201
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Can we really dissociate the computational and algorithm-level theories of human memory? Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00036591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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202
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Abstract
AbstractThe correspondence view is consistent with a theory of direct remembering that assumes continuity between perception and memory. Two implications of direct remembering for correspondence are suggested. It is assumed that forgetting is exponential, and that remembering at one time is independent of factors influencing remembering at another. Elaboration of the correspondence view in the same terms as perception offers a novel approach to the study of memory.
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203
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Abstract
AbstractThe correspondence view of memory is not a metaphor. However, correspondence is the essential feature of the archaeology metaphor, which harks back to Freud and Neisser. A modern version of this metaphor and some of its implications are briefly described. The archaeology metaphor integrates the idea of stored traces in a nonmechanistic framework.
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204
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On computational theories and multilevel, multitask models of cognition: The case of word recognition. Behav Brain Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00036505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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205
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Abstract
AbstractKoriat & Goldsmith are right in their claim that the “ecological” and “traditional” approaches to memory rely on different metaphors. But the underlying ecological metaphor is notcorrespondence(which in any case is not a metaphorical notion): it isaction. Remembering is a kind of doing; like most other forms of action it is purposive, personal, and particular.
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206
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Abstract
AbstractIn Gray's conjecture, mismatches in the subicular comparator (needing problem resolution) and matches (during appetitive approach) have equal prominence in consciousness. In rival cognitive views novelty and difficulty (i.e., information-processing mismatches) especially elicit more conscious modes of cognition and higher levels of self-regulation. The mismatch between Gray's conjecture and these views is discussed.
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207
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Abstract
AbstractWe raise three issues concerning the Eichenbaum, Otto & Cohen (1994) model. (1) We argue against the strict division of labor that Eichenbaum et al. attribute to neocortical and limbic regions. (2) We raise the possibility that the anterior and posterior portions of the hippocampus may be important for different types of information processing. (3) We argue that, rather than reflecting relational processing, different neural responses to “match” and “nonmatch” trials may relate to different required spatial responses.
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208
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Abstract
AbstractVarious apparently incompatible theories of hippocampal function have been proposed but integration is now needed. It is argued that the involvement of the hippocampus is most clearly seen when the animal needs to extrapolate beyond current sensory information. Such control can involve both the initiation of behaviour in the absence of appropriate sensory input and the inhibition of behaviour that might otherwise be triggered by current sensory input.
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209
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Abstract
AbstractThe function of memory is to allow past experience to subserve present goal-oriented thought and action. The defining characteristic of goal-oriented approach/avoidance is value. Value lies beyond the reproductive conception of memory that is basic to both metaphors discussed in Koriat & Goldsmith's target article. Functional memory requires a quite different metaphor, for which a grounded theory is available.
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210
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Graham KS, Barense MD, Lee ACH. Going beyond LTM in the MTL: a synthesis of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings on the role of the medial temporal lobe in memory and perception. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:831-53. [PMID: 20074580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies in rats and non-human primates suggest that medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures play a role in perceptual processing, with the hippocampus necessary for spatial discrimination, and the perirhinal cortex for object discrimination. Until recently, there was little convergent evidence for analogous functional specialisation in humans, or for a role of the MTL in processes beyond long-term memory. A recent series of novel human neuropsychological studies, however, in which paradigms from the animal literature were adapted and extended, have revealed findings remarkably similar to those seen in rats and monkeys. These experiments have demonstrated differential effects of distinct stimulus categories on performance in tasks for which there was no explicit requirement to remember information across trials. There is also accruing complementary evidence from functional neuroimaging that MTL structures show differential patterns of activation for scenes and objects, even on simple visual discrimination tasks. This article reviews some of these key studies and discusses the implications of these new findings for existing accounts of memory. A non-modular view of memory is proposed in which memory and perception depend upon the same anatomically distributed representations (emergent memory account). The limitations and criticisms of this theory are discussed and a number of outstanding questions proposed, including key predictions that can be tested by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Graham
- Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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211
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Dickerson BC, Eichenbaum H. The episodic memory system: neurocircuitry and disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:86-104. [PMID: 19776728 PMCID: PMC2882963 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to encode and retrieve our daily personal experiences, called episodic memory, is supported by the circuitry of the medial temporal lobe (MTL), including the hippocampus, which interacts extensively with a number of specific distributed cortical and subcortical structures. In both animals and humans, evidence from anatomical, neuropsychological, and physiological studies indicates that cortical components of this system have key functions in several aspects of perception and cognition, whereas the MTL structures mediate the organization and persistence of the network of memories whose details are stored in those cortical areas. Structures within the MTL, and particularly the hippocampus, have distinct functions in combining information from multiple cortical streams, supporting our ability to encode and retrieve details of events that compose episodic memories. Conversely, selective damage in the hippocampus, MTL, and other structures of the large-scale memory system, or deterioration of these areas in several diseases and disorders, compromises episodic memory. A growing body of evidence is converging on a functional organization of the cortical, subcortical, and MTL structures that support the fundamental features of episodic memory in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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212
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Iordanova MD, Burnett DJ, Aggleton JP, Good M, Honey RC. The role of the hippocampus in mnemonic integration and retrieval: complementary evidence from lesion and inactivation studies. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:2177-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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213
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The Hippocampal System as the Cortical Resource Manager: A Model Connecting Psychology, Anatomy and Physiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 657:315-64. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79100-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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214
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Hannula DE, Ranganath C. The eyes have it: hippocampal activity predicts expression of memory in eye movements. Neuron 2009; 63:592-9. [PMID: 19755103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although there is widespread agreement that the hippocampus is critical for explicit episodic memory retrieval, it is controversial whether this region can also support indirect expressions of relational memory when explicit retrieval fails. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with concurrent indirect, eye-movement-based memory measures, we obtained evidence that hippocampal activity predicted expressions of relational memory in subsequent patterns of viewing, even when explicit, conscious retrieval failed. Additionally, activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex and functional connectivity between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were greater for correct than for incorrect trials. Together, these results suggest that hippocampal activity can support the expression of relational memory even when explicit retrieval fails and that recruitment of a broader cortical network may be required to support explicit associative recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Hannula
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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215
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Voss JL, Hauner KK, Paller KA. Establishing a relationship between activity reduction in human perirhinal cortex and priming. Hippocampus 2009; 19:773-8. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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216
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Ramirez DR, Bell GH, Lasseter HC, Xie X, Traina SA, Fuchs RA. Dorsal hippocampal regulation of memory reconsolidation processes that facilitate drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:901-12. [PMID: 19712098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a cocaine-paired context increases the propensity for relapse in cocaine users and prompts cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. According to the reconsolidation hypothesis, upon context re-exposure, established cocaine-related associations are retrieved and can become labile. These associations must undergo reconsolidation into long-term memory to effect enduring stimulus control. The dorsal hippocampus (DH), dorsolateral caudate-putamen and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are critical for the expression of context-induced cocaine seeking, and these brain regions may also play a role in the reconsolidation of cocaine-related memories that promote this behavior. To test this hypothesis, rats were trained to press a lever for unsignaled cocaine infusions (0.2 mg/infusion, i.v.) in a distinct environmental context (cocaine-paired context), followed by extinction training in a different context (extinction context). Rats were then re-exposed to the cocaine-paired context for 15 min in order to reactivate cocaine-related memories or received comparable exposure to a novel unpaired context. Immediately thereafter, rats received bilateral microinfusions of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin or vehicle into one of the above brain regions. After additional extinction training in the extinction context, reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., non-reinforced lever presses) was assessed in the cocaine-paired context. Tetrodotoxin, but not anisomycin, administered into the DH inhibited drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior in a memory reactivation-dependent manner. Other manipulations failed to alter this behavior. These findings suggest that the DH facilitates the reconsolidation of associative memories that maintain context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior, but it is not the site of anisomycin-sensitive memory restabilization per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna R Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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217
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Abstract
Researchers are becoming increasingly interested in the role of the hippocampus in pattern separation, a process which keeps items distinct in memory. In this study, we develop and test a new automated touchscreen-based method for studying pattern separation in rodents. Rats were trained to discriminate locations on a computer screen that varied in their similarity, that is, their distance apart on the screen. Animals with lesions of the dorsal hippocampus were impaired when the locations discriminated were close together but not when they were far apart, indicating impaired pattern separation. This test provides an automated test of pattern separation, which adds to an expanding battery of cognitive tests that can be carried out using the touchscreen testing method.
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218
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Coutureau E, Di Scala G. Entorhinal cortex and cognition. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:753-61. [PMID: 19376185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the function of the entorhinal cortex (EC) has been an important subject over the years, not least because of its cortical intermediary to and from the hippocampus proper, and because of electrophysiological advances which have started to reveal the physiology in behaving animals. Clearly, a lot more needs to be done but is clear to date that EC is not merely a throughput station providing all hippocampal subfields with sensory information, but that processing within EC contributes significantly to attention, conditioning, event and spatial cognition possibly by compressing representations that overlap in time. These are transmitted to the hippocampus, where they are differentiated again and returned to EC. Preliminary evidence for such a role, but also their possible pitfalls are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Coutureau
- Centre de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives, UMR 5228 CNRS, Universités de Bordeaux 1 & 2, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence, France
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219
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Dissecting medial temporal lobe contributions to item and associative memory formation. Neuroimage 2009; 46:874-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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220
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Petrulis A. Neural mechanisms of individual and sexual recognition in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Behav Brain Res 2009; 200:260-7. [PMID: 19014975 PMCID: PMC2668739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing the individual and sexual identities of conspecifics is critical for adaptive social behavior and, in most mammals this information is communicated primarily by chemosensory cues. Due to its heavy reliance on odor cues, we have used the Syrian hamster as our model species for investigating the neural regulation of social recognition. Using lesion, electrophysiological and immunocytochemical techniques, separate neural pathways underlying recognition of individual odors and guidance of sex-typical responses to opposite-sex odors have been identified in both male and female hamsters. Specifically, we have found that recognition of individual odor identity requires olfactory bulb connections to entorhinal cortex (ENT) rather than other chemoreceptive brain regions. This kind of social memory does not appear to require the hippocampus and may, instead, depend on ENT connections with piriform cortex. In contrast, sexual recognition, through either differential investigation or scent marking toward opposite-sex odors, depends on both olfactory and vomeronasal system input to the corticomedial amygdala. Preference for investigating opposite-sex odors requires primarily olfactory input to the medial amygdala (ME) whereas appropriately targeted scent marking responses require vomeronasal input to ME as well as to other structures. Within the ME, the anterior section (MEa) appears important for evaluating or classifying social odors whereas the posterodorsal region (MEpd) may be more involved in generating approach to social odors. Evidence is presented that analysis of social odors may initially be done in MEa and then communicated to MEpd, perhaps through micro-circuits that separately process male and female odors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aras Petrulis
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030, USA.
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221
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Whitney C, Weis S, Krings T, Huber W, Grossman M, Kircher T. Task-dependent modulations of prefrontal and hippocampal activity during intrinsic word production. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21:697-712. [PMID: 18578599 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Functional imaging studies of single word production have consistently reported activation of the lateral prefrontal and cingulate cortex. Its contribution has been shown to be sensitive to task demands, which can be manipulated by the degree of response specification. Compared with classical verbal fluency, free word association relies less on response restrictions but to a greater extent on associative binding processes, usually subserved by the hippocampus. To elucidate the relevance of the frontal and medial-temporal areas during verbal retrieval tasks, we applied varying degrees of response specification. During fMRI data acquisition, 18 subjects performed a free verbal association (FVA), a semantic verbal fluency (SVF) task, and a phonological verbal fluency (PVF) task. Externally guided word production served as a baseline condition to control for basic articulatory and reading processes. As expected, increased brain activity was observed in the left lateral and bilateral medial frontal cortices for SVF and PVF. The anterior cingulate gyrus was the only structure common to both fluency tasks in direct comparison to the less restricted FVA task. The hippocampus was engaged during associative and semantic retrieval. Interestingly, hippocampal activity was selectively evident during FVA in direct comparison to SVF when it was controlled for stimulus-response relations. The current data confirm the role of the left prefrontal-cingulate network in constrained word production. Hippocampal activity during spontaneous word production is a novel finding and seems to be dependent on the retrieval process (free vs. constrained) rather than the variety of stimulus-response relationships that is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin Whitney
- Department of Psychiatry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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222
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Rodriguez PF. Stimulus-outcome learnability differentially activates anterior cingulate and hippocampus at feedback processing. Learn Mem 2009; 16:324-31. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1191609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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223
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Johnson SC, Schmitz TW, Asthana S, Gluck MA, Myers C. Associative learning over trials activates the hippocampus in healthy elderly but not mild cognitive impairment. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2009; 15:129-45. [PMID: 17851984 PMCID: PMC2645931 DOI: 10.1080/13825580601139444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to form associations between choice alternatives and their contingent outcomes is an important aspect of learning that may be sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction in memory disorders of aging such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCIa), or early Alzheimer disease. In this preliminary study we examined brain activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 12 healthy elderly participants and nine patients with MCIa during an associative learning task. Using a high-field 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner, we examined the dynamic neural response during associative learning over trials. The slope of signal attenuation associated with learning was analyzed for differences between groups within an a priori defined hippocampal region. Results indicated dynamic signal attenuation associated with learning in the healthy elderly sample, but not in MCIa. The absence of an associative learning effect in the MCIa sample reaffirms an important link between the learning difficulties that are commonly encountered in MCIa and the mesial temporal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling C Johnson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Wm. S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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224
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Piekema C, Kessels RPC, Rijpkema M, Fernández G. The hippocampus supports encoding of between-domain associations within working memory. Learn Mem 2009; 16:231-4. [PMID: 19304893 DOI: 10.1101/lm.1283109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, is crucial for associative memory. The aim of the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to investigate whether the hippocampus is differentially activated for associations between items processed in the same neocortical region (within-domain) as compared with associations between items processed in different neocortical regions (between-domain). Here, we show that the hippocampus is significantly more active for between-domain associations compared with within-domain associations. Thus, the hippocampus is important for associative encoding, and furthermore, shows greater activation when the stimuli to be associated come from different stimulus categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carinne Piekema
- Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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225
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Saling MM. Verbal memory in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: beyond material specificity. Brain 2009; 132:570-82. [PMID: 19251757 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that verbal and non-verbal forms of memory are segregated in their entirety, and localized to the left and right hippocampi, is arguably the most influential concept in the neuropsychology of temporal lobe epilepsy, forming a cornerstone of pre-surgical decision making, and a frame for interpreting postoperative outcome. This critical review begins by examining some of the unexpressed but inescapable assumptions of the material-specificity model: (i) verbal and non-verbal memory are unitary and internally homogenous constructs; and (ii) left and right memory systems are assumed to be independent, self-contained modules. The next section traces the origins of an alternative view, emanating largely from three challenges to these assumptions: (i) verbal memory is systematically fractionated by left mesial temporal foci; (ii) the resulting components are differentially localized within the left temporal lobe; and (iii) verbal and non-verbal memory functions are not entirely lateralized. It is argued here that the perirhinal cortex is a key node in a more extensive network mediating protosemantic associative memory. Impairment of this fundamental memory system is a proximal neurocognitive marker of mesial temporal epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Saling
- School of Behavioural Science, Redmond Barry Building, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia.
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226
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Tsukiura T, Suzuki C, Shigemune Y, Mochizuki-Kawai H. Differential contributions of the anterior temporal and medial temporal lobe to the retrieval of memory for person identity information. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 29:1343-54. [PMID: 17948885 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested the importance of the bilateral anterior temporal (ATL) and medial temporal lobes (MTL) in the retrieval of person identity information, there is little evidence concerning how these regions differentially contribute to the process. Here we investigated this question using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Before scanning, subjects learned associations among faces (F), names (N), and job titles (as a form of person-related semantics, S). During retrieval with fMRI, subjects were presented with previously learned and new S stimuli, and judged whether the stimuli were old or new. Successful retrieval (H) trials were divided into three conditions: retrieval of S and associated F and N (HSFN); retrieval of S and associated F (HSF); and retrieval of S only (HS). The left ATL was significantly activated in HSFN, compared to HSF or HS, whereas the right ATL and MTL were significantly activated in HSFN and HSF relative to HS. In addition, activity in bilateral ATL was significantly correlated with reaction time for HSFN, whereas we found no significant correlation between activity in the right MTL and reaction time in any condition. The present findings suggest that the left ATL may mediate associations between names and person-related semantic information, whereas the right ATL mediates the association between faces and person-related semantic information in memory for person identity information. In addition, activation of the right MTL region implies that this area may contribute to a more general relational processing of associative components, including memory for person identity information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsukiura
- Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
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227
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Soei E, Bellebaum C, Daum I. Relational and non-relational memory - electrophysiological correlates of novelty detection, repetition detection and subsequent memory. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:388-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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228
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Bird CM, Burgess N. The hippocampus supports recognition memory for familiar words but not unfamiliar faces. Curr Biol 2008; 18:1932-6. [PMID: 19084409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral damage to the human hippocampus profoundly impairs the ability to form long-term, consciously accessible memories, producing a classic amnesic syndrome. However, the effect of hippocampal damage on our ability to recognize items via a feeling of familiarity is hotly disputed. Dual-process theory predicts no effect, whereas declarative memory theory predicts impairment of all types of recognition memory. Here, we demonstrate a striking material specificity in the effect of focal hippocampal damage: Recognition memory is impaired for words but intact for faces. The latter finding is incompatible with declarative memory theory, whereas the former constrains dual-process theory by revealing the limitations of postulated extrahippocampal familiarity-based processes. We suggest that the hippocampus boosts recognition of well-known stimuli (high-frequency words) by activating pre-experimental associations that enrich the context of their presentation. By contrast, recognition memory for some kinds of previously unfamiliar stimuli (unfamiliar faces) may be supported by extrahippocampal familiarity-based processes, at least over short intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bird
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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229
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Baker TE, Holroyd CB. Which way do I go? Neural activation in response to feedback and spatial processing in a virtual T-maze. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:1708-22. [PMID: 19073622 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2 human event-related brain potential (ERP) experiments, we examined the feedback error-related negativity (fERN), an ERP component associated with reward processing by the midbrain dopamine system, and the N170, an ERP component thought to be generated by the medial temporal lobe (MTL), to investigate the contributions of these neural systems toward learning to find rewards in a "virtual T-maze" environment. We found that feedback indicating the absence versus presence of a reward differentially modulated fERN amplitude, but only when the outcome was not predicted by an earlier stimulus. By contrast, when a cue predicted the reward outcome, then the predictive cue (and not the feedback) differentially modulated fERN amplitude. We further found that the spatial location of the feedback stimuli elicited a large N170 at electrode sites sensitive to right MTL activation and that the latency of this component was sensitive to the spatial location of the reward, occurring slightly earlier for rewards following a right versus left turn in the maze. Taken together, these results confirm a fundamental prediction of a dopamine theory of the fERN and suggest that the dopamine and MTL systems may interact in navigational learning tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis E Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3P5, Canada.
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230
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Salami M, Aghanouri Z, Noureddini M, Rashidi A. Early Dark Rearing Influences Spatial Performances in the Radial Arm Maze. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2008.699.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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231
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Jones TC, Atchley P. A decrease in conjunction error rates across lags on a continuous recognition task: A robust pattern. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2008; 61:1726-40. [DOI: 10.1080/17470210701695843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In four experiments, the lag retention interval from parent words (e.g., blackmail, jailbird) to a conjunction word ( blackbird) was manipulated in a continuous recognition task. Alterations to the basic procedure of Jones and Atchley (2002) were employed in Experiments 1 and 2 to bolster recollection to reject conjunction lures, yet conjunction error rates still decreased across lags of 1 to 20 words. Experiment 3 and a multiexperiment analysis examined the increments of forgetting in familiarity across lags of 1–20 words. Finally, in Experiment 4, participants attempted to identify conjunction probes as “old”, and the data were contrasted with those from a previous experiment (Jones & Atchley, 2002, Exp. 1), in which participants attempted not to identify conjunction probes as “old”. In support of earlier findings, the decrease in familiarity across lags of 1–20 words appears robust, with a constant level of weak recollection occurring for parent words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C. Jones
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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232
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
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233
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Hippocampus’s role in forming “task-related” associations: Flashing to the things you are looking for. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-008-0321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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234
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Haijima A, Ichitani Y. Anterograde and retrograde amnesia of place discrimination in retrosplenial cortex and hippocampal lesioned rats. Learn Mem 2008; 15:477-82. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.862308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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235
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Graham KS, Lee ACH, Barense MD. Invited Address at the Occasion of the Bertelson Award 2005 Impairments in visual discrimination in amnesia: Implications for theories of the role of medial temporal lobe regions in human memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440701554110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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236
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Temporary inactivation of dorsal hippocampus attenuates explicitly nonspatial, unimodal, contextual fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2008; 90:261-8. [PMID: 18485754 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of temporary inactivation of the DH on freezing, rearing, ambulating, grooming, and whisking behavior in an explicitly nonspatial contextual fear conditioning paradigm in which olfactory stimuli served as temporally and spatially diffuse contexts. Prior either to training, testing, or both, male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral microinfusions of saline or the GABA(A) agonist muscimol into the DH. Results indicate that temporary inactivation of DH produced both anterograde and retrograde deficits in contextually conditioned freezing, while sparing the acquisition and expression of freezing to a discrete auditory or olfactory CS. These data suggest that there is a decidedly nonspatial component to the role of DH in contextual conditioning, and that olfactory contextual conditioning is a fruitful means of further exploring this function.
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237
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Rats with hippocampal lesion show impaired learning and memory in the ziggurat task: A new task to evaluate spatial behavior. Behav Brain Res 2008; 189:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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238
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Kircher T, Whitney C, Krings T, Huber W, Weis S. Hippocampal dysfunction during free word association in male patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 101:242-55. [PMID: 18356025 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, speech production deficits in patients with positive formal thought disorder (FTD e.g. loosening of associations and derailment) have been attributed to impairments in the semantic network. The brain area implicated in the retrieval of associated (i.e. relational) concepts is the hippocampus, a key region in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. However, its role in schizophrenic speech production and FTD in particular is yet little understood. To investigate the neural correlates of associative verbal retrieval, twelve patients with schizophrenia with varying degrees of FTD and twelve matched healthy control subjects underwent a free verbal association (FVA), a semantic (SVF) and a phonological verbal fluency (PVF) task while brain activity was measured with fMRI. The tasks varied in the relational binding operations needed for linking the stimulus to the respective response. Compared to control subjects, patients revealed attenuated left hippocampal activity during both semantic word generation tasks (FVA, SVF). Contrasting verbal fluency with FVA, a failure in recruiting the anterior cingulate gyrus emerged in the patient group. A negative correlation was found between right middle temporal activity and the severity of FTD during FVA. The hippocampus seems to play a major role in word generation. In schizophrenia, attenuated hippocampal activity during semantic tasks strengthens the hypothesis of impaired relational memory processes, affecting thought and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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239
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Suchan B, Gayk AE, Schmid G, Köster O, Daum I. Hippocampal involvement in recollection but not familiarity across time: a prospective study. Hippocampus 2008; 18:92-8. [PMID: 17932973 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For medial temporal lobe (MTL) involvement in memory formation, it is as yet unclear whether the MTL represents a single or dual (recollection/familiarity) memory system. A further controversial issue is whether or not the hippocampus is critical for the familiarity component of recognition memory. The present prospective fMRI study aimed to investigate changes of MTL involvement in recollection and familiarity at three time points following new learning: immediately after encoding, after 3 weeks and after 6 weeks. Significant hippocampal activation was observed for recollection relative to correct rejection responses at all three intervals. In addition, a decrease of signal changes in the perirhinal cortex was observed for the familiarity versus correct rejection contrasts. These findings support the idea that the MTL is a dual memory system. They also indicate a lasting hippocampal involvement in the recollection component of recognition memory and a decrease of perirhinal cortex activation associated with familiarity for time periods up to 6 weeks after new learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Suchan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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240
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Yonelinas AP, Widaman K, Mungas D, Reed B, Weiner MW, Chui HC. Memory in the aging brain: doubly dissociating the contribution of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Hippocampus 2008; 17:1134-40. [PMID: 17636547 PMCID: PMC2194291 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since the time of Aristotle it has been thought that memories can be divided into two basic types; conscious recollections and familiarity-based judgments. Neuropsychological studies have provided indirect support for this distinction by suggesting that different regions within the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) are involved in these two forms of memory, but none of these studies have demonstrated that these brain regions can be fully dissociated. In a group of nondemented elderly subjects, we found that performance on recall and recognition tests was predicted preferentially by hippocampal and entorhinal volumes, respectively. Structural equation modeling revealed a double dissociation, whereby age-related reductions in hippocampal volume resulted in decreases in recollection, but not familiarity, whereas entorhinal volume was preferentially related to familiarity. The results demonstrate that the forms of episodic memory supported by the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex can be fully dissociated, and indicate that recollection and familiarity reflect neuroanatomically distinct memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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241
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Giovagnoli AR, Erbetta A, Reati F, Bugiani O. Differential neuropsychological patterns of frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease in a study of diagnostic concordance. Neuropsychologia 2008; 46:1495-504. [PMID: 18262206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontal variant frontotemporal dementia (fvFTD) predict different cognitive patterns, many comparative neuropsychological studies showed no difference in the expected cognitive domains. Inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria, small cohorts of patients, and neuropsychological assessment may account for such findings. Moreover, discrepancies in memory and executive dysfunctions that are expected to distinguish AD and fvFTD may reflect the basic brain organization. Adhering to a strict concordance of clinical and neuroradiological criteria, we compared many patients with AD and fvFTD using a large neuropsychological battery. One hundred and thirty-nine patients with AD (n=89) or fvFTD (n=50) were retrospectively considered in order to verify the diagnostic congruence of clinical and neuroradiological aspects. On this basis, 117 patients with AD (n=77) or fvFTD (n=40) with similar duration and severity of dementia were selected. Ninety-one healthy subjects were also controlled. Mean scores in tests for abstract reasoning, planning, set shifting, initiative, verbal fluency, immediate and episodic memory, constructive, ideomotor and orofacial praxis, selective and divided attention, visuomotor coordination, and visual perception were evaluated. Separate analyses of variance and post hoc Bonferroni tests showed that, with respect to controls, both patient groups were significantly impaired in all neuropsychological tests. Compared to fvFTD patients, AD patients were significantly impaired in episodic memory, selective attention, visual perception, visuomotor coordination, and constructive praxis, whereas no differences were found in executive, intellective, and linguistic abilities between the two patient groups. Logistic regression analyses revealed that episodic memory significantly predicted the diagnosis of AD while no executive deficit was able to predict the diagnosis of fvFTD. To conclude, memory, attention, and visuoconstructive deficits may distinguish AD with respect to fvFTD, in accordance with the severe temporo-parietal-occipital degeneration characterizing AD, but no executive impairment is consistently able to identify a relative compromise in fvFTD. Executive functions impairments possibly reflect the altered spatial-temporal integration of the frontal lobes with different brain areas, which prevents a clear-cut cognitive-brain correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Giovagnoli
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, C. Besta National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
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242
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Abstract
It is argued that while the hippocampus is not vital for all classes of configural learning, it is vital for a specific subclass of configural tasks called "structural learning." The defining feature of structural learning is that in addition to binding stimulus elements to make unique arrays (as in all configural learning), the relationship of these elements to each other, be it spatial or temporal, is specified. Direct evidence supporting the proposal that the hippocampus is required for structural learning comes from recent lesion studies with rats. While rats with hippocampal lesions were impaired at relearning a set of spatial structural problems, they showed no impairment when relearning two configural tasks (transverse patterning and the biconditional discrimination), neither of which required structural learning. Other support comes from surveys of spatial and temporal learning by amnesic patients with hippocampal damage, and from imaging studies of both humans and rats. While these studies offer consistent support for the structural hypothesis, very few provide a rigorous test as the tasks can often be solved by other strategies. For this reason, the present review details the design features of future stringent tests of the structural hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
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243
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Antion MD, Merhav M, Hoeffer CA, Reis G, Kozma SC, Thomas G, Schuman EM, Rosenblum K, Klann E. Removal of S6K1 and S6K2 leads to divergent alterations in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. Learn Mem 2008; 15:29-38. [PMID: 18174371 DOI: 10.1101/lm.661908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is required for the expression of enduring memories and long-lasting synaptic plasticity. During cellular proliferation and growth, S6 kinases (S6Ks) are activated and coordinate the synthesis of de novo proteins. We hypothesized that protein synthesis mediated by S6Ks is critical for the manifestation of learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. We have tested this hypothesis with genetically engineered mice deficient for either S6K1 or S6K2. We have found that S6K1-deficient mice express an early-onset contextual fear memory deficit within one hour of training, a deficit in conditioned taste aversion (CTA), impaired Morris water maze acquisition, and hypoactive exploratory behavior. In contrast, S6K2-deficient mice exhibit decreased contextual fear memory seven days after training, a reduction in latent inhibition of CTA, and normal spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Surprisingly, neither S6K1- nor S6K2-deficient mice exhibited alterations in protein synthesis-dependent late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP). However, removal of S6K1, but not S6K2, compromised early-phase LTP expression. Furthermore, we observed that S6K1-deficient mice have elevated basal levels of Akt phosphorylation, which is further elevated following induction of L-LTP. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that removal of S6K1 leads to a distinct array of behavioral and synaptic plasticity phenotypes that are not mirrored by the removal of S6K2. Our observations suggest that neither gene by itself is required for L-LTP but instead may be required for other types of synaptic plasticity required for cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia D Antion
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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244
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Androulidakis Z, Lulham A, Bogacz R, Brown MW. Computational models can replicate the capacity of human recognition memory. NETWORK (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2008; 19:161-182. [PMID: 18946835 DOI: 10.1080/09548980802412638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of human recognition memory was investigated by Standing, who presented several groups of participants with different numbers of pictures (from 20 to 10 000), and subsequently tested their ability to distinguish between previously presented and novel pictures. The estimated number of pictures retained in recognition memory by different groups when plotted as a logarithmic function of the number of pictures presented formed a straight line, representing a power-law relationship. Here, we investigate if published models of familiarity discrimination can replicate Standing's results. We first consider a simplified assumption that visual stimuli are represented by uncorrelated patterns of firing of visual neurons providing input to the familiarity discrimination network. We show that for this case three models (Familiarity discrimination based on Energy (FamE), Anti-Hebbian and Info-max) can reproduce the observed power-law relationship when their synaptic weights are appropriately initialized. For more realistic assumptions on neural representation of stimuli, the FamE model is no longer able to reproduce the power-law relationship in simulations, while the Anti-Hebbian and Info-max can reproduce it. Nevertheless, the slopes of the power-law relationships produced by the models in all simulations differ from that observed by Standing. We discuss possible reasons for this difference, including separate contributions of familiarity and recollection processes, and describe experimentally testable predictions based on our analysis.
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245
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Kirwan CB, Jones CK, Miller MI, Stark CEL. High-resolution fMRI investigation of the medial temporal lobe. Hum Brain Mapp 2007; 28:959-66. [PMID: 17133381 PMCID: PMC2853185 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is critical for declarative memory formation. Several theories of MTL function propose functional distinctions between the different structures of the MTL, namely the hippocampus and the surrounding cortical areas. Furthermore, computational models and electrophysiological studies in animals suggest distinctions between the subregions of the hippocampus itself. Standard fMRI resolution is not sufficiently fine to resolve activity on the scale of hippocampal subregions. Several approaches to scanning the MTL at high resolutions have been made, however there are limitations to these approaches, namely difficulty in conducting group-level analyses. We demonstrate here techniques for scanning the MTL at high resolution and analyzing the high-resolution fMRI data at the group level. To address the issue of cross-participant alignment, we employ the ROI-LDDMM alignment technique, which is demonstrated to result in smaller alignment errors when compared with several other common normalization techniques. Finally, we demonstrate that the pattern of activation obtained in the high-resolution functional data is similar to that obtained at lower resolution, although the spatial extent is smaller and the percent signal change is greater. This difference in the pattern of activation may be due to less partial volume sampling in the high-resolution data, resulting in more accentuated regions of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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246
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Squire LR, Wixted JT, Clark RE. Recognition memory and the medial temporal lobe: a new perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:872-83. [PMID: 17948032 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory is widely viewed as consisting of two components, recollection and familiarity, which have been proposed to be dependent on the hippocampus and the adjacent perirhinal cortex, respectively. Here, we propose an alternative perspective: we suggest that the methods traditionally used to separate recollection from familiarity instead separate strong memories from weak memories. A review of work with humans, monkeys and rodents finds evidence for familiarity signals (as well as recollection signals) in the hippocampus and recollection signals (as well as familiarity signals) in the perirhinal cortex. We also indicate ways in which the functions of the medial temporal lobe structures are different, and suggest that these structures work together in a cooperative and complementary way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry R Squire
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center (116A), 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
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247
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Piekema C, Fernández G, Postma A, Hendriks MPH, Wester AJ, Kessels RPC. Spatial and non-spatial contextual working memory in patients with diencephalic or hippocampal dysfunction. Brain Res 2007; 1172:103-9. [PMID: 17822680 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and diencephalon results in impaired long-term memory, which relies on the binding of multiple, mostly contextual, features. Recent neuroimaging and patient studies have suggested that impairments may also be present in working memory after MTL or diencephalic damage. To examine whether patients with damage to these brain structures have impairments in working memory for contextual information, 15 patients with damage to the diencephalon due to Korsakoff's syndrome and 12 patients with unilateral MTL lesions, and 30 age-matched healthy controls performed a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) task in which they had to maintain either object-location associations, color-number associations, single colors or single locations. Compared to their age-matched controls, performance on the DMS task was generally impaired in both patient groups, whereas no deficits were found on standard neuropsychological span tasks that do not rely on maintenance aspects of working memory. The patients did not show disproportionate impairments on the binding condition. In all, the results clearly show that impairments in working memory maintenance are present in patients with MTL or diencephalic lesions. However, we did not find a disproportionate inability in maintaining spatial or non-spatial associations within working memory as previously demonstrated in long-term memory.
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248
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Hannula DE, Ryan JD, Tranel D, Cohen NJ. Rapid Onset Relational Memory Effects Are Evident in Eye Movement Behavior, but Not in Hippocampal Amnesia. J Cogn Neurosci 2007; 19:1690-705. [PMID: 17854282 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanisms by which memory for relations is accomplished, or about the time course of the critical processes. Here, eye movement measures were used to examine the time course of subjects' access to and use of relational memory. In four experiments, participants studied faces superimposed on scenic backgrounds and were tested with three-face displays superimposed on the scenes viewed earlier. Participants exhibited disproportionate viewing of the face originally studied with the scene, compared to other equally familiar faces in the test display. When a preview of a previously viewed scene was provided, permitting expectancies about the to-be-presented face to emerge, disproportionate viewing was manifested within 500–750 msec after test display onset, more than a full second in advance of explicit behavioral responses, and occurred even when overt responses were not required. In the absence of preview, the viewing effects were delayed by approximately 1 sec. Relational memory effects were absent in the eye movement behavior of amnesic patients with hippocampal damage, suggesting that these effects depend critically on the hippocampal system. The results provide an index of memory for face-scene relations, indicate the time by which retrieval and identification of these relations occur, and suggest that retrieval and use of relational memory depends critically on the hippocampus and occurs obligatorily, regardless of response requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Hannula
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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249
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Abstract
The ability to recognize a previously experienced stimulus is supported by two processes: recollection of the stimulus in the context of other information associated with the experience, and a sense of familiarity with the features of the stimulus. Although familiarity and recollection are functionally distinct, there is considerable debate about how these kinds of memory are supported by regions in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). Here, we review evidence for the distinction between recollection and familiarity and then consider the evidence regarding the neural mechanisms of these processes. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological studies of humans, monkeys, and rats indicates that different subregions of the MTL make distinct contributions to recollection and familiarity. The data suggest that the hippocampus is critical for recollection but not familiarity. The parahippocampal cortex also contributes to recollection, possibly via the representation and retrieval of contextual (especially spatial) information, whereas perirhinal cortex contributes to and is necessary for familiarity-based recognition. The findings are consistent with an anatomically guided hypothesis about the functional organization of the MTL and suggest mechanisms by which the anatomical components of the MTL interact to support the phenomenology of recollection and familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Eichenbaum
- Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215;
| | - A.R. Yonelinas
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
| | - C. Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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250
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Diana RA, Yonelinas AP, Ranganath C. Imaging recollection and familiarity in the medial temporal lobe: a three-component model. Trends Cogn Sci 2007; 11:379-86. [PMID: 17707683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) plays a crucial role in supporting memory for events, but the functional organization of regions in the MTL remains controversial, especially regarding the extent to which different subregions support recognition based on familiarity or recollection. Here we review results from functional neuroimaging studies showing that, whereas activity in the hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal gyrus is disproportionately associated with recollection, activity in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus is disproportionately associated with familiarity. The results are consistent with the idea that the parahippocampal cortex (located in the posterior parahippocampal gyrus) supports recollection by encoding and retrieving contextual information, whereas the hippocampus supports recollection by associating item and context information. By contrast, perirhinal cortex (located in the anterior parahippocampal gyrus) supports familiarity by encoding and retrieving specific item information. We discuss the implications of a 'binding of item and context' (BIC) model for studies of recognition memory. This model argues that there is no simple mapping between MTL regions and recollection and familiarity, but rather that the involvement of MTL regions in these processes depends on the specific demands of the task and the type of information involved. We highlight several predictions for future imaging studies that follow from the BIC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Diana
- Center for Neuroscience, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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