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Luz-Crawford P, Tejedor G, Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Beaulieu E, Morand EF, Jorgensen C, Noël D, Djouad F. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper governs the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells by inducing a switch from pathogenic to regulatory Th17 cells in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1514-24. [PMID: 25708718 DOI: 10.1002/art.39069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potent immunosuppressive cells that have shown promise in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Deciphering the intrinsic characteristics of MSCs that correlate with their biologic activity will facilitate their clinical use. Recently, the role of glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) in the development of RA has been documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether GILZ expression by MSCs may contribute to their therapeutic effect. METHODS MSCs were isolated from GILZ-deficient (GILZ(-/-) ) mice and wild-type mice. MSCs (1 × 10(6) cells) were injected twice via the tail vein into mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). RESULTS In vitro, we showed that GILZ is a key factor involved in the immunosuppressive potential of MSCs. MSCs derived from GILZ(-/-) mice did not suppress the proliferation of CD4+ T cells and were less efficient than MSCs derived from WT mice in altering Th17 cell polarization. Thus, we investigated the role of GILZ in an experimental model of arthritis and demonstrated that although WT MSCs significantly reduced paw swelling in arthritic mice, GILZ(-/-) MSCs did not. Moreover, the magnitude of the effects of GILZ(-/-) MSCs on Th17 cell frequency was significantly lower than that of WT MSCs. The therapeutic effect of MSCs correlated with the generation of Treg cells bearing the CD4 + RORγt+IL-17(low) IL-10+ signature, and Th17 cell polarization was GILZ dependent. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GILZ has an essential role in the therapeutic effectiveness of MSCs in arthritis by favoring Th17 cell polarization toward a regulatory phenotype. Therefore, potentiation of GILZ expression in MSCs could represent a means to enhance their therapeutic effect in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Luz-Crawford
- INSERM, U 844, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Eloi, and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - G Tejedor
- INSERM, U 844, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Eloi, and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - A L Mausset-Bonnefont
- INSERM, U 844, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Eloi, and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - E Beaulieu
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - E F Morand
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Jorgensen
- INSERM, U 844, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Eloi, Université Montpellier 1, and Hôpital Lapeyronie, Montpellier, France
| | - D Noël
- INSERM, U 844, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Eloi, and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - F Djouad
- INSERM, U 844, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire St. Eloi, and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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202
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He H, Nagamura-Inoue T, Takahashi A, Mori Y, Yamamoto Y, Shimazu T, Tsunoda H, Tojo A. Immunosuppressive properties of Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. Int J Hematol 2015; 102:368-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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203
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Ciccocioppo R, Cangemi GC, Kruzliak P, Gallia A, Betti E, Badulli C, Martinetti M, Cervio M, Pecci A, Bozzi V, Dionigi P, Visai L, Gurrado A, Alvisi C, Picone C, Monti M, Bernardo ME, Gobbi P, Corazza GR. Ex vivo immunosuppressive effects of mesenchymal stem cells on Crohn's disease mucosal T cells are largely dependent on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and cell-cell contact. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015. [PMID: 26206376 PMCID: PMC4529692 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Crohn’s disease (CD) is a disabling chronic enteropathy sustained by a harmful T-cell response toward antigens of the gut microbiota in genetically susceptible subjects. Growing evidence highlights the safety and possible efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new therapeutic tool for this condition. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of bone marrow-derived MSCs on pathogenic T cells with a view to clinical application. Methods T-cell lines from both inflamed and non-inflamed colonic mucosal specimens of CD patients and from healthy mucosa of control subjects were grown with the antigen muramyl-dipeptide in the absence or presence of donors’ MSCs. The MSC effects were evaluated in terms of T-cell viability, apoptotic rate, proliferative response, immunophenotype, and cytokine profile. The role of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was established by adding a specific inhibitor, the 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan, and by using MSCs transfected with the small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting IDO. The relevance of cell-cell contact was evaluated by applying transwell membranes. Results A significant reduction in both cell viability and proliferative response to muramyl-dipeptide, with simultaneous increase in the apoptotic rate, was found in T cells from both inflamed and non-inflamed CD mucosa when co-cultured with MSCs and was reverted by inhibiting IDO activity and expression. A reduction of the activated CD4+CD25+ subset and increase of the CD3+CD69+ population were also observed when T-cell lines from CD mucosa were co-cultured with MSCs. In parallel, an inhibitory effect was evident on the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-17A and -21, whereas that of the transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-6 were increased, and production of the tolerogenic molecule soluble HLA-G was high. These latter effects were almost completely eliminated by blocking the IDO, whose activity was upregulated in MSCs co-cultured with CD T cells. The use of a semipermeable membrane partially inhibited the MSC immunosuppressive effects. Finally, hardly any effects of MSCs were observed when T cells obtained from control subjects were used. Conclusion MSCs exert potent immunomodulant effects on antigen-specific T cells in CD through a complex paracrine and cell-cell contact-mediated action, which may be exploited for widespread therapeutic use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0122-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Clinica Medica I, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy. .,Centre for the Study and Cure of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinica Medica I, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina C Cangemi
- Clinica Medica I, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Alessandra Gallia
- Clinica Medica I, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Elena Betti
- Clinica Medica I, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Carla Badulli
- Servizio di Immunogenetica, Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Miryam Martinetti
- Servizio di Immunogenetica, Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Marila Cervio
- Servizio di Immunogenetica, Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Pecci
- Clinica Medica III, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Valeria Bozzi
- Clinica Medica III, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Dionigi
- Chirurgia Generale I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Livia Visai
- Dipartimento di Medicina Occupazionale, Ergonomia e Disabilità, Laboratorio di Nanotecnologia, Fondazione IRCCS Salvatore Maugeri, Università di Pavia, Via Maugeri 8-10, Pavia, 27100, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Centro di Ingegneria Tissutale, INSTM UdR Pavia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Antonella Gurrado
- Laboratori di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Costanza Alvisi
- Clinica Medica I, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Cristina Picone
- Laboratorio di Ematologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Manuela Monti
- Centro di Ricerca di Medicina Rigenerativa, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Maria E Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Onco-Ematologia Pediatrica e Medicina Trasfusionale, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Via Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome, 00165, Italy.
| | - Paolo Gobbi
- Clinica Medica I, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - Gino R Corazza
- Clinica Medica I, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università di Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy. .,Centre for the Study and Cure of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Clinica Medica I, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
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Sivanathan KN, Rojas-Canales DM, Hope CM, Krishnan R, Carroll RP, Gronthos S, Grey ST, Coates PT. Interleukin-17A-Induced Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Superior Modulators of Immunological Function. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2850-63. [PMID: 26037953 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-preactivated mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-γ) are highly immunosuppressive but immunogenic in vivo due to their inherent expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. Here, we present an improved approach where we modified human bone marrow-derived MSC with interleukin-17A (MSC-17) to enhance T cell immunosuppression but not their immunogenicity. MSC-17, unlike MSC-γ, showed no induction or upregulation of MHC class I, MHC class II, and T cell costimulatory molecule CD40, but maintained normal MSC morphology and phenotypic marker expression. When cocultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated human T cells, MSCs-17 were potent suppressors of T cell proliferation. Furthermore, MSC-17 inhibited surface CD25 expression and suppressed the elaboration of Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-2 when compared with untreated MSCs (UT-MSCs). T cell suppression by MSC-17 correlated with increased IL-6 but not with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, cyclooxygenase 1, and transforming growth factor β-1. MSC-17 but not MSC-γ consistently induced CD4(+) CD25(high) CD127(low) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (iTregs) from PHA-activated CD4(+) CD25(-) T cells. MSC-induced iTregs expressed CD39, CD73, CD69, OX40, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). These suppressive MSCs-17 can engender Tregs to potently suppress T cell activation with minimal immunogenicity and thus represent a superior T cell immunomodulator for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisha Nandini Sivanathan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Research and Robinson Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Darling M Rojas-Canales
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher M Hope
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ravi Krishnan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert P Carroll
- Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Central Northern Adelaide Renal Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Centre for Stem Cell Research and Robinson Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group Laboratory, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- Transplant Immunology Group, Garvin Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick T Coates
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Stem Cell Research and Robinson Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Clinical and Experimental Transplantation, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Central Northern Adelaide Renal Transplantation Service, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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205
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Cao W, Cao K, Cao J, Wang Y, Shi Y. Mesenchymal stem cells and adaptive immune responses. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:147-53. [PMID: 26073566 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of the regulatory role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in adaptive immune responses through both preclinical and clinical studies has dramatically expanded, providing great promise for treating various inflammatory diseases. Most studies are focused on the modulatory effects of these cells on the properties of T cell-mediated immune responses, including activation, proliferation, survival, and subset differentiation. Interestingly, the immunosuppressive function of MSCs was found to be licensed by IFN-γ and TNF-α produced by T cells and that can be further amplified by cytokines such as IL-17. However, the immunosuppressive function of MSCs can be reversed in certain situation, such as suboptimal levels of inflammatory cytokines, or in the presence of immunosuppressive molecules. Here we review the influence of MSCs on adaptive immune system, especially their bidirectional interaction in tuning the immune microenvironment and subsequently repairing damaged tissue. Understanding MSC-mediated regulation of T cells is expected to provide fundamental information for guiding appropriate applications of MSCs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jianchang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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206
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Liang X, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Tse HF, Lian Q. Paracrine mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy: current status and perspectives. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:1045-59. [PMID: 23676629 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x667709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 631] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of a few stem cell types to be applied in clinical practice as therapeutic agents for immunomodulation and ischemic tissue repair. In addition to their multipotent differentiation potential, a strong paracrine capacity has been proposed as the principal mechanism that contributes to tissue repair. Apart from cytokine/chemokine secretion, MSCs also display a strong capacity for mitochondrial transfer and microvesicle (exosomes) secretion in response to injury with subsequent promotion of tissue regeneration. These unique properties of MSCs make them an invaluable cell type to repair damaged tissues/organs. Although MSCs offer great promise in the treatment of degenerative diseases and inflammatory disorders, there are still many challenges to overcome prior to their widespread clinical application. Particularly, their in-depth paracrine mechanisms remain a matter for debate and exploration. This review will highlight the discovery of the paracrine mechanism of MSCs, regulation of the paracrine biology of MSCs, important paracrine factors of MSCs in modulation of tissue repair, exosome and mitochondrial transfer for tissue repair, and the future perspective for MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Liang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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207
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Hinden L, Shainer R, Almogi-Hazan O, Or R. Ex Vivo Induced Regulatory Human/Murine Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Immune Modulators. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2256-67. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liad Hinden
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Reut Shainer
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Osnat Almogi-Hazan
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Reuven Or
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation; Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
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208
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Robles JD, Liu YP, Cao J, Xiang Z, Cai Y, Manio M, Tang EH, Chan GCF. Immunosuppressive mechanisms of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells in BALB/c host graft versus host disease murine models. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:13. [PMID: 26000204 PMCID: PMC4440561 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are proven to have immunosuppressive functions via various mechanisms. These mechanisms were demonstrated by administering bone marrow derived human MSCs (hMSCs) to graft versus host disease (GVHD) murine models. Methods BALB/c host mice were irradiated prior to receiving C57BL/6 donor T cell depleted bone marrow (TCDBM) cells (negative control) and donor CD4+ T lymphocyte with (treatment group) or without hMSCs (positive control). The presence of hMSCs in target tissues and lymphoid organs was documented by using in vivo imaging and measuring the expression of EphB2 and ephrin-B2 by RTqPCR. Survival rate and GVHD score were also monitored. Tissue sections were obtained for histopathologic analysis. Flow cytometry was used to document donor T cell alloreactivity and expression of CCR5, CXCR3 and CCR7. ELISA was utilized to determine levels of proinflammatory cytokines, RANTES (CCL5) and phosphorylated STAT 5A/B. RTqPCR was performed to quantify expression of CCL3 and CXCL9. Western blotting was performed to qualitatively measure iNOS expression. Results Survival rate and GVHD score improved with hMSC treatment. Pathologic changes of GVHD were abrogated. Documentation of suppression of RANTES, CCL3, CXCL9, CCR5 and CXCR3 with simultaneous decrease of donor T cell alloreactivity was demonstrated 6 days after transplantation, along with reduction of levels of inflammatory cytokines, suppression of STAT 5A/B phosphorylation, increased expression of CCR7 and increased production of nitrous oxide by hMSCs. Documentation of homing of hMSCs to lymphoid organs and target tissues was also performed. Conclusions These mechanisms contribute to the current understanding of MSC mechanisms of immunosuppression and forms a comprehensive picture of how they exert immunosuppression in an in vivo model of immune dysregulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40164-015-0007-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Delano Robles
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Rd., HKSAR, PRC
| | - Yin Ping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Rd., HKSAR, PRC
| | - Jiamin Cao
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Rd., HKSAR, PRC
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Rd., HKSAR, PRC
| | - Yin Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Manio
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eva Hc Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Rd., HKSAR, PRC
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Abstract
Stem cells are cells specialized cell, capable of renewing themselves through cell division and can differentiate into multi-lineage cells. These cells are categorized as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and adult stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells which can be isolated from human and animal sources. Human MSCs (hMSCs) are the non-haematopoietic, multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal lineage such as osteocytes, adipocytes and chondrocytes as well ectodermal (neurocytes) and endodermal lineages (hepatocytes). MSCs express cell surface markers like cluster of differentiation (CD)29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and lack the expression of CD14, CD34, CD45 and HLA (human leucocyte antigen)-DR. hMSCs for the first time were reported in the bone marrow and till now they have been isolated from various tissues, including adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, endometrium, dental tissues, umbilical cord and Wharton's jelly which harbours potential MSCs. hMSCs have been cultured long-term in specific media without any severe abnormalities. Furthermore, MSCs have immunomodulatory features, secrete cytokines and immune-receptors which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue. Multilineage potential, immunomodulation and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules makes MSCs an effective tool in the treatment of chronic diseases. In the present review, we have highlighted recent research findings in the area of hMSCs sources, expression of cell surface markers, long-term in vitro culturing, in vitro differentiation potential, immunomodulatory features, its homing capacity, banking and cryopreservation, its application in the treatment of chronic diseases and its use in clinical trials.
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210
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Jang IK, Lee JH, Yoon HH, Park HJ, Kim YA, Lee DH, Lee SH, Lee SK. Suppression of T-cell proliferation by and B7-H1 expression on human liver-derived stem cells. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:784-6. [PMID: 25891731 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many types of stem cells have been widely used for the treatment of liver diseases. The therapeutic effect of stem cells is predominantly based on the immune regulatory properties of these cells. METHODS We isolated human liver stem cells (HLSCs), which are considered intrahepatic stem cells, and examined their suppression of T-cell proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin. RESULTS HLSCs inhibited phytohemagglutinin-induced T-cell proliferation not only in direct co-culture but also in indirect co-culture in a cell number-dependent manner. That is, T-cell proliferation was substantially inhibited by cell-to-cell contact regardless of soluble factor(s). B7-H1, a co-inhibitory molecule that relies on cell-to-cell contact, was found to be constitutively expressed at low levels on HLSCs. Furthermore, its expression was upregulated moderately by tumor necrosis factor-α and dramatically by interferon-γ. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HLSCs would have therapeutic effects through T-cell suppression in acute liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Jang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver Co. Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H H Yoon
- Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H J Park
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y A Kim
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D H Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver Co. Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - S H Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-K Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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211
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Immunoregulation by mesenchymal stem cells: biological aspects and clinical applications. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:394917. [PMID: 25961059 PMCID: PMC4417567 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiation into mesenchymal lineages and that can be isolated from various tissues and easily cultivated in vitro. Currently, MSCs are of considerable interest because of the biological characteristics that confer high potential applicability in the clinical treatment of many diseases. Specifically, because of their high immunoregulatory capacity, MSCs are used as tools in cellular therapies for clinical protocols involving immune system alterations. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the capacity of MSCs for the immunoregulation of immunocompetent cells and emphasize the effects of MSCs on T cells, principal effectors of the immune response, and the immunosuppressive effects mediated by the secretion of soluble factors and membrane molecules. We also describe the mechanisms of MSC immunoregulatory modulation and the participation of MSCs as immune response regulators in several autoimmune diseases, and we emphasize the clinical application in graft versus host disease (GVHD).
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Fuentes-Julián S, Arnalich-Montiel F, Jaumandreu L, Leal M, Casado A, García-Tuñon I, Hernández-Jiménez E, López-Collazo E, De Miguel MP. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell administration does not improve corneal graft survival outcome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117945. [PMID: 25730319 PMCID: PMC4346399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of local and systemic injections of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AD-MSC) into rabbit models of corneal allograft rejection with either normal-risk or high-risk vascularized corneal beds was investigated. The models we present in this study are more similar to human corneal transplants than previously reported murine models. Our aim was to prevent transplant rejection and increase the length of graft survival. In the normal-risk transplant model, in contrast to our expectations, the injection of AD-MSC into the graft junction during surgery resulted in the induction of increased signs of inflammation such as corneal edema with increased thickness, and a higher level of infiltration of leukocytes. This process led to a lower survival of the graft compared with the sham-treated corneal transplants. In the high-risk transplant model, in which immune ocular privilege was undermined by the induction of neovascularization prior to graft surgery, we found the use of systemic rabbit AD-MSCs prior to surgery, during surgery, and at various time points after surgery resulted in a shorter survival of the graft compared with the non-treated corneal grafts. Based on our results, local or systemic treatment with AD-MSCs to prevent corneal rejection in rabbit corneal models at normal or high risk of rejection does not increase survival but rather can increase inflammation and neovascularization and break the innate ocular immune privilege. This result can be partially explained by the immunomarkers, lack of immunosuppressive ability and immunophenotypical secretion molecules characterization of AD-MSC used in this study. Parameters including the risk of rejection, the inflammatory/vascularization environment, the cell source, the time of injection, the immunosuppression, the number of cells, and the mode of delivery must be established before translating the possible benefits of the use of MSCs in corneal transplants to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laia Jaumandreu
- Ophthalmology Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Leal
- Ophthalmology Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Casado
- Ophthalmology Department, Ramon y Cajal Hospital Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Tuñon
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria P. De Miguel
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz Hospital Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Jang IK, Yoon HH, Yang MS, Lee JE, Lee DH, Lee MW, Kim DS, Park JE. B7-H1 inhibits T cell proliferation through MHC class II in human mesenchymal stem cells. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:1638-41. [PMID: 24935340 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B7-H1 on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is known to modulate immune response. However, its expression pattern and exact immunomodulatory mechanism are unclear. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory mechanism through the expression pattern of B7-H1 and major histocompatibility complex class II in various MSCs. Human bone marrow, adipose tissue, and cord blood MSCs were isolated and cultured. B7-H1, HLA-ABC, and HLA-DR expression on MSCs by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was detected time-dependently by flow cytometry. The inhibitory effect of MSCs on T lymphocytes was observed in phytohemagglutinin antigen-induced T cell proliferation assay. The expression of B7-H1 was rapidly induced, but the expression of HLA-DR was induced at 48 hours after IFN-γ treatment. The inhibitory effect of MSCs on T cell proliferation could be restored when the anti-B7-H1 monoclonal antibody was used to block the B7-H1, or when the HLA-DRα small interfering RNA was used to interfere with its expression. These results show that MSCs could inhibit the T cell proliferation and activation by B7-H1 depending on the presence of HLA-DR. Therefore, MSCs would have a strong effect on immune diseases such as graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune diseases when MSCs are primed with IFN-γ 48 hours before transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver Co Ltd, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - H H Yoon
- Dongguk University Research Institute of Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M S Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver Co Ltd, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver Co Ltd, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - D-H Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver Co Ltd, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - M W Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J E Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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Fu X, Chen Y, Xie FN, Dong P, Liu WB, Cao Y, Zhang WJ, Xiao R. Comparison of immunological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells and bone marrow. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:616-26. [PMID: 25256849 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has great potential for both regenerative medicine and immunotherapy due to its multipotency and immunomodulatory property. The derivation of MSCs from human tissues involves an invasive procedure and the obtained MSCs often suffer from inconsistent quality. To overcome these issues, the approaches of deriving a highly potent and replenishable population of MSCs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were established. However, few studies compared the immunological characteristics of MSCs derived from hESCs with tissue-derived MSCs or demonstrated differences and the underlying mechanisms. Here, we differentiated H9 hESCs into MSC-like cells (H9-MSCs) through an embryoid body outgrowth method and compared the immunological characteristics of H9-MSCs with bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). Both sources of derived cells exhibited typical MSC morphologies and surface marker expressions, as well as multipotency to differentiate into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. A immunological characterization study showed that H9-MSCs and BMSCs had similar immunoprivileged properties without triggering allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation as well as equivalent immunosuppressive effects on T-cell proliferation induced by either cellular or mitogenic stimuli. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a lower expression of human major histocompatability complex class II molecule human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and a higher expression of coinhibitory molecule B7-H1 in H9-MSCs than in BMSCs. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a proinflammatory cytokine that can induce the expression of HLA class II molecules in many cell types. Our results showed that pretreatment of H9-MSCs and BMSCs with IFN-γ did not change their immunogenicity and immunosuppressive abilities, but increased the difference between H9-MSCs and BMSCs for their expression of HLA-DR. Further detection of expression of molecules involved in IFN-γ signaling pathways suggested that the lower expression of HLA-DR in H9-MSCs could be partially attributed to the lower expression and the less nuclear translocation of its transcriptional factor CIITA. The present study provides evidence that the hESC-derived MSCs share similar immunogenicity and immunosuppressive abilities with BMSCs, but differ in the expression profile of immunological markers and the responsiveness to certain inflammatory cytokines, which suggests that H9-MSCs could be a safe and efficient candidate for MSC treatment in patients with inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- 1 Research Center of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, P.R. China
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Rahavi H, Hashemi SM, Soleimani M, Mohammadi J, Tajik N. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells exert in vitro immunomodulatory and beta cell protective functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice model. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:878535. [PMID: 25893202 PMCID: PMC4393922 DOI: 10.1155/2015/878535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might be applied for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment. Thus, we proposed in vitro assessment of adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AT-MSCs) immunomodulation on autoimmune response along with beta cell protection in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice model. MSCs were extracted from abdominal adipose tissue of normal mice and cultured to proliferate. Diabetic mice were prepared by administration of multiple low-doses of streptozotocin. Pancreatic islets were isolated from normal mice and splenocytes prepared from normal and diabetic mice. Proliferation, cytokine production, and insulin secretion assays were performed in coculture experiments. AT-MSCs inhibited splenocytes proliferative response to specific (islet lysate) and nonspecific (PHA) triggers in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17, and increased secretion of regulatory cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 by stimulated splenocytes were also shown in response to islet lysate or PHA stimulants (P < 0.05). Finally, we demonstrated that AT-MSCs could effectively sustain viability as well as insulin secretion potential of pancreatic islets in the presence of reactive splenocytes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, it seems that MSCs may provide a new horizon for T1DM cell therapy and islet transplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rahavi
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, Immunology Research Center (IRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Mohammadi
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, Immunology Research Center (IRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Tajik
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, Immunology Research Center (IRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Nader Tajik:
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216
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Gonçalves FDC, Schneider N, Pinto FO, Meyer FS, Visioli F, Pfaffenseller B, Lopez PLDC, Passos EP, Cirne-Lima EO, Meurer L, Paz AH. Intravenous vs intraperitoneal mesenchymal stem cells administration: What is the best route for treating experimental colitis? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18228-18239. [PMID: 25561790 PMCID: PMC4277960 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted intraperitoneally and intravenously in a murine model of colitis.
METHODS: MSCs were isolated from C57BL/6 mouse adipose tissue. MSC cultures were analyzed according to morphology, cellular differentiation potential, and surface molecular markers. Experimental acute colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by oral administration of 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water ad libitum from days 0 to 7. Colitis mice were treated with 1 × 106 MSCs via intraperitoneal or intravenous injection on days 2 and 5. The disease activity index was determined daily based on the following parameters: weight loss, stool consistency and presence of blood in the feces and anus. To compare morphological and functional differences in tissue regeneration between different MSC injection modalities, mice were euthanized on day 8, and their colons were examined for length, weight, and histopathological changes. Inflammatory responses were determined by measuring the levels of different serum cytokines using a CBA Th1/Th2/Th17 kit. Apoptotic rates were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUDP-biotin nick end labeling assay.
RESULTS: Intravenous infusion of MSCs was more effective than intraperitoneal treatment (P < 0.001) in reducing the clinical and histopathologic severity of colitis, which includes weight loss, diarrhea and inflammation. An histological evaluation demonstrated decreased colonic inflammation based on reduced crypt loss and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells. This therapeutic effect was most likely mediated by the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)]; and by the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4). Intravenous transplantation also induced high levels of IFN that lead to activation of the immunosuppressive activity of the MSCs, which did not occur with intraperitoneal transplantation (P = 0.006). An increase in apoptotic T cells was observed after intravenous, but not intraperitoneal, MSC infusion, suggesting that MSCs can induce apoptosis in resistant T cells in colonic inflammation (P = 0.027).
CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that intravenous treatment is a superior method for reducing colon inflammation compared with intraperitoneal therapy.
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Sivanathan KN, Gronthos S, Rojas-Canales D, Thierry B, Coates PT. Interferon-gamma modification of mesenchymal stem cells: implications of autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell therapy in allotransplantation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:351-75. [PMID: 24510581 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have unique immunomodulatory and reparative properties beneficial for allotransplantation cellular therapy. The clinical administration of autologous or allogeneic MSC with immunosuppressive drugs is able to prevent and treat allograft rejection in kidney transplant recipients, thus supporting the immunomodulatory role of MSC. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is known to enhance the immunosuppressive properties of MSC. IFN-γ preactivated MSC (MSC-γ) directly or indirectly modulates T cell responses by enhancing or inducing MSC inhibitory factors. These factors are known to downregulate T cell activation, enhance T cell negative signalling, alter T cells from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, interact with antigen-presenting cells and increase or induce regulatory cells. Highly immunosuppressive MSC-γ with increased migratory and reparative capacities may aid tissue repair, prolong allograft survival and induce allotransplant tolerance in experimental models. Nevertheless, there are contradictory in vivo observations related to allogeneic MSC-γ therapy. Many studies report that allogeneic MSC are immunogenic due to their inherent expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules. Enhanced expression of MHC in allogeneic MSC-γ may increase their immunogenicity and this can negatively impact allograft survival. Therefore, strategies to reduce MSC-γ immunogenicity would facilitate "off-the-shelf" MSC therapy to efficiently inhibit alloimmune rejection and promote tissue repair in allotransplantation. In this review, we examine the potential benefits of MSC therapy in the context of allotransplantation. We also discuss the use of autologous and allogeneic MSC and the issues associated with their immunogenicity in vivo, with particular focus on the use of enhanced MSC-γ cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisha Nandini Sivanathan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia,
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218
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Paradoxical effects of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on progression of experimental arthritis in SKG mice. Cell Immunol 2014; 292:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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219
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Chen Y, Chen S, Liu LY, Zou ZL, Cai YJ, Wang JG, Chen B, Xu LM, Lin Z, Wang XD, Chen YP. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune hepatitis by activation of the programmed death 1 pathway. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:222-8. [PMID: 25445618 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation in many autoimmune diseases. However, few studies have focused on the effects of MSCs on autoimmune hepatitis. In our study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of BMSCs (bone mesenchymal stem cells) transplantation in mouse experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH) and explored the potential mechanism. BMSCs were injected intravenously into EAH mice. Then, serum levels of ALT and AST, and pathologic alteration of liver tissue were measured to evaluate the liver function and inflammation degree. The expressions of programmed death ligand 1, IL-17 and IL-23 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blotting. Upon serum biochemical levels and pathological examination, the BMSCs-treated mice especially with multiple dosing administration showed significantly reduction of liver damage. Moreover, the expression of IL-17 was down-regulated by BMSCs intervention as compared to the model group, whereas the PD-L1 and IL-23 were up-regulated following the administration of MSCs. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that BMSCs transplantation, especially on multiple dosing, may exert immunosuppression effect to ameliorate EAH through the inhibition of IL-17 and up-regulation of PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Yuan Liu
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo-Lin Zou
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Jing Cai
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Guo Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Man Xu
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Bellavia M, Altomare R, Cacciabaudo F, Santoro A, Allegra A, Concetta Gioviale M, Lo Monte AI. Towards an ideal source of mesenchymal stem cell isolation for possible therapeutic application in regenerative medicine. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014; 158:356-60. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2013.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kansy BA, Dißmann PA, Hemeda H, Bruderek K, Westerkamp AM, Jagalski V, Schuler P, Kansy K, Lang S, Dumitru CA, Brandau S. The bidirectional tumor--mesenchymal stromal cell interaction promotes the progression of head and neck cancer. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:95. [PMID: 25115189 PMCID: PMC4535379 DOI: 10.1186/scrt484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are an integral cellular component of the tumor microenvironment. Nevertheless, very little is known about MSC originating from human malignant tissue and modulation of these cells by tumor-derived factors. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize MSC from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and to investigate their interaction with tumor cells. Methods MSC were isolated from tumor tissues of HNSCC patients during routine oncological surgery. Immunophenotyping, immunofluorescence and in vitro differentiation were performed to determine whether the isolated cells met the consensus criteria for MSC. The cytokine profile of tumor-derived MSC was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activation of MSC by tumor-conditioned media was assessed by measuring cytokine release and expression of CD54. The impact of MSC on tumor growth in vivo was analyzed in a HNSCC xenograft model. Results Cells isolated from HNSCC tissue met the consensus criteria for MSC. Tumor-derived MSC constitutively produced high amounts of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α. HNSCC-derived factors activated MSC and enhanced secretion of IL-8 and expression of CD54. Furthermore, MSC provided stromal support for human HNSCC cell lines in vivo and enhanced their growth in a murine xenograft model. Conclusions This is the first study to isolate and characterize MSC from malignant tissues of patients with HNSCC. We observed cross-talk of stromal cells and tumor cells resulting in enhanced growth of HNSCC in vivo.
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222
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Kwon MS, Noh MY, Oh KW, Cho KA, Kang BY, Kim KS, Kim YS, Kim SH. The immunomodulatory effects of human mesenchymal stem cells on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in ALS patients. J Neurochem 2014; 131:206-18. [PMID: 24995608 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported that intrathecal injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) slowed disease progression in G93A mutant superoxide dismutase1 transgenic mice. In this study, we found that intrathecal MSC administration vastly increased the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the spinal cord of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice (G93A mutant superoxide dismutase1 transgenic). Thus, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in ALS patients, focusing on regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg ; CD4(+) /CD25(high) /FoxP3(+) ) and the mRNA expression of several cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β). Peripheral blood samples were obtained from nine healthy controls (HC) and sixteen patients who were diagnosed with definite or probable ALS. Isolated PBMCs from the blood samples of all subjects were co-cultured with MSCs for 24 or 72 h. Based on a fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, we found that co-culture with MSCs increased the Treg /total T-lymphocyte ratio in the PBMCs from both groups according to the co-culture duration. Co-culture of PBMCs with MSCs for 24 h led to elevated mRNA levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the PBMCs from both groups. However, after co-culturing for 72 h, although the IFN-γ mRNA level had returned to the basal level in co-cultured HC PBMCs, the IFN-γ mRNA level in co-cultured ALS PBMCs remained elevated. Additionally, the levels of IL-4 and TGF-β were markedly elevated, along with Gata3 mRNA, a Th2 transcription factor mRNA, in both HC and ALS PBMCs co-cultured for 72 h. The elevated expression of these cytokines in the co-culture supernatant was confirmed via ELISA. Furthermore, we found that the increased mRNA level of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the co-cultured MSCs was correlated with the increase in Treg induction. These findings of Treg induction and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in co-cultured ALS PBMCs provide indirect evidence that MSCs may play a role in the immunomodulation of inflammatory responses when MSC therapy is targeted to ALS patients. We propose the following mechanism for the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) administered intrathecally in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): MSCs increase infiltration of peripheral immune cells into CNS and skew the infiltrated immune cells toward regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg ) and Th2 lymphocytes. Treg and Th2 secret anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β. A series of immunomodulatory mechanism provides a new strategy for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Wook Oh
- Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Cho
- Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Kang
- Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Kim
- Bioengineering Institute, CoreStem Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Seo Kim
- Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung H Kim
- Cell Therapy Center and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Haengdang-dong, Seoul, Korea
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Lett B, Sivanathan KN, Coates PT. Mesenchymal stem cells for kidney transplantation. World J Clin Urol 2014; 3:87-95. [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v3.i2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The long term consequence of immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplantation has prompted investigation of alternative means to modify the immune response to the allograft. Cell based therapies are potentially attractive as they may provide a long lasting immunomodulatory effect, may repair tissues and reduce the necessity to take immunosuppressive drug therapy. Of the current cell therapies, mesenchymal stem cells have now been trialled in small numbers of human kidney transplantation with apparent safety and potential efficacy. Many issues however need to be resolved before these cells will become mainstays of transplant immunosuppression including ex vivo modification to enhance immunomodulatory properties, cell number, route and frequency of administration as well as cellular source of origin.
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Hegyi B, Környei Z, Ferenczi S, Fekete R, Kudlik G, Kovács KJ, Madarász E, Uher F. Regulation of mouse microglia activation and effector functions by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2600-12. [PMID: 24870815 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stems or stromal cells (MSCs) are rare multipotent cells with potent regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. Microglial cells (MGs) are specialized tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that continuously survey their environment with highly motile extensions. Recently, several studies have shown that MSCs are capable of reprogramming microglia into an "M2-like" phenotype characterized by increased phagocytic activity and upregulated expression of anti-inflammatory mediators in vitro. However, the precise polarization states of microglia in the presence of MSCs under physiological or under inflammatory conditions remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that MSCs induce a mixed microglia phenotype defined as Arg1-high, CD86-high, CD206-high, IL-10-high, PGE2-high, MCP-1/CCL2-high, IL-1β-moderate, NALP-3-low, and TNF-α-low cells. These MSC-elicited MGs have high phagocytic activity and antigen-presenting ability. Lipopolysaccharide is able to shape this microglia phenotype quantitatively, but not qualitatively in the presence of MSCs. This unique polarization state resembles a novel regulatory microglia phenotype, which might contribute to the resolution of inflammation and to tissue repair in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Hegyi
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Center for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Wang H, Qi F, Dai X, Tian W, Liu T, Han H, Zhang B, Li H, Zhang Z, Du C. Requirement of B7-H1 in mesenchymal stem cells for immune tolerance to cardiac allografts in combination therapy with rapamycin. Transpl Immunol 2014; 31:65-74. [PMID: 24978830 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for immunosuppression has been tested in transplantation, but its mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the role of MSC-expressing B7-H1 in the induction of immune tolerance to cardiac allografts by the combination therapy of MSCs and rapamycin (RAPA). METHODS The anti-alloimmunity of donor MSCs in the presence or absence of RAPA was examined in both mouse cardiac allograft model (C57BL/6 to BALB/c mice) and a variety of cultured immune cells. Immunohistochemical staining was used for the measurement of intragraft antibody deposition, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for the determination of serum alloantibodies and leukocyte phenotypes. RESULTS B7-H1 expression in cultured MSCs was up-regulated following IFN-γ stimulation. In transplant recipients, combination therapy of MSCs and RAPA induced immune tolerance to allografts, but blockade of B7-H1 on MSCs with monoclonal antibody abrogated the combination therapy-induced immune tolerance as heart allografts were rejected. The negative effect of MSC-expressing B7-H1 neutralization on graft survival was correlated with a reduction of regulatory immune cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells and IL-4(high)IL-10(High)CD83(low) B cells), and also with an increase in alloantibody (IgG and IgM) levels both inside the grafts and in the circulation as compared with un-neutralized controls. In vitro MSC-mediated suppression of antibody production and B cell proliferation depended on B7-H1 function and cell contact between CD19(+) B cells and MSCs. CONCLUSION These data suggest that MSC-expressing B7-H1 mediates the immune tolerance to cardiac allografts in recipients receiving MSC and RAPA combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China.
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangchen Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weijun Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China; Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongqiu Han
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyue Li
- Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia; Canada.
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Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells in solid organ transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2014; 15:731-7. [PMID: 20881495 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328340172c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess powerful immunomodulatory activity highlighting the potential for their clinical translation in solid organ transplantation. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding MSC immunomodulatory effect in vitro and in experimental transplant models and discuss topics of crucial importance for the future clinical use of MSCs as immunotherapy in solid organ transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS MSCs strongly inhibited T-cell activity in vitro and exerted similar inhibitory effects on other cells of the immune system. MSC-mediated immune suppression has been attributed mainly to the secretion of soluble factors; however, cell-contact mechanisms cannot be excluded. Available studies in animal transplant models raised variable results, but overall indicate that MSCs could be useful to modulate recipient immune cells. The timing of cell application and the origin of MSCs (autologous or allogeneic) seem to be the most crucial factors impacting the in-vivo efficacy of MSCs. SUMMARY A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs in vitro and in vivo is needed to define the optimal condition for the use of MSCs as immunotherapy in solid organ transplantation.
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227
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Clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells in chronic diseases. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:306573. [PMID: 24876848 PMCID: PMC4021690 DOI: 10.1155/2014/306573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraordinary progress in understanding several key features of stem cells has been made in the last ten years, including definition of the niche, and identification of signals regulating mobilization and homing as well as partial understanding of the mechanisms controlling self-renewal, commitment, and differentiation. This progress produced invaluable tools for the development of rational cell therapy protocols that have yielded positive results in preclinical models of genetic and acquired diseases and, in several cases, have entered clinical experimentation with positive outcome. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are nonhematopoietic cells with multilineage potential to differentiate into various tissues of mesodermal origin. They can be isolated from bone marrow and other tissues and have the capacity to extensively proliferate in vitro. Moreover, MSCs have also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory molecules which can modulate humoral and cellular immune responses. Considering their regenerative potential and immunoregulatory effect, MSC therapy is a promising tool in the treatment of degenerative, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. It is obvious that much work remains to be done to increase our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating development, homeostasis, and tissue repair and thus to provide new tools to implement the efficacy of cell therapy trials.
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228
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Kavanagh DPJ, Robinson J, Kalia N. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Priming: Fine-tuning Adhesion and Function. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:587-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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229
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Yan Z, Zhuansun Y, Chen R, Li J, Ran P. Immunomodulation of mesenchymal stromal cells on regulatory T cells and its possible mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2014; 324:65-74. [PMID: 24681107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) have both garnered abundant interests from immunologists worldwide, as both MSCs and Tregs can be considered immunosuppressive in their own right. But a little attention has been paid to the impacts of MSCs on Tregs. To clarify the effects of MSCs on Tregs, we performed the coculture systems within MSCs and Tregs. We confirmed that MSC-exposed Tregs are capable of more immunosuppressive than Tregs without coculturing with MSCs. And this augmenting suppressive capacity was accompanied with an upregulation of programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) on Tregs. Importantly, we found that cell viability of Tregs was excluded from the influences of MSCs. Finally, we showed that PD-1/B7-H1 interactions and IL-10 might be responsible for the enhanced suppressive capability of MSC-exposed Tregs. Further analysis revealed that PD-1/B7-H1 interactions were not responsible for the productions of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the MSC-Treg coculture systems; in contrast, IL-10 rather than TGF-β1 played a role in the upregualtion of PD-1. Furthermore, this is the first explorative study to evaluate the immunomodulation of MSCs on the suppressive capacity of Tregs in MSC-Treg in vitro coculture setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongxun Zhuansun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Pixin Ran
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
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Castro-Manrreza ME, Mayani H, Monroy-García A, Flores-Figueroa E, Chávez-Rueda K, Legorreta-Haquet V, Santiago-Osorio E, Montesinos JJ. Human mesenchymal stromal cells from adult and neonatal sources: a comparative in vitro analysis of their immunosuppressive properties against T cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1217-32. [PMID: 24428376 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have immunosuppressive properties and have been used in cell therapies as immune regulators for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. We have previously characterized several biological properties of MSCs from placenta (PL) and umbilical cord blood (UCB), and compared them to those of BM-the gold standard. In the present study, we have compared MSCs from BM, UCB, and PL in terms of their immunosuppressive properties against lymphoid cell populations enriched for CD3(+) T cells. Our results confirm the immunosuppressive potential of BM-MSCs, and demonstrate that MSCs from UCB and, to a lesser extent PL, also have immunosuppressive potential. In contrast to PL-MSCs, BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs significantly inhibited the proliferation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) activated T cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Such a reduced proliferation in cell cocultures correlated with upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 on MSCs and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated Ag-4 (CTLA-4) on T cells, and increased production of interferon-γ, interleukin-10, and prostaglandin E2. Importantly, and in contrast to PL-MSCs, both BM-MSCs and UCB-MSCs favored the generation of T-cell subsets displaying a regulatory phenotype CD4(+)CD25(+)CTLA-4(+). Our results indicate that, besides BM-MSCs, UCB-MSCs might be a potent and reliable candidate for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Castro-Manrreza
- 1 Mesenchymal Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center , IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
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231
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Influence of murine mesenchymal stem cells on proliferation, phenotype, vitality, and cytotoxicity of murine cytokine-induced killer cells in coculture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88115. [PMID: 24516591 PMCID: PMC3916358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulating lymphocytes with Ifn-γ, anti-CD3, and interleukin-2 promotes the proliferation of a cell population coexpressing T-lymphocyte surface antigens such as CD3, CD8a, and CD25 as well as natural killer cell markers such as NK1.1, CD49, and CD69. These cells, referred to as cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs), display cytotoxic activity against tumour cells, even without prior antigen presentation, and offer a new cell-based approach to the treatment of malignant diseases. Because CIKs are limited in vivo, strategies to optimize in vitro culture yield are required. In the last 10 years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gathered considerable attention. Aside from their uses in tissue engineering and as support in haematopoietic stem cell transplantations, MSCs show notable immunomodulatory characteristics, providing further possibilities for therapeutic applications. In this study, we investigated the influence of murine MSCs on proliferation, phenotype, vitality, and cytotoxicity of murine CIKs in a coculture system. We found that CIKs in coculture proliferated within 7 days, with an average growth factor of 18.84, whereas controls grew with an average factor of 3.7 in the same period. Furthermore, higher vitality was noted in cocultured CIKs than in controls. Cell phenotype was unaffected by coculture with MSCs and, notably, coculture did not impact cytotoxicity against the tumour cells analysed. The findings suggest that cell–cell contact is primarily responsible for these effects. Humoral interactions play only a minor role. Furthermore, no phenotypical MSCs were detected after coculture for 4 h, suggesting the occurrence of immune reactions between CIKs and MSCs. Further investigations with DiD-labelled MSCs revealed that the observed disappearance of MSCs appears not to be due to differentiation processes.
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232
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Ling W, Zhang J, Yuan Z, Ren G, Zhang L, Chen X, Rabson AB, Roberts AI, Wang Y, Shi Y. Mesenchymal stem cells use IDO to regulate immunity in tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1576-87. [PMID: 24452999 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are present in most, if not all, tissues and are believed to contribute to tissue regeneration and the tissue immune microenvironment. Murine MSCs exert immunosuppressive effects through production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas human MSCs use indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Thus, studies of MSC-mediated immunomodulation in mice may not be informative in the setting of human disease, although this critical difference has been mainly ignored. To address this issue, we established a novel humanized system to model human MSCs, using murine iNOS(-/-) MSCs that constitutively or inducibly express an ectopic human IDO gene. In this system, inducible IDO expression is driven by a mouse iNOS promoter that can be activated by inflammatory cytokine stimulation in a similar fashion as the human IDO promoter. These IDO-expressing humanized MSCs (MSC-IDO) were capable of suppressing T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. In melanoma and lymphoma tumor models, MSC-IDO promoted tumor growth in vivo, an effect that was reversed by the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan. We found that MSC-IDO dramatically reduced both tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells and B cells. Our findings offer an important new line of evidence that interventional targeting of IDO activity could be used to restore tumor immunity in humans, by relieving IDO-mediated immune suppression of MSCs in the tumor microenvironment as well as in tumor cells themselves.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/immunology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Ling
- Authors' Affiliations: Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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233
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Chinnadurai R, Copland IB, Patel SR, Galipeau J. IDO-Independent Suppression of T Cell Effector Function by IFN-γ–Licensed Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1491-501. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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234
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Haddad R, Saldanha-Araujo F. Mechanisms of T-cell immunosuppression by mesenchymal stromal cells: what do we know so far? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:216806. [PMID: 25025040 PMCID: PMC4082893 DOI: 10.1155/2014/216806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, which can give rise to several cell types including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts. These cells can be found in a variety of adult and fetal tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord blood, and placenta. In recent years, the biological properties of MSCs have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide due to their potential application for treating a series of clinical situations. Among these properties, special attention should be given to the immunoregulatory potential of those cells. MSCs are able to act on all cells of the immune system, which includes the capacity to inhibit the proliferation and function of T-cells. This feature renders them natural candidates to treat several diseases in which cellular immune response is exacerbated. In this review, we outline the main mechanisms by which MSCs immunosuppress T-cell response, focusing on cell-cell contact, secretion of soluble factors, and regulatory T-cell generation. The influence of surface markers in the immunosuppression process and features of MSCs isolated from different sources are also discussed. Finally, the influences of toll-like receptors and cytokines on the inflammatory microenvironment are highlighted regarding the activation of MSCs to exert their immunoregulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Haddad
- 1Faculty of Ceilandia, University of Brasilia, 72220-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saldanha-Araujo
- 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- *Felipe Saldanha-Araujo:
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235
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Kim JH, Lee YT, Hong JM, Hwang YI. Suppression of in vitro murine T cell proliferation by human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells is dependent mainly on cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:262-71. [PMID: 24386599 PMCID: PMC3875844 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.4.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of human origin have been frequently applied to experimental animal models to evaluate their immunomodulatory functions. MSCs are known to be activated by cytokines from T cells, predominantly by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), in conjunction with other cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interlukin-1β. Because IFN-γ is not cross-reactive between human and mouse species, the manner in which human MSCs administered in experimental animals are activated and stimulated to function has been questioned. In the present study, we established MSCs from human adipose tissue. They successfully suppressed the proliferation of not only human peripheral blood mononuclear cells but also mouse splenic T cells. When these human MSCs were stimulated with a culture supernatant of mouse T cells or recombinant murine TNF-α, they expressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. The dominant role of COX-2 in suppressing mouse T cell proliferation was validated by the addition of COX-2 inhibitor in the co-culture, wherein the suppressed proliferation was almost completely recovered. In conclusion, human MSCs in a murine environment were activated, at least in part, by TNF-α and mainly used COX-2 as a tool for the suppression of in vitro T cell proliferation. These results should be considered when interpreting results for human MSCs in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Taek Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Man Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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236
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Kilpinen L, Impola U, Sankkila L, Ritamo I, Aatonen M, Kilpinen S, Tuimala J, Valmu L, Levijoki J, Finckenberg P, Siljander P, Kankuri E, Mervaala E, Laitinen S. Extracellular membrane vesicles from umbilical cord blood-derived MSC protect against ischemic acute kidney injury, a feature that is lost after inflammatory conditioning. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:21927. [PMID: 24349659 PMCID: PMC3860334 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.21927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are shown to have a great therapeutic potential in many immunological disorders. Currently the therapeutic effect of MSCs is considered to be mediated via paracrine interactions with immune cells. Umbilical cord blood is an attractive but still less studied source of MSCs. We investigated the production of extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) from human umbilical cord blood derived MSCs (hUCBMSC) in the presence (MVstim) or absence (MVctrl) of inflammatory stimulus. Methods hUCBMSCs were cultured in serum free media with or without IFN-γ and MVs were collected from conditioned media by ultracentrifugation. The protein content of MVs were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Hypoxia induced acute kidney injury rat model was used to analyze the in vivo therapeutic potential of MVs and T-cell proliferation and induction of regulatory T cells were analyzed by co-culture assays. Results Both MVstim and MVctrl showed similar T-cell modulation activity in vitro, but only MVctrls were able to protect rat kidneys from reperfusion injury in vivo. To clarify this difference in functionality we made a comparative mass spectrometric analysis of the MV protein contents. The IFN-γ stimulation induced dramatic changes in the protein content of the MVs. Complement factors (C3, C4A, C5) and lipid binding proteins (i.e apolipoproteins) were only found in the MVctrls, whereas the MVstim contained tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD81) and more complete proteasome complex accompanied with MHCI. We further discovered that differently produced MV pools contained specific Rab proteins suggesting that same cells, depending on external signals, produce vesicles originating from different intracellular locations. Conclusions We demonstrate by both in vitro and in vivo models accompanied with a detailed analysis of molecular characteristics that inflammatory conditioning of MSCs influence on the protein content and functional properties of MVs revealing the complexity of the MSC paracrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulla Impola
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ilja Ritamo
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Aatonen
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Leena Valmu
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Piet Finckenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Siljander
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ; Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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237
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A review of stem cell translation and potential confounds by cancer stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:241048. [PMID: 24385986 PMCID: PMC3872439 DOI: 10.1155/2013/241048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells found in both fetal and adult tissues. MSCs show promise for cellular therapy for several disorders such as those associated with inflammation. In adults, MSCs primarily reside in the bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissues. In BM, MSCs are found at low frequency around blood vessels and trabecula. MSCs are attractive candidates for regenerative medicine given their ease in harvesting and expansion and their unique ability to bypass the immune system in an allogeneic host. Additionally, MSCs exert pathotropism by their ability to migrate to diseased regions. Despite the "attractive" properties of MSCs, their translation to patients requires indepth research. "Off-the-shelf" MSCs are proposed for use in an allogeneic host. Thus, the transplanted MSCs, when placed in a foreign host, could receive cue from the microenvironment for cellular transformation. An important problem with the use of MSCs involves their ability to facilitate the support of breast and other cancers as carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. MSCs could show distinct effect on each subset of cancer cells. This could lead to untoward effect during MSC therapy since the MSCs would be able to interact with undiagnosed cancer cells, which might be in a dormant state. Based on these arguments, further preclinical research is needed to ensure patient safety with MSC therapy. Here, we discuss the basic biology of MSCs, discuss current applications, and provide evidence why it is important to understand MSC biology in the context of diseased microenvironment for safe application.
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238
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From single nucleotide polymorphisms to constant immunosuppression: mesenchymal stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:929842. [PMID: 24350294 PMCID: PMC3852726 DOI: 10.1155/2013/929842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative abilities and the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) make them potentially the ideal cellular product of choice for treatment of autoimmune and other immune mediated disorders. Although the usefulness of MSCs for therapeutic applications is in early phases, their potential clinical use remains of great interest. Current clinical evidence of use of MSCs from both autologous and allogeneic sources to treat autoimmune disorders confers conflicting clinical benefit outcomes. These varied results may possibly be due to MSC use across wide range of autoimmune disorders with clinical heterogeneity or due to variability of the cellular product. In the light of recent genome wide association studies (GWAS), linking predisposition of autoimmune diseases to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the susceptible genetic loci, the clinical relevance of MSCs possessing SNPs in the critical effector molecules of immunosuppression is largely undiscussed. It is of further interest in the allogeneic setting, where SNPs in the target pathway of MSC's intervention may also modulate clinical outcome. In the present review, we have discussed the known critical SNPs predisposing to disease susceptibility in various autoimmune diseases and their significance in the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs.
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239
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Ma S, Xie N, Li W, Yuan B, Shi Y, Wang Y. Immunobiology of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:216-25. [PMID: 24185619 PMCID: PMC3890955 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from almost all tissues and effectively expanded in vitro. Although their true in situ properties and biological functions remain to be elucidated, these in vitro expanded cells have been shown to possess potential to differentiate into specific cell lineages. It is speculated that MSCs in situ have important roles in tissue cellular homeostasis by replacing dead or dysfunctional cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that in vitro expanded MSCs of various origins have great capacity to modulate immune responses and change the progression of different inflammatory diseases. As tissue injuries are often accompanied by inflammation, inflammatory factors may provide cues to mobilize MSCs to tissue sites with damage. Before carrying out tissue repair functions, MSCs first prepare the microenvironment by modulating inflammatory processes and releasing various growth factors in response to the inflammation status. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk between MSCs and immune responses and their potential clinical applications, especially in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - N Xie
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - W Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - B Yuan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Y Shi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China [2] Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Klose J, Schmidt NO, Melms A, Dohi M, Miyazaki JI, Bischof F, Greve B. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by interleukin-10 transduced neural stem/progenitor cells. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:117. [PMID: 24053338 PMCID: PMC3852052 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) have the ability to migrate into the central nervous system (CNS) to replace damaged cells. In inflammatory CNS disease, cytokine transduced neural stem cells may be used as vehicles to specifically reduce inflammation and promote cell replacement. In this study, we used NSPCs overexpressing IL-10, an immunomodulatory cytokine, in an animal model for CNS inflammation and multiple sclerosis (MS). Intravenous injection of IL-10 transduced neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCIL-10) suppressed myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein aa 35–55 (MOG35-55)- induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and, following intravenous injection, NSPCIL-10 migrated to peripheral lymphoid organs and into the CNS. NSPCIL-10 suppressed antigen-specific proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production of lymph node cells obtained from MOG35-55 peptide immunized mice. In this model, IL-10 producing NSPCs act via a peripheral immunosuppressive effect to attenuate EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Klose
- Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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241
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Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of liver diseases, is there enough evidence? Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1348-64. [PMID: 24090934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated in small animal models to treat both acute and chronic liver injuries. Mechanisms of action are not clearly elucidated but may include their ability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, to reduce inflammation, and to enhance tissue repair at the site of injury. This approach is controversial and evidence in large animals is missing. Side effects of MSC infusion such as the contribution to a fibrotic process have been reported in experimental settings. Nevertheless, MSCs moved quickly from bench to bedside and over 280 clinical trials are registered, of which 28 focus on the treatment of liver diseases. If no severe side-effects were observed so far, long-term benefits remain uncertain. More preclinical data regarding mechanisms of action, long term safety and efficacy are warranted before initiating large scale clinical application. The proposal of this review is to visit the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of MSCs in the treatment of experimental liver diseases, to address questions about efficacy and risk, and to discuss recent clinical advances involving MSC-based therapies.
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242
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de Kleijn S, Langereis JD, Leentjens J, Kox M, Netea MG, Koenderman L, Ferwerda G, Pickkers P, Hermans PWM. IFN-γ-stimulated neutrophils suppress lymphocyte proliferation through expression of PD-L1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72249. [PMID: 24015224 PMCID: PMC3756078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During systemic inflammation different neutrophil subsets are mobilized to the peripheral blood. These neutrophil subsets can be distinguished from normal circulating neutrophils (CD16bright/CD62Lbright), based on either an immature CD16dim/CD62Lbright or a CD16bright/CD62Ldim phenotype. Interestingly, the latter neutrophil subset is known to suppress lymphocyte proliferation ex vivo, but how neutrophils become suppressive is unknown. We performed transcriptome analysis on the different neutrophil subsets to identify changes in mRNA expression that are relevant for their functions. Neutrophil subsets were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from blood of healthy volunteers that were administered a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (2 ng/kg i.v.) and the transcriptome was determined by microarray analysis. Interestingly, the CD16bright/CD62Ldim suppressive neutrophils showed an interferon-induced transcriptome profile. More importantly, IFN-γ, but not IFN-α or IFN-β stimulated neutrophils, acquired the capacity to suppress lymphocyte proliferation through the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). These data demonstrate that IFN-γ-induced expression of PD-L1 on neutrophils enables suppression of lymphocyte proliferation. Specific stimulation of neutrophils present at the inflammatory sites might therefore have a pivotal role in regulating lymphocyte-mediated inflammation and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan de Kleijn
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. Langereis
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenneke Leentjens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. M. Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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243
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Mesenchymal stromal cells augment CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation through a CCL2 pathway. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:1195-207. [PMID: 23845188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) derived from bone marrow are immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. Recent evidence, however, has shown that in certain settings, MSC can also be immunostimulatory. The mechanisms involved in this process are largely unknown. METHODS Mouse spleen T cells were stimulated with allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) or anti-CD3/CD28 beads and treated with autologous bone marrow MSC or MSC-conditioned medium. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation was analyzed after treatment. RESULTS We show that MSC have both suppressive and stimulatory functions toward T cells after stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 beads or in an MLR. This depended on the ratio of MSC to responder T cells, with low numbers of MSC increasing and higher numbers inhibiting T-cell proliferation. Immunostimulatory function was mediated, in part, by soluble factors. MSC immunosuppression of the MLR was indirect and related to inhibition of antigen-presenting cell maturation. Direct effects of MSC-conditioned medium during anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated proliferation were entirely stimulatory and required the presence of the T-cell receptor. MSC supernatant contained both CCL2 and CCL5 at high levels, but only CCL2 level correlated with the ability to augment proliferation. An anti-CCL2 antibody blocked this proliferative activity. CONCLUSIONS CCL2 plays an important role in the immunostimulatory function of MSC, and we further hypothesize that the immunomodulatory role of MSC is determined by a balance between inhibitory and stimulatory factors, suggesting the need for caution when these cells are investigated in clinical protocols.
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Miteva K, Van Linthout S, Volk HD, Tschöpe C. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells revisited in the context of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:353097. [PMID: 23853610 PMCID: PMC3703801 DOI: 10.1155/2013/353097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is a common inflammatory cardiomyopathy, associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which can lead to chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Under conventional heart failure therapy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy typically has a progressive course, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies consistently support the application of cellular transplantation as a strategy to improve myocardial function. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate distinct paracrine effects supporting endogenous regeneration, but most important are their remarkable immunoregulatory properties. In this review, an overview of current knowledge on immunopathology in myocarditis will be given. Furthermore, current research regarding the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs in the context of myocarditis will be discussed. Finally, the impact of MSC priming by the environment on their functionality and the advantages of systemic administration of MSCs under myocarditis are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Clinic, Südstrabe 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- DZHK, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Berlin, Germany
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245
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Anam K, Lazdun Y, Davis PM, Banas RA, Elster EA, Davis TA. Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells support allograft tolerance induction. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1416-28. [PMID: 23651511 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-specific immunological tolerance using high doses of bone marrow cells (BMCs) has been demonstrated in mixed chimerism-based tolerance induction protocols; however, the development of graft versus host disease remains a risk. Here, we demonstrate that the co-infusion of limited numbers of donor unfractionated BMCs with human amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells (AMPs) 7 days post-allograft transplantation facilitates macrochimerism induction and graft tolerance in a mouse skin transplantation model. AMPs + BMCs co-infusion with minimal conditioning led to stable, mixed, multilineage lymphoid and myeloid macrochimerism, deletion of donor-reactive T cells, expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)) and long-term allograft survival (>300 days). Based on these findings, we speculate that AMPs maybe a pro-tolerogenic cellular therapeutic that could have clinical efficacy for both solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anam
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate at the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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246
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Conese M, Carbone A, Castellani S, Di Gioia S. Paracrine effects and heterogeneity of marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells: relevance for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:445-73. [PMID: 23652321 DOI: 10.1159/000348831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatment may represent a hope for the treatment of acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis, and other chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is well established in preclinical models that bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells exert beneficial effects on inflammation, immune responses and repairing of damage in virtually all lung-borne diseases. While it was initially thought that the positive outcome was due to a direct engraftment of these cells into the lung as endothelial and epithelial cells, paracrine factors are now considered the main mechanism through which stem and progenitor cells exert their therapeutic effect. This knowledge has led to the clinical use of marrow cells in pulmonary hypertension with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and in COPD with mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs). Bone marrow-derived stem cells, including hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, MSCs, EPCs and fibrocytes, encompass a wide array of cell subsets with different capacities of engraftment and injured tissue-regenerating potential. The characterization/isolation of the stem cell subpopulations represents a major challenge to improve the efficacy of transplantation protocols used in regenerative medicine and applied to lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Pluchino S, Cossetti C. How stem cells speak with host immune cells in inflammatory brain diseases. Glia 2013; 61:1379-401. [PMID: 23633288 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in stem cell biology have raised great expectations that diseases and injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) may be ameliorated by the development of non-hematopoietic stem cell medicines. Yet, the application of adult stem cells as CNS therapeutics is challenging and the interpretation of some of the outcomes ambiguous. In fact, the initial idea that stem cell transplants work only via structural cell replacement has been challenged by the observation of consistent cellular signaling between the graft and the host. Cellular signaling is the foundation of coordinated actions and flexible responses, and arises via networks of exchanging and interacting molecules that transmit patterns of information between cells. Sustained stem cell graft-to-host communication leads to remarkable trophic effects on endogenous brain cells and beneficial modulatory actions on innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo, ultimately promoting the healing of the injured CNS. Among a number of adult stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) are being extensively investigated for their ability to signal to the immune system upon transplantation in experimental CNS diseases. Here, we focus on the main cellular signaling pathways that grafted MSCs and NPCs use to establish a therapeutically relevant cross talk with host immune cells, while examining the role of inflammation in regulating some of the bidirectionality of these communications. We propose that the identification of the players involved in stem cell signaling might contribute to the development of innovative, high clinical impact therapeutics for inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Simões IN, Boura JS, dos Santos F, Andrade PZ, Cardoso CMP, Gimble JM, da Silva CL, Cabral JMS. Human mesenchymal stem cells from the umbilical cord matrix: successful isolation and ex vivo expansion using serum-/xeno-free culture media. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:448-58. [PMID: 23420807 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) could potentially be applied in therapeutic settings due to their multilineage differentiation ability, immunomodulatory properties, as well as their trophic activity. The umbilical cord matrix (UCM) represents a promising source of MSC for biomedical applications. The number of cells isloated per umbilical cord (UC) unit is limited and ex vivo expansion is imperative in order to reach clinically meaningful cell numbers. The limitations of poorly defined reagents (e.g. fetal bovine serum, which is commonly used as a supplement for human MSC expansion) make the use of serum-/xeno-free conditions mandatory. We demonstrated the feasibility of isolating UCM-MSC by plastic adherence using serum-/xeno-free culture medium following enzymatic digestion of UCs, with a 100% success rate. 2.6 ± 0.21 × 10(5) cells were isolated per UC unit, of which 1.9 ± 0.21 × 10(5) were MSC-like cells expressing CD73, CD90, and CD105. When compared to adult sources (bone marrow-derived MSC and adipose-derived stem/stromal cells), UCM-MSC displayed a similar immunophenotype and similar multilineage differentiation ability, while demonstrating a higher expansion potential (average fold increase of 7.4 for serum-containing culture medium and 11.0 for xeno-free culture medium (P3-P6)). The isolation and expansion of UCM-MSC under defined serum-/xeno-free conditions contributes to safer and more effective MSC cellular products, boosting the usefulness of MSC in cellular therapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina N Simões
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hashemi SM, Hassan ZM, Pourfathollah AA, Soudi S, Shafiee A, Soleimani M. Comparative immunomodulatory properties of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells conditioned media from BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA mouse strains. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:955-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rahmat Z, Jose S, Ramasamy R, Vidyadaran S. Reciprocal interactions of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and BV2 microglia after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:12. [PMID: 23356521 PMCID: PMC3706938 DOI: 10.1186/scrt160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are immunosuppressive, but we lack an understanding of how these adult stem cells are in turn affected by immune cells and the surrounding tissue environment. As MSCs have stromal functions and exhibit great plasticity, the influence of an inflamed microenvironment on their responses is important to determine. MSCs downregulate microglial inflammatory responses, and here we describe the mutual effects of coculturing mouse bone marrow MSCs with BV2 microglia in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inflammatory paradigm. Methods Mouse MSCs were cultured from femoral and tibial bone marrow aspirates and characterized. MSCs were cocultured with BV2 microglia at four seeding-density ratios (1:0.2, 1:0.1, 1:0.02, and 1:0.01 (BV2/MSC)), and stimulated with 1 μg/ml LPS. In certain assays, MSCs were separated from BV2 cells with a cell-culture insert to determine the influence of soluble factors on downstream responses. Inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were measured in cocultures, and MSC and BV2 chemotactic ability determined by migration assays. Results We demonstrated MSCs to increase expression of NO and IL-6 and decrease TNF-α in LPS-treated cocultures. These effects are differentially mediated by soluble factors and cell-to-cell contact. In response to an LPS stimulus, MSCs display distinct behaviors, including expressing IL-6 and very high levels of the chemokine CCL2. Microglia increase their migration almost fourfold in the presence of LPS, and interestingly, MSCs provide an equal impetus for microglia locomotion. MSCs do not migrate toward LPS but migrate toward microglia, with their chemotaxis increasing when microglia are activated. Similarly, MSCs do not produce NO when exposed to LPS, but secrete large amounts when exposed to soluble factors from activated microglia. This demonstrates that certain phenotypic changes of MSCs are governed by inflammatory microglia, and not by the inflammatory stimulus. Nonetheless, LPS appears to "prime" the NO-secretory effects of MSCs, as prior treatment with LPS triggers a bigger NO response from MSCs after exposure to microglial soluble factors. Conclusions These effects demonstrate the multifaceted and reciprocal interactions of MSCs and microglia within an inflammatory milieu.
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