201
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Fe3+-immobilized nanoparticle-modified capillary for capillary electrophoretic separation of phosphoproteins and non-phosphoproteins. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2867-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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202
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Guzmán D, Kirsebom H, Solano C, Quillaguamán J, Hatti-Kaul R. Preparation of hydrophilic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) macroporous scaffolds through enzyme-mediated modifications. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911511419970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds made from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) were prepared by thermally induced phase separation from solutions in dioxane at temperatures above (23°C) or below the freezing point of the solvent. At 23°C, gelation occured with nano-fibrous network formation. The scaffolds prepared at —12°C and —25°C exhibited a highly porous morphology, with pores in the range of 3—25 μm, caused by freezing of dioxane. The macroporous scaffolds, prepared at —12°C, were treated with lipase to generate functional groups to which gelatin and glucosamine, respectively, were chemically coupled. The modified scaffolds had lower molecular weight, higher water content, lower melting temperature, and enthalpy. Cultivation of human embryonic fibroblasts on the macroporous scaffolds confirmed that the cells proliferated and adhered to the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Guzmán
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Harald Kirsebom
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlos Solano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jorge Quillaguamán
- Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Rajni Hatti-Kaul
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden,
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203
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Reisch A, Moussallem MD, Schlenoff JB. Electrochemically addressed cross-links in polyelectrolyte multilayers: cyclic duravoltammetry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:9418-24. [PMID: 21718024 PMCID: PMC3160202 DOI: 10.1021/la201588s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In situ nanoindentation was performed on a multilayer of poly(acrylic acid) and a high molecular weight, pendant chain polyviologen under controlled electrochemical potential. The modulus of the thin film of polyelectrolyte complex was reversibly modulated, by about an order of magnitude, upon changing the state of charge within the material using the electrochemically active and addressable viologen repeat units. The applied potential, under aqueous conditions, is believed to control the extent of cross-link formation. Simultaneous quartz crystal microbalance measurements revealed the flux of ions into or out of the multilayer during redox cycling. Apparent film modulus also depends on the identity of the last layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reisch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306 (U.S.A.)
| | - Maroun D. Moussallem
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306 (U.S.A.)
| | - Joseph B. Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306 (U.S.A.)
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204
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Valentín-Rodríguez C, He Y, Chodavarapu SS, Smith M, Roach AS, Lewis NR, Vaid S, Lin T, Lord DE, Green SM, Tezel TH, Ivanisevic A. Tuning the adhesion of layer-by-layer films to the physicochemical properties of inner limiting membranes using nanoparticles. Micron 2011; 42:616-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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205
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Yamanlar S, Sant S, Boudou T, Picart C, Khademhosseini A. Surface functionalization of hyaluronic acid hydrogels by polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5590-9. [PMID: 21571364 PMCID: PMC3109133 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), an anionic polysaccharide, is one of the major components of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Although HA has been widely used for tissue engineering applications, it does not support cell attachment and spreading and needs chemical modification to support cellular adhesion. Here, we present a simple approach to functionalize photocrosslinked HA hydrogels by deposition of poly(l-lysine) (PLL) and HA multilayer films made by the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique. PLL/HA multilayer film formation was assessed by using fluorescence microscopy, contact angle measurements, cationic dye loading and confocal microscopy. The effect of polyelectrolyte multilayer film (PEM) formation on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of hydrogels revealed polyelectrolyte diffusion inside the hydrogel pores, increased hydrophobicity of the surface, reduced equilibrium swelling, and reduced compressive moduli of the modified hydrogels. Furthermore, NIH-3T3 fibroblasts seeded on the surface showed improved cell attachment and spreading on the multilayer functionalized hydrogels. Thus, modification of HA hydrogel surfaces with multilayer films affected their physicochemical properties and improved cell adhesion and spreading on these surfaces. This new hydrogel/PEM composite system may offer possibilities for various biomedical and tissue engineering applications, including growth factor delivery and co-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yamanlar
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Thomas Boudou
- LMGP, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- LMGP, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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206
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Plewa A, Niemiec W, Filipowska J, Osyczka AM, Lach R, Szczubiałka K, Nowakowska M. Photocrosslinkable diazoresin/pectin films – Synthesis and application as cell culture supports. Eur Polym J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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207
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Schanté CE, Zuber G, Herlin C, Vandamme TF. Chemical modifications of hyaluronic acid for the synthesis of derivatives for a broad range of biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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208
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Veeregowda DH, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Sharma PK. Influence of fluoride-detergent combinations on the visco-elasticity of adsorbed salivary protein films. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:21-6. [PMID: 21244507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The visco-elasticity of salivary-protein films is related to mouthfeel, lubrication, biofilm formation, and protection against erosion and is influenced by the adsorption of toothpaste components. The thickness and the visco-elasticity of hydrated films (determined using a quartz crystal microbalance) of 2-h-old in vitro-adsorbed salivary-protein films were 43.5 nm and 9.4 MHz, respectively, whereas the dehydrated thickness, measured using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, was 2.4 nm. Treatment with toothpaste slurries decreased the thickness of the film, depending on the fluoride-detergent combination involved. Secondary exposure to saliva resulted in a regained thickness of the film to a level similar to its original thickness; however, no association was found between the thickness of hydrated and dehydrated films, indicating differences in film structure. Treatment with stannous fluoride/sodium lauryl sulphate (SnF(2)/SLS)-containing toothpaste slurries yielded a strong, immediate two-fold increase in characteristic film frequency (f(c)) with respect to untreated films, indicating cross-linking in adsorbed salivary-protein films by Sn(2+) that was absent when SLS was replaced with sodium hexametaphosphate (NaHMP). Secondary exposure to saliva of films treated with SnF(2) caused a strong, six-fold increase in f(c) compared with primary salivary-protein films, regardless of whether SLS or NaHMP was the detergent. This suggests that ionized stannous is not directly available for cross-linking in combination with highly negatively charged NaHMP, but becomes slowly available after initial treatment to cause cross-linking during secondary exposure to saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak H Veeregowda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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209
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Boudou T, Crouzier T, Nicolas C, Ren K, Picart C. Polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms used as thin materials for cell mechano-sensitivity studies. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:77-89. [PMID: 21038350 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three types of multilayer films made from poly(L-lysine)/hyaluronan, chitosan/hyaluronan, and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(L-glutamic acid), were used to investigate the interplay between film mechano-chemical properties and cell adhesion. We showed that C2C12 myoblast adhesion and proliferation depended on the extent of film cross-linking for all films whatever their internal chemistry. Cell spreading areas were found to correlate with the film's stiffness and to be distributed over a unique curve. Immuno-staining of the cytoskeletal components revealed the formation of F-actin stress fibers and vinculin plaques only on stiff films. Finally, we compared our results with previous studies performed on polyacrylamide and PDMS gels, two recognized materials for mechano-sensitivity studies. We found that the effect of substrate stiffness on cell spreading is material-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boudou
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
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210
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Grohmann S, Rothe H, Frant M, Liefeith K. Colloidal Force Spectroscopy and Cell Biological Investigations on Biomimetic Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Coatings Composed of Chondroitin Sulfate and Heparin. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1987-97. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200258q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Grohmann
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Rothe
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Marion Frant
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Klaus Liefeith
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
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211
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Lehaf AM, Moussallem MD, Schlenoff JB. Correlating the compliance and permeability of photo-cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4756-4763. [PMID: 21443175 PMCID: PMC3075366 DOI: 10.1021/la200229h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photo-cross-linkable polyelectrolyte multilayers were made from poly(allylamine) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) modified with a photosensitive benzophenone. Nanoindentation, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) of these and unmodified PAH/PAA multilayers, was used to assess their mechanical properties in situ under an aqueous buffer. Under the conditions employed (and a 20 nm radius AFM tip), reliable nanoindentations that appeared to be decoupled from the properties of the silicon substrate were obtained for films greater than 150 nm in thickness. A strong difference in the apparent modulus was observed for films terminated with positive as compared to negative polyelectrolytes. Films terminated with PAA were more glassy, suggesting better charge matching of polyelectrolytes. Multilayers irradiated for up to 100 min showed a smooth, controlled increase in the modulus with little change in the water contact angle. The permeability to iodide ion, measured electrochemically, also decreased in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Lehaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA
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212
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Detzel CJ, Larkin AL, Rajagopalan P. Polyelectrolyte multilayers in tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2011; 17:101-13. [PMID: 21210759 PMCID: PMC3062467 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer assembly of sequentially adsorbed, alternating polyelectrolytes has become increasingly important over the past two decades. The ease and versatility in assembling polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) has resulted in numerous wide ranging applications of these materials. More recently, PEMs are being used in biological applications ranging from biomaterials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. The ability to manipulate the chemical, physical, surface, and topographical properties of these multilayer architectures by simply changing the pH, ionic strength, thickness, and postassembly modifications render them highly suitable to probe the effects of external stimuli on cellular responsiveness. In the field of regenerative medicine, the ability to sequester growth factors and to tether peptides to PEMs has been exploited to direct the lineage of progenitor cells and to subsequently maintain a desired phenotype. Additional novel applications include the use of PEMs in the assembly of three-dimensional layered architectures and as coatings for individual cells to deliver tunable payloads of drugs or bioactive molecules. This review focuses on literature related to the modulation of chemical and physical properties of PEMs for tissue engineering applications and recent research efforts in maintaining and directing cellular phenotype in stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Detzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Adam L. Larkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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213
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Shen L, Chaudouet P, Ji J, Picart C. pH-Amplified Multilayer Films Based on Hyaluronan: Influence of HA Molecular Weight and Concentration on Film Growth and Stability. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:1322-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200070k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Chaudouet
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Catherine Picart
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
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214
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Lavalle P, Voegel JC, Vautier D, Senger B, Schaaf P, Ball V. Dynamic aspects of films prepared by a sequential deposition of species: perspectives for smart and responsive materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:1191-221. [PMID: 21264957 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of surface coatings using a step-by-step approach from mutually interacting species allows the fabrication of so called "multilayered films". These coatings are very versatile and easy to produce in environmentally friendly conditions, mostly from aqueous solution. They find more and more applications in many hot topic areas, such as in biomaterials and nanoelectronics but also in stimuli-responsive films. We aim to review the most recent developments in such stimuli-responsive coatings based on layer-by-layer (LBL) depositions in relationship to the properties of these coatings. The most investigated stimuli are based on changes in ionic strength, temperature, exposure to light, and mechanical forces. The possibility to induce a transition from linear to exponential growth in thickness and to change the charge compensation from "intrinsic" to "extrinsic" by controlling parameters such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength are the ways to confer their responsiveness to the films. Chemical post-modifications also allow to significantly modify the film properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lavalle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, Strasbourg Cedex, France
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215
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Anandhakumar S, Debapriya M, Nagaraja V, Raichur AM. Polyelectrolyte microcapsules for sustained delivery of water-soluble drugs. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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216
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Westwood M, Roberts D, Parker R. Enzymatic degradation of poly-l-lysine-polygalacturonic acid multilayers. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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217
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Mhanna RF, Vörös J, Zenobi-Wong M. Layer-by-layer films made from extracellular matrix macromolecules on silicone substrates. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:609-16. [PMID: 21319812 DOI: 10.1021/bm1012772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer (LbL) technique has been widely used to produce nanofilms for biomedical applications. Naturally occurring polymers such as ECM macromolecules are attractive candidates for LbL film preparation. In this study, we assessed the build-up of type I collagen (Col1)/chondroitin sulfate (CS) or Col1/Heparin (HN) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. The build-up was assessed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Integrin-mediated cell adhesion was assessed by studying the cytoskeletal organization of mammalian primary cells (chondrocytes) seeded on different end layers and number of layers. Data generated from the QCM-D observations showed a consistent build-up of films with more adsorption in the case of Col1/HN. Col1/CS films were stable in media, whereas Col1/HN films were not. AFM analysis showed that the layers were fibrillar in structure for both systems and between 20 and 30 nm thick. The films promoted cell adhesion when compared with tissue culture plastic in serum-free media with cycloheximide. Crosslinking of the films resulted in constrained cell spreading and a ruffled morphology. Finally, beta1 integrin blocking antibodies prevented cell spreading, suggesting that cell adhesion and spreading were mediated mainly by interaction with the collagen fibrils. The ability to construct stable ECM-based films on PDMS has particular relevance in mechanobiology, microfluidics, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami F Mhanna
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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218
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Phelps JA, Morisse S, Hindié M, Degat MC, Pauthe E, Van Tassel PR. Nanofilm biomaterials: localized cross-linking to optimize mechanical rigidity and bioactivity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1123-1130. [PMID: 21182246 DOI: 10.1021/la104156c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanofilm biomaterials, formed by the layer-by-layer assembly of charged macromolecules, are important systems for a variety of cell-contacting biomedical and biotechnological applications. Mechanical rigidity and bioactivity are two key film properties influencing the behavior of contacting cells. Increased rigidity tends to improve cells attachment, and films may be rendered bioactive through the incorporation of proteins, peptides, or drugs. A key challenge is to realize films that are simultaneously rigid and bioactive. Chemical cross-linking of the polymer framework--the standard means of increasing a film's rigidity--can diminish bioactivity through deactivation or isolation of embedded biomolecules or inhibition of film biodegradation. We present here a strategy to decouple mechanical rigidity and bioactivity, potentially enabling nanofilm biomaterials that are both mechanically rigid and bioactive. Our idea is to selectively cross-link the outer region of the film, resulting in a rigid outer skin to promote cell attachment, while leaving the film interior (with any embedded bioactive species) unaffected. We propose an approach whereby an N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS) activated poly(L-glutamic acid) is added as the terminal layer of a multilayer film and forms (covalent) amide bonds with amino groups of poly(L-lysine) placed previously within the film. We characterize film assembly and cross-linking extent via quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCMD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection mode (FTIR-ATR), and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and measure the attachment and metabolic activity of preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. We show cross-linking to occur primarily at the film surface and the subsequent cell attachment and metabolic activity to be enhanced compared to native films. Our method appears promising as a means to realize films that are simultaneously mechanically rigid and bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Phelps
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States
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219
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Fujie T, Haniuda H, Takeoka S. Convenient method for surface modification by patching a freestanding anti-biofouling nanosheet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10156k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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220
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Chiono V, Descrovi E, Sartori S, Gentile P, Ballarini M, Giorgis F, Ciardelli G. Biomimetic Tailoring of the Surface Properties of Polymers at the Nanoscale: Medical Applications. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY IN NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10497-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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221
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Shi Q, Su Y, Chen W, Peng J, Nie L, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Grafting short-chain amino acids onto membrane surfaces to resist protein fouling. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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222
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Guillame-Gentil O, Semenov O, Roca AS, Groth T, Zahn R, Vörös J, Zenobi-Wong M. Engineering the extracellular environment: Strategies for building 2D and 3D cellular structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:5443-62. [PMID: 20842659 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate is regulated by extracellular environmental signals. Receptor specific interaction of the cell with proteins, glycans, soluble factors as well as neighboring cells can steer cells towards proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis or migration. In this review, approaches to build cellular structures by engineering aspects of the extracellular environment are described. These methods include non-specific modifications to control the wettability and stiffness of surfaces using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) as well as methods where the temporal activation and spatial distribution of adhesion ligands is controlled. Building on these techniques, construction of two-dimensional cell sheets using temperature sensitive polymers or electrochemical dissolution is described together with current applications of these grafts in the clinical arena. Finally, methods to pattern cells in three-dimensions as well as to functionalize the 3D environment with biologic motifs take us one step closer to being able to engineer multicellular tissues and organs.
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223
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Ferri JK, Kotsmar C, Miller R. From surfactant adsorption kinetics to asymmetric nanomembrane mechanics: pendant drop experiments with subphase exchange. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 161:29-47. [PMID: 20810096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adsorption equilibrium is the state in which the chemical potential of each species in the interface and bulk is the same. Dynamic phenomena at fluid-fluid interfaces in the presence of surface active species are often probed by perturbing an interface or adjoining bulk phase from the equilibrium state. Many methods designed for studying kinetics at fluid-fluid interfaces focus on removing the system from equilibrium through dilation or compression of the interface. This modifies the surface excess concentration Γ(i) and allows the species distribution in the bulk C(i) to respond. There are only a few methods available for studying fluid-fluid interfaces which seek to control C(i) and allow the interface to respond with changes to Γ(i). Subphase exchange in pendant drops can be achieved by the injection and withdrawal of liquid into a drop at constant volumetric flow rate R(E) during which the interfacial area and drop volume V(D) are controlled to be approximately constant. This can be accomplished by forming a pendant drop at the tip of two coaxial capillary tubes. Although evolution of the subphase concentration C(i)(t) is dictated by extrinsic factors such as R(E) and V(D), complete subphase exchange can always be attained when a sufficient amount of liquid is used. This provides a means to tailor driving forces for adsorption and desorption in fluid-fluid systems and in some cases, fabricate interfacial materials of well-defined composition templated at these interfaces. The coaxial capillary pendant drop (CCPD) method opens a wide variety of experimental possibilities. Experiments and theoretical frameworks are reviewed for the study of surfactant exchange kinetics, macromolecular adsorption equilibrium and dynamics, as well as the fabrication of a wide range of soft surface materials and the characterization of their mechanics. Future directions for new experiments are also discussed.
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Crouzier T, Boudou T, Picart C. Polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte multilayers. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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226
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Guillaume-Gentil O, Abbruzzese D, Thomasson E, Vörös J, Zambelli T. Chemically tunable electrochemical dissolution of noncontinuous polyelectrolyte assemblies: an in situ study using ecAFM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3525-3531. [PMID: 21067205 DOI: 10.1021/am1007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemically triggered dissolution of noncontinuous polyelectrolyte assemblies presenting distinct nanomorphologies and its tuning by chemical cross-linking were monitored locally, in situ, by electrochemical atomic force microscopy. Poly-l-lysine and hyaluronic acid deposited layer-by-layer on indium tin oxide electrodes at specific experimental conditions formed well-defined nanostructures whose morphologies could be easily and precisely followed along the dissolution process. In addition to shrinkage of polyelectrolyte nanodroplets, ecAFM images revealed the faster dissolution of coalesced structures compared to droplet-like complexes, and the readsorption of dissolved polyelectrolytes onto slower dissolving neighboring structures. Covalently cross-linked PLL/HA assemblies dissolved only partially, and exhibited slower dissolution rates compared to native multilayers, with a clear dependence on the cross-link density. Tuning the electrochemical dissolution of polyelectrolyte multilayers through chemical cross-linking opens new prospects for future biomedical applications, such as the development of advanced drug or gene delivery platforms allowing for tightly controlled releases of different compounds at specific rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orane Guillaume-Gentil
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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227
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Chen PH, Kuo TY, Kuo JY, Tseng YP, Wang DM, Lai JY, Hsieh HJ. Novel chitosan–pectin composite membranes with enhanced strength, hydrophilicity and controllable disintegration. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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228
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Martins GV, Merino EG, Mano JF, Alves NM. Crosslink effect and albumin adsorption onto chitosan/alginate multilayered systems: an in situ QCM-D study. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:1444-55. [PMID: 21125694 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of HSA onto CHI/ALG multilayer assemblies was assessed in situ using QCM-D. It was found that the behavior of HSA on biomaterials surface can be tuned by adjusting parameters of the polyelectrolyte system such as pH, layer number, crosslinker and polymer terminal layer. Our results confirmed the key role of electrostatic interactions during HSA adsorption, since oppositely charged surfaces were more effective in promoting protein adhesion. QCM-D data revealed that crosslinking (CHI/ALG)(5) CHI films allows HSA to become adsorbed in physiological conditions. Our results suggested that the biological potential of biopolymers and the mild conditions of the LbL technique turn these natural nanoassemblies into a suitable choice to be used as pH-sensitive coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela V Martins
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.
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229
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Früh J, Köhler R, Möhwald H, Krastev R. Changes of the molecular structure in polyelectrolyte multilayers under stress. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15516-15522. [PMID: 20809658 DOI: 10.1021/la1015324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) produced by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly find different applications. Often the PEMs are exposed to mechanical stress which they have to sustain. A correlation of the mechanical properties of PEM on macroscopic level with the ordering of polyelectrolyte molecules on molecular level is of interest. Our study is focused on the changes of orientation of the polyelectrolyte molecules when the PEM is under lateral mechanical stress. The PEM was prepared from pyrene (PY) labeled polystyrene sulfonate (PSS-PY) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) on sheets of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rubber used as substrates. The LbL dipping technique was used for the formation of PEMs. A special stretching device was constructed which allows the fluorescence of the films under stress to be observed. The change in the fluorescence spectra which can be attributed to a PY ordering change from the PEM under stress of up to 10% was monitored. We observed that PEMs undergo a plastic deformation under external mechanical stretching. We conclude that under mechanical stress the polyelectrolyte molecules organized in polyelectrolyte multilayers experience an irreversible transition from the coiled to decoiled state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Früh
- Max Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Golm/Potsdam, Germany
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230
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Zouari R, Michel M, Di Martino J, Ball V. Production of free standing composite membranes or of patterned films after sol–gel reactions in an exponential layer-by-layer architecture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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231
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Weder G, Guillaume-Gentil O, Matthey N, Montagne F, Heinzelmann H, Vörös J, Liley M. The quantification of single cell adhesion on functionalized surfaces for cell sheet engineering. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6436-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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232
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Lai JY. Biocompatibility of chemically cross-linked gelatin hydrogels for ophthalmic use. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:1899-1911. [PMID: 20238149 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatibility is a major requirement for the development of functional biomaterials for ophthalmic applications. In this study, we investigated the effect of cross-linker functionality on ocular biocompatibility of chemically modified gelatin hydrogels. The test materials were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GTA) or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), and were analyzed using in vitro and in vivo assays. Primary rat iris pigment epithelial cultures were incubated with various gelatin discs for 2 days, and the cellular responses were monitored by cell proliferation, viability, and pro-inflammatory gene and cytokine expression. The results demonstrated that the cells exposed to EDC cross-linked gelatins had relatively lower lactate dehydrogenase activity, cytotoxicity, and interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels than did those to GTA treated samples. In addition, the gelatin implants were inserted in the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes for 12 weeks and characterized by clinical observations and scanning electron microscopy studies. The EDC cross-linked gelatin hydrogels exhibited good biocompatibility and were well tolerated without causing toxicity and adverse effects. However, a significant inflammatory reaction was elicited by the presence of GTA treated materials. It was noted that, despite its biocompatibility, the potential application of non-cross-linked gelatin for local delivery of cell and drug therapeutics would be limited due to rapid dissolution in aqueous environments. In conclusion, these findings suggest ocular cell/tissue response to changes in cross-linker properties. In comparison to GTA treatment, the EDC cross-linking is more suitable for preparation of chemically modified gelatin hydrogels for ophthalmic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yang Lai
- Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 33302, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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233
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Blacklock J, Sievers TK, Handa H, You YZ, Oupický D, Mao G, Möhwald H. Cross-linked bioreducible layer-by-layer films for increased cell adhesion and transgene expression. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5283-91. [PMID: 20369813 PMCID: PMC2861295 DOI: 10.1021/jp100486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of cross-linking layer-by-layer (LbL) films consisting of bioreducible poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (rPDMAEMA) and DNA is examined with regard to rigidity, biodegradability, cell adhesion, and transfection activity using 1,5-diiodopentane (DIP) cross-linker. DIP chemically reacts with the tertiary amines of rPDMAEMA, altering the chemical composition of these LbL films. The result is a change in surface morphology, film swelling behavior, and film rigidity, measured with AFM and ellipsometry. It is found that the apparent Young's modulus is increased more than 4 times its original value upon cross-linking. Cross-linking mass is additionally confirmed with a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Comprehensive analyses of these experimental values were investigated to calculate the degree of cross-linking using the rubber elasticity theory and the Flory-Rehner theory. Additionally, the Flory-Huggins parameter, chi, was calculated. Good agreement in the two methods yields a cross-linking density of approximately 0.82 mmol/cm(3). The Flory-Huggins parameter increased upon cross-linking from 1.07 to 1.2, indicating increased hydrophobicity of the network and formation of bulk water droplets within the films. In addition, the effects of cross-linking on film disassembly by 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) are found to be insignificant despite the alteration in film rigidity. Mouse fibroblast cells and smooth muscle cells are used to study the effect of cross-linking on cell adhesion and cell transfection activity. In vitro transfection activity up to seven days is quantified using secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) DNA. Film cross-linking is found to enhance cell adhesion and prolong the duration of cellular transfection. These results contribute to the development of bioreducible polymer coatings for localized gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Blacklock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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234
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Electrochemical analysis of conducting polymer thin films. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:1956-72. [PMID: 20480052 PMCID: PMC2871148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11041956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers built via the layer-by-layer (LbL) method has been one of the most promising systems in the field of materials science. Layered structures can be constructed by the adsorption of various polyelectrolyte species onto the surface of a solid or liquid material by means of electrostatic interaction. The thickness of the adsorbed layers can be tuned precisely in the nanometer range. Stable, semiconducting thin films are interesting research subjects. We use a conducting polymer, poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), in the preparation of a stable thin film via the LbL method. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been used to characterize the ionic conductivity of the PPV multilayer films. The ionic conductivity of the films has been found to be dependent on the polymerization temperature. The film conductivity can be fitted to a modified Randle’s circuit. The circuit equivalent calculations are performed to provide the diffusion coefficient values.
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235
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Dou H, Yang W, Tao K, Li W, Sun K. Thermal sensitive microgels with stable and reversible photoluminescence based on covalently bonded quantum dots. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5022-5027. [PMID: 20201483 DOI: 10.1021/la903667r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, thermal sensitive microgels functionalized with carboxyl groups were synthesized directly from hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and acrylic acid (AA) without using any organic solvent. Furthermore, covalently bonded hybrid microgels with novel thermosensitivity in terms of size and fluorescence were fabricated from these HPC-PAA microgels and cysteamine-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs). The composition of the hybrid microgels were characterized by thermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coulometric titration. It was verified that the weight percent of CdTe QDs was ca. 40%, and the percent of poly(acrylic acid) varied between 9.0% and 13.6%. Through a systematic study, it was found that both the size and the fluorescent intensity of the microgels decreased as the temperature increased from below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) to above the LCST of the HPC. Different from most reported cases, it was found that the thermal sensitive alteration of the current hybrid microgels' size and fluorescent intensity are reversible. The novel fluorescent properties are deduced to be related to the structural characteristics of the microgels, i.e., the QDs are covalently bonded to the microgels and the dispersion of QDs in the microgels is spatially homogeneous. As a consequence of this special structure, the refractive indexes of the microgels were changed and the surface defects of the QDs were reduced, and therefore affected the fluorescent properties of the resulting hybrid microgels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Dou
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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236
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Jierry L, Ben Ameur N, Thomann JS, Frisch B, Gonthier E, Voegel JC, Senger B, Decher G, Felix O, Schaaf P, Mesini P, Boulmedais F. Influence of Cu(I)−Alkyne π-Complex Charge on the Step-by-Step Film Buildup through Sharpless Click Reaction. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100402v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Jierry
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Najla Ben Ameur
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg. Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg. Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Frisch
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg. Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Eric Gonthier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Claude Voegel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Senger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 977, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 1 Place de l’Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gero Decher
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Felix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Mesini
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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237
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Crouzier T, Szarpak A, Boudou T, Auzély-Velty R, Picart C. Polysaccharide-blend multilayers containing hyaluronan and heparin as a delivery system for rhBMP-2. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:651-662. [PMID: 20155753 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that blend multilayers of hyaluronan (HA) and heparin (HEP) as polyanions and poly(L-lysine) (PLL) as a polycation can be used to prepare films with different thicknesses and chemical compositions. The amounts of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) loaded and the fraction initially released from the films depend on the film's chemical composition. The amounts of rhBMP-2 loaded in the films are much higher for HA mass fractions of more than 0.4. The bioactivity of the rhBMP-2-loaded films is investigated on C2C12 myoblasts, which differentiates into osteoblasts in contact with the films. The alkaline phosphatase expression for cells grown on nanoblend films of various compositions falls over a unique curve. This suggests that the cells "sensing" the rhBMP-2 are not influenced by the film's chemistry. The rhBMP-2 can sustain at least three successive culture sequences while remaining bioactive, thus confirming the important and protective effect of rhBMP-2. Altogether, these results indicate that crosslinked PLL/HA films have superior properties for the incorporation of rhBMP-2 and on its long-lasting bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Crouzier
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP 3 Parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
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238
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Rydzek G, Thomann JS, Ben Ameur N, Jierry L, Mésini P, Ponche A, Contal C, El Haitami AE, Voegel JC, Senger B, Schaaf P, Frisch B, Boulmedais F. Polymer multilayer films obtained by electrochemically catalyzed click chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2816-2824. [PMID: 19950954 DOI: 10.1021/la902874k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the covalent layer-by-layer construction of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films by using an efficient electrochemically triggered Sharpless click reaction. The click reaction is catalyzed by Cu(I) which is generated in situ from Cu(II) (originating from the dissolution of CuSO(4)) at the electrode constituting the substrate of the film. The film buildup can be controlled by the application of a mild potential inducing the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) in the absence of any reducing agent or any ligand. The experiments were carried out in an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance cell which allows both to apply a controlled potential on a gold electrode and to follow the mass deposited on the electrode through the quartz crystal microbalance. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) modified with either alkyne (PAA(Alk)) or azide (PAA(Az)) functions grafted onto the PAA backbone through ethylene glycol arms were used to build the PEM films. Construction takes place on gold electrodes whose potentials are more negative than a critical value, which lies between -70 and -150 mV vs Ag/AgCl (KCl sat.) reference electrode. The film thickness increment per bilayer appears independent of the applied voltage as long as it is more negative than the critical potential, but it depends upon Cu(II) and polyelectrolyte concentrations in solution and upon the reduction time of Cu(II) during each deposition step. An increase of any of these latter parameters leads to an increase of the mass deposited per layer. For given buildup conditions, the construction levels off after a given number of deposition steps which increases with the Cu(II) concentration and/or the Cu(II) reduction time. A model based on the diffusion of Cu(II) and Cu(I) ions through the film and the dynamics of the polyelectrolyte anchoring on the film, during the reduction period of Cu(II), is proposed to explain the major buildup features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaulthier Rydzek
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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239
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Szarpak A, Cui D, Dubreuil F, De Geest BG, De Cock LJ, Picart C, Auzély-Velty R. Designing Hyaluronic Acid-Based Layer-by-Layer Capsules as a Carrier for Intracellular Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:713-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bm9012937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szarpak
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Di Cui
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Dubreuil
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Bruno G. De Geest
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Liesbeth J. De Cock
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Rachel Auzély-Velty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, 3 parvis Louis Néel, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
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240
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Boudou T, Crouzier T, Ren K, Blin G, Picart C. Multiple functionalities of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: new biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:441-67. [PMID: 20217734 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of advanced functional materials with nanometer- and micrometer-scale control over their properties is of considerable interest for both fundamental and applied studies because of the many potential applications for these materials in the fields of biomedical materials, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The layer-by-layer deposition technique introduced in the early 1990s by Decher, Moehwald, and Lvov is a versatile technique, which has attracted an increasing number of researchers in recent years due to its wide range of advantages for biomedical applications: ease of preparation under "mild" conditions compatible with physiological media, capability of incorporating bioactive molecules, extra-cellular matrix components and biopolymers in the films, tunable mechanical properties, and spatio-temporal control over film organization. The last few years have seen a significant increase in reports exploring the possibilities offered by diffusing molecules into films to control their internal structures or design "reservoirs," as well as control their mechanical properties. Such properties, associated with the chemical properties of films, are particularly important for designing biomedical devices that contain bioactive molecules. In this review, we highlight recent work on designing and controlling film properties at the nanometer and micrometer scales with a view to developing new biomaterial coatings, tissue engineered constructs that could mimic in vivo cellular microenvironments, and stem cell "niches."
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boudou
- Grenoble-INP, LMGP-MINATEC, CNRS UMR 5628 3, Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
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241
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Boudou T, Crouzier T, Auzély-Velty R, Glinel K, Picart C. Internal composition versus the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte multilayer films: the influence of chemical cross-linking. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13809-13819. [PMID: 20560550 DOI: 10.1021/la9018663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Different types of polyelectrolyte multilayer films composed of poly(L-lysine)/hyaluronan (PLL/HA), chitosan/hyaluronan (CHI/HA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(L-glutamic acid) (PAH/PGA) have been investigated for their internal composition, including water content, ion pairing, and ability to be covalently cross-linked, as well as for their mechanical properties. Film buildup under physiological conditions was monitored by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), which allows unambiguous quantification of the different groups present in the polyelectrolytes. (PAH/PGA) films emerged as the most dense films with the lowest hydration (29%) and the highest COO(-) molar density. In addition, PAH is greatly in excess in these films (3 PAH monomers per PGA monomer). The formation of amide bonds during film cross-linking using the water-soluble carbodiimide EDC was also investigated. All of the films could be cross-linked in a tunable manner, but PAH/PGA exhibited the highest absolute number of amide bonds created, approximately 7 times more than for (PLL/HA) and (CHI/HA) films. The Young's modulus E of the films measured by AFM nanoindentation was shown to vary over 1 to 2 orders of magnitude for the different systems. Interestingly, a linear relationship between E and the density of the covalent cross-links created was observed for (PLL/HA) and (CHI/HA) films whereas (PGA/PAH) films exhibited biphasic behavior. The mean distance between covalent cross-links was estimated to be approximately 11 nm for (PLL/HA) and (CHI/HA) films and only approximately 6 nm for (PAH/PGA) films for the maximum EDC concentration tested (100 mg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boudou
- Minatec, Grenoble Institute of Technology and LMGP, F-38016 Grenoble Cedex, France
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242
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Moussallem MD, Olenych SG, Scott SL, Keller TCS, Schlenoff JB. Smooth muscle cell phenotype modulation and contraction on native and cross-linked polyelectrolyte multilayers. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:3062-8. [PMID: 19817347 PMCID: PMC2775193 DOI: 10.1021/bm9007309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells convert between a motile, proliferative "synthetic" phenotype and a sessile, "contractile" phenotype. The ability to manipulate the phenotype of aortic smooth muscle cells with thin biocompatible polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMUs) with common surface chemical characteristics but varying stiffness was investigated. The stiffness of (PAH/PAA) PEMUs was varied by heating to form covalent amide bond cross-links between the layers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that cross-linked PEMUs were thinner than those that were not cross-linked. AFM nanoindentation demonstrated that the Young's modulus ranged from 6 MPa for hydrated native PEMUs to more than 8 GPa for maximally cross-linked PEMUs. Rat aortic A7r5 smooth muscle cells cultured on native PEMUs exhibited morphology and motility of synthetic cells and expression of the synthetic phenotype markers vimentin, tropomyosin 4, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB (nmMHCIIB). In comparison, cells cultured on maximally cross-linked PEMUs exhibited the phenotype markers calponin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smMHC), myocardin, transgelin, and smooth muscle alpha-actin (smActin) that are characteristic of the smooth muscle "contractile" phenotype. Consistent with those cells being "contractile", A7r5 cells grown on cross-linked PEMUs produced contractile force when stimulated with a Ca(2+) ionophore.
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243
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Semenov OV, Malek A, Bittermann AG, Vörös J, Zisch AH. Engineered Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Substrates for Adhesion, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:2977-90. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Semenov
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Malek
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Janos Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas H. Zisch
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Materials Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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244
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Targeted cell adhesion on selectively micropatterned polymer arrays on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 12:13-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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245
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Yang GL, He FM, Yang XF, Wang XX, Zhao SF. In vivo evaluation of bone-bonding ability of RGD-coated porous implant using layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:175-85. [PMID: 18491389 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
RGD has been demonstrated to improve implant osseointegration. However, few studies are known about an effect of RGD coating on a bone-bonding ability of screw-shaped porous implant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RGD coating using the layer-by-layer self-assembly technique on the bone-bonding ability of porous implant. 60 implants of 10 mm in length (30 control and 30 RGD-coated) were inserted into femurs of 30 rabbits and 30 implants of 8 mm in length (15 control and 15 RGD-coated) were inserted into tibias of 15 rabbits. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation, femurs and tibias were retrieved and prepared for removal torque tests (RTQ) and histomorphometric evaluation, respectively. No differences were found in the RTQ values between two implants at 4 weeks (p = 0.932). There were statistical significances in the RTQ values at 8 and 12 weeks (p = 0.002, 0.001, respectively). New bone was formed on both implant surfaces. The bone-implant contact pattern appeared to produce a broad-based direct contact in both implants. The RGD-coated implants showed a significantly greater BIC in the threads inside the cortical bone compared with the control implants at 4, 8, and 12 weeks (p = 0.024, 0.041, 0.022, respectively). No differences were found in the bone area within the same threads between two implants at 4 weeks (p = 0.806) whereas differences were found at 8 and 12 weeks (p = 0.009, 0.031, respectively). It was concluded that RGD coating using the layer-by-layer self-assembly technique has a positive effect on the bone-bonding ability of porous implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Li Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital, Medical College, Zhejiang University, Yan'an Road, Hangzhou, China
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246
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Mansouri S, Winnik FM, Tabrizian M. Modulating the release kinetics through the control of the permeability of the layer-by-layer assembly: a review. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:585-97. [PMID: 19480609 DOI: 10.1517/17425240902967599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique has emerged as a simple and versatile method for coating biological and non-biological templates for various biomedical applications. A promising avenue of this technique lies in the encapsulation of drugs and other biological substances for controlled release. Fundamental studies of LbL assembly on flat surfaces have provided a sound understanding of film deposition theory and its pertinence to ionic and molecular transport and diffusion through polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. However, there is a lack of information on the permeability of three-dimensional PEM shell systems. In either PEM films or shells, it has been shown that drug release is a function of the ionic strength, pH and/or multilayer thickness. This report aims to provide an overview of the physicochemical parameters affecting the permeability of two- and three-dimensional multilayer shells, including ionic strength, layer number and pH. Furthermore, their synergic effect on loading and release of biologically active molecules from LbL multilayers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sania Mansouri
- McGill University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duff Medical Science Building, 3775 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
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247
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Alves NM, Picart C, Mano JF. Self Assembling and Crosslinking of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films of Chitosan and Alginate Studied by QCM and IR Spectroscopy. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:776-85. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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248
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Jiang B, Barnett JB, Li B. Advances in polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms as tunable drug delivery systems. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2009; 2:21-7. [PMID: 24198464 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms, which have a variety of applications ranging from optical and electrochemical materials to biomedical devices. Polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms are constructed from aqueous solutions using electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly of oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes on a solid substrate. Multifunctional polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms have been studied using charged dyes, metal and inorganic nanoparticles, DNA, proteins, and viruses. In the past few years, there has been increasing attention to developing polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms as drug delivery vehicles. In this mini-review, we present recent developments in polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms with tunable drug delivery properties, with particular emphasis on the strategies in tuning the loading and release of drugs in polyelectrolyte multilayer nanofilms as well as their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Jiang
- Biomaterials, Bioengineering and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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249
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Hejcl A, Lesný P, Prádný M, Sedý J, Zámecník J, Jendelová P, Michálek J, Syková E. Macroporous hydrogels based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Part 6: 3D hydrogels with positive and negative surface charges and polyelectrolyte complexes in spinal cord injury repair. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2009; 20:1571-1577. [PMID: 19252968 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Macroporous hydrogels are artificial biomaterials commonly used in tissue engineering, including central nervous system (CNS) repair. Their physical properties may be modified to improve their adhesion properties and promote tissue regeneration. We implanted four types of hydrogels based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) with different surface charges inside a spinal cord hemisection cavity at the Th8 level in rats. The spinal cords were processed 1 and 6 months after implantation and histologically evaluated. Connective tissue deposition was most abundant in the hydrogels with positively-charged functional groups. Axonal regeneration was promoted in hydrogels carrying charged functional groups; hydrogels with positively charged functional groups showed increased axonal ingrowth into the central parts of the implant. Few astrocytes grew into the hydrogels. Our study shows that HEMA-based hydrogels carrying charged functional groups improve axonal ingrowth inside the implants compared to implants without any charge. Further, positively charged functional groups promote connective tissue infiltration and extended axonal regeneration inside a hydrogel bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hejcl
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídenská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Buck ME, Breitbach AS, Belgrade SK, Blackwell HE, Lynn DM. Chemical modification of reactive multilayered films fabricated from poly(2-alkenyl azlactone)s: design of surfaces that prevent or promote mammalian cell adhesion and bacterial biofilm growth. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:1564-74. [PMID: 19438231 PMCID: PMC2697386 DOI: 10.1021/bm9001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach to the design of reactive polymer films that can be functionalized post-fabrication to either prevent or promote the attachment and growth of cells. Our approach is based on the reactive layer-by-layer assembly of covalently crosslinked thin films using a synthetic polyamine and a polymer containing reactive azlactone functionality. Our results demonstrate (i) that the residual azlactone functionality in these films can be exploited to immobilize amine-functionalized chemical motifs similar to those that promote or prevent cell and protein adhesion when assembled as self-assembled monolayers on gold-coated surfaces and (ii) that the immobilization of these motifs changes significantly the behaviors and interactions of cells with the surfaces of these polymer films. We demonstrate that films treated with the hydrophobic molecule decylamine support the attachment and growth of mammalian cells in vitro. In contrast, films treated with the hydrophilic carbohydrate d-glucamine prevent cell adhesion and growth almost completely. The results of additional experiments suggest that these large differences in cell behavior can be understood, at least in part, in terms of differences in the abilities of these two different chemical motifs to promote or prevent the adsorption of protein onto film-coated surfaces. We demonstrate further that this approach can be used to pattern regions of these reactive films that resist the initial attachment and subsequent invasion of mammalian cells for periods of at least one month in the presence of serum-containing cell culture media. Finally, we report that films that prevent the adhesion and growth of mammalian cells also prevent the initial formation of bacterial biofilms when incubated in the presence of the clinically relevant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The results of these studies, collectively, suggest the basis of general approaches to the fabrication and functionalization of thin films that prevent, promote, or pattern cell growth or the formation of biofilms on surfaces of interest in the contexts of both fundamental biological studies and a broad range of other practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren E Buck
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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