201
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Zeini Jahromi E, Gailer J. In vitro assessment of chelating agents with regard to their abstraction efficiency of Cd2+ bound to plasma proteins. Metallomics 2012; 4:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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202
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Zhou T, Ma Y, Kong X, Hider RC. Design of iron chelators with therapeutic application. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6371-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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203
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Zhou X, Tan J, Zheng L, Pillai S, Li B, Xu P, Zhang B, Zhang Y. The opposite effects of Cu(ii) and Fe(iii) on the assembly of glucagon amyloid fibrils. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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204
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Casini A. Exploring the mechanisms of metal-based pharmacological agents via an integrated approach. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 109:97-106. [PMID: 22342074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The peculiar chemical properties of metal-based drugs impart innovative pharmacological profiles to this class of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, most likely in relation to novel molecular mechanisms still poorly understood. However, inorganic drugs have been scarcely considered for medicinal applications with respect to classical organic compounds due to the prejudice of the relevant toxic effects evidenced in certain cases. Thus, the development of improved metallodrugs requires clearer understanding of their physiological processing and molecular basis of actions. Among the various issues in the area of medicinal inorganic chemistry, the possibility of target elucidation is essential for the identification of new therapeutic applications for metal compounds or as molecular biological tools. Here we present the results of our recent research in the field, which in our opinion constitute the basis of a systematic and interdisciplinary approach to address some of the critical issues in the study of the molecular mechanisms of metallodrugs' action via the implementation of high-resolution biophysical techniques coupled with more pharmacological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Casini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ,
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205
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Alies B, Solari PL, Hureau C, Faller P. Dynamics of ZnII Binding as a Key Feature in the Formation of Amyloid Fibrils by Aβ11-28. Inorg Chem 2011; 51:701-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202247m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Alies
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination
(LCC), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077
Toulouse, France
- LCC, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pier-Lorenzo Solari
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des merisiers BP48, Saint-Aubin, F-91192 Gif-Sur-Yvette
Cedex, France
| | - Christelle Hureau
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination
(LCC), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077
Toulouse, France
- LCC, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Faller
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de Coordination
(LCC), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077
Toulouse, France
- LCC, Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse, France
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206
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Fatemi SJ, Saljooghi AS, Balooch FD, Iranmanesh M, Golbafan MR. Removal of cadmium by combining deferasirox and desferrioxamine chelators in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:35-41. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711403192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to evaluate the ability of two chelators, deferasirox and desferrioxamine (DFO), in removing cadmium from biological system. The potential efficiency of those chelators were investigated after cadmium administration for 60 days following two dose levels of 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight daily to male rats. However, abnormalities were observed in clinical signs after cadmium administration, such as yellowish discoloration of hair, flaccid and hypotonic muscles, irritability, weakness and loss of weight. The hypothesis that the two chelators might be more efficient as combined therapy than single therapy in removing metal ions from the body was considered. In this way, two known chelators, deferasirox and DFO were chosen and tested in the acute rat model. The chelation therapy results show that deferasirox and DFO are able ?to remove cadmium ions from the body, while iron concentration returned to the normal level and symptoms are decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marzieh Iranmanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran
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207
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Braymer JJ, Choi JS, DeToma AS, Wang C, Nam K, Kampf JW, Ramamoorthy A, Lim MH. Development of bifunctional stilbene derivatives for targeting and modulating metal-amyloid-β species. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:10724-34. [PMID: 21954910 PMCID: PMC3437264 DOI: 10.1021/ic2012205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and their metal-associated aggregated states have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the etiology of AD remains uncertain, understanding the role of metal-Aβ species could provide insights into the onset and development of the disease. To unravel this, bifunctional small molecules that can specifically target and modulate metal-Aβ species have been developed, which could serve as suitable chemical tools for investigating metal-Aβ-associated events in AD. Through a rational structure-based design principle involving the incorporation of a metal binding site into the structure of an Aβ interacting molecule, we devised stilbene derivatives (L1-a and L1-b) and demonstrated their reactivity toward metal-Aβ species. In particular, the dual functions of compounds with different structural features (e.g., with or without a dimethylamino group) were explored by UV-vis, X-ray crystallography, high-resolution 2D NMR, and docking studies. Enhanced bifunctionality of compounds provided greater effects on metal-induced Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity in vitro and in living cells. Mechanistic investigations of the reaction of L1-a and L1-b with Zn(2+)-Aβ species by UV-vis and 2D NMR suggest that metal chelation with ligand and/or metal-ligand interaction with the Aβ peptide may be driving factors for the observed modulation of metal-Aβ aggregation pathways. Overall, the studies presented herein demonstrate the importance of a structure-interaction-reactivity relationship for designing small molecules to target metal-Aβ species allowing for the modulation of metal-induced Aβ reactivity and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Braymer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jung-Suk Choi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alaina S. DeToma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kisoo Nam
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jeffrey W. Kampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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208
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Saljooghi AS. Chelation of aluminum by combining deferasirox and deferiprone in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:740-5. [PMID: 22025507 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711422731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that two known chelators deferasirox and deferiprone (L1) might be more efficient as combined treatment than as single therapies in removing aluminum from the body was tested in a new acute rat model. Seven-week-old male Wistar rats received chelators: deferasirox (orally [p.o.]), L1 (p.o.) or deferasirox + L1 as 100 or 200 mg/kg dose half an hour after a single intraperitoneal administration of 6 mg Al/kg body weight in the form of chloride. Serum aluminum concentration, urinary aluminum and iron excretions were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Both chelators were effective only at the higher dose level. While deferasirox was more effective than L1 in enhancing urinary aluminum excretion, L1 was more effective than deferasirox in enhancing urinary iron excretion. In the combined treatment group, deferasirox did not increase the L1 effect on aluminum and L1 did not increase the effect of deferasirox on iron elimination. Our results support the usefulness of this animal model for preliminary in vivo testing of aluminum chelators. Urinary values were more useful due to the high variability of serum results.
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209
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Tabassum S, Khan RA, Arjmand F, Aziz M, Juvekar AS, Zingde SM. Carbohydrate-conjugate heterobimetallic complexes: synthesis, DNA binding studies, artificial nuclease activity and in vitro cytotoxicity. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2886-95. [PMID: 22055812 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
New carbohydrate-conjugated heterobimetallic complexes [C(32)H(62)N(10)O(8)NiSn(2)Cl(4)]Cl(2)(1) and [C(32)H(62)N(10)O(8)CuSn(2)Cl(4)]Cl(2) (2) were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic (IR, (1)H, (13)C, and (119)Sn NMR, EPR, UV-vis, ESI-MS) and analytical methods. The interaction studies of 2 with CT DNA were studied by using various biophysical techniques, which showed high binding affinity of 2 toward CT DNA. The extent of interaction was further confirmed by the interaction of 2 with the nucleotides viz.; 5'-AMP, 5'-CMP, 5'-GMP, and 5'-TMP, by absorption titration. (1)H, (31)P, (119)Sn NMR spectroscopy further validated the interaction mode of 2 with 5'-GMP. The electrophoresis pattern observed for 2 with supercoiled pBR322 DNA, exhibited significantly good nuclease activity following oxidative pathway. The preferential selectivity of 2 toward the major groove was observed on interaction of 2 with pBR322 DNA, in the presence of standard groove binders viz.; DAPI and methyl green. Additionally, in vitro antitumor activity of 2 was evaluated on a panel of human cancer cell lines, exhibiting remarkable cytotoxicity activity against Colo205 (colon) and MCF7 (breast) cell lines with GI(50) values <10 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India.
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210
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Luísa Ramos M, Justino LLG, Branco A, Duarte CMG, Abreu PE, Fonseca SM, Burrows HD. NMR, DFT and luminescence studies of the complexation of Zn(II) with 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11732-41. [PMID: 21964543 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10978b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, DFT calculations and luminescence techniques have been used to study 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate (8-HQS) and its complexes with Zn(ii), in aqueous solution. The study combines the high sensitivity of luminescence techniques, the selectivity of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy with the structural details accessible through DFT calculations, and aims to obtain a detailed understanding of the complexation between the Zn(2+) ion and 8-HQS. In addition to a complete assignment of the (1)H and (13)C NMR signals of 8-HQS, a full speciation study has been performed. Over the concentration region studied, Zn(2+) metal ion forms only one significant complex species with 8-HQS in aqueous solution in the pH range 6-8. Job's method shows that this species has a 1:2 (metal:ligand) stoichiometry. The geometry around the metal centre, according to structural optimization using DFT calculations, is suggested to be square bipyramidal, with two coordinated water molecules mutually trans, and the remaining positions occupied by the donor groups of the two coordinated 8-HQS ligands. On binding to Zn(ii), 8-HQS shows a marked fluorescence compared with the weakly-luminescent free ligand. In addition, as previously noted, there are marked changes in the absorption spectra, which support the use of 8-HQS as a sensitive fluorescent sensor to detect Zn(2+) metal ion in surface waters, biological fluids, etc. Based on results of the structural studies, suggestions are made of ways for enhancing fluorescence sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luísa Ramos
- Departmento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
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211
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Mohamed T, Yeung JC, Rao PP. Development of 2-substituted-N-(naphth-1-ylmethyl) and N-benzhydrylpyrimidin-4-amines as dual cholinesterase and Aβ-aggregation inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5881-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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212
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Hashim A, Wang L, Juneja K, Ye Y, Zhao Y, Ming LJ. Vitamin B6s inhibit oxidative stress caused by Alzheimer's disease-related Cu(II)-β-amyloid complexes-cooperative action of phospho-moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6430-2. [PMID: 21944860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cu(II) complexes of Alzheimer's disease-related β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides exhibit metal-centered oxidation chemistry. The metallo-Aβ complexes are the hallmark of the disease and have been attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress. In this communication, the inhibitions of the oxidative activity of Cu(II)-Aβ by vitamin B6 compounds pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL), and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) are presented. These B6's are competitive inhibitors toward dopamine oxidation by Cu(II)-Aβ(1-20), with K(i) values of 1.4, 8.3, 1.2, and 0.2mM, respectively. The phospho-moiety in PLP seems to exhibit cooperative inhibition, affording a clue for future design of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Hashim
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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213
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Alí-Torres J, Maréchal JD, Rodríguez-Santiago L, Sodupe M. Three dimensional models of Cu(2+)-Aβ(1-16) complexes from computational approaches. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15008-14. [PMID: 21846101 DOI: 10.1021/ja203407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the coordination of metal ions to Aβ is essential to understand their role in its aggregation and to rationally design new chelators with potential therapeutic applications in Alzheimer disease. Because of that, in the last 10 years several studies have focused their attention in determining the coordination properties of Cu(2+) interacting with Aβ. However, more important than characterizing the first coordination sphere of the metal is the determination of the whole Cu(2+)-Aβ structure. In this study, we combine homology modeling (HM) techniques with quantum mechanics based approaches (QM) to determine plausible three-dimensional models for Cu(2+)-Aβ(1-16) with three histidines in their coordination sphere. We considered both ε and δ coordination of histidines 6, 13, and 14 as well as the coordination of different possible candidates containing oxygen as fourth ligand (Asp1, Glu3, Asp7, Glu11, and CO(Ala2)). Among the 32 models that enclose COO(-), the lowest energy structures correspond to [O(E3),N(δ)(H6),N(ε)(H13),N(ε)(H14)] (1), [O(E3),N(δ)(H6),N(δ)(H13),N(δ)(H14)] (2), and [O(D7),N(ε)(H6),N(δ)(H13),N(δ)(H14)] (3). The most stable model containing CO(Ala2) as fourth ligand in the Cu(2+) coordination sphere is [O(c)(A2),N(ε)(H6),N(δ)(H13),N(ε)(H14)] (4). An estimation of the relative stability between Glu3 (1) and CO(Ala2) (4) coordinated complexes seems to indicate that the preference for the latter coordination may be due to solvent effects. The present results also show the relationship between the peptidic and metallic moieties in defining the overall geometry of the complex and illustrate that the final stability of the complexes results from a balance between the metal coordination site and amyloid folding upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alí-Torres
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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214
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Leed MGD, Wolkow N, Pham DM, Daniel CL, Dunaief JL, Franz KJ. Prochelators triggered by hydrogen peroxide provide hexadentate iron coordination to impede oxidative stress. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1161-72. [PMID: 21708101 PMCID: PMC3355344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prochelators are agents that have little affinity for metal ions until they undergo a chemical conversion. Three new aryl boronate prochelators are presented that are responsive to hydrogen peroxide to provide hexadentate ligands for chelating metal ions. TRENBSIM (tris[(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylidene)-2-aminoethyl]amine), TRENBSAM (tris[(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzoyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine), and TB (tris[(2-boronic acid-benzyl)2-aminoethyl]amine) convert to TRENSIM (tris[(salicylideneamino)ethyl]amine), TRENSAM (tris[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine), and TS (tris[2-hydroxybenzyl)2-aminoethyl]amine), respectively. The prochelators were characterized by (11)B NMR, and the structures of TRENBSAM, TRENBSIM, and the Fe(III) complex of TS were determined by X-ray crystallography. Of the three prochelator/chelator pairs, TB/TS was identified as the most promising for biological applications, as they prevent iron and copper-induced hydroxyl radical generation in an in vitro assay. TB has negligible interactions with metal ions, whereas TS has apparent binding constants (log K') at pH 7.4 of 15.87 for Cu(II), 9.67 Zn(II) and 14.42 for Fe(III). Up to 1 mMTB was nontoxic to retinal pigment epithelial cells, whereas 10 μM TS induced cell death. TS protected cells against H(2)O(2)-induced death, but only within a 1-10 μM range. TB, on the other hand, had a much broader window of protection, suggesting that it may be a useful agent for preventing metal-promoted oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G. D. Leed
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Natalie Wolkow
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David M. Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | | | - Joshua L. Dunaief
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Katherine J. Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
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215
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Wagner CC, González-Baró AC, Baran EJ. Vibrational spectra of the Ga(III) complexes with oxine and clioquinol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:1762-1765. [PMID: 21664859 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of the gallium(III) complexes of 8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) and 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (clioquinol), were recorded and briefly discussed by comparison with the spectra of the uncoordinated ligands and with some related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Wagner
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7400 Olavarría, Argentina
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216
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León R, Garcia AG, Marco-Contelles J. Recent advances in the multitarget-directed ligands approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:139-89. [PMID: 21793014 DOI: 10.1002/med.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With 27 million cases worldwide documented in 2006, Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes an overwhelming health, social, economic, and political problem to nations. Unless a new medicine capable to delay disease progression is found, the number of cases will reach 107 million in 2050. So far, the therapeutic paradigm one-compound-one-target has failed. This could be due to the multiple pathogenic mechanisms involved in AD including amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation to form plaques, τ hyperphosphorylation to disrupt microtubule to form neurofibrillary tangles, calcium imbalance, enhanced oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, apoptotic neuronal death, and deterioration of synaptic transmission, particularly at cholinergic neurons. Approximately 100 compounds are presently been investigated directed to single targets, namely inhibitors of β and γ secretase, vaccines or antibodies that clear Aβ, metal chelators to inhibit Aβ aggregation, blockers of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, enhancers of mitochondrial function, antioxidants, modulators of calcium-permeable channels such as voltage-dependent calcium channels, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors for glutamate, or enhancers of cholinergic neurotransmission such as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase. In view of this complex pathogenic mechanisms, and the successful treatment of chronic diseases such as HIV or cancer, with multiple drugs having complementary mechanisms of action, the concern is growing that AD could better be treated with a single compound targeting two or more of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to neuronal death. This review summarizes the current therapeutic strategies based on the paradigm one-compound-various targets to treat AD. A treatment that delays disease onset and/or progression by 5 years could halve the number of people requiring institutionalization and/or dying from AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael León
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Lensfield road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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217
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Valensin D, Migliorini C, Valensin G, Gaggelli E, La Penna G, Kozlowski H, Gabbiani C, Messori L. Exploring the reactions of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide 1-28 with Al(III) and Fe(III) ions. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:6865-7. [PMID: 21718030 DOI: 10.1021/ic201069v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of human β-amyloid peptide 1-28 (Aβ28) with Al(III) and Fe(III) ions were investigated by (1)H NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under pH conditions close to physiological ones. (1)H NMR titrations, performed in the 5.3-8.0 pH range, revealed that no measurable amounts of Aβ28-Al(III) or Aβ28-Fe(III) adducts are formed; such metal adducts could not be obtained even by changing a number of experimental conditions, e.g., temperature, buffer, nature of the salt, etc. These observations were later confirmed by ESI-MS. It is thus demonstrated that Aβ28, at physiological pH, is not able to form binary complexes with Al(III) and Fe(III) ions of sufficient stability to compete with metal hydroxide precipitation. The biological implications of these findings are discussed in the frame of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valensin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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218
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Rimola A, Alí-Torres J, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Poater J, Matito E, Solà M, Sodupe M. Ab initio design of chelating ligands relevant to Alzheimer's disease: influence of metalloaromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12659-66. [PMID: 21699142 DOI: 10.1021/jp203465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence supporting the role of metal ions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has rendered metal ion chelation as a promising therapeutic treatment. The rational design of efficient chelating ligands requires, however, a good knowledge of the electronic and molecular structure of the complexes formed. In the present work, the coordinative properties of a set of chelating ligands toward Cu(II) have been analyzed by means of DFT(B3LYP) calculations. Special attention has been paid to the aromatic behavior of the metalated rings of the complex and its influence on the chelating ability of the ligand. Ligands considered have identical metal binding sites (through N/O coordination) and only differ on the kind and size of the aromatic moieties. Results indicate that there is a good correlation between the stability constants (log β(2)) and the degree of metalloaromaticity determined through the I(NG) and HOMA indices; that is, the higher the metalloaromaticity, the larger the log β(2) value. MOs and aromaticity descriptors confirm that present complexes exhibit Möbius metalloaromaticity. Detailed analysis of the nature of the Cu(II)-ligand bonding, performed through an energy decomposition analysis, indicates that ligands with less aromatic moieties have the negative charge more localized in the metalated ring, thus increasing their σ-donor character and the metalloaromaticity of the complexes they form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Rimola
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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219
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Aluminum, copper, iron and zinc differentially alter amyloid-Aβ1–42 aggregation and toxicity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:877-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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220
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Mechanism and kinetics of the hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radical scavenging activity of N-acetylcysteine amide. Theor Chem Acc 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-011-0958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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221
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Abergel RJ, Raymond KN. Multidentate Terephthalamidate and Hydroxypyridonate Ligands: Towards New Orally Active Chelators. Hemoglobin 2011; 35:276-90. [DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2011.560771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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222
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Zinczuk J, Echeverría G, Piro O, Parajón-Costa B, Baran E. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylenediamine tetrahydrochloride dihydrate. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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223
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Kenche VB, Barnham KJ. Alzheimer's disease & metals: therapeutic opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:211-9. [PMID: 21232050 PMCID: PMC3087126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age related neurodegenerative disease. Currently, there are no disease modifying drugs, existing therapies only offer short-term symptomatic relief. Two of the pathognomonic indicators of AD are the presence of extracellular protein aggregates consisting primarily of the Aβ peptide and oxidative stress. Both of these phenomena can potentially be explained by the interactions of Aβ with metal ions. In addition, metal ions play a pivotal role in synaptic function and their homeostasis is tightly regulated. A breakdown in this metal homeostasis and the generation of toxic Aβ oligomers are likely to be responsible for the synaptic dysfunction associated with AD. Therefore, approaches that are designed to prevent Aβ metal interactions, inhibiting the formation of toxic Aβ species as well as restoring metal homeostasis may have potential as disease modifying strategies for treating AD. This review summarizes the physiological and pathological interactions that metal ions play in synaptic function with particular emphasis placed on interactions with Aβ. A variety of therapeutic strategies designed to address these pathological processes are also described. The most advanced of these strategies is the so-called 'metal protein attenuating compound' approach, with the lead molecule PBT2 having successfully completed early phase clinical trials. The success of these various strategies suggests that manipulating metal ion interactions offers multiple opportunities to develop disease modifying therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya B Kenche
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- The Mental Health Research Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
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DeToma AS, Choi JS, Braymer JJ, Lim MH. Myricetin: A Naturally Occurring Regulator of Metal-Induced Amyloid-β Aggregation and Neurotoxicity. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1198-201. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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225
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Heli H, Mirtorabi S, Karimian K. Advances in iron chelation: an update. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:819-56. [PMID: 21449664 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.569493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxidative stress (caused by excess iron) can result in tissue damage, organ failure and finally death, unless treated by iron chelators. The causative factor in the etiology of a variety of disease states is the presence of iron-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can result in cell damage or which can affect the signaling pathways involved in cell necrosis-apoptosis or organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular, hepatic or renal dysfunctions. Iron chelators can reduce oxidative stress by the removal of iron from target tissues. Equally as important, removal of iron from the active site of enzymes that play key roles in various diseases can be of considerable benefit to the patients. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on iron chelators used as therapeutic agents. The importance of iron in oxidative damage is discussed, along with the three clinically approved iron chelators. EXPERT OPINION A number of iron chelators are used as approved therapeutic agents in the treatment of thalassemia major, asthma, fungal infections and cancer. However, as our knowledge about the biochemistry of iron and its role in etiologies of seemingly unrelated diseases increases, new applications of the approved iron chelators, as well as the development of new iron chelators, present challenging opportunities in the areas of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Heli
- Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Department of Chemistry, Fars, 7348113111, Iran
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226
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Li L, Zhu L, Chen D, Hu X, Wang R. Use of Acylhydrazine- and Acylhydrazone-Type Ligands to Promote CuI-Catalyzed C-N Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryl Bromides with N-Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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227
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Parthasarathy S, Long F, Miller Y, Xiao Y, McElheny D, Thurber K, Ma B, Nussinov R, Ishii Y. Molecular-level examination of Cu2+ binding structure for amyloid fibrils of 40-residue Alzheimer's β by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3390-400. [PMID: 21341665 PMCID: PMC3074258 DOI: 10.1021/ja1072178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cu(2+) binding to Alzheimer's β (Aβ) peptides in amyloid fibrils has attracted broad attention, as it was shown that Cu ion concentration elevates in Alzheimer's senile plaque and such association of Aβ with Cu(2+) triggers the production of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H(2)O(2). However, detailed binding sites and binding structures of Cu(2+) to Aβ are still largely unknown for Aβ fibrils or other aggregates of Aβ. In this work, we examined molecular details of Cu(2+) binding to amyloid fibrils by detecting paramagnetic signal quenching in 1D and 2D high-resolution (13)C solid-state NMR (SSNMR) for full-length 40-residue Aβ(1-40). Selective quenching observed in (13)C SSNMR of Cu(2+)-bound Aβ(1-40) suggested that primary Cu(2+) binding sites in Aβ(1-40) fibrils include N(ε) in His-13 and His-14 and carboxyl groups in Val-40 as well as in Glu sidechains (Glu-3, Glu-11, and/or Glu-22). (13)C chemical shift analysis demonstrated no major structural changes upon Cu(2+) binding in the hydrophobic core regions (residues 18-25 and 30-36). Although the ROS production via oxidization of Met-35 in the presence of Cu(2+) has been long suspected, our SSNMR analysis of (13)C(ε)H(3)-S- in M35 showed little changes after Cu(2+) binding, excluding the possibility of Met-35 oxidization by Cu(2+) alone. Preliminary molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on Cu(2+)-Aβ complex in amyloid fibrils confirmed binding sites suggested by the SSNMR results and the stabilities of such bindings. The MD simulations also indicate the coexistence of a variety of Cu(2+)-binding modes unique in Aβ fibril, which are realized by both intra- and intermolecular contacts and highly concentrated coordination sites due to the in-register parallel β-sheet arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607
| | - Yifat Miller
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yiling Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607
| | - Dan McElheny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607
| | - Kent Thurber
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Buyong Ma
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702
- Sackler Inst. of Molecular Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yoshitaka Ishii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60607
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228
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Metal ions, Alzheimer's disease and chelation therapy. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2011; 61:1-14. [PMID: 21406339 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-011-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, various studies have been providing evidence that metal ions are critically involved in the pathogenesis of major neurological diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson). Metal ion chelators have been suggested as potential therapies for diseases involving metal ion imbalance. Neurodegeneration is an excellent target for exploiting the metal chelator approach to therapeutics. In contrast to the direct chelation approach in metal ion overload disorders, in neurodegeneration the goal seems to be a better and subtle modulation of metal ion homeostasis, aimed at restoring ionic balance. Thus, moderate chelators able to coordinate deleterious metals without disturbing metal homeostasis are needed. To date, several chelating agents have been investigated for their potential to treat neurodegeneration, and a series of 8-hydroxyquinoline analogues showed the greatest potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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229
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New glycoside derivatives of carnosine and analogs resistant to carnosinase hydrolysis: Synthesis and characterization of their copper(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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230
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Frezza M, Hindo S, Chen D, Davenport A, Schmitt S, Tomco D, Dou QP. Novel metals and metal complexes as platforms for cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:1813-25. [PMID: 20337575 DOI: 10.2174/138161210791209009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metals are essential cellular components selected by nature to function in several indispensable biochemical processes for living organisms. Metals are endowed with unique characteristics that include redox activity, variable coordination modes, and reactivity towards organic substrates. Due to their reactivity, metals are tightly regulated under normal conditions and aberrant metal ion concentrations are associated with various pathological disorders, including cancer. For these reasons, coordination complexes, either as drugs or prodrugs, become very attractive probes as potential anticancer agents. The use of metals and their salts for medicinal purposes, from iatrochemistry to modern day, has been present throughout human history. The discovery of cisplatin, cis-[Pt(II) (NH(3))(2)Cl(2)], was a defining moment which triggered the interest in platinum(II)- and other metal-containing complexes as potential novel anticancer drugs. Other interests in this field address concerns for uptake, toxicity, and resistance to metallodrugs. This review article highlights selected metals that have gained considerable interest in both the development and the treatment of cancer. For example, copper is enriched in various human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However the use of copper-binding ligands to target tumor copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective treatment. The use of nonessential metals as probes to target molecular pathways as anticancer agents is also emphasized. Finally, based on the interface between molecular biology and bioinorganic chemistry the design of coordination complexes for cancer treatment is reviewed and design strategies and mechanisms of action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frezza
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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231
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Choi JS, Braymer JJ, Park SK, Mustafa S, Chae J, Lim MH. Synthesis and characterization of IMPY derivatives that regulate metal-induced amyloid-β aggregation. Metallomics 2011; 3:284-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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232
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Scott LE, Telpoukhovskaia M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Merkel M, Bowen ML, Page BDG, Green DE, Storr T, Thomas F, Allen DD, Lockman PR, Patrick BO, Adam MJ, Orvig C. N-Aryl-substituted 3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-methyl-4(1H)-pyridinones as agents for Alzheimer's therapy. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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233
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Pellico D, Gómez-Gallego M, Escudero R, Ramírez-López P, Oliván M, Sierra MA. C-Branched chiral (racemic) macrocyclic amino acids: structure of their Ni(ii), Zn(ii) and Cu(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:9145-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10539f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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234
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Zhang Y, Chen LY, Yin WX, Yin J, Zhang SB, Liu CL. The chelation targeting metal–Aβ40 aggregates may lead to formation of Aβ40 oligomers. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:4830-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt00020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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235
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Hider RC, Roy S, Ma YM, Le Kong X, Preston J. The potential application of iron chelators for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Metallomics 2011; 3:239-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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236
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Braymer JJ, Detoma AS, Choi JS, Ko KS, Lim MH. Recent Development of Bifunctional Small Molecules to Study Metal-Amyloid-β Species in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:623051. [PMID: 21197068 PMCID: PMC3004374 DOI: 10.4061/2011/623051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease related to the deposition of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. It has been proposed that metal ion dyshomeostasis and miscompartmentalization contribute to AD progression, especially as metal ions (e.g., Cu(II) and Zn(II)) found in Aβ plaques of the diseased brain can bind to Aβ and be linked to aggregation and neurotoxicity. The role of metal ions in AD pathogenesis, however, is uncertain. To accelerate understanding in this area and contribute to therapeutic development, recent efforts to devise suitable chemical reagents that can target metal ions associated with Aβ have been made using rational structure-based design that combines two functions (metal chelation and Aβ interaction) in the same molecule. This paper presents bifunctional compounds developed by two different design strategies (linkage or incorporation) and discusses progress in their applications as chemical tools and/or potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Braymer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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237
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Design of small molecules that target metal-A{beta} species and regulate metal-induced A{beta} aggregation and neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21990-5. [PMID: 21131570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of metal ions and amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates found in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested to be involved in AD pathogenesis. To investigate metal-Aβ-associated pathways in AD, development of chemical tools to target metal-Aβ species is desired. Only a few efforts, however, have been reported. Here, we report bifunctional small molecules, N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)aniline (L2-a) and N(1),N(1)-dimethyl-N(4)-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzene-1,4-diamine (L2-b) that can interact with both metal ions and Aβ species, as determined by spectroscopic methods including high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Using the bifunctional compound L2-b, metal-induced Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity were modulated in vitro as well as in human neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, treatment of human AD brain tissue homogenates containing metal ions and Aβ species with L2-b showed disassembly of Aβ aggregates. Therefore, our studies presented herein demonstrate the value of bifunctional compounds as chemical tools for investigating metal-Aβ-associated events and their mechanisms in the development and pathogenesis of AD and as potential therapeutics.
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238
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Zheng H, Youdim MBH, Fridkin M. Selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activated by acetylcholinesterase releases an active chelator with neurorescuing and anti-amyloid activities. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:737-46. [PMID: 22778810 DOI: 10.1021/cn100069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) colocalizes with β-amyloid (Aβ) and promotes and accelerates Aβ aggregation has renewed an intense interest in developing new multifunctional AChE inhibitors as potential disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's therapy. To this end, we have developed a new class of selective AChE inhibitors with site-activated chelating activity. The identified lead, HLA20A, exhibits little affinity for metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) ions but can be activated following inhibition of AChE to liberate an active chelator, HLA20. HLA20 has been shown to possess neuroprotective and neurorescuing activities in vitro and in vivo with the ability to lower amyloid precursor holoprotein (APP) expression and Aβ generation and inhibit Aβ aggregation induced by metal (Fe, Cu, and Zn) ion. HLA20A inhibited AChE in a time and concentration dependent manner with an HLA20A-AChE complex constant (K(i)) of 9.66 × 10(-6) M, a carbamylation rate (k(+2)) of 0.14 min(-1), and a second-order rate (k(i)) of 1.45 × 10 (4) M(-1) min(-1), comparable to those of rivastigmine. HLA20A showed little iron-binding capacity and activity against iron-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) at concentrations of 1-50 μM, while HLA20 exhibited high potency in iron-binding and in inhibiting iron-induced LPO. At a concentration of 10 μM, HLA20A showed some activity against monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B when tested in rat brain homogenates. Defined restrictively by Lipinski's rules, both HLA20A and HLA20 satisfied drug-like criteria and possible oral and brain permeability, but HLA20A was more lipophilic and considerably less toxic in human SHSY5Y neuroblastoma cells at high concentrations (25 or 50 μM). Together our data suggest that HLA20A may represent a promising lead for further development for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zheng
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Mati Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
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239
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In silico strategies for the selection of chelating compounds with potential application in metal-promoted neurodegenerative diseases. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2010; 25:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-010-9396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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240
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Kell DB. Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:825-89. [PMID: 20967426 PMCID: PMC2988997 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a variety of toxins and/or infectious agents leads to disease, degeneration and death, often characterised by circumstances in which cells or tissues do not merely die and cease to function but may be more or less entirely obliterated. It is then legitimate to ask the question as to whether, despite the many kinds of agent involved, there may be at least some unifying mechanisms of such cell death and destruction. I summarise the evidence that in a great many cases, one underlying mechanism, providing major stresses of this type, entails continuing and autocatalytic production (based on positive feedback mechanisms) of hydroxyl radicals via Fenton chemistry involving poorly liganded iron, leading to cell death via apoptosis (probably including via pathways induced by changes in the NF-κB system). While every pathway is in some sense connected to every other one, I highlight the literature evidence suggesting that the degenerative effects of many diseases and toxicological insults converge on iron dysregulation. This highlights specifically the role of iron metabolism, and the detailed speciation of iron, in chemical and other toxicology, and has significant implications for the use of iron chelating substances (probably in partnership with appropriate anti-oxidants) as nutritional or therapeutic agents in inhibiting both the progression of these mainly degenerative diseases and the sequelae of both chronic and acute toxin exposure. The complexity of biochemical networks, especially those involving autocatalytic behaviour and positive feedbacks, means that multiple interventions (e.g. of iron chelators plus antioxidants) are likely to prove most effective. A variety of systems biology approaches, that I summarise, can predict both the mechanisms involved in these cell death pathways and the optimal sites of action for nutritional or pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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241
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Sarkar S, Dey K. A series of transition and non-transition metal complexes from a N₄O₂ hexadentate Schiff base ligand: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and efficient antimicrobial activities. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 77:740-748. [PMID: 20801711 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Some transition and non-transition metal complexes of the hexadentate N₄O₂ donor Schiff base ligand 1,8-N-bis(3-carboxy)disalicylidene-3,6-diazaoctane-1,8-diamine, abbreviated to H₄fsatrien, have been synthesized. All the 14 metal complexes have been fully characterized with the help of elemental analyses, molecular weights, molar conductance values, magnetic moments and spectroscopic (UV-Vis, IR, NMR, ESR) data. The analytical data helped to elucidate the structures of the metal complexes. The Schiff base, H₄fsatrien, is found to act as a dibasic hexadentate ligand using N₂N₂O₂ donor set of atoms (leaving the COOH group uncoordinated) leading to an octahedral geometry for the complexes around all the metal ions except VO²(+) and UO₂²(+). However, surprisingly the same ligand functions as a neutral hexadentate and neutral tetradentate one towards UO₂²(+) and VO²(+), respectively. In case of divalent metal complexes they have the general formula [M(H₂fsatrien)] (where M stands for Cu, Co, Hg and Zn); for trivalent metal complexes it is [M(H₂fsatrien)]X·nH₂O (where M stands for Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and X stands for CH₃COO, Cl, NO₃, ClO₄) and for the complexes of VO²(+) and UO₂²(+), [M(H₄fsatrien)]Y (where M=VO and Y=SO₄); M=UO₂ and Y=2 NO₃). The Schiff base ligand and most of the complexes have been screened in vitro to judge their antibacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and antifungal (Aspergillus niger and Pencillium chrysogenum) activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Santipur College, Santipur 741404, West Bengal, India.
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242
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Study of the antidiabetic capacity of the VO(dmpp)2 complex. J Inorg Biochem 2010; 104:987-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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243
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Saljooghi AS, Fatemi SJ. Removal of thallium by deferasirox in rats as biological model. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:139-43. [PMID: 20687118 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present research aimed to characterize the potential efficiency of deferasirox in removing thallium after its administration for 30 days following two dose levels of 20 and 160 μm of thallium (III) chloride to male Wistar rats every day. After thallium administration some abnormal clinical signs such as red staining around the eyes, greenish mottling on the liver, weakness, loss of hair and weight, were observed in animals. Deferasirox was given orally to different groups of rats for a period of one week immediately after thallium administration. After chelation therapy, animals were killed by exsanguination from the abdominal aorta, and then thallium and iron concentrations in various tissues were determined by standard addition method. The chelation therapy results showed that deferasirox was able to remove thallium ions from the body and clinical symptoms were also reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sh Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Faculty of Science, Kerman, Iran.
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244
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Clinical evaluation of Deferasirox for removal of cadmium ions in rat. Biometals 2010; 23:707-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hureau C, Sasaki I, Gras E, Faller P. Two Functions, One Molecule: A Metal-Binding and a Targeting Moiety to Combat Alzheimer's Disease. Chembiochem 2010; 11:950-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Liu J, Obando D, Schipanski LG, Groebler LK, Witting PK, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR, Codd R. Conjugates of desferrioxamine B (DFOB) with derivatives of adamantane or with orally available chelators as potential agents for treating iron overload. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1370-82. [PMID: 20041672 DOI: 10.1021/jm9016703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) conjugates with adamantane-1-carboxylic acid, 3-hydroxyadamantane-1-carboxylic acid, 3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic acid, adamantane-1-acetic acid, 4-methylphenoxyacetic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-pyridineacetic acid (N-acetic acid derivative of deferiprone), or 4-[3,5-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]benzoic acid (deferasirox) were prepared and the integrity of Fe(III) binding of the compounds was established from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and RP-HPLC measurements. The extent of intracellular (59)Fe mobilized by the DFOB-3,5-dimethyladamantane-1-carboxylic acid adduct was 3-fold greater than DFOB alone, and the IC(50) value of this adduct was 6- or 15-fold greater than DFOB in two different cell types. The relationship between logP and (59)Fe mobilization for the DFOB conjugates showed that maximal mobilization of intracellular (59)Fe occurred at a logP value approximately 2.3. This parameter, rather than the affinity for Fe(III), appears to influence the extent of intracellular (59)Fe mobilization. The low toxicity-high Fe mobilization efficacy of selected adamantane-based DFOB conjugates underscores the potential of these compounds to treat iron overload disease in patients with transfusional-dependent disorders such as beta-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Liu
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Dickens MG, Franz KJ. A prochelator activated by hydrogen peroxide prevents metal-induced amyloid Beta aggregation. Chembiochem 2010; 11:59-62. [PMID: 19937900 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jin H, Randazzo J, Zhang P, Kador PF. Multifunctional antioxidants for the treatment of age-related diseases. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1117-27. [PMID: 20078105 PMCID: PMC2826224 DOI: 10.1021/jm901381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of N,N-dimethyl-4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazine-1-sulfonamide possessing a free radical scavenger group (FRS), chelating groups (CHL), or both (FRS + CHL) have been synthesized. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry studies indicate that select members of this series bind ions in the relative order of Cu(1+) = Cu(2+) > Fe(2+) = Fe(3+) > Zn(2+) with no binding of Ca(2+) or Mg(2+) observed. In vitro evaluation of these compounds in human lens epithelial, human retinal pigmented epithelial, and human hippocampal astrocyte cell lines indicates that all analogues possessing the FRS group as well as the water-soluble vitamin E analogue 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid protect these cells against decreased cell viability and glutathione levels induced by hydrogen peroxide. In addition, those compounds possessing CHL groups also protected these cells against hydroxyl radicals generated by the Fenton reaction. These compounds are good candidates for the preventive treatment of cataract, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer's dementia (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Jin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - James Randazzo
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Peter F. Kador
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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Arjmand F, Sayeed F. Synthesis, characterization and DNA-binding studies of mono and heterobimetallic complexes CuSn2/ZnSn2 and their DNA cleavage activity. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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