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Abstract
Vitiligo is a disease of pigment loss. Most investigators currently consider vitiligo to be a disorder that occurs as a result of autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, supported by identification of antimelanocyte antibodies in many patients, and the presence of comorbid autoimmune disease in patients with and family members of individuals with vitiligo. One-half of vitiligo cases are of childhood onset. This article presents a current overview of pediatric vitiligo including comorbidities of general health, psychological factors, therapeutic options, and long-term health considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette B Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1090 Amsterdam Avenue, Suite 11D, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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Sun Y, Zuo X, Zheng X, Zhou F, Liang B, Liu H, Chang R, Gao J, Sheng Y, Cui H, Wang W, Andiappan AK, Rotzschke O, Yang S, Sun L, Zhang F, Zhang X, Ren Y, Liu J. A comprehensive association analysis confirms ZMIZ1 to be a susceptibility gene for vitiligo in Chinese population. J Med Genet 2014; 51:345-53. [PMID: 24667117 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZMIZ1 has been shown to be associated with multiple autoimmune diseases and play a role in the development of melanocyte. The association of ZMIZ1 with vitiligo was also suggested, but the evidence did not reach genome-wide significance and has not been confirmed by independent studies. METHODS A fine mapping analysis of the ZMIZ1 locus was carried out in the dataset of 1117 vitiligo patients and 3437 controls through deep imputation. Ten suggestive SNPs were then analysed in an independent validation cohort of 7458 cases and 7542 controls. SNPs within ZMIZ1 locus were functionally annotated using the ENCODE and RegulomeDB databases and published eQTL dataset of primary immune cells. RESULTS A genome-wide significant association was discovered at rs1408944 (OR(combined)=1.18, p(combined)=1.38E-09) that locates at a DNAse hypersensitivity site and within a Myb_1 motif carried by the binding sites of six overlapping transcription factors (TFs) within the region. Gene Relationships Across Implicated Loci (GRAIL) analysis revealed biological connectivity between ZMIZ1 and previously discovered susceptibility loci for vitiligo as well as the six TFs. CONCLUSIONS Our study has confirmed ZMIZ1 as a novel susceptibility locus for vitiligo and further suggested rs1408944 to be the putative causal variant that potentially interrupts TF binding and thus the transcriptional regulation of ZMIZ1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghu Sun
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Fairfax BP, Humburg P, Makino S, Naranbhai V, Wong D, Lau E, Jostins L, Plant K, Andrews R, McGee C, Knight JC. Innate immune activity conditions the effect of regulatory variants upon monocyte gene expression. Science 2014; 343:1246949. [PMID: 24604202 PMCID: PMC4064786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To systematically investigate the impact of immune stimulation upon regulatory variant activity, we exposed primary monocytes from 432 healthy Europeans to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) or differing durations of lipopolysaccharide and mapped expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). More than half of cis-eQTLs identified, involving hundreds of genes and associated pathways, are detected specifically in stimulated monocytes. Induced innate immune activity reveals multiple master regulatory trans-eQTLs including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), coding variants altering enzyme and receptor function, an IFN-β cytokine network showing temporal specificity, and an interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) transcription factor-modulated network. Induced eQTL are significantly enriched for genome-wide association study loci, identifying context-specific associations to putative causal genes including CARD9, ATM, and IRF8. Thus, applying pathophysiologically relevant immune stimuli assists resolution of functional genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Fairfax
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Peter Humburg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Seiko Makino
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Daniel Wong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Evelyn Lau
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Luke Jostins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Katharine Plant
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Robert Andrews
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, University of Cambridge, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Chris McGee
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, University of Cambridge, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Julian C. Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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204
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Genome-wide search for exonic variants affecting translational efficiency. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2260. [PMID: 23900168 PMCID: PMC3749366 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) has traditionally centered entirely on the process of transcription, whereas variants with effects on mRNA translation have not been systematically studied. Here we present a high throughput approach for measuring translational cis-regulation in the human genome. Using ribosomal association as proxy for translational efficiency of polymorphic mRNAs, we test the ratio of polysomal/nonpolysomal mRNA level as a quantitative trait for association with single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the same mRNA transcript. We identify one important ribosomal-distribution effect, from rs1131017 in the 5’UTR of RPS26 , that is in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the 12q13 locus for susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. The effect on translation is confirmed at the protein level by quantitative Western blots, both ex vivo and after in vitro translation. Our results are a proof-of-principle that allelic effects on translation can be detected at a transcriptome-wide scale.
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205
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Medici M, Porcu E, Pistis G, Teumer A, Brown SJ, Jensen RA, Rawal R, Roef GL, Plantinga TS, Vermeulen SH, Lahti J, Simmonds MJ, Husemoen LLN, Freathy RM, Shields BM, Pietzner D, Nagy R, Broer L, Chaker L, Korevaar TIM, Plia MG, Sala C, Völker U, Richards JB, Sweep FC, Gieger C, Corre T, Kajantie E, Thuesen B, Taes YE, Visser WE, Hattersley AT, Kratzsch J, Hamilton A, Li W, Homuth G, Lobina M, Mariotti S, Soranzo N, Cocca M, Nauck M, Spielhagen C, Ross A, Arnold A, van de Bunt M, Liyanarachchi S, Heier M, Grabe HJ, Masciullo C, Galesloot TE, Lim EM, Reischl E, Leedman PJ, Lai S, Delitala A, Bremner AP, Philips DIW, Beilby JP, Mulas A, Vocale M, Abecasis G, Forsen T, James A, Widen E, Hui J, Prokisch H, Rietzschel EE, Palotie A, Feddema P, Fletcher SJ, Schramm K, Rotter JI, Kluttig A, Radke D, Traglia M, Surdulescu GL, He H, Franklyn JA, Tiller D, Vaidya B, de Meyer T, Jørgensen T, Eriksson JG, O'Leary PC, Wichmann E, Hermus AR, Psaty BM, Ittermann T, Hofman A, Bosi E, Schlessinger D, Wallaschofski H, Pirastu N, Aulchenko YS, de la Chapelle A, Netea-Maier RT, Gough SCL, Meyer zu Schwabedissen H, Frayling TM, Kaufman JM, Linneberg A, Räikkönen K, Smit JWA, Kiemeney LA, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Walsh JP, Meisinger C, den Heijer M, Visser TJ, Spector TD, Wilson SG, Völzke H, Cappola A, Toniolo D, Sanna S, Naitza S, Peeters RP. Identification of novel genetic Loci associated with thyroid peroxidase antibodies and clinical thyroid disease. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004123. [PMID: 24586183 PMCID: PMC3937134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are common, affecting 2-5% of the general population. Individuals with positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) have an increased risk of autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis), as well as autoimmune hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease). As the possible causative genes of TPOAbs and AITD remain largely unknown, we performed GWAS meta-analyses in 18,297 individuals for TPOAb-positivity (1769 TPOAb-positives and 16,528 TPOAb-negatives) and in 12,353 individuals for TPOAb serum levels, with replication in 8,990 individuals. Significant associations (P<5×10(-8)) were detected at TPO-rs11675434, ATXN2-rs653178, and BACH2-rs10944479 for TPOAb-positivity, and at TPO-rs11675434, MAGI3-rs1230666, and KALRN-rs2010099 for TPOAb levels. Individual and combined effects (genetic risk scores) of these variants on (subclinical) hypo- and hyperthyroidism, goiter and thyroid cancer were studied. Individuals with a high genetic risk score had, besides an increased risk of TPOAb-positivity (OR: 2.18, 95% CI 1.68-2.81, P = 8.1×10(-8)), a higher risk of increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (OR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.26-1.82, P = 2.9×10(-6)), as well as a decreased risk of goiter (OR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.89, P = 6.5×10(-4)). The MAGI3 and BACH2 variants were associated with an increased risk of hyperthyroidism, which was replicated in an independent cohort of patients with Graves' disease (OR: 1.37, 95% CI 1.22-1.54, P = 1.2×10(-7) and OR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.12-1.39, P = 6.2×10(-5)). The MAGI3 variant was also associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism (OR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.18-2.10, P = 1.9×10(-3)). This first GWAS meta-analysis for TPOAbs identified five newly associated loci, three of which were also associated with clinical thyroid disease. With these markers we identified a large subgroup in the general population with a substantially increased risk of TPOAbs. The results provide insight into why individuals with thyroid autoimmunity do or do not eventually develop thyroid disease, and these markers may therefore predict which TPOAb-positives are particularly at risk of developing clinical thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Medici
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Eleonora Porcu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pistis
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Suzanne J. Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard A. Jensen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Institute for Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Greet L. Roef
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Theo S. Plantinga
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matthew J. Simmonds
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Lotte N. Husemoen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Rachel M. Freathy
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley M. Shields
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Pietzner
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Rebecca Nagy
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Linda Broer
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim I. M. Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Grazia Plia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Departments of Medicine, Human Genetics, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fred C. Sweep
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute for Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eero Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Betina Thuesen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Youri E. Taes
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Peninsula NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Hamilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Li
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Monia Lobina
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christin Spielhagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alec Ross
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alice Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martijn van de Bunt
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sandya Liyanarachchi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Margit Heier
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tessel E. Galesloot
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ee M. Lim
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Leedman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- UWA Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Lai
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Alexandra P. Bremner
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David I. W. Philips
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Beilby
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matteo Vocale
- High Performance Computing and Network, CRS4, Parco Tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tom Forsen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Vaasa Health Care Centre, Diabetes Unit, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Alan James
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennie Hui
- Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst E. Rietzschel
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki and University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Kluttig
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dörte Radke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriela L. Surdulescu
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huiling He
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jayne A. Franklyn
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Univeristy of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Tiller
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bijay Vaidya
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Vascular Health Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tim de Meyer
- BIOBIX Lab. for Bioinformatics and Computational Genomics, Dept. of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics. Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
| | - Peter C. O'Leary
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ad R. Hermus
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
- University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Romana T. Netea-Maier
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. L. Gough
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Ghent and Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, the Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes W. A. Smit
- Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A. Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John P. Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott G. Wilson
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Cappola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Genetics-CNR, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Naitza
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Patwardhan M, Pradhan V, Taylor LH, Thakkar V, Kharkar V, Khopkar U, Ghosh K, Gawkrodger DJ, Teare MD, Weetman AP, Kemp EH. The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism in Indian patients with vitiligo: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 2014; 168:1195-204. [PMID: 23278772 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a common, acquired, idiopathic depigmenting skin disorder. Although the exact pathogenesis remains unknown, genetic susceptibility and autoimmune responses play a role in vitiligo development. Previous studies have suggested that the D allele of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene is associated with vitiligo in Indians and Koreans. Furthermore, significantly higher serum ACE levels have been demonstrated in patients with some autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to investigate any association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and vitiligo susceptibility in an Indian population, and to compare serum ACE levels in patients with vitiligo and healthy subjects. METHODS The ACE I/D genotypes of 79 patients with vitiligo and 100 normal individuals were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification. A meta-analysis was done to compare the distribution of the ACE I/D alleles and genotypes in the current and three previous studies. Serum ACE levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A significant increase in the frequency of the ACE I/D D allele was evident in patients with vitiligo in both the case-control study [P=0·005; odds ratio (OR) 1·87; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1·22-2·85] and the meta-analysis (P=0·044; OR 1·44; 95% CI 1·01-2·06). Serum ACE levels were significantly increased in patients with vitiligo compared with healthy subjects (P<0·0001). CONCLUSIONS In agreement with earlier reports, the ACE I/D D allele is associated with vitiligo susceptibility in the Indian population. The significantly elevated serum ACE levels in our cohort of patients with vitiligo concur with those previously found in patients with some other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patwardhan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai 400012, India
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207
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Mosenson JA, Flood K, Klarquist J, Eby JM, Koshoffer A, Boissy RE, Overbeck A, Tung RC, Le Poole IC. Preferential secretion of inducible HSP70 by vitiligo melanocytes under stress. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:209-20. [PMID: 24354861 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inducible HSP70 (HSP70i) chaperones peptides from stressed cells, protecting them from apoptosis. Upon extracellular release, HSP70i serves an adjuvant function, enhancing immune responses to bound peptides. We questioned whether HSP70i differentially protects control and vitiligo melanocytes from stress and subsequent immune responses. We compared expression of HSP70i in skin samples, evaluated the viability of primary vitiligo and control melanocytes exposed to bleaching phenols, and measured secreted HSP70i. We determined whether HSP70i traffics to melanosomes to contact immunogenic proteins by cell fractionation, western blotting, electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Viability of vitiligo and control melanocytes was equally affected under stress. However, vitiligo melanocytes secreted increased amounts of HSP70i in response to MBEH, corroborating with aberrant HSP70i expression in patient skin. Intracellular HSP70i colocalized with melanosomes, and more so in response to MBEH in vitiligo melanocytes. Thus, whereas either agent is cytotoxic to melanocytes, MBEH preferentially induces immune responses to melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Mosenson
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology/Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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208
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Reimann E, Kingo K, Karelson M, Reemann P, Vasar E, Silm H, Kõks S. Whole Transcriptome Analysis (RNA Sequencing) of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Vitiligo Patients. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2014; 1:11-23. [PMID: 27047918 PMCID: PMC4772995 DOI: 10.1159/000357402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an idiopathic disorder characterized by depigmented patches on the skin due to a loss of melanocytes. The cause of melanocyte destruction is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to detect the potential pathways involved in the vitiligo pathogenesis to further understand the causes and entity of vitiligo. For that the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 4 vitiligo patients and 4 control subjects was analyzed using the SOLiD System platform and whole transcriptome RNA sequencing application. Altogether 2,470 genes were expressed differently and GRID2IP showed the highest deviation in patients compared to controls. Using functional analysis, altogether 993 associations between the gene groups and diseases were found. The analysis revealed associations between vitiligo and diseases such as lichen planus, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B, and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. Additionally, the gene groups with an altered expression pattern are participating in processes such as cell death, survival and signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, vitiligo is rather a systemic than a local skin disease; the findings from an enormous amount of RNA sequencing data support the previous findings about vitiligo and should be further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reimann
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - K Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Karelson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Reemann
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - H Silm
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - S Kõks
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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209
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Kim EH, Gasper DJ, Lee SH, Plisch EH, Svaren J, Suresh M. Bach2 regulates homeostasis of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and protects against fatal lung disease in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:985-95. [PMID: 24367030 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Variants of the Bach2 gene are linked to vitiligo, celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes, but the underlying immunological mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Bach2 plays crucial roles in maintaining T cell quiescence and governing the differentiation, activation, and survival of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. Bach2-deficient T cells display spontaneous activation and produce elevated levels of Th1/Th2-type cytokines. Without Bach2, Treg cells exhibit diminished Foxp3 expression, depleted numbers, hyperactivation, enhanced proliferation, and profound loss of competitive fitness in vivo. Mechanistically, reduced survival of Bach2-deficient Treg cells was associated with reduced Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 levels and elevated Bim/Bcl-2 ratio. Additionally, Bach2 deficiency induced selective loss of Helios(-)Foxp3(+) Treg cells and a Treg cell transcriptome skewed toward the Th1/Th2 effector program at the expense of the Treg program. In vitro experiments confirmed that Bach2: 1) is indispensable for TCR/TGF-β-induced Foxp3 expression; and 2) mitigates aberrant differentiation of Treg cells by repression of the competing Gata3-driven Th2 effector program. Importantly, perturbations in the differentiation of induced Treg cells was linked to a fatal Th2-type chronic inflammatory lung disease in Bach2-deficient mice. Thus, Bach2 enforces T cell quiescence, promotes the development and survival of Treg lineage, restrains aberrant differentiation of Treg cells, and protects against immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Ho Kim
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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210
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Identification of BACH2 as a susceptibility gene for Graves' disease in the Chinese Han population based on a three-stage genome-wide association study. Hum Genet 2013; 133:661-71. [PMID: 24346624 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The BACH2 gene regulates B cell differentiation and function and has been reported to be a shared susceptibility gene for several autoimmune diseases. Our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) indicated that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BACH2 gene are associated with Graves' disease (GD) in the Chinese Han population; however, the association did not achieve genome-wide significance levels. Recently, this association of BACH2 with GD was confirmed in Caucasians in the UK population, but fine mapping in this region has not yet been reported. Here, we provide a refined analysis of a 331-kb region in the BACH2 gene, which harbors 359 SNPs, using GWAS data from 1,442 GD patients and 1,468 controls. The SNPs rs2474619 and rs9344996 were implied as the independent variants associated with GD by forward and two-locus logistic regression analysis. We genotyped eight out of 10 tagSNPs with P < 1 × 10(-3) in 3,508 GD patients and 3,209 controls, the results also showed that rs2474619 was independently associated with GD in the combined population from GWAS and the second stage (P = 1.81 × 10(-5)). The rs2474619 and rs9344996 were further genotyped in the third stage cohorts, and rs2474619 showed evidence of association with GD at genome-wide significance levels in the combined population (P = 3.28 × 10(-8), odds ratio = 1.13). The association of rs9344996 with GD can be explained by its linkage to rs2474619 in the combined population. Our study clearly demonstrated that BACH2 is a susceptibility gene for GD in the Chinese Han population and further supported rs2474619, in intron 2 of BACH2, is the best association signal with GD. However, the mechanism by which BACH2 confers increased risk of GD requires further study.
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211
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Laddha NC, Dwivedi M, Gani AR, Shajil EM, Begum R. Involvement of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes and their genetic variants in progression of and higher susceptibility to vitiligo. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1110-1125. [PMID: 24036105 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated as the initial triggering event in vitiligo pathogenesis leading to melanocyte destruction. Here, we report a significant increase in oxidative stress in vitiligo patients as evidenced by high lipid peroxidation levels suggesting an imbalance in the antioxidant enzyme system as reported in our previous studies. This study examined the role of the enzymatic antioxidant SOD, which converts the pro-oxidant superoxide into H2O2, in vitiligo pathogenesis. The activity of three isoforms of SOD, i.e., SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3, was significantly higher in vitiligo patients. To identify the underlying mechanism for the increase in activities of SOD isoforms, we explored the SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3 genes for their genetic variations and transcript levels. The SOD2 Thr58Ile (rs35289490) and Leu84Phe (rs11575993) polymorphisms were significantly associated with vitiligo patients, and the Val16Ala (rs4880) polymorphism was associated with active vitiligo patients. Interestingly, SOD2 activity was contributed by these polymorphisms along with its increase in transcript levels in patients. SOD3 activity was associated with the Arg213Gly (rs8192291) polymorphism. The SOD3 transcript levels were also increased in patients, which might contribute to the increased SOD3 activity. However, we could not establish the genotype-phenotype correlation for SOD1 as we could not detect any novel or reported SNPs in SOD1. In addition, both transcript and protein levels of SOD1 were unchanged between patients and controls, though SOD1 activity was increased in patients. Activities of SOD isoforms also correlated with progression of the disease as the activity was higher in active cases of vitiligo compared to stable cases. Here, we report that SOD2 and SOD3 polymorphisms may be genetic risk factors for susceptibility and progression of vitiligo and hence the genetic makeup of an individual may form a basis for the effective treatment of the disease. Overall, our results suggest that increased activity of SOD isoforms under the influence of genetic factors may lead to accumulation of H2O2 in cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, and extracellular compartments resulting in oxidative damage to the melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh C Laddha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Mitesh Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Amina R Gani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - E M Shajil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India.
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212
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Zhang G, Muglia LJ, Chakraborty R, Akey JM, Williams SM. Signatures of natural selection on genetic variants affecting complex human traits. Appl Transl Genom 2013; 2:78-94. [PMID: 27896059 PMCID: PMC5121263 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been hypothesized that polygenic adaptation, resulting in modest allele frequency changes at many loci, could be a major mechanism behind the adaptation of complex phenotypes in human populations. Here we leverage the large number of variants that have been identified through genome-wide association (GWA) studies to comprehensively study signatures of natural selection on genetic variants associated with complex traits. Using population differentiation based methods, such as FST and phylogenetic branch length analyses, we systematically examined nearly 1300 SNPs associated with 38 complex phenotypes. Instead of detecting selection signatures at individual variants, we aimed to identify combined evidence of natural selection by aggregating signals across many trait associated SNPs. Our results have revealed some general features of polygenic selection on complex traits associated variants. First, natural selection acting on standing variants associated with complex traits is a common phenomenon. Second, characteristics of selection for different polygenic traits vary both temporarily and geographically. Third, some studied traits (e.g. height and urate level) could have been the primary targets of selection, as indicated by the significant correlation between the effect sizes and the estimated strength of selection in the trait associated variants; however, for most traits, the allele frequency changes in trait associated variants might have been driven by the selection on other correlated phenotypes. Fourth, the changes in allele frequencies as a result of selection can be highly stochastic, such that, polygenic adaptation may accelerate differentiation in allele frequencies among populations, but generally does not produce predictable directional changes. Fifth, multiple mechanisms (pleiotropy, hitchhiking, etc) may act together to govern the changes in allele frequencies of genetic variants associated with complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Human Genetics Division, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center Ohio Collaborative, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ranajit Chakraborty
- Center for Computational Genomics, Institute of Applied Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Joshua M. Akey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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213
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Shah K, Shah BJ, Begum R. Involvement of interferon-gamma genetic variants and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in onset and progression of generalized vitiligo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:646-59. [PMID: 23777204 PMCID: PMC3814581 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a paracrine inhibitor of melanocytes and genetic variability due to intron 1 polymorphisms in IFNG has been reported to be associated with increased risk for several autoimmune diseases. The aim of present study was to determine whether intron 1 +874A/T (rs2430561) and CA microsatellite (rs3138557) polymorphisms in IFNG are associated with generalized vitiligo (GV) susceptibility and expression of IFNG and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) affects the disease onset and progression. Here we report that IFNG CA microsatellite but not +874A/T may be a genetic risk factor for GV; however, +874T allele plays a crucial role in increased expression of IFNG mRNA and protein levels which could affect the onset and progression of the disease. Active GV patients showed increased IFNG levels compared to stable GV patients. The genotype-phenotype analysis revealed that IFNG expression levels were higher in patients with +874 TT genotypes and 12 CA repeats. Patients with the early age of onset showed higher IFNG expression and female GV patients showed higher IFNG and ICAM1 expression implicating gender biasness and involvement of IFN-γ in early onset of the disease. Moreover, the increased IFN-γ levels in patients lead to increased ICAM1 expression, which could be a probable link between cytokines and T-cell involvement in pathogenesis of GV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Naresh C. Laddha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Kriti Shah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Bela J. Shah
- Department of Dermatology, STD and Leprosy, B.J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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214
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Cheng T, Orlow SJ, Manga P. Loss of Oca2 disrupts the unfolded protein response and increases resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress in melanocytes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:826-34. [PMID: 23962237 PMCID: PMC3832131 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) typically induces stress and initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to facilitate recovery. If homeostasis is not restored, apoptosis is induced. However, adaptation to chronic UPR activation can increase resistance to subsequent acute ER stress. We therefore investigated adaptive mechanisms in Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (Oca2)-null melanocytes where UPR signaling is arrested despite continued tyrosinase accumulation leading to resistance to the chemical ER stressor thapsigargin. Although thapsigargin triggers UPR activation, instead of Perk-mediated phosphorylation of eIF2α, in Oca2-null melanocytes, eIF2α was rapidly dephosphorylated upon treatment. Dephosphorylation was mediated by the Gadd34-PP1α phosphatase complex. Gadd34-complex inhibition blocked eIF2α dephosphorylation and significantly increased Oca2-null melanocyte sensitivity to thapsigargin. Thus, Oca2-null melanocytes adapt to acute ER stress by disruption of pro-apoptotic Perk signaling, which promotes cell survival. This is the first study to demonstrate rapid eIF2α dephosphorylation as an adaptive mechanism to ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsing Cheng
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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215
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Mansuri MS, Marfatia YS, Begum R. Association of NLRP1 genetic variants and mRNA overexpression with generalized vitiligo and disease activity in a Gujarat population. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:1114-25. [PMID: 23773036 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that NLRP1 is involved in susceptibility to a wide range of autoimmune diseases including generalized vitiligo (GV). Genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding NLRP1 (previously known as NALP1) have previously been shown to be associated with GV and there is speculation about their involvement in the regulation of NLRP1 expression. OBJECTIVES To explore NLRP1 polymorphisms and investigate their association with NLRP1 mRNA expression and disease activity in patients with GV. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping techniques were used to genotype NLRP1 A/G (rs2670660), T/C (rs6502867) and A/T (rs12150220) polymorphisms in 537 patients with GV and 645 controls in Gujarat. NLRP1 mRNA levels were measured in the whole blood of 122 patients with GV and 175 controls using real-time PCR. RESULTS The NLRP1 rs2670660 and rs6502867 polymorphisms were found to be in significant association with GV, minor alleles of these SNPs being prevalent in active cases of GV. The rs12150220 polymorphism was found have a marginal association with GV. The frequency of susceptible haplotype 'GCT' was significantly higher in patients with GV and increased the risk of vitiligo twofold. A significant increase in NLRP1 mRNA expression was observed in patients with GV and patients with active GV. NLRP1 mRNA expression was increased in patients with GV with the susceptible GG (rs2670660) and CC (rs6502867) genotypes. Patients with the susceptible GG (rs2670660) and CC (rs6502867) genotypes had early age of onset of GV. Moreover, patients in the age at onset group of 1-20 years showed increased expression of NLRP1 mRNA compared with the older age groups. Female patients showed a significant increase in NLRP1 mRNA and early age at onset of GV compared with male patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NLRP1 rs2670660 and rs6502867 polymorphisms may be genetic risk factors for susceptibility to and progression of GV. The upregulation of NLRP1 mRNA in patients with susceptible genotypes advocates the crucial role of NLRP1 in GV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Sir Sayajirao Gaikwad Medical College, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
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216
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Pothlichet J, Quintana-Murci L. The genetics of innate immunity sensors and human disease. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:157-208. [PMID: 23570315 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.777064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate immunity microbial sensors have been increasingly studied and shown to play a critical role in innate responses to microbes in several experimental in vitro, ex vivo, and animal models. However, their role in the human response to infection in natural conditions has just started to be deciphered, by means of clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies and epidemiological genetic studies. Here, we summarize the major findings concerning the genetic diversity of the various families of microbial sensors in humans, and of other molecules involved in the signaling pathways they trigger. Specifically, we review the genetic associations, revealed by both clinical and epidemiological genetics studies, of microbial sensors from five different families: Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. In particular, we consider the relationships between variation at the genes encoding these molecules and susceptibility to and the severity of infectious diseases and other clinical conditions associated with immune dysfunction, including autoimmunity, inflammation, allergy, and cancer. Despite the fact that the genetic links between innate immunity sensors and human disorders remain still limited, human genetics studies are increasingly improving our understanding of the genuine functions of microbial sensors and downstream signaling molecules in the natural setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pothlichet
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
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217
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Westra HJ, Peters MJ, Esko T, Yaghootkar H, Schurmann C, Kettunen J, Christiansen MW, Fairfax BP, Schramm K, Powell JE, Zhernakova A, Zhernakova DV, Veldink JH, Van den Berg LH, Karjalainen J, Withoff S, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Hoen PAC', Reinmaa E, Fischer K, Nelis M, Milani L, Melzer D, Ferrucci L, Singleton AB, Hernandez DG, Nalls MA, Homuth G, Nauck M, Radke D, Völker U, Perola M, Salomaa V, Brody J, Suchy-Dicey A, Gharib SA, Enquobahrie DA, Lumley T, Montgomery GW, Makino S, Prokisch H, Herder C, Roden M, Grallert H, Meitinger T, Strauch K, Li Y, Jansen RC, Visscher PM, Knight JC, Psaty BM, Ripatti S, Teumer A, Frayling TM, Metspalu A, van Meurs JB, Franke L. Systematic identification of trans eQTLs as putative drivers of known disease associations. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1238-1243. [PMID: 24013639 PMCID: PMC3991562 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1277] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the downstream effects of disease-associated SNPs is challenging. To help overcome this problem, we performed expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) meta-analysis in non-transformed peripheral blood samples from 5,311 individuals with replication in 2,775 individuals. We identified and replicated trans eQTLs for 233 SNPs (reflecting 103 independent loci) that were previously associated with complex traits at genome-wide significance. Some of these SNPs affect multiple genes in trans that are known to be altered in individuals with disease: rs4917014, previously associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), altered gene expression of C1QB and five type I interferon response genes, both hallmarks of SLE. DeepSAGE RNA sequencing showed that rs4917014 strongly alters the 3' UTR levels of IKZF1 in cis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing analysis of the trans-regulated genes implicated IKZF1 as the causal gene. Variants associated with cholesterol metabolism and type 1 diabetes showed similar phenomena, indicating that large-scale eQTL mapping provides insight into the downstream effects of many trait-associated variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden/Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Benjamin P. Fairfax
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Oncology, Cancer and Haematology Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LJ
| | - Katharina Schramm
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph E. Powell
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daria V Zhernakova
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard H. Van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden/Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden/Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden/Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter A C 't Hoen
- Center for Human and Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Reinmaa
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - David Melzer
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging NIA-ASTRA Unit, Harbor Hospital, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B. Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G. Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square House, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Radke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Sina A. Gharib
- Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Seiko Makino
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Departments of Endocrinology & Diabetology & Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Germany; Munich Heart Allience, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Groningen Bioinformatics Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ritsert C. Jansen
- Groningen Bioinformatics Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julian C. Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus,CB10 1SA, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Joyce B.J. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands Genomics Initiative-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NGI-NCHA), Leiden/Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, the Netherlands
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218
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Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14:661-73. [PMID: 23917628 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Shared aetiopathogenic factors among immune-mediated diseases have long been suggested by their co-familiality and co-occurrence, and molecular support has been provided by analysis of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and genome-wide association studies. The interrelationships can now be better appreciated following the genotyping of large immune disease sample sets on a shared SNP array: the 'Immunochip'. Here, we systematically analyse loci shared among major immune-mediated diseases. This reveals that several diseases share multiple susceptibility loci, but there are many nuances. The most associated variant at a given locus frequently differs and, even when shared, the same allele often has opposite associations. Interestingly, risk alleles conferring the largest effect sizes are usually disease-specific. These factors help to explain why early evidence of extensive 'sharing' is not always reflected in epidemiological overlap.
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219
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Goris A, Pauwels I, Dubois B. Progress in multiple sclerosis genetics. Curr Genomics 2013; 13:646-63. [PMID: 23730204 PMCID: PMC3492804 DOI: 10.2174/138920212803759695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A genetic component in the susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been known, and the first and major genetic risk factor, the HLA region, was identified in the 1970’s. However, only with the advent of genome-wide association studies in the past five years did the list of risk factors for MS grow from 1 to over 50. In this review, we summarize the search for MS risk genes and the latest results. Comparison with data from other autoimmune and neurological diseases and from animal models indicates parallels and differences between diseases. We discuss how these translate into an improved understanding of disease mechanisms, and address current challenges such as genotype-phenotype correlations, functional mechanisms of risk variants and the missing heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Goris
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Section of Experimental Neurology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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220
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Roychoudhuri R, Hirahara K, Mousavi K, Clever D, Klebanoff CA, Bonelli M, Sciumè G, Zare H, Vahedi G, Dema B, Yu Z, Liu H, Takahashi H, Rao M, Muranski P, Crompton JG, Punkosdy G, Bedognetti D, Wang E, Hoffmann V, Rivera J, Marincola FM, Nakamura A, Sartorelli V, Kanno Y, Gattinoni L, Muto A, Igarashi K, O'Shea JJ, Restifo NP. BACH2 represses effector programs to stabilize T(reg)-mediated immune homeostasis. Nature 2013; 498:506-10. [PMID: 23728300 PMCID: PMC3710737 DOI: 10.1038/nature12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Through their functional diversification, distinct lineages of CD4+ T cells play key roles in either driving or constraining immune-mediated pathology. Transcription factors are critical in the generation of cellular diversity, and negative regulators antagonistic to alternate fates often act in conjunction with positive regulators to stabilize lineage commitment1. Genetic polymorphisms within a single locus encoding the transcription factor BACH2 are associated with numerous autoimmune and allergic diseases including asthma2, Crohn’s disease3–4, coeliac disease5, vitiligo6, multiple sclerosis7 and type 1 diabetes8. While these associations point to a shared mechanism underlying susceptibility to diverse immune-mediated diseases, a function for Bach2 in the maintenance of immune homeostasis has not been established. Here, we define Bach2 as a broad regulator of immune activation that stabilizes immunoregulatory capacity while repressing the differentiation programmes of multiple effector lineages in CD4+ T cells. Bach2 was required for efficient formation of regulatory (Treg) cells and consequently for suppression of lethal inflammation in a manner that was Treg cell dependent. Assessment of the genome-wide function of Bach2, however, revealed that it represses genes associated with effector cell differentiation. Consequently, its absence during Treg polarization resulted in inappropriate diversion to effector lineages. In addition, Bach2 constrained full effector differentiation within Th1, Th2 and Th17 cell lineages. These findings identify Bach2 as a key regulator of CD4+ T-cell differentiation that prevents inflammatory disease by controlling the balance between tolerance and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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221
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Hinks A, Cobb J, Marion MC, Prahalad S, Sudman M, Bowes J, Martin P, Comeau ME, Sajuthi S, Andrews R, Brown M, Chen WM, Concannon P, Deloukas P, Edkins S, Eyre S, Gaffney PM, Guthery SL, Guthridge JM, Hunt SE, James JA, Keddache M, Moser KL, Nigrovic PA, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Onslow ML, Rosé CD, Rich SS, Steel KJA, Wakeland EK, Wallace CA, Wedderburn LR, Woo P, Bohnsack JF, Haas JP, Glass DN, Langefeld CD, Thomson W, Thompson SD. Dense genotyping of immune-related disease regions identifies 14 new susceptibility loci for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Nat Genet 2013; 45:664-9. [PMID: 23603761 PMCID: PMC3673707 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We used the Immunochip array to analyze 2,816 individuals with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), comprising the most common subtypes (oligoarticular and rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular JIA), and 13,056 controls. We confirmed association of 3 known JIA risk loci (the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, PTPN22 and PTPN2) and identified 14 loci reaching genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for the first time. Eleven additional new regions showed suggestive evidence of association with JIA (P < 1 × 10(-6)). Dense mapping of loci along with bioinformatics analysis refined the associations to one gene in each of eight regions, highlighting crucial pathways, including the interleukin (IL)-2 pathway, in JIA disease pathogenesis. The entire Immunochip content, the HLA region and the top 27 loci (P < 1 × 10(-6)) explain an estimated 18, 13 and 6% of the risk of JIA, respectively. In summary, this is the largest collection of JIA cases investigated so far and provides new insight into the genetic basis of this childhood autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hinks
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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222
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Luo C, Qu H, Wang J, Wang Y, Ma J, Li C, Yang C, Hu X, Li N, Shu D. Genetic parameters and genome-wide association study of hyperpigmentation of the visceral peritoneum in chickens. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:334. [PMID: 23679099 PMCID: PMC3663821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperpigmentation of the visceral peritoneum (HVP) has recently garnered much attention in the poultry industry because of the possible risk to the health of affected animals and the damage it causes to the appearance of commercial chicken carcasses. However, the heritable characters of HVP remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic parameters of HVP by genome-wide association study (GWAS) in chickens. RESULTS HVP was found to be influenced by genetic factors, with a heritability score of 0.33. HVP had positive genetic correlations with growth and carcass traits, such as leg muscle weight (rg = 0.34), but had negative genetic correlations with immune traits, such as the antibody response to Newcastle disease virus (rg = -0.42). The GWAS for HVP using 39,833 single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated the genetic factors associated with HVP displayed an additive effect rather than a dominance effect. In addition, we determined that three genomic regions, involving the 50.5-54.0 Mb region of chicken (Gallus gallus) chromosome 1 (GGA1), the 58.5-60.5 Mb region of GGA1, and the 10.5-12.0 Mb region of GGA20, were strongly associated (P < 6.28 × 10-7) with HVP in chickens. Variants in these regions explained >50% of additive genetic variance for HVP. This study also confirmed that expression of BMP7, which codes for a bone morphogenetic protein and is located in one of the candidate regions, was significantly higher in the visceral peritoneum of Huiyang Beard chickens with HVP than in that of chickens without pigmentation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HVP is a quantitative trait with moderate heritability. Genomic variants resulting in HVP were identified on GGA1 and GGA20, and expression of the BMP7 gene appears to be upregulated in HVP-affected chickens. Findings from this study should be used as a basis for further functional validation of candidate genes involved in HVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Luo
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Qu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chunfen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dingming Shu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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223
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van Geel N, Speeckaert M, Brochez L, Lambert J, Speeckaert R. Clinical profile of generalized vitiligo patients with associated autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:741-6. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. van Geel
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - M. Speeckaert
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - L. Brochez
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - J. Lambert
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
| | - R. Speeckaert
- Department of Dermatology; Ghent University Hospital; Ghent Belgium
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224
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Liu F, Wen B, Kayser M. Colorful DNA polymorphisms in humans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:562-75. [PMID: 23587773 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review article we summarize current knowledge on how variation on the DNA level influences human pigmentation including color variation of iris, hair, and skin. We review recent progress in the field of human pigmentation genetics by focusing on the genes and DNA polymorphisms discovered to be involved in determining human pigmentation traits, their association with diseases particularly skin cancers, and their power to predict human eye, hair, and skin colors with potential utilization in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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225
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Abstract
Innate immunity involves direct interactions between the host and microorganisms, both pathogenic and symbiotic, so natural selection is expected to strongly influence genes involved in these processes. Population genetics investigates the impact of past natural selection events on the genome of present-day human populations, and it complements immunological as well as clinical and epidemiological genetic studies. Recent data show that the impact of selection on the different families of innate immune receptors and their downstream signalling molecules varies considerably. This Review discusses these findings and highlights how they help to delineate the relative functional importance of innate immune pathways, which can range from being essential to being redundant.
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226
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Lu Y, Chen H, Nikamo P, Qi Low H, Helms C, Seielstad M, Liu J, Bowcock AM, Stahle M, Liao W. Association of cardiovascular and metabolic disease genes with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:836-839. [PMID: 23190900 PMCID: PMC3570714 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Lu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Haoyan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pernilla Nikamo
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Qi Low
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cynthia Helms
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne M Bowcock
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mona Stahle
- Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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227
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Murthy D, Attri KS, Gokhale RS. Network, nodes and nexus: systems approach to multitarget therapeutics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:1129-36. [PMID: 23453398 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology is revealing multiple layers of regulatory networks that manifest spatiotemporal variations. Since genes and environment also influence the emergent property of a cell, the biological output requires dynamic understanding of various molecular circuitries. The metabolic networks continually adapt and evolve to cope with the changing milieu of the system, which could also include infection by another organism. Such perturbations of the functional networks can result in disease phenotypes, for instance tuberculosis and cancer. In order to develop effective therapeutics, it is important to determine the disease progression profiles of complex disorders that can reveal dynamic aspects and to develop mutitarget systemic therapies that can help overcome pathway adaptations and redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Murthy
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, India
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228
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Risk of generalized vitiligo is associated with the common 55R-94A-247H variant haplotype of GZMB (encoding granzyme B). J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1677-9. [PMID: 23321921 PMCID: PMC3634907 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Generalized vitiligo (GV) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of melanocytes by skin-homing cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) that target melanocyte autoantigens. Two recent genomewide association studies (GWAS) of GV in European-derived whites (EUR) have demonstrated genetic association with GZMB, encoding granzyme B, a marker of activated CTLs that mediates target-cell apoptosis, as well as autoantigen activation and consequent initiation and propagation of autoimmunity. Here, we describe detailed genetic analyses of the GZMB region of chromosome 14q12 to identify genetic variation potentially causal for GV, implicating two non-synonymous SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium that comprise part of a common multi-variant high-risk haplotype, rs8192917-C— rs11539752-C (55R-94A). To identify possible uncommon deleterious variants that might “hitchhike” on the high-risk haplotype, we then carried out “next-generation” DNA re-sequencing of GZMB in 114 EUR GV patients. Overall, our findings support a direct causal role for the GZMB rs8192917-C—rs11539752-C haplotype (55R-94A) in the pathogenesis of GV.
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229
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Weetman AP. The immunopathogenesis of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis one century after hashimoto. Eur Thyroid J 2013; 1:243-50. [PMID: 24783026 PMCID: PMC3821488 DOI: 10.1159/000343834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hakaru Hashimoto described 4 patients with a hitherto unknown cause for goitre, struma lymphomatosa, a century ago. He was careful to distinguish this from Riedel thyroiditis but it has become clear that fibrosis and atrophy of the thyroid are indeed components of Hashimoto thyroiditis, and in rare cases IgG4-related sclerosing disease may be an outcome. Although the cause of the lymphocytic infiltration was unknown to Hashimoto, we now know through the pioneering studies of N.R. Rose and E. Witebsky [J Immunol 1956;76:417-427] that this condition is the archetype for autoimmune destruction as a disease mechanism. In the last two decades in particular, there has been huge interest in unravelling the genetic basis for this and related autoimmune disorders. The list of polymorphisms associated with autoimmune thyroid disease grows each year, and in the case of vitiligo, which is frequently found in association with thyroid autoimmunity, we know that 27 separate susceptibility loci account for less than 20% of the heritability of this condition. Environmental and existential factors may turn out to be just as complex in number and in interactions. We can thus imagine a 'Swiss cheese' model for the causation of autoimmune thyroid disease, in which the effects of cumulative weaknesses line up - like the holes in slices of cheese - to allow the catastrophic event of autoimmune destruction to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Weetman
- *Anthony P. Weetman, Department of Human Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Barber House, 387 Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2HQ (UK), E-Mail
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230
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Valle Y, Lotti TM, Hercogova J, Schwartz RA, Korobko IV. Multidisciplinary approach to R&D in vitiligo, a neglected skin disease. Dermatol Ther 2012; 25 Suppl 1:S1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jana Hercogova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; 2nd Medical School; Charles University of Prague; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Robert A. Schwartz
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology; New Jersey Medical School; Newark; New Jersey
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231
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Gery S, Koeffler HP. Role of the adaptor protein LNK in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Oncogene 2012; 32:3111-8. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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232
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Association analyses identify three susceptibility Loci for vitiligo in the Chinese Han population. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:403-10. [PMID: 22951725 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To identify susceptibility loci for vitiligo, we extended our previous vitiligo genome-wide association study with a two-staged replication study that included 6,857 cases and 12,025 controls from the Chinese Han population. We identified three susceptibility loci, 12q13.2 (rs10876864, P(combined)=8.07 × 10(-12), odds ratio (OR)=1.18), 11q23.3 (rs638893, P(combined)=2.47 × 10(-9), OR=1.22), and 10q22.1 (rs1417210, P(combined)=1.83 × 10(-8), OR=0.88), and confirmed three previously reported loci for vitiligo, 3q28 (rs9851967, P(combined)=8.57 × 10(-8), OR=0.88), 10p15.1 (rs3134883, P(combined)=1.01 × 10(-5), OR=1.11), and 22q12.3 (rs2051582, P(combined)=2.12 × 10(-5), OR=1.14), in the Chinese Han population. The most significant single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 12q13.2 locus is located immediately upstream of the promoter region of PMEL, which encodes a major melanocyte antigen and has expression loss in the vitiligo lesional skin. In addition, both 12q13.2 and 11q23.3 loci identified in this study are also associated with other autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus. These findings provide indirect support that vitiligo pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between immune regulatory factors and melanocyte-specific factors. They also highlight similarities and differences in the genetic basis of vitiligo in Chinese and Caucasian populations.
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233
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Toyota M, Ahuja N, Suzuki H, Itoh F, Ohe-Toyota M, Imai K, Baylin SB, Issa JP. Aberrant methylation in gastric cancer associated with the CpG island methylator phenotype. Cancer Res 1999; 351:206-14. [PMID: 10554013 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant methylation of 5' CpG islands is thought to play an important role in the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in cancer. In colorectal cancer, a group of tumors is characterized by a hypermethylator phenotype termed CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), which includes methylation of such genes as p16 and hMLH1. To study whether CIMP is present in gastric cancer, the methylation status of five newly cloned CpG islands was examined in 56 gastric cancers using bisulfite-PCR. Simultaneous methylation of three loci or more was observed in 23 (41%) of 56 cancers, which suggests that these tumors have the hypermethylator phenotype CIMP. There was a significant concordance between CIMP and the methylation of known genes including p16, and hMLH1; methylation of p16 was detected in 16 (70%) of 23 CIMP+ tumors, 1 (8%) of 12 CIMP intermediate tumors, and 1 (5%) of 21 CIMP- tumors (P<0.0001). Methylation of the hMLH1 gene was detected in three of five tumors that showed microsatellite instability, and all three of the cases were CIMP+. The CIMP phenotype is an early event in gastric cancer, being present in the normal tissue adjacent to cancer in 5 of 56 cases. These results suggest that CIMP may be one of the major pathways that contribute to tumorigenesis in gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toyota
- The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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