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Wei H, Wu F, Li L, Yang X, Xu C, Yu P, Ma F, Mao L. Natural Leukocyte Membrane-Masked Microelectrodes with an Enhanced Antifouling Ability and Biocompatibility for In Vivo Electrochemical Sensing. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11374-11379. [PMID: 32664720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Probing chemical information in the central nervous system is essential for understanding the molecular mechanism of brain function. Electrochemistry with tissue-implantable carbon fiber electrodes (CFEs) provides a powerful tool for monitoring the dynamics of neurochemicals in a subsecond time scale; however, the implantation of CFEs into brain tissue immediately causes the nonspecific adsorption of proteins on electrode surfaces. This process can dramatically impact the performance of the electrochemical method in terms of reduced sensitivity and accuracy. Herein, we report a strategy to minimize the electrode biofouling by masking CFEs with leukocyte membranes (LMs). We find that the LM masking endows CFEs with a highly hydrophilic surface that gains a high resistance to nonspecific protein adsorption. The electrode reactivity to target molecules decreases by a small degree due to the membrane coating, but the sensitivity loss of the LM-masked CFEs is greatly lessened even after in vivo implantation for 8 h. This study offers a new method of microelectrode modification by natural cell membranes for sustained sensing performance during long-term in vivo analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoti Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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202
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Liu C, Nguyen MA, Alvarez-Ciara A, Franklin M, Bennett C, Domena JB, Kleinhenz NC, Blanco Colmenares GA, Duque S, Chebbi AF, Bernard B, Olivier JH, Prasad A. Surface Modifications of an Organic Polymer-Based Microwire Platform for Sustained Release of an Anti-Inflammatory Drug. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:4613-4625. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Michelle A. Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Anabel Alvarez-Ciara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Melissa Franklin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Cassie Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Justin B. Domena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Noah C. Kleinhenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Gabriel A. Blanco Colmenares
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Sebastian Duque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Aisha F. Chebbi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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203
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Kolarcik CL, Castro CA, Lesniak A, Demetris AJ, Fisher LE, Gaunt RA, Weber DJ, Cui XT. Host tissue response to floating microelectrode arrays chronically implanted in the feline spinal nerve. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046012. [PMID: 32434161 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab94d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural interfacing technologies could significantly improve quality of life for people living with the loss of a limb. Both motor commands and sensory feedback must be considered; these complementary systems are segregated from one another in the spinal nerve. APPROACH The dorsal root ganglion-ventral root (DRG-VR) complex was targeted chronically with floating microelectrode arrays designed to record from motor neuron axons in the VR or stimulate sensory neurons in the DRG. Hematoxylin and eosin and Nissl/Luxol fast blue staining were performed. Characterization of the tissue response in regions of interest and pixel-based image analyses were used to quantify MAC387 (monocytes/macrophages), NF200 (axons), S100 (Schwann cells), vimentin (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, astrocytes), and GLUT1 (glucose transport proteins) reactivity. Implanted roots were compared to non-implanted roots and differences between the VR and DRG examined. MAIN RESULTS The tissue response associated with chronic array implantation in this peripheral location is similar to that observed in central nervous system locations. Markers of inflammation were increased in implanted roots relative to control roots with MAC387 positive cells distributed throughout the region corresponding to the device footprint. Significant decreases in neuronal density and myelination were observed in both the VR, which contains only neuronal axons, and the DRG, which contains both neuronal axons and cell bodies. Notably, decreases in NF200 in the VR were observed only at implant times less than ten weeks. Observations related to the blood-nerve barrier and tissue integrity suggest that tissue remodeling occurs, particularly in the VR. SIGNIFICANCE This study was designed to assess the viability of the DRG-VR complex as a site for neural interfacing applications and suggests that continued efforts to mitigate the tissue response will be critical to achieve the overall goal of a long-term, reliable neural interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi L Kolarcik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegic Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. Systems Neuroscience Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America. Live Like Lou Center for ALS Research, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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204
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Esquibel CR, Wendt KD, Lee HC, Gaire J, Shoffstall A, Urdaneta ME, Chacko JV, Brodnick SK, Otto KJ, Capadona JR, Williams JC, Eliceiri KW. Second Harmonic Generation Imaging of Collagen in Chronically Implantable Electrodes in Brain Tissue. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:95. [PMID: 32733179 PMCID: PMC7358524 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in neural engineering have brought about a number of implantable devices for improved brain stimulation and recording. Unfortunately, many of these micro-implants have not been adopted due to issues of signal loss, deterioration, and host response to the device. While glial scar characterization is critical to better understand the mechanisms that affect device functionality or tissue viability, analysis is frequently hindered by immunohistochemical tissue processing methods that result in device shattering and tissue tearing artifacts. Devices are commonly removed prior to sectioning, which can itself disturb the quality of the study. In this methods implementation study, we use the label free, optical sectioning method of second harmonic generation (SHG) to examine brain slices of various implanted intracortical electrodes and demonstrate collagen fiber distribution not found in normal brain tissue. SHG can easily be used in conjunction with multiphoton microscopy to allow direct intrinsic visualization of collagen-containing glial scars on the surface of cortically implanted electrode probes without imposing the physical strain of tissue sectioning methods required for other high resolution light microscopy modalities. Identification and future measurements of these collagen fibers may be useful in predicting host immune response and device signal fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne R. Esquibel
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristy D. Wendt
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Heui C. Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Janak Gaire
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Andrew Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Morgan E. Urdaneta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jenu V. Chacko
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sarah K. Brodnick
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin J. Otto
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Justin C. Williams
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - K. W. Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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205
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Gottipati MK, Zuidema JM, Gilbert RJ. Biomaterial strategies for creating in vitro astrocyte cultures resembling in vivo astrocyte morphologies and phenotypes. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 14:67-74. [PMID: 34296048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are dynamic cells residing in the central nervous system exhibiting many diverse functions. Astrocytes quickly change and present unique phenotypes in response to injury or disease. Here, we briefly summarize recent information regarding astrocyte morphology and function and provide brief insight into their phenotypic changes following injury or disease. We also present the utility of in vitro astrocyte cultures and present recent advances in biomaterial development that enable better recapitulation of their in vivo behavior and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180.,Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH. 43210
| | - Jonathan M Zuidema
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA. 92093
| | - Ryan J Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8 Street, Troy, NY. 12180
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206
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Otte E, Cziumplik V, Ruther P, Paul O. Customized Thinning of Silicon-based Neural Probes Down to 2 µm. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:3388-3392. [PMID: 33018731 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the customized thinning of neural probes based on silicon (Si) using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) as a post-processing step. The reduced probe dimensions are expected to minimize local tissue trauma, while guaranteeing probe integrity during implantation. For DRIE, the probes are partially masked by a micromachined Si cover chip comprising tailored cavities enabling any desired thinned length l and probe thickness t by a proper choice of cover chip design and DRIE parameters, respectively. A broad variety of probe designs were realized with shank tip thicknesses ranging from 35 µm down to 2 µm. All probes could successfully be implanted into a brain tissue phantom, demonstrating a pronounced reduction in insertion force from 0.55 mN for unprocessed probes to 0.08 mN for 2-µm-thin shanks. When the dura mater was mimicked by a polyethylene (PE) membrane, forces were reduced from 28.9 mN to 16.6 mN for 15-µm-thin shanks.
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207
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Yang Q, Wu B, Eles JR, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY, Cui XT. Zwitterionic Polymer Coating Suppresses Microglial Encapsulation to Neural Implants In Vitro and In Vivo. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2020; 4:e1900287. [PMID: 32363792 PMCID: PMC7686959 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For brain computer interfaces (BCI), the immune response to implanted electrodes is a major biological cause of device failure. Bioactive coatings such as neural adhesion molecule L1 have been shown to improve the biocompatibility, but are difficult to handle or produce in batches. Here, a synthetic zwitterionic polymer coating, poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) is developed for neural implants with the goal of reducing the inflammatory host response. In tests in vitro, the zwitterionic coating inhibits protein adsorption and the attachment of fibroblasts and microglia, and remains stable for at least 4 weeks. In vivo two-photon microscopy on CX3CR1-GFP mice shows that the zwitterionic coating significantly suppresses the microglial encapsulation of neural microelectrodes over a 6 h observation period. Furthermore, the lower microglial encapsulation on zwitterionic polymer-coated microelectrodes is revealed to originate from a reduction in the size but not the number of microglial end feet. This work provides a facile method for coating neural implants with zwitterionic polymers and illustrates the initial interaction between microglia and coated surface at high temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Yang
- Biomedical Science Tower 3, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Biomedical Science Tower 3, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - James R Eles
- Biomedical Science Tower 3, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Alberto L Vazquez
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Dr, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - X Tracy Cui
- Biomedical Science Tower 3, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
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208
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Mahajan S, Hermann JK, Bedell HW, Sharkins JA, Chen L, Chen K, Meade SM, Smith CS, Rayyan J, Feng H, Kim Y, Schiefer MA, Taylor DM, Capadona JR, Ereifej ES. Toward Standardization of Electrophysiology and Computational Tissue Strain in Rodent Intracortical Microelectrode Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:416. [PMID: 32457888 PMCID: PMC7225268 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress has been made in the field of neural interfacing using both mouse and rat models, yet standardization of these models' interchangeability has yet to be established. The mouse model allows for transgenic, optogenetic, and advanced imaging modalities which can be used to examine the biological impact and failure mechanisms associated with the neural implant itself. The ability to directly compare electrophysiological data between mouse and rat models is crucial for the development and assessment of neural interfaces. The most obvious difference in the two rodent models is size, which raises concern for the role of device-induced tissue strain. Strain exerted on brain tissue by implanted microelectrode arrays is hypothesized to affect long-term recording performance. Therefore, understanding any potential differences in tissue strain caused by differences in the implant to tissue size ratio is crucial for validating the interchangeability of rat and mouse models. Hence, this study is aimed at investigating the electrophysiological variances and predictive device-induced tissue strain. Rat and mouse electrophysiological recordings were collected from implanted animals for eight weeks. A finite element model was utilized to assess the tissue strain from implanted intracortical microelectrodes, taking into account the differences in the depth within the cortex, implantation depth, and electrode geometry between the two models. The rat model demonstrated a larger percentage of channels recording single unit activity and number of units recorded per channel at acute but not chronic time points, relative to the mouse model Additionally, the finite element models also revealed no predictive differences in tissue strain between the two rodent models. Collectively our results show that these two models are comparable after taking into consideration some recommendations to maintain uniform conditions for future studies where direct comparisons of electrophysiological and tissue strain data between the two animal models will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mahajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John K. Hermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hillary W. Bedell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jonah A. Sharkins
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Seth M. Meade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cara S. Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob Rayyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - He Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Matthew A. Schiefer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Dawn M. Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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209
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Wellman SM, Guzman K, Stieger KC, Brink LE, Sridhar S, Dubaniewicz MT, Li L, Cambi F, Kozai TDY. Cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination impairs recording performance of chronically implanted neural interfaces. Biomaterials 2020; 239:119842. [PMID: 32065972 PMCID: PMC7540937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological inflammation induced during penetrating cortical injury can disrupt functional neuronal and glial activity within the cortex, resulting in potential recording failure of chronically implanted neural interfaces. Oligodendrocytes provide critical support for neuronal health and function through direct contact with neuronal soma and axons within the cortex. Given their fundamental role to regulate neuronal activity via myelin, coupled with their heightened vulnerability to metabolic brain injury due to high energetic demands, oligodendrocytes are hypothesized as a possible source of biological failure in declining recording performances of intracortical microelectrode devices. To determine the extent of their contribution to neuronal activity and function, a cuprizone-inducible model of oligodendrocyte depletion and demyelination in mice was performed prior to microelectrode implantation. At 5 weeks of cuprizone exposure, mice demonstrated significantly reduced cortical oligodendrocyte density and myelin expression. Mice were then implanted with functional recording microelectrodes in the visual cortex and neuronal activity was evaluated up to 7 weeks alongside continued cuprizone administration. Cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination was associated with significantly reduced recording performances at the onset of implantation, which remained relatively stable over time. In contast, recording performances for mice on a normal diet were intially elevated before decreasing over time to the recording level of tcuprizone-treated mice. Further electrophysiological analysis revealed deficits in multi-unit firing rates, frequency-dependent disruptions in neuronal oscillations, and altered laminar communication within the cortex of cuprizone-treated mice. Post-mortem immunohistochemistry revealed robust depletion of oligodendrocytes around implanted microelectrode arrays alongside comparable neuronal densities to control mice, suggesting that oligodendrocyte loss was a possible contributor to chronically impaired device performances. This study highlights potentially significant contributions from the oligodendrocyte lineage population concerning the biological integration and long-term functional performance of neural interfacing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Guzman
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Sadhana Sridhar
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lehong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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210
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Klein L, Pothof F, Raducanu BC, Klon-Lipok J, Shapcott KA, Musa S, Andrei A, Aarts AA, Paul O, Singer W, Ruther P. High-density electrophysiological recordings in macaque using a chronically implanted 128-channel passive silicon probe. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:026036. [PMID: 32217819 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab8436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The analysis of interactions among local populations of neurons in the cerebral cortex (e.g. within cortical microcolumns) requires high resolution and high channel count recordings from chronically implanted laminar microelectrode arrays. The request for high-density recordings of a large number of recording sites can presently only be accomplished by probes realized using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In preparation for their use in non-human primates, we aimed for neural probe validation in a head-fixed approach analyzing the long-term recording capability. APPROACH We examined chronically implanted silicon-based laminar probes, realized using a CMOS technology in combination with micromachining, to record from the primary visual cortex (V1) of a monkey. We used a passive CMOS probe that had 128 electrodes arranged at a pitch of 22.5 µm in four columns and 32 rows on a slender shank. In order to validate the performance of a dedicated microdrive, the overall dimensions of probe and interface boards were chosen to be compatible with the final active CMOS probe comprising integrated circuitry. MAIN RESULTS Using the passive probe, we recorded simultaneously local field potentials (LFP) and spiking multiunit activity (MUA) in V1 of an awake behaving macaque monkey. We found that an insertion through the dura and subsequent readjustments of the chronically implanted neural probe was possible and allowed us to record stable LFPs for more than five months. The quality of MUA degraded within the first month but remained sufficiently high to permit mapping of receptive fields during the full recording period. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that the passive silicon probe enables semi-chronic recordings of high quality of LFP and MUA for a time span exceeding five months. The new microdrive compatible with a commercial recording chamber successfully demonstrated the readjustment of the probe position while the implemented plug structure effectively reduced brain tissue movement relative to the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Klein
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) gGmbH for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Deutschordenstraße 46, D-60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max von Laue Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. These authors have contributed equally to this work
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211
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Meunier CJ, Denison JD, McCarty GS, Sombers LA. Interpreting Dynamic Interfacial Changes at Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4214-4223. [PMID: 32216254 PMCID: PMC7336537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes are instrumental tools in neuroscience used for the electroanalysis of neurochemical dynamics and recordings of neural activity. However, performance is variable and dependent on fabrication strategies, the biological response to implantation, and the physical and chemical composition of the recording environment. This presents an analytical challenge, as electrode performance is difficult to quantitatively assess in situ, especially when electrodes are permanently implanted or cemented in place. We previously reported that electrode impedance directly impacts electrochemical performance for molecular sensing. In this work, we investigate the impacts of individual components of the electrochemical system on impedance. Equivalent circuit models for glass- and silica-insulated carbon-fiber microelectrodes were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The models were validated based on the ability to assign individual circuit elements to physical properties of the electrochemical system. Investigations were performed to evaluate the utility of the models in providing feedback on how changes in ionic strength and carbon fiber material alter impedance properties. Finally, EIS measurements were used to investigate the electrode/solution interface prior to, during, and following implantation in live brain tissue. A significant increase in impedance and decrease in capacitance occur during tissue exposure and persist following implantation. Electrochemical conditioning, which occurs continually during fast-scan cyclic voltammetry recordings, etches and renews the carbon surface, mitigating these effects. Overall, the results establish EIS as a powerful method for characterization of carbon-fiber microelectrodes, providing unprecedented insight into how real-world factors affect the electrode/solution interface.
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212
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Jung YH, Kim JU, Lee JS, Shin JH, Jung W, Ok J, Kim TI. Injectable Biomedical Devices for Sensing and Stimulating Internal Body Organs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907478. [PMID: 32104960 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid pace of progress in implantable electronics driven by novel technology has created devices with unconventional designs and features to reduce invasiveness and establish new sensing and stimulating techniques. Among the designs, injectable forms of biomedical electronics are explored for accurate and safe targeting of deep-seated body organs. Here, the classes of biomedical electronics and tools that have high aspect ratio structures designed to be injected or inserted into internal organs for minimally invasive monitoring and therapy are reviewed. Compared with devices in bulky or planar formats, the long shaft-like forms of implantable devices are easily placed in the organs with minimized outward protrusions via injection or insertion processes. Adding flexibility to the devices also enables effortless insertions through complex biological cavities, such as the cochlea, and enhances chronic reliability by complying with natural body movements, such as the heartbeat. Diverse types of such injectable implants developed for different organs are reviewed and the electronic, optoelectronic, piezoelectric, and microfluidic devices that enable stimulations and measurements of site-specific regions in the body are discussed. Noninvasive penetration strategies to deliver the miniscule devices are also considered. Finally, the challenges and future directions associated with deep body biomedical electronics are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei Hwan Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Seung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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213
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Obidin N, Tasnim F, Dagdeviren C. The Future of Neuroimplantable Devices: A Materials Science and Regulatory Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901482. [PMID: 31206827 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have seen unprecedented progress in the development of novel materials, form factors, and functionalities in neuroimplantable technologies, including electrocorticography (ECoG) systems, multielectrode arrays (MEAs), Stentrode, and deep brain probes. The key considerations for the development of such devices intended for acute implantation and chronic use, from the perspective of biocompatible hybrid materials incorporation, conformable device design, implantation procedures, and mechanical and biological risk factors, are highlighted. These topics are connected with the role that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plays in its regulation of neuroimplantable technologies based on the above parameters. Existing neuroimplantable devices and efforts to improve their materials and implantation protocols are first discussed in detail. The effects of device implantation with regards to biocompatibility and brain heterogeneity are then explored. Topics examined include brain-specific risk factors, such as bacterial infection, tissue scarring, inflammation, and vasculature damage, as well as efforts to manage these dangers through emerging hybrid, bioelectronic device architectures. The current challenges of gaining clinical approval by the FDA-in particular, with regards to biological, mechanical, and materials risk factors-are summarized. The available regulatory pathways to accelerate next-generation neuroimplantable devices to market are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Obidin
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Farita Tasnim
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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214
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Márton G, Tóth EZ, Wittner L, Fiáth R, Pinke D, Orbán G, Meszéna D, Pál I, Győri EL, Bereczki Z, Kandrács Á, Hofer KT, Pongrácz A, Ulbert I, Tóth K. The neural tissue around SU-8 implants: A quantitative in vivo biocompatibility study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110870. [PMID: 32409039 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of SU-8 material in the production of neural sensors has grown recently. Despite its widespread application, a detailed systematic quantitative analysis concerning its biocompatibility in the central nervous system is lacking. In this immunohistochemical study, we quantified the neuronal preservation and the severity of astrogliosis around SU-8 devices implanted in the neocortex of rats, after a 2 months survival. We found that the density of neurons significantly decreased up to a distance of 20 μm from the implant, with an averaged density decrease to 24 ± 28% of the control. At 20 to 40 μm distance from the implant, the majority of the neurons was preserved (74 ± 39% of the control) and starting from 40 μm distance from the implant, the neuron density was control-like. The density of synaptic contacts - examined at the electron microscopic level - decreased in the close vicinity of the implant, but it recovered to the control level as close as 24 μm from the implant track. The intensity of the astroglial staining significantly increased compared to the control region, up to 560 μm and 480 μm distance from the track in the superficial and deep layers of the neocortex, respectively. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the thickness of the glial scar was around 5-10 μm thin, and the ratio of glial processes in the neuropil was not more than 16% up to a distance of 12 μm from the implant. Our data suggest that neuronal survival is affected only in a very small area around the implant. The glial scar surrounding the implant is thin, and the presence of glial elements is low in the neuropil, although the signs of astrogliosis could be observed up to about 500 μm from the track. Subsequently, the biocompatibility of the SU-8 material is high. Due to its low cost fabrication and more flexible nature, SU-8 based devices may offer a promising approach to experimental and clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Márton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Doctoral School on Materials Sciences and Technologies, Óbuda University, Bécsi út 96/b, Budapest 1034, Hungary.
| | - Estilla Zsófia Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest 1085, Hungary.
| | - Lucia Wittner
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, Hungary, 1145.
| | - Richárd Fiáth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
| | - Domonkos Pinke
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Orbán
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Doctoral School on Materials Sciences and Technologies, Óbuda University, Bécsi út 96/b, Budapest 1034, Hungary.
| | - Domokos Meszéna
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Pál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
| | - Edit Lelle Győri
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, Hungary, 1145
| | - Zsófia Bereczki
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kandrács
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
| | - Katharina T Hofer
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary.
| | - Anita Pongrácz
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary; Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest 1121, Hungary.
| | - István Ulbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter utca 50/A, Budapest 1083, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Amerikai út 57, Budapest, Hungary, 1145.
| | - Kinga Tóth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest 1117, Hungary.
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215
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Thompson CH, Riggins TE, Patel PR, Chestek CA, Li W, Purcell E. Toward guiding principles for the design of biologically-integrated electrodes for the central nervous system. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:021001. [PMID: 31986501 PMCID: PMC7523527 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab7030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in electrode design has produced a myriad of new and creative strategies for interfacing the nervous system with softer, less invasive, more broadly distributed sites with high spatial resolution. However, despite rapid growth in the use of implanted electrode arrays in research and clinical applications, there are no broadly accepted guiding principles for the design of biocompatible chronic recording interfaces in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies suggest that the architecture and flexibility of devices play important roles in determining effective tissue integration: device feature dimensions (varying from 'sub'- to 'supra'-cellular scales, <10 µm to >100 µm), Young's modulus, and bending modulus have all been identified as key features of design. However, critical knowledge gaps remain in the field with respect to the underlying motivation for these designs: (1) a systematic study of the relationship between device design features (materials, architecture, flexibility), biointegration, and signal quality needs to be performed, including controls for interaction effects between design features, (2) benchmarks for success need to be determined (biological integration, recording performance, longevity, stability), and (3) user results, particularly those that champion a specific design or electrode modification, need to be replicated across laboratories. Finally, the ancillary effects of factors such as tethering, site impedance and insertion method need to be considered. Here, we briefly review observations to-date of device design effects on tissue integration and performance, and then highlight the need for comprehensive and systematic testing of these effects moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cort H Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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216
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Guitchounts G, Cox D. 64-Channel Carbon Fiber Electrode Arrays for Chronic Electrophysiology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3830. [PMID: 32123283 PMCID: PMC7052209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A chief goal in neuroscience is to understand how neuronal activity relates to behavior, perception, and cognition. However, monitoring neuronal activity over long periods of time is technically challenging, and limited, in part, by the invasive nature of recording tools. While electrodes allow for recording in freely-behaving animals, they tend to be bulky and stiff, causing damage to the tissue they are implanted in. One solution to this invasiveness problem may be probes that are small enough to fly under the immune system's radar. Carbon fiber (CF) electrodes are thinner and more flexible than typical metal or silicon electrodes, but the arrays described in previous reports had low channel counts and required time-consuming manual assembly. Here we report the design of an expanded-channel-count carbon fiber electrode array (CFEA) as well as a method for fast preparation of the recording sites using acid etching and electroplating with PEDOT-TFB, and demonstrate the ability of the 64-channel CFEA to record from rat visual cortex. We include designs for interfacing the system with micro-drives or flex-PCB cables for recording from multiple brain regions, as well as a facilitated method for coating CFs with the insulator Parylene-C. High-channel-count CFEAs may thus be an alternative to traditional microwire-based electrodes and a practical tool for exploring the neural code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigori Guitchounts
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA.
| | - David Cox
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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217
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Neuroadhesive protein coating improves the chronic performance of neuroelectronics in mouse brain. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112096. [PMID: 32090868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes are being developed to both record and stimulate neurons to understand brain circuitry or restore lost functions. However, the success of these probes is hampered partly due to the inflammatory host tissue responses to implants. To minimize the foreign body reactions, L1, a brain derived neuronal specific cell adhesion molecule, has been covalently bound to the neural electrode array surface. Here we evaluated the chronic recording performance of L1-coated silicon based laminar neural electrode arrays implanted into V1m cortex of mice. The L1 coating enhanced the overall visually evoked single-unit (SU) yield and SU amplitude, as well as signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) in the mouse brain compared to the uncoated arrays across the 0-1500 μm depth. The improvement in recording is most dramatic in the hippocampus region, where the control group showed severe recording yield decrease after one week, while the L1 implants maintained a high SU yield throughout the 16 weeks. Immunohistological analysis revealed significant increases of axonal and neuronal density along with significantly lowered microglia activation around the L1 probe after 16 weeks. These results collectively confirm the effectiveness of L1 based biomimetic coating on minimizing inflammatory tissue response and improving neural recording quality and longevity. Improving chronic recording will benefit the brain-computer interface technologies and neuroscience studies involving chronic tracking of neural activities.
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218
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Zheng XS, Griffith AY, Chang E, Looker MJ, Fisher LE, Clapsaddle B, Cui XT. Evaluation of a conducting elastomeric composite material for intramuscular electrode application. Acta Biomater 2020; 103:81-91. [PMID: 31863910 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the muscle has been proven efficacious in preventing atrophy and/or reanimating paralyzed muscles. Intramuscular electrodes made from metals have significantly higher Young's Moduli than the muscle tissues, which has the potential to cause chronic inflammation and decrease device performance. Here, we present an intramuscular electrode made from an elastomeric conducting polymer composite consisting of PEDOT-PEG copolymer, silicone and carbon nanotubes (CNT) with fluorosilicone insulation. The electrode wire has a Young's modulus of 804 (±99) kPa, which better mimics the muscle tissue modulus than conventional stainless steel (SS) electrodes. Additionally, the non-metallic composition enables metal-artifact free CT and MR imaging. These soft wire (SW) electrodes present comparable electrical impedance to SS electrodes of similar geometric surface area, activate muscle at a lower threshold, and maintain stable electrical properties in vivo up to 4 weeks. Histologically, the SW electrodes elicited significantly less fibrotic encapsulation and less IBA-1 positive macrophage accumulation than the SS electrodes at one and three months. Further phenotyping the macrophages with the iNOS (pro-inflammatory) and ARG-1 (pro-healing) markers revealed significantly less presence of pro-inflammatory macrophage around SW implants at one month. By three months, there was a significant increase in pro-healing macrophages (ARG-1) around the SW implants but not around the SS implants. Furthermore, a larger number of AchR clusters closer to SW implants were found at both time points compared to SS implants. These results suggest that a softer implant encourages a more intimate and healthier electrode-tissue interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Intramuscular electrodes made from metals have significantly higher Young's Moduli than the muscle tissues, which has the potential to cause chronic inflammation and decrease device performance. Here, we present an intramuscular electrode made from an elastomeric conducting polymer composite consisting of PEDOT-PEG copolymer, silicone and carbon nanotubes with fluorosilicone insulation. This elastomeric composite results in an electrode wire with a Young's modulus mimicking that of the muscle tissue, which elicits significantly less foreign body response compared to stainless steel wires. The lack of metal in this composite also enables metal-artifact free MRI and CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sally Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Azante Y Griffith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Emily Chang
- TDA Research Inc., Wheat Ridge, CO 80033, United States
| | | | - Lee E Fisher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - X Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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219
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Mahajan S, Sharkins JA, Hunter AH, Avishai A, Ereifej ES. Focused Ion Beam Lithography to Etch Nano-architectures into Microelectrodes. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/60004. [PMID: 32009634 PMCID: PMC8457512 DOI: 10.3791/60004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With advances in electronics and fabrication technology, intracortical microelectrodes have undergone substantial improvements enabling the production of sophisticated microelectrodes with greater resolution and expanded capabilities. The progress in fabrication technology has supported the development of biomimetic electrodes, which aim to seamlessly integrate into the brain parenchyma, reduce the neuroinflammatory response observed after electrode insertion and improve the quality and longevity of electrophysiological recordings. Here we describe a protocol to employ a biomimetic approach recently classified as nano-architecture. The use of focused ion beam lithography (FIB) was utilized in this protocol to etch specific nano-architecture features into the surface of non-functional and functional single shank intracortical microelectrodes. Etching nano-architectures into the electrode surface indicated possible improvements of biocompatibility and functionality of the implanted device. One of the benefits of using FIB is the ability to etch on manufactured devices, as opposed to during the fabrication of the device, facilitating boundless possibilities to modify numerous medical devices post-manufacturing. The protocol presented herein can be optimized for various material types, nano-architecture features, and types of devices. Augmenting the surface of implanted medical devices can improve the device performance and integration into the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Mahajan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan
| | - Jonah A Sharkins
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan
| | - Allen H Hunter
- Michigan Center for Materials Characterization, University of Michigan
| | | | - Evon S Ereifej
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan;
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220
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Eles JR, Kozai TDY. In vivo imaging of calcium and glutamate responses to intracortical microstimulation reveals distinct temporal responses of the neuropil and somatic compartments in layer II/III neurons. Biomaterials 2020; 234:119767. [PMID: 31954232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracortical microelectrode implants can generate a tissue response hallmarked by glial scarring and neuron cell death within 100-150 μm of the biomaterial device. Many have proposed that any performance decline in intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) due to this foreign body tissue response could be offset by increasing the stimulation amplitude. The mechanisms of this approach are unclear, however, as there has not been consensus on how increasing amplitude affects the spatial and temporal recruitment patterns of ICMS. APPROACH We clarify these unknowns using in vivo two-photon imaging of mice transgenically expressing the calcium sensor GCaMP6s in Thy1 neurons or virally expressing the glutamate sensor iGluSnFr in neurons. Calcium and neurotransmitter activity are tracked in the neuronal somas and neuropil during long-train stimulation in Layer II/III of somatosensory cortex. MAIN RESULTS Neural calcium activity and glutamate release are dense and strongest within 20-40 μm around the electrode, falling off with distance from the electrode. Neuronal calcium increases with higher amplitude stimulations. During prolonged stimulation trains, a sub-population of somas fail to maintain calcium activity. Interestingly, neuropil calcium activity is 3-fold less correlated to somatic calcium activity for cells that drop-out during the long stimulation train compared to cells that sustain activity throughout the train. Glutamate release is apparent only within 20 μm of the electrode and is sustained for at least 10s after cessation of the 15 and 20 μA stimulation train, but not lower amplitudes. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that increasing amplitude can increase the radius and intensity of neural recruitment, but it also alters the temporal response of some neurons. Further, dense glutamate release is highest within the first 20 μm of the electrode site even at high amplitudes, suggesting that there may be spatial limitations to the amplitude parameter space. The glutamate elevation outlasts stimulation, suggesting that high-amplitude stimulation may affect neurotransmitter re-uptake. This ultimately suggests that increasing the amplitude of ICMS device stimulation may fundamentally alter the temporal neural response, which could have implications for using amplitude to improve the ICMS effect or "offset" the effects of glial scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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221
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Solarana K, Ye M, Gao YR, Rafi H, Hammer DX. Longitudinal multimodal assessment of neurodegeneration and vascular remodeling correlated with signal degradation in chronic cortical silicon microelectrodes. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:015004. [PMID: 32042853 PMCID: PMC6991888 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Cortically implanted microelectrode arrays provide a direct interface with neuronal populations and are used to restore movement capabilities and provide sensory feedback to patients with paralysis or amputation. Penetrating electrodes experience high rates of signal degradation within the first year that limit effectiveness and lead to eventual device failure. Aim: To assess vascular and neuronal changes over time in mice with implanted electrodes and examine the contribution of the brain tissue response to electrode performance. Approach: We used a multimodal approach combining in vivo electrophysiology and subcellular-level optical imaging. Results: At acute timescales, we observed structural damage from the mechanical trauma of electrode insertion, evidenced by severed dendrites in the electrode path and local hypofluorescence. Superficial vessel growth and remodeling occurred within the first few weeks in both electrode-implanted and window-only animals, but the deeper capillary growth evident in window-only animals was suppressed in electrode-implanted animals. After longer implantation periods, there was evidence of degeneration of transected dendrites superficial to the electrode path and localized neuronal cell body loss, along with deep vascular velocity changes near the electrode. Total spike rate (SR) across all animals reached a peak between 3 and 9 months postimplantation, then decreased. The local field potential signal remained relatively constant for up to 6 months, particularly in the high-gamma band, indicating long-term electrode viability and neuronal functioning at further distances from the electrode, but it showed a reduction in some animals at later time points. Most importantly, we found that progressive high-gamma and SR reductions both correlate positively with localized cell loss and decreasing capillary density within 100 μ m of the electrode. Conclusions: This multifaceted approach provided a more comprehensive picture of the ongoing biological response at the brain-electrode interface than can be achieved with postmortem histology alone and established a real-time relationship between electrophysiology and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Solarana
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Radiological Devices, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Meijun Ye
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Radiological Devices, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Yu-Rong Gao
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Radiological Devices, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Harmain Rafi
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Radiological Devices, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Radiological Devices, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
- Address all correspondence to Daniel X. Hammer, E-mail:
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Maeng J, Rihani RT, Javed M, Rajput JS, Kim H, Bouton IG, Criss TA, Pancrazio JJ, Black BJ, Ware TH. Liquid crystal elastomers as substrates for 3D, robust, implantable electronics. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6286-6295. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers are used as substrates for robust, implantable electronics that are planar processed then morph into 3D shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Maeng
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Rashed T. Rihani
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Mahjabeen Javed
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Jai Singh Rajput
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Bryan J. Black
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Taylor H. Ware
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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223
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Abstract
In vivo electrochemical sensing based on implantable microelectrodes is a strong driving force of analytical neurochemistry in brain. The complex and dynamic neurochemical network sets stringent standards of in vivo electrochemical sensors including high spatiotemporal resolution, selectivity, sensitivity, and minimized disturbance on brain function. Although advanced materials and novel technologies have promoted the development of in vivo electrochemical sensors drastically, gaps with the goals still exist. This Review mainly focuses on recent attempts on the key issues of in vivo electrochemical sensors including selectivity, tissue response and sensing reliability, and compatibility with electrophysiological techniques. In vivo electrochemical methods with bare carbon fiber electrodes, of which the selectivity is achieved either with electrochemical techniques such as fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry or based on the physiological nature will not be reviewed. Following the elaboration of each issue involved in in vivo electrochemical sensors, possible solutions supported by the latest methodological progress will be discussed, aiming to provide inspiring and practical instructions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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224
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Garrudo FFF, Udangawa RN, Hoffman PR, Sordini L, Chapman CA, Mikael PE, Ferreira FA, Silva JC, Rodrigues CAV, Cabral JMS, Morgado JMF, Ferreira FC, Linhardt RJ. POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE NANOFIBERS FOR NEURAL STEM CELL CULTURE. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2019; 14:100185. [PMID: 32864530 PMCID: PMC7448546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases compromise the quality of life of increasing numbers of the world's aging population. While diagnosis is possible no effective treatments are available. Strong efforts are needed to develop new therapeutic approaches, namely in the areas of tissue engineering and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Conductive polymers are the ideal material for these applications due to the positive effect of conducting electricity on neural cell's differentiation profile. This novel study assessed the biocompatibility of polybenzimidazole (PBI), as electrospun fibers and after being doped with different acids. Firstly, doped films of PBI were used to characterize the materials' contact angle and electroconductivity. After this, fibers were electrospun and characterized by SEM, FTIR and TGA. Neural Stem Cell's (NSC) proliferation was assessed and their growth rate and morphology on different samples was determined. Differentiation of NSCs on PBI - CSA fibers was also investigated and gene expression (SOX2, NES, GFAP, Tuj1) was assessed through Immunochemistry and qPCR. All the samples tested were able to support neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation without significant changes on the cell's typical morphology. Successfully differentiation of NSCs towards neural cells on PBI - CSA fibers was also achieved. This promising PBI fibrous scaffold material is envisioned to be used in neural cell engineering applications, including scaffolds, in vitro models for drug screening and electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio F. F. Garrudo
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180-3590, United States
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ranodhi N. Udangawa
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180-3590, United States
| | - Pauline R. Hoffman
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180-3590, United States
| | - Laura Sordini
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioengineering and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caitlyn A. Chapman
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180-3590, United States
| | - Paiyz E. Mikael
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180-3590, United States
| | - Flávio A. Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João C. Silva
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180-3590, United States
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. F. Morgado
- Department of Bioengineering and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederico C. Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB – Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180-3590, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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225
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Golabchi A, Wu B, Cao B, Bettinger CJ, Cui XT. Zwitterionic polymer/polydopamine coating reduce acute inflammatory tissue responses to neural implants. Biomaterials 2019; 225:119519. [PMID: 31600673 PMCID: PMC6896321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory brain tissue response to implanted neural electrode devices has hindered the longevity of these implants. Zwitterionic polymers have a potent anti-fouling effect that decreases the foreign body response to subcutaneous implants. In this study, we developed a nanoscale anti-fouling coating composed of zwitterionic poly (sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSB) and polydopamine (PDA) for neural probes. The addition of PDA improved the stability of the coating compared to PSB alone, without compromising the anti-fouling properties of the film. PDA-PSB coating reduced protein adsorption by 89% compared to bare Si samples, while fibroblast adhesion was reduced by 86%. PDA-PSB coated silicon based neural probes were implanted into mouse brain, and the inflammatory tissue responses to the implants were assessed by immunohistochemistry one week after implantation. The PSB-PDA coated implants showed a significantly decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for reactive astrocytes, within 70 μm from the electrode-tissue interface (p < 0.05). Additionally, the coating reduced the microglia activation as shown in decreased Iba-1 and lectin staining, and improved blood-brain barrier integrity indicated by reduced immunoglobulin (IgG) leakage into the tissue around the probes. These findings demonstrate that anti-fouling zwitterionic coating is effective in suppressing the acute inflammatory brain tissue response to implants, and should be further investigated for its potential to improve chronic performance of neural implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Golabchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA
| | - Christopher J Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA.
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226
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Gao L, Wang J, Guan S, Du M, Wu K, Xu K, Zou L, Tian H, Fang Y. Magnetic Actuation of Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for Neural Activity Recordings. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8032-8039. [PMID: 31580687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Implantable microelectrodes that can be remotely actuated via external fields are promising tools to interface with biological systems at a high degree of precision. Here, we report the development of flexible magnetic microelectrodes (FMμEs) that can be remotely actuated by magnetic fields. The FMμEs consist of flexible microelectrodes integrated with dielectrically encapsulated FeNi (iron-nickel) alloy microactuators. Both magnetic torque- and force-driven actuation of the FMμEs have been demonstrated. Nanoplatinum-coated FMμEs have been applied for in vivo recordings of neural activities from peripheral nerves and cerebral cortex of mice. Moreover, owing to their ultrasmall sizes and mechanical compliance with neural tissues, chronically implanted FMμEs elicited greatly reduced neuronal cell loss in mouse brain compared to conventional stiff probes. The FMμEs open up a variety of new opportunities for electrically interfacing with biological systems in a controlled and minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jinfen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratories of Transducer Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Shouliang Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Mingde Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering , Aalto University , Espoo FI-00076 , Finland
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Gas Dynamics , Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Liang Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Huihui Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Ying Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031 , P. R. China
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227
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Mohtashami Z, Esmaili Z, Vakilinezhad MA, Seyedjafari E, Akbari Javar H. Pharmaceutical implants: classification, limitations and therapeutic applications. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 25:116-132. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1682607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohtashami
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Esmaili
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Hamid Akbari Javar
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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228
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Ereifej ES, Shell CE, Schofield JS, Charkhkar H, Cuberovic I, Dorval AD, Graczyk EL, Kozai TDY, Otto KJ, Tyler DJ, Welle CG, Widge AS, Zariffa J, Moritz CT, Bourbeau DJ, Marasco PD. Neural engineering: the process, applications, and its role in the future of medicine. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:063002. [PMID: 31557730 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent advances in neural engineering have restored mobility to people with paralysis, relieved symptoms of movement disorders, reduced chronic pain, restored the sense of hearing, and provided sensory perception to individuals with sensory deficits. APPROACH This progress was enabled by the team-based, interdisciplinary approaches used by neural engineers. Neural engineers have advanced clinical frontiers by leveraging tools and discoveries in quantitative and biological sciences and through collaborations between engineering, science, and medicine. The movement toward bioelectronic medicines, where neuromodulation aims to supplement or replace pharmaceuticals to treat chronic medical conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes and psychiatric disorders is a prime example of a new frontier made possible by neural engineering. Although one of the major goals in neural engineering is to develop technology for clinical applications, this technology may also offer unique opportunities to gain insight into how biological systems operate. MAIN RESULTS Despite significant technological progress, a number of ethical and strategic questions remain unexplored. Addressing these questions will accelerate technology development to address unmet needs. The future of these devices extends far beyond treatment of neurological impairments, including potential human augmentation applications. Our task, as neural engineers, is to push technology forward at the intersection of disciplines, while responsibly considering the readiness to transition this technology outside of the laboratory to consumer products. SIGNIFICANCE This article aims to highlight the current state of the neural engineering field, its links with other engineering and science disciplines, and the challenges and opportunities ahead. The goal of this article is to foster new ideas for innovative applications in neurotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evon S Ereifej
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America. Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America. Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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229
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Scida K, Plaxco KW, Jamieson BG. High frequency, real-time neurochemical and neuropharmacological measurements in situ in the living body. Transl Res 2019; 213:50-66. [PMID: 31361988 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The beautiful and complex brain machinery is perfectly synchronized, and our bodies have evolved to protect it against a myriad of potential threats. Shielded physically by the skull and chemically by the blood brain barrier, the brain processes internal and external information so that we can efficiently relate to the world that surrounds us while simultaneously and unconsciously controlling our vital functions. When coupled with the brittle nature of its internal chemical and electric signals, the brain's "armor" render accessing it a challenging and delicate endeavor that has historically limited our understanding of its structural and neurochemical intricacies. In this review, we briefly summarize the advancements made over the past 10 years to decode the brain's neurochemistry and neuropharmacology in situ, at the site of interest in the brain, with special focus on what we consider game-changing emerging technologies (eg, genetically encoded indicators and electrochemical aptamer-based sensors) and the challenges these must overcome before chronic, in situ chemosensing measurements become routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Diagnostic Biochips, Inc., Glen Burnie, Maryland
| | - Kevin W Plaxco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
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230
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Shi J, Fang Y. Flexible and Implantable Microelectrodes for Chronically Stable Neural Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804895. [PMID: 30300442 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Implantable electrical probes that can record neural activities at single-neuron and sub-millisecond resolution are the most widely applied tools in both neuroscience research and neuroprosthetics. However, the structural and mechanical mismatch between conventional rigid probes and neural tissues results in inflammatory responses and signal degradation over chronic recordings. Reducing the cross-sectional footprints and rigidity of the probes can effectively improve the long-term stability of neural interfaces. Herein, recent progress in the development of implantable microelectrodes for chronically stable neural interfaces is highlighted, with a focus on the utilization of advanced materials and structural design concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Fang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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231
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Ferguson M, Sharma D, Ross D, Zhao F. A Critical Review of Microelectrode Arrays and Strategies for Improving Neural Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900558. [PMID: 31464094 PMCID: PMC6786932 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Though neural interface systems (NISs) can provide a potential solution for mitigating the effects of limb loss and central nervous system damage, the microelectrode array (MEA) component of NISs remains a significant limiting factor to their widespread clinical applications. Several strategies can be applied to MEA designs to increase their biocompatibility. Herein, an overview of NISs and their applications is provided, along with a detailed discussion of strategies for alleviating the foreign body response (FBR) and abnormalities seen at the interface of MEAs and the brain tissue following MEA implantation. Various surface modifications, including natural/synthetic surface coatings, hydrogels, and topography alterations, have shown to be highly successful in improving neural cell adhesion, reducing gliosis, and increasing MEA longevity. Different MEA surface geometries, such as those seen in the Utah and Michigan arrays, can help alleviate the resultant FBR by reducing insertion damage, while providing new avenues for improving MEA recording performance and resolution. Increasing overall flexibility of MEAs as well as reducing their stiffness is also shown to reduce MEA induced micromotion along with FBR severity. By combining multiple different properties into a single MEA, the severity and duration of an FBR postimplantation can be reduced substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Dhavan Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
| | - David Ross
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931
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232
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Torres-Martinez N, Cretallaz C, Ratel D, Mailley P, Gaude C, Costecalde T, Hebert C, Bergonzo P, Scorsone E, Mazellier JP, Divoux JL, Sauter-Starace F. Evaluation of chronically implanted subdural boron doped diamond/CNT recording electrodes in miniature swine brain. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 129:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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233
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Buccelli S, Bornat Y, Colombi I, Ambroise M, Martines L, Pasquale V, Bisio M, Tessadori J, Nowak P, Grassia F, Averna A, Tedesco M, Bonifazi P, Difato F, Massobrio P, Levi T, Chiappalone M. A Neuromorphic Prosthesis to Restore Communication in Neuronal Networks. iScience 2019; 19:402-414. [PMID: 31421595 PMCID: PMC6706626 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in bioelectronics and neural engineering allowed the development of brain machine interfaces and neuroprostheses, capable of facilitating or recovering functionality in people with neurological disability. To realize energy-efficient and real-time capable devices, neuromorphic computing systems are envisaged as the core of next-generation systems for brain repair. We demonstrate here a real-time hardware neuromorphic prosthesis to restore bidirectional interactions between two neuronal populations, even when one is damaged or missing. We used in vitro modular cell cultures to mimic the mutual interaction between neuronal assemblies and created a focal lesion to functionally disconnect the two populations. Then, we employed our neuromorphic prosthesis for bidirectional bridging to artificially reconnect two disconnected neuronal modules and for hybrid bidirectional bridging to replace the activity of one module with a real-time hardware neuromorphic Spiking Neural Network. Our neuroprosthetic system opens avenues for the exploitation of neuromorphic-based devices in bioelectrical therapeutics for health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Buccelli
- Rehab Technologies IIT-INAIL Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child science (DINOGMI), University of Genova, L.go P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Yannick Bornat
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5218, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Ilaria Colombi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child science (DINOGMI), University of Genova, L.go P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Matthieu Ambroise
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5218, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Laura Martines
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Via all'Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Pasquale
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Bisio
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Via Nicolò Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Jacopo Tessadori
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Przemysław Nowak
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Via all'Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy; Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wolczanska 215, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Filippo Grassia
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5218, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France; University of Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratory of Innovative Technologies (LTI, EA 3899), Avenue des Facultés, Le Bailly, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - Alberto Averna
- Rehab Technologies IIT-INAIL Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child science (DINOGMI), University of Genova, L.go P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Tedesco
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Via all'Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonifazi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Computational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Baracaldo, Vizcaya 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Bizkaia 48013, Spain
| | - Francesco Difato
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Massobrio
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, System Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genova, Via all'Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Timothée Levi
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, CNRS UMR 5218, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France; LIMMS CNRS-IIS, The University of Tokyo, 153-8505 Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Michela Chiappalone
- Rehab Technologies IIT-INAIL Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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234
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Deku F, Cohen Y, Joshi-Imre A, Kanneganti A, Gardner TJ, Cogan SF. Amorphous silicon carbide ultramicroelectrode arrays for neural stimulation and recording. J Neural Eng 2019; 15:016007. [PMID: 28952963 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa8f8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Foreign body response to indwelling cortical microelectrodes limits the reliability of neural stimulation and recording, particularly for extended chronic applications in behaving animals. The extent to which this response compromises the chronic stability of neural devices depends on many factors including the materials used in the electrode construction, the size, and geometry of the indwelling structure. Here, we report on the development of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) based on amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC). APPROACH This technology utilizes a-SiC for its chronic stability and employs semiconductor manufacturing processes to create MEAs with small shank dimensions. The a-SiC films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and patterned by thin-film photolithographic techniques. To improve stimulation and recording capabilities with small contact areas, we investigated low impedance coatings on the electrode sites. The assembled devices were characterized in phosphate buffered saline for their electrochemical properties. MAIN RESULTS MEAs utilizing a-SiC as both the primary structural element and encapsulation were fabricated successfully. These a-SiC MEAs had 16 penetrating shanks. Each shank has a cross-sectional area less than 60 µm2 and electrode sites with a geometric surface area varying from 20 to 200 µm2. Electrode coatings of TiN and SIROF reduced 1 kHz electrode impedance to less than 100 kΩ from ~2.8 MΩ for 100 µm2 Au electrode sites and increased the charge injection capacities to values greater than 3 mC cm-2. Finally, we demonstrated functionality by recording neural activity from basal ganglia nucleus of Zebra Finches and motor cortex of rat. SIGNIFICANCE The a-SiC MEAs provide a significant advancement in the development of microelectrodes that over the years has relied on silicon platforms for device manufacture. These flexible a-SiC MEAs have the potential for decreased tissue damage and reduced foreign body response. The technique is promising and has potential for clinical translation and large scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Deku
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States of America
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235
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Taylor IM, Patel NA, Freedman NC, Castagnola E, Cui XT. Direct in Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Resting Dopamine Using Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Carbon Nanotube Functionalized Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12917-12927. [PMID: 31512849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for the maintenance of a variety of vital life functions. In vivo DA signaling occurs over multiple time scales, from subsecond phasic release due to dopamine neuron firing to tonic release responsible for long-term DA concentration changes over minutes to hours. Due to the complex, multifaceted nature of DA signaling, analytical sensing technology must be capable of recording DA from multiple locations and over multiple time scales. Decades of research has focused on improving in vivo detection capabilities for subsecond phasic DA, but the accurate detection of absolute resting DA levels in real time has proven challenging. We have developed a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-based nanocomposite coating that exhibits excellent DA sensing capabilities for resting DA. PEDOT/functionalized carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT)-coated carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) are capable of directly measuring resting DA using square wave voltammetry (SWV) with high sensitivity and selectivity. Incorporation of a PEDOT/CNT coating significantly increases the sensitivity for the detection of resting DA by a factor of 422. SWV measurements performed at PEDOT/CNT-functionalized CFEs implanted in the rat dorsal striatum reveal the absolute basal DA concentration to be 82 ± 6 nM. Systemic administration of the dopamine transporter inhibitor nomifensine increases resting DA to a maximum 207 ± 16 nM at 28 ± 2 min following injection. PEDOT/CNT was also functionalized onto individual gold electrode sites along silicon microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to produce a multisite DA sensing electrode. MEA implantation allows for the quantification of basal DA from different brain regions with excellent spatial resolution. SWV detection paired with PEDOT/CNT functionalization is highly adaptable and shows great promise for tonic DA detection with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Mitchell Taylor
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Saint Vincent College , Latrobe , Pennsylvania 15650 , United States
| | - Nikita Anurag Patel
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Noah Chaim Freedman
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15261 , United States
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236
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Wang H, Li D, Zhong W, Xu L, Jiang T, Wang ZL. Self-Powered Inhomogeneous Strain Sensor Enabled Joint Motion and Three-Dimensional Muscle Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34251-34257. [PMID: 31448893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics containing different functional sensors with abilities to meet people's daily needs are highly desirable. Here, a stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for wearable electronics is demonstrated. By stacking two layers of silicone rubbers embedded with silver nanowires (AgNWs) and a Ni foam as electrodes, respectively, the fabricated TENG can serve as a new type of sensor that is wearable, stretchable, skin-friendly, noninvasive, and durable. It can convert mechanical deformation into electric signals. Deformation like stretching and extruding of the TENG results in interlayer rubbing because of inhomogeneous strain, producing triboelectric charges that can induce voltage signals in the electrodes in response to the deformation. On the basis of the principle, a joint sensor based on the TENG is demonstrated, which can generate different output voltages according to the bending degrees of the joint. Furthermore, a three-dimensional sensor integrating three TENGs is fabricated to depict the deformations of different muscle areas. The output voltages of the three TENGs can be simultaneously monitored to reflect the deformation degrees of different muscle areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Ding Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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237
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Lamprecht R. Regulation of signaling proteins in the brain by light. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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238
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Cotler MJ, Rousseau EB, Ramadi KB, Fang J, Graybiel AM, Langer R, Cima MJ. Steerable Microinvasive Probes for Localized Drug Delivery to Deep Tissue. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901459. [PMID: 31183933 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced understanding of neuropathologies has created a need for more advanced tools. Current neural implants result in extensive glial scarring and are not able to highly localize drug delivery due to their size. Smaller implants reduce surgical trauma and improve spatial resolution, but such a reduction requires improvements in device design to enable accurate and chronic implantation in subcortical structures. Flexible needle steering techniques offer improved control over implant placement, but often require complex closed-loop control for accurate implantation. This study reports the development of steerable microinvasive neural implants (S-MINIs) constructed from borosilicate capillaries (OD = 60 µm, ID = 20 µm) that do not require closed-loop guidance or guide tubes. S-MINIs reduce glial scarring 3.5-fold compared to prior implants. Bevel steered needles are utilized for open-loop targeting of deep-brain structures. This study demonstrates a sinusoidal relationship between implant bevel angle and the trajectory radius of curvature both in vitro and ex vivo. This relationship allows for bevel-tipped capillaries to be steered to a target with an average error of 0.23 mm ± 0.19 without closed-loop control. Polished microcapillaries present a new microinvasive tool for chronic, predictable targeting of pathophysiological structures without the need for closed-loop feedback and complex imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Cotler
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Erin B Rousseau
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Khalil B Ramadi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Fang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael J Cima
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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239
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Dolan EB, Varela CE, Mendez K, Whyte W, Levey RE, Robinson ST, Maye E, O'Dwyer J, Beatty R, Rothman A, Fan Y, Hochstein J, Rothenbucher SE, Wylie R, Starr JR, Monaghan M, Dockery P, Duffy GP, Roche ET. An actuatable soft reservoir modulates host foreign body response. Sci Robot 2019; 4:4/33/eaax7043. [PMID: 33137787 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aax7043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The performance of indwelling medical devices that depend on an interface with soft tissue is plagued by complex, unpredictable foreign body responses. Such devices-including breast implants, biosensors, and drug delivery devices-are often subject to a collection of biological host responses, including fibrosis, which can impair device functionality. This work describes a milliscale dynamic soft reservoir (DSR) that actively modulates the biomechanics of the biotic-abiotic interface by altering strain, fluid flow, and cellular activity in the peri-implant tissue. We performed cyclical actuation of the DSR in a preclinical rodent model. Evaluation of the resulting host response showed a significant reduction in fibrous capsule thickness (P = 0.0005) in the actuated DSR compared with non-actuated controls, whereas the collagen density and orientation were not changed. We also show a significant reduction in myofibroblasts (P = 0.0036) in the actuated group and propose that actuation-mediated strain reduces differentiation and proliferation of myofibroblasts and therefore extracellular matrix production. Computational models quantified the effect of actuation on the reservoir and surrounding fluid. By adding a porous membrane and a therapy reservoir to the DSR, we demonstrate that, with actuation, we could (i) increase transport of a therapy analog and (ii) enhance pharmacokinetics and time to functional effect of an inotropic agent. The dynamic reservoirs presented here may act as a versatile tool to further understand, and ultimately to ameliorate, the host response to implantable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Dolan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - C E Varela
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Mendez
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W Whyte
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R E Levey
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - S T Robinson
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Maye
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J O'Dwyer
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Informatics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - R Beatty
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - A Rothman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Y Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Hochstein
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S E Rothenbucher
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R Wylie
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J R Starr
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Core, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Monaghan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - P Dockery
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - G P Duffy
- Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,CÚRAM, Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - E T Roche
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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240
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Method for spike detection from microelectrode array recordings contaminated by artifacts of simultaneous two-photon imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221510. [PMID: 31430357 PMCID: PMC6701834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous utilization of electrophysiological recordings and two-photon imaging allows the observation of neural activity in a high temporal and spatial resolution at the same time. The three dimensional monitoring of morphological features near the microelectrode array makes the observation more precise and complex. In vitro experiments were performed on mice neocortical slices expressing the GCaMP6 genetically encoded calcium indicator for monitoring the neural activity with two-photon microscopy around the implanted microelectrodes. A special filtering algorithm was used for data analysis to eliminate the artefacts caused by the imaging laser. Utilization of a special filtering algorithm allowed us to detect and sort single unit activities from simultaneous two-photon imaging and electrophysiological measurement.
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241
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Sauter-Starace F, Ratel D, Cretallaz C, Foerster M, Lambert A, Gaude C, Costecalde T, Bonnet S, Charvet G, Aksenova T, Mestais C, Benabid AL, Torres-Martinez N. Long-Term Sheep Implantation of WIMAGINE ®, a Wireless 64-Channel Electrocorticogram Recorder. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:847. [PMID: 31496929 PMCID: PMC6712079 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article deals with the long-term preclinical validation of WIMAGINE® (Wireless Implantable Multi-channel Acquisition system for Generic Interface with Neurons), a 64-channel wireless implantable recorder that measures the electrical activity at the cortical surface (electrocorticography, ECoG). The WIMAGINE® implant was designed for chronic wireless neuronal signal acquisition, to be used e.g., as an intracranial Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) for severely motor-impaired patients. Due to the size and shape of WIMAGINE®, sheep appeared to be the best animal model on which to carry out long-term in vivo validation. The devices were implanted in two sheep for a follow-up period of 10 months, including idle state cortical recordings and Somato-Sensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) sessions. ECoG and SSEP demonstrated relatively stable behavior during the 10-month observation period. Information recorded from the SensoriMotor Cortex (SMC) showed an SSEP phase reversal, indicating the cortical site of the sensorimotor activity was retained after 10 months of contact. Based on weekly recordings of raw ECoG signals, the effective bandwidth was in the range of 230 Hz for both animals and remarkably stable over time, meaning preservation of the high frequency bands valuable for decoding of the brain activity using BCIs. The power spectral density (in dB/Hz), on a log scale, was of the order of 2.2, –4.5 and –18 for the frequency bands (10–40), (40–100), and (100–200) Hz, respectively. The outcome of this preclinical work is the first long-term in vivo validation of the WIMAGINE® implant, highlighting its ability to record the brain electrical activity through the dura mater and to send wireless digitized data to the external base station. Apart from local adhesion of the dura to the skull, the neurosurgeon did not face any difficulty in the implantation of the WIMAGINE® device and post-mortem analysis of the brain revealed no side effect related to the implantation. We also report on the reliability of the system; including the implantable device, the antennas module and the external base station.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Ratel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - C Cretallaz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - M Foerster
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - A Lambert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - C Gaude
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - T Costecalde
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - S Bonnet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, DTBS, Grenoble, France
| | - G Charvet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - T Aksenova
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
| | - C Mestais
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, CLINATEC, Grenoble, France
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242
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Reddy JW, Kimukin I, Stewart LT, Ahmed Z, Barth AL, Towe E, Chamanzar M. High Density, Double-Sided, Flexible Optoelectronic Neural Probes With Embedded μLEDs. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:745. [PMID: 31456654 PMCID: PMC6699515 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical stimulation and imaging of neurons deep in the brain require implantable optical neural probes. External optical access to deeper regions of the brain is limited by scattering and absorption of light as it propagates through tissue. Implantable optoelectronic probes capable of high-resolution light delivery and high-density neural recording are needed for closed-loop manipulation of neural circuits. Micro-light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) have been used for optical stimulation, but predominantly on rigid silicon or sapphire substrates. Flexible polymer neural probes would be preferable for chronic applications since they cause less damage to brain tissue. Flexible μLED neural probes have been recently implemented by flip-chip bonding of commercially available μLED chips onto flexible substrates. Here, we demonstrate a monolithic design for flexible optoelectronic neural interfaces with embedded gallium nitride μLEDs that can be microfabricated at wafer-scale. Parylene C is used as the substrate and insulator due to its biocompatibility, compliance, and optical transparency. We demonstrate one-dimensional and two-dimensional individually-addressable μLED arrays. Our μLEDs have sizes as small as 22 × 22 μm in arrays of up to 32 μLEDs per probe shank. These devices emit blue light at a wavelength of 445 nm, suitable for stimulation of channelrhodopsin-2, with output powers greater than 200 μW at 2 mA. Our flexible optoelectronic probes are double-sided and can illuminate brain tissue from both sides. Recording electrodes are co-fabricated with μLEDs on the front- and backside of the optoelectronic probes for electrophysiology recording of neuronal activity from the volumes of tissue on the front- and backside simultaneously with bi-directional optical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W. Reddy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ibrahim Kimukin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Luke T. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zabir Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alison L. Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elias Towe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maysamreza Chamanzar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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243
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Abstract
The rapid electrochemical identification and quantification of neurotransmitters being a challenge in the ever-growing field of neuroelectronics, we aimed to facilitate the electrochemical selective detection of dopamine by functionalizing commercially available electrodes through the deposition of a thin film containing pre-formed gold nanoparticles. The influence of different parameters and experimental conditions, such as buffer solution, fiber material, concentration, and cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycle number, were tested during neurotransmitter detection. In each case, without drastically changing the outcome of the functionalization process, the selectivity towards dopamine was improved. The detected oxidation current for dopamine was increased by 92%, while ascorbic acid and serotonin oxidation currents were lowered by 66% under the best conditions. Moreover, dopamine sensing was successfully achieved in tandem with home-made triple electrodes and an in-house built potentiostat at a high scan rate mode.
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244
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Stocking KC, Vazquez AL, Kozai TDY. Intracortical Neural Stimulation With Untethered, Ultrasmall Carbon Fiber Electrodes Mediated by the Photoelectric Effect. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 66:2402-2412. [PMID: 30605086 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2889832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural stimulation with tethered, electrically activated probes is damaging to neural tissue and lacks good spatial selectivity and stable chronic performance. The photoelectric effect, which converts incident light into electric potential and heat, provides an opportunity for a tetherless stimulation method. We propose a novel stimulation paradigm that relies on the photoelectric effect to stimulate neurons around a free-floating, ultrasmall (7-8 μm diameter) carbon fiber probe. METHODS A two-photon microscope induced photo-stimulation with a near-infrared laser. Chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry were used to characterize the electrochemical properties of photo-stimulation, while the fluorescence of Rhodamine-B was used to quantify temperature changes. RESULTS Photo-stimulation caused a local cathodic potential pulse with minimal leakage current. Stimulation induced voltage deflections of 0.05-0.4 V in vitro, varying linearly with the power of the laser source (5-40 mW). Temperature increases in the immediate vicinity of the electrode were limited to 2.5 °C, suggesting that this stimulation modality can be used without inducing heat damage. Successful stimulation was supported in vivo by increased calcium fluorescence in local neurons at stimulation onset in a transgenic GCaMP-3 mouse model. Furthermore, cells activated by photo-stimulation were closer to the electrode than in electrical stimulation under similar conditions, indicating increased spatial precision. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that the proposed photoelectric method for neural stimulation is effective. SIGNIFICANCE Photoelectric stimulation is precise and avoids the need for a potentially destructive tether, making it a promising alternative to electrical stimulation.
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245
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Fang A, Hao Z, Wang L, Li D, He J, Gao L, Mao X, Paz R. In vitro model of the glial scar. Int J Bioprint 2019; 5:235. [PMID: 32596540 PMCID: PMC7294684 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The trauma of central nervous system (CNS) can lead to glial scar, and it can limit the regeneration of neurons at the injured area, which is considered to be a major factor affecting the functional recovery of patients with CNS injury. At present, the study of the glial scar model in vitro is still limited to two-dimensional culture, and the state of the scar in vivo cannot be well mimicked. Therefore, we use a collagen gel and astrocytes to construct a three-dimensional (3D) model in vitro to mimic natural glial scar tissue. The effects of concentration changes of astrocytes on cell morphology, proliferation, and tissue performance were investigated. After 8 days of culture in vitro, the results showed that the tissue model contracted, with a measured shrinkage rate of 4.5%, and the compressive elastic modulus increased to nearly 4 times. Moreover, the astrocytes of the 3D tissue model have the ability of proliferation, hyperplasia, and formation of scar clusters. It indicates that the model we constructed has the characteristics of glial scar tissue to some extent and can provide an in vitro model for the research of glial scar and brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Fang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Zhiyan Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Dichen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Jiankang He
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, ShaanXi 710054, China
| | - Xinggang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Rubén Paz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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246
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Feng T, Ji W, Tang Q, Wei H, Zhang S, Mao J, Zhang Y, Mao L, Zhang M. Low-Fouling Nanoporous Conductive Polymer-Coated Microelectrode for In Vivo Monitoring of Dopamine in the Rat Brain. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10786-10791. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meining Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, People’s Republic of China
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247
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Control of neural probe shank flexibility by fluidic pressure in embedded microchannel using PDMS/PI hybrid substrate. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220258. [PMID: 31339963 PMCID: PMC6655783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Implantable neural probes are widely used to record and stimulate neural activities. These probes should be stiff enough for insertion. However, it should also be flexible to minimize tissue damage after insertion. Therefore, having dynamic control of the neural probe shank flexibility will be useful. For the first time, we have successfully fabricated flexible neural probes with embedded microfluidic channels for dynamic control of neural probe stiffness by controlling fluidic pressure in the channels. The present hybrid neural probes consisted of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyimide (PI) layers could provide the required stiffness for insertion and flexibility during operation. The PDMS channels were fabricated by reversal imprint using a silicon mold and bonded to a PI layer to form the embedded channels in the neural probe. The probe shape was patterned using an oxygen plasma generated by an inductively coupled plasma etching system. The critical buckling force of PDMS/PI neural probes could be tuned from 0.25-1.25 mN depending on the applied fluidic pressure in the microchannels and these probes were successfully inserted into a 0.6% agarose gel that mimicked the stiffness of the brain tissue. Polymer-based neural probes are typically more flexible than conventional metal wire-based probes, and they could potentially provide less tissue damage after implantation.
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248
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Consequence of insertion trauma - effect on early measurements when using intracerebral devices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10652. [PMID: 31337819 PMCID: PMC6650456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of devices that quantify biological properties of cerebral tissue. Installing such device will cause a local insertion trauma, which will affect early measurements. Current literature proposes minimum one hour of observation before acquiring first measurements when using microdialysis. It is unknown whether this applies to other intracerebral devices. We therefore aimed to investigate time needed to reach steady state when using microdialysis and two intracerebral probes in a piglet model. Ten newborn piglets less than 24 hours of age were anaesthetized. Two probes (Codman and OxyLite/OxyFlo) and a microdialysis catheter (CMA Microdialysis) were installed 10 mm into the left hemisphere. Probes measured intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and oxygen tension. The microdialysis catheter measured lactate, glucose, glycerol, and pyruvate. Measurements were acquired hourly for 20 hours. Lactate and glycerol peaked immediately after insertion and reached steady state after approximately four hours. Glucose, pyruvate, cerebral blood flow, and intracranial pressure reached steady state immediately. Oxygen tension reached steady state after 12 hours. With time, interindividual variability decreased for the majority of measurements. Consequently, time to stabilization after insertion depends on the choice of device and is crucial to obtain valid baseline values with high degree of precision.
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249
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Dorand RD, Benson BL, Huang LF, Petrosiute A, Huang AY. Insights From Dynamic Neuro-Immune Imaging on Murine Immune Responses to CNS Damage. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:737. [PMID: 31379488 PMCID: PMC6650615 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolving technologies and increasing understanding of human physiology over the past century have afforded our ability to intervene on human diseases using implantable bio-materials. These bio-electronic devices present a unique challenge through the creation of an interface between the native tissue and implantable bio-materials: the generation of host immune response surrounding such devices. While recent developments in cancer immunology seek to stimulate the immune system against cancer, successful long-term application of implantable bio-material devices need to durably minimize reactive immune processes at involved anatomical sites. Peripheral immune system response has been studied extensively for implanted bio-materials at various body sites. Examples include tooth composites (Gitalis et al., 2019), inguinal hernia repair (Heymann et al., 2019), and cardiac stents and pacemaker leads (Slee et al., 2016). Studies have also been extended to less well-studied immune reactivity in response to CNS neural-electronic implant devices. Recent technological advances in 2-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy (2P-LSM) have allowed novel insights into in vivo immune response in a variety of tissue microenvironments. While imaging of peripheral tissues has provided an abundance of data with regards to immune cell dynamics, central nervous system (CNS) imaging is comparatively complicated by tissue accessibility and manipulation. Despite these challenges, the results of dynamic intravital neuro-immune imaging thus far have provided foundational insights into basic CNS biology. Utilizing a combination of intravital and ex vivo 2P-LSM, we have observed novel pathways allowing immune cells, stromal cells, cancer cells and proteins to communicate between the CNS parenchyma and peripheral vasculature. Similar to what has been reported in the intestinal tract, we have visualized myeloid cells extend dendritic processes across the blood brain barrier (BBB) into pial blood vessels. Furthermore, transient vessel leaks seen during systemic inflammation provide opportunities for cellular protein to be exchanged between the periphery and CNS. These insights provide new, visual information regarding immune surveillance and antigen presentation within the CNS. Furthermore, when combining intravital 2P-LSM and microfluidic devices complexed with mathematical modeling, we are gaining new insights into the intravascular behavior of circulating immune cells. This new knowledge into the basic mechanisms by which cells migrate to and interact with the CNS provide important considerations for the design of neuro-electronic biomaterials that have the potential to connect the peripheral-neural microenvironments into a unique, artificial interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dixon Dorand
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bryan L Benson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lauren F Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Agne Petrosiute
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Institute/University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Angie Fowler Adolescent & Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Institute/University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
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250
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Gulino M, Kim D, Pané S, Santos SD, Pêgo AP. Tissue Response to Neural Implants: The Use of Model Systems Toward New Design Solutions of Implantable Microelectrodes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:689. [PMID: 31333407 PMCID: PMC6624471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of implantable neuroelectrodes is advancing rapidly as these tools are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in clinical practice, especially for the treatment of traumatic and neurodegenerative disorders. Electrodes have been exploited in a wide number of neural interface devices, such as deep brain stimulation, which is one of the most successful therapies with proven efficacy in the treatment of diseases like Parkinson or epilepsy. However, one of the main caveats related to the clinical application of electrodes is the nervous tissue response at the injury site, characterized by a cascade of inflammatory events, which culminate in chronic inflammation, and, in turn, result in the failure of the implant over extended periods of time. To overcome current limitations of the most widespread macroelectrode based systems, new design strategies and the development of innovative materials with superior biocompatibility characteristics are currently being investigated. This review describes the current state of the art of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models available for the study of neural tissue response to implantable microelectrodes. We particularly highlight new models with increased complexity that closely mimic in vivo scenarios and that can serve as promising alternatives to animal studies for investigation of microelectrodes in neural tissues. Additionally, we also express our view on the impact of the progress in the field of neural tissue engineering on neural implant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gulino
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL), Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Duque Santos
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Pêgo
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB – Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FEUP – Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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