon (Manesar), India
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The Correlation Between Biofilm Production and Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections Sustained by Candida. A Case Control Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 973:89-98. [PMID: 28213809 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm forming capacity of yeasts colonizing the intravenous devices is considered a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of Candida catheter-related bloodstream infections (CCRBSI). The biofilm production of strains of Candida spp. isolated both from the CVC and from the blood of patients with CCRBSI was compared to that of strains isolated from patients not having CCRBSI. Results, expressed in terms of Biofilm Index (BI), revealed that biofilm-producing strains were isolated in the CCRBSI group with a frequency significantly higher than in the non-CCRBSI group (χ2 = 4.25, p = 0.03). The species more frequently cultured was C. parapsilosis complex (including C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis). When this species was isolated from the CVC tip cultures of the CCRBSI group it showed BIs significantly (p = 0.05) higher than those found in the non-CCRBSI group. All the strains of C. tropicalis isolated from the CCRBSI group produced biofilm. Instead most of the isolates of C. glabrata were non-producers. The cumulative BI of non-albicans Candida strains isolated from CCRBSI patients was significantly higher than that of non-albicans strains cultured from patients non-CCRBSI (χ2 = 6.91; p = 0.008). C. albicans was a biofilm producer both in the CCRBSI and in the non-CCRBSI group. When isolated from the blood it showed enhanced biofilm production in the CCRBSI group only, while when colonizing the CVC it displayed high BIs both in the CCRBSI group and in non-CCRBSI group. Our data seem to indicate that the biofilm production capacity should be considered in the clinical management of CCRBSI.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), also known as photoradiation therapy, phototherapy, or photochemo-therapy, involves the use of a photoactive dye (photosensitizer) that is activated by exposure to light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen. The transfer of energy from the activated photosensitizer to available oxygen results in the formation of toxic oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen and free radicals. These very reactive chemical species can damage proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cellular components. Applications of PDT in dentistry are growing rapidly: the treatment of oral cancer, bacterial and fungal infection therapies, and the photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) of the malignant transformation of oral lesions. PDT has shown potential in the treatment of oral leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, and head and neck cancer. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been efficacious in the treatment of bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. The absence of genotoxic and mutagenic effects of PDT is an important factor for long-term safety during treatment. PDT also represents a novel therapeutic approach in the management of oral biofilms. Disruption of plaque structure has important consequences for homeostasis within the biofilm. Studies are now leading toward selective photosensitizers, since killing the entire flora leaves patients open to opportunistic infections. Dentists deal with oral infections on a regular basis. The oral cavity is especially suitable for PACT, because it is relatively accessible to illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Konopka
- Department of Microbiology, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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High Virulence and Antifungal Resistance in Clinical Strains of Candida albicans. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 2016:5930489. [PMID: 28058052 PMCID: PMC5183749 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5930489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antifungal resistance and virulence properties of Candida albicans are a growing health problem worldwide. To study the expression of virulence and azole resistance genes in 39 clinical strains of C. albicans, we used a model of infection of human vaginal epithelial cells with C. albicans strains isolated from Mexican women with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). The strains were identified by PCR amplification of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rRNA. The detection and expression of virulence genes and azole resistance genes MDR1 and CDR1 were performed using PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. All strains were sensitive to nystatin and 38 (97.4%) and 37 (94.9%) were resistant to ketoconazole and fluconazole, respectively. ALS1, SAP4–SAP6, LIP1, LIP2, LIP4, LIP6, LIP7, LIP9, LIP10, and PLB1-PLB2 were present in all strains; SAP1 was identified in 37 (94.8%) isolates, HWP1 in 35 (89.7%), ALS3 in 14 (35.8%), and CDR1 in 26 (66.6%). In nearly all of the strains, ALS1, HWP1, SAP4–SAP6, LIP1–LIP10, PLB1, and PLB2 were expressed, whereas CDR1 was expressed in 20 (51.3%) and ALS3 in 14 (35.8%). In our in vitro model of infection with C. albicans, the clinical strains showed different expression profiles of virulence genes in association with the azole resistance gene CDR1. The results indicate that the strains that infect Mexican patients suffering from VVC are highly virulent and virtually all are insensitive to azoles.
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Liu X, Wang D, Yu C, Li T, Liu J, Sun S. Potential Antifungal Targets against a Candida Biofilm Based on an Enzyme in the Arachidonic Acid Cascade-A Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1925. [PMID: 27999568 PMCID: PMC5138225 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen, especially in biofilm associated infections. The formation of a Candida biofilm can decrease Candida sensitivity to antifungal drugs and cause drug resistance. Although many effective antifungal drugs are available, their applications are limited due to their high toxicity and cost. Seeking new antifungal agents that are effective against biofilm-associated infection is an urgent need. Many research efforts are underway, and some progress has been made in this field. It has been shown that the arachidonic acid cascade plays an important role in fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity. Notably, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can promote the formation of a Candida biofilm. Recently, the inhibition of PGE2 has received much attention. Studies have shown that cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and indomethacin, combined with fluconazole can significantly reduce Candida adhesion and biofilm development and increase fluconazole susceptibility; the MIC of fluconazole can be decrease from 64 to 2 μg/ml when used in combination with ibuprofen. In addition, in vivo studies have also confirmed the antifungal activities of these inhibitors. In this article, we mainly review the relationship between PGE2 and Candida biofilm, summarize the antifungal activities of COX inhibitors and analyze the possible antifungal activity of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (MPGES-1) inhibitors; additionally, other factors that influence PGE2 production are also discussed. Hopefully this review can disclose potential antifungal targets based on the arachidonic acid cascade and provide a prevailing strategy to alleviate Candida albicans biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University Taian, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University Taian, China
| | - Cuixiang Yu
- Respiration Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinnan, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- General Practice, Shandong Provincial Hospital Jinnan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Pharmaceutical Department, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinnan, China
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