201
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Li BWS, Stadhouders R, de Bruijn MJW, Lukkes M, Beerens DMJM, Brem MD, KleinJan A, Bergen I, Vroman H, Kool M, van IJcken WFJ, Rao TN, Fehling HJ, Hendriks RW. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Exhibit a Dynamic Phenotype in Allergic Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1684. [PMID: 29250067 PMCID: PMC5716969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are implicated in allergic asthma as an early innate source of the type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. However, their induction in house dust mite (HDM)-mediated airway inflammation additionally requires T cell activation. It is currently unknown whether phenotypic differences exist between ILC2s that are activated in a T cell-dependent or T cell-independent fashion. Here, we compared ILC2s in IL-33- and HDM-driven airway inflammation. Using flow cytometry, we found that surface expression levels of various markers frequently used to identify ILC2s were dependent on their mode of activation, highly variable over time, and differed between tissue compartments, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung, draining lymph nodes, and spleen. Whereas in vivo IL-33-activated BAL fluid ILC2s exhibited an almost uniform CD25+CD127+T1/ST2+ICOS+KLRG1+ phenotype, at a comparable time point after HDM exposure BAL fluid ILC2s had a very heterogeneous surface marker phenotype. A major fraction of HDM-activated ILC2s were CD25lowCD127+T1/ST2low ICOSlowKLRG1low, but nevertheless had the capacity to produce large amounts of type 2 cytokines. HDM-activated CD25low ILC2s in BAL fluid and lung rapidly reverted to CD25high ILC2s upon in vivo stimulation with IL-33. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of BAL ILC2s revealed ~1,600 differentially expressed genes: HDM-stimulated ILC2s specifically expressed genes involved in the regulation of adaptive immunity through B and T cell interactions, whereas IL-33-stimulated ILC2s expressed high levels of proliferation-related and cytokine genes. In both airway inflammation models ILC2s were present in the lung submucosa close to epithelial cells, as identified by confocal microscopy. In chronic HDM-driven airway inflammation ILC2s were also found inside organized cellular infiltrates near T cells. Collectively, our findings show that ILC2s are phenotypically more heterogeneous than previously thought, whereby their surface marker and gene expression profile are highly dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby W S Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Melanie Lukkes
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten D Brem
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex KleinJan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Bergen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heleen Vroman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kool
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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202
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Saluzzo S, Gorki AD, Rana BMJ, Martins R, Scanlon S, Starkl P, Lakovits K, Hladik A, Korosec A, Sharif O, Warszawska JM, Jolin H, Mesteri I, McKenzie ANJ, Knapp S. First-Breath-Induced Type 2 Pathways Shape the Lung Immune Environment. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1893-1905. [PMID: 28228256 PMCID: PMC5329122 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From birth onward, the lungs are exposed to the external environment and therefore harbor a complex immunological milieu to protect this organ from damage and infection. We investigated the homeostatic role of the epithelium-derived alarmin interleukin-33 (IL-33) in newborn mice and discovered the immediate upregulation of IL-33 from the first day of life, closely followed by a wave of IL-13-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which coincided with the appearance of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and their early polarization to an IL-13-dependent anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. ILC2s contributed to lung quiescence in homeostasis by polarizing tissue resident AMs and induced an M2 phenotype in transplanted macrophage progenitors. ILC2s continued to maintain the M2 AM phenotype during adult life at the cost of a delayed response to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. These data highlight the homeostatic role of ILC2s in setting the activation threshold in the lung and underline their implications in anti-bacterial defenses. The first breath triggers IL-33 induction by AEC2 in lungs of newborn mice IL-33 promotes the perinatal expansion and activation of ST2-expressing ILC2s ILC2-derived IL-13 polarizes newborn’s AMs into an M2 phenotype This homeostatic type 2 pathway delays antibacterial effector responses
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Saluzzo
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anna-Dorothea Gorki
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Batika M J Rana
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rui Martins
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Seth Scanlon
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Karin Lakovits
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Anastasiya Hladik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ana Korosec
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Omar Sharif
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Joanna M Warszawska
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Helen Jolin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ildiko Mesteri
- Institute of Pathology Überlingen, Überlingen 88662, Germany
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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203
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Saetang J, Sangkhathat S. Role of innate lymphoid cells in obesity and metabolic disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1403-1412. [PMID: 29138853 PMCID: PMC5780078 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has previously been demonstrated to be associated with the pathophysiological development of metabolic abnormalities. However, the mechanisms linking immunity to metabolic disease remain to be fully elucidated. It has previously been suggested that innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) may be involved in the progression of numerous types of metabolic diseases as these cells act as suppressors and promoters for obesity and associated conditions, and are particularly involved in adipose tissue inflammation, which is a major feature of metabolic imbalance. Group 2 ILCs (ILC2s) have been revealed as anti‑obese immune regulators by secreting anti‑inflammatory cytokines and promoting the polarization of M2 macrophages, whereas group 1 ILCs (ILC1s), including natural killer cells, may promote adipose tissue inflammation via production of interferon‑γ, which in turn polarizes macrophages toward the M1 type. The majority of studies to date have demonstrated the pathological association between ILCs and obesity in the context of adipose tissue inflammation, whereas the roles of ILCs in other organs which participate in obesity development have not been fully characterized. Therefore, identifying the roles of all types of ILCs as central components mediating obesity‑associated inflammation, is of primary concern, and may lead to the discovery of novel preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirakrit Saetang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Surasak Sangkhathat
- Tumor Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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204
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Singh PB, Pua HH, Happ HC, Schneider C, von Moltke J, Locksley RM, Baumjohann D, Ansel KM. MicroRNA regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cell homeostasis and function in allergic inflammation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3627-3643. [PMID: 29122948 PMCID: PMC5716040 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Singh et al. examined microRNA expression and physiological requirements in type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The miR-17∼92 cluster promotes ILC2 growth, cytokine expression, and function in allergic inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exert powerful effects on immunity through coordinate regulation of multiple target genes in a wide variety of cells. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are tissue sentinel mediators of allergic inflammation. We established the physiological requirements for miRNAs in ILC2 homeostasis and immune function and compared the global miRNA repertoire of resting and activated ILC2s and T helper type 2 (TH2) cells. After exposure to the natural allergen papain, mice selectively lacking the miR-17∼92 cluster in ILC2s displayed reduced lung inflammation. Moreover, miR-17∼92–deficient ILC2s exhibited defective growth and cytokine expression in response to IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in vitro. The miR-17∼92 cluster member miR-19a promoted IL-13 and IL-5 production and inhibited expression of several targets, including SOCS1 and A20, signaling inhibitors that limit IL-13 and IL-5 production. These findings establish miRNAs as important regulators of ILC2 biology, reveal overlapping but nonidentical miRNA-regulated gene expression networks in ILC2s and TH2 cells, and reinforce the therapeutic potential of targeting miR-19 to alleviate pathogenic allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti B Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heather H Pua
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah C Happ
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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205
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Abstract
The discovery of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cell populations effecting different forms of type 1, 2, and 3 immunity; tissue repair; and immune regulation has transformed our understanding of mucosal immunity and allergy. The emerging complexity of these populations along with compounding issues of redundancy and plasticity raise intriguing questions about their precise lineage relationship. Here we review advances in mapping the emergence of these lineages from early lymphoid precursors. We discuss the identification of a common innate lymphoid cell precursor characterized by transient expression of the transcription factor PLZF, and the lineage relationships of innate lymphoid cells with conventional natural killer cells and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. We also review the rapidly growing understanding of the network of transcription factors that direct the development of these lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel E Ishizuka
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637; .,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Michael G Constantinides
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637; .,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Herman Gudjonson
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637; .,Institute of Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637; .,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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206
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Geremia A, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1296. [PMID: 29081776 PMCID: PMC5645495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestine that encompasses Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. The cause of IBD is unknown, but the evidence suggests that an aberrant immune response toward the commensal bacterial flora is responsible for disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Results from animal models of colitis and human studies indicate a role for innate lymphoid cells (ILC) in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation in IBD. ILC are a population of lymphocytes that are enriched at mucosal sites, where they play a protective role against pathogens including extracellular bacteria, helminthes, and viruses. ILC lack an antigen-specific receptor, but can respond to environmental stress signals contributing to the rapid orchestration of an early immune response. Several subsets of ILC reflecting functional characteristics of T helper subsets have been described. ILC1 express the transcription factor T-bet and are characterized by secretion of IFNγ, ILC2 are GATA3+ and secrete IL5 and IL13 and ILC3 depend on expression of RORγt and secrete IL17 and IL22. However, ILC retain a degree of plasticity depending on exposure to cytokines and environmental factors. IL23 responsive ILC have been implicated in the pathogenesis of colitis in several innate murine models through the production of IL17, IFNγ, and GM-CSF. We have previously identified IL23 responsive ILC in the human intestine and found that they accumulate in the inflamed colon and small bowel of patients with CD. Other studies have confirmed accumulation of ILC in CD with increased frequencies of IFNγ-secreting ILC1 in both the intestinal lamina propria and the epithelium. Moreover, IL23 driven IL22 producing ILC have been shown to drive bacteria-induced colitis-associated cancer in mice. Interestingly, our data show increased ILC accumulation in patients with IBD and primary sclerosing cholangitis, who carry an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. ILC may play an important amplifying role in IBD and IBD-associated cancer, through secretion of inflammatory cytokines and interaction with other immune and non-immune cells. Here, we will review the evidence indicating a role for ILC in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Geremia
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina V Arancibia-Cárcamo
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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207
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Trabanelli S, Chevalier MF, Martinez-Usatorre A, Gomez-Cadena A, Salomé B, Lecciso M, Salvestrini V, Verdeil G, Racle J, Papayannidis C, Morita H, Pizzitola I, Grandclément C, Bohner P, Bruni E, Girotra M, Pallavi R, Falvo P, Leibundgut EO, Baerlocher GM, Carlo-Stella C, Taurino D, Santoro A, Spinelli O, Rambaldi A, Giarin E, Basso G, Tresoldi C, Ciceri F, Gfeller D, Akdis CA, Mazzarella L, Minucci S, Pelicci PG, Marcenaro E, McKenzie ANJ, Vanhecke D, Coukos G, Mavilio D, Curti A, Derré L, Jandus C. Tumour-derived PGD2 and NKp30-B7H6 engagement drives an immunosuppressive ILC2-MDSC axis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:593. [PMID: 28928446 PMCID: PMC5605498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are involved in human diseases, such as allergy, atopic dermatitis and nasal polyposis, but their function in human cancer remains unclear. Here we show that, in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), ILC2s are increased and hyper-activated through the interaction of CRTH2 and NKp30 with elevated tumour-derived PGD2 and B7H6, respectively. ILC2s, in turn, activate monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) via IL-13 secretion. Upon treating APL with all-trans retinoic acid and achieving complete remission, the levels of PGD2, NKp30, ILC2s, IL-13 and M-MDSCs are restored. Similarly, disruption of this tumour immunosuppressive axis by specifically blocking PGD2, IL-13 and NKp30 partially restores ILC2 and M-MDSC levels and results in increased survival. Thus, using APL as a model, we uncover a tolerogenic pathway that may represent a relevant immunosuppressive, therapeutic targetable, mechanism operating in various human tumour types, as supported by our observations in prostate cancer.Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) modulate inflammatory and allergic responses, but their function in cancer immunity is still unclear. Here the authors show that, in acute promyelocytic leukaemia, tumour-activated ILC2s secrete IL-13 to induce myeloid-derived suppressor cells and support tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trabanelli
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Mathieu F Chevalier
- Urology Research Unit, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amaia Martinez-Usatorre
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Gomez-Cadena
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bérengère Salomé
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mariangela Lecciso
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Salvestrini
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Julien Racle
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Papayannidis
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7270, Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Irene Pizzitola
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camille Grandclément
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Perrine Bohner
- Urology Research Unit, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Bruni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | - Mukul Girotra
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Rani Pallavi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Falvo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriela M Baerlocher
- Department of Hematology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmelo Carlo-Stella
- Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Taurino
- Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | - Armando Santoro
- Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127, Bergamo, Italy.,Università Statale di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Giarin
- Dipartimento per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Dipartimento per la Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, University of Padova, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, Laboratorio Ematologia Molecolare, Biobanca Neoplasie Ematologiche, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Divisione di Ricerca di Medicina Rigenerativa, Terapia Cellulare e Genica IRCCS, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - David Gfeller
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Luca Mazzarella
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Division of Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Saverio Minucci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DI.ME.S.)-Section of Histology, and Center of Excellent of Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Dominique Vanhecke
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089, Rozzano-Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Curti
- Department of Specialistic, Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laurent Derré
- Urology Research Unit, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Biopole 3-02DB61, Ch. Des Boveresses 155, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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208
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Angkasekwinai P, Sodthawon W, Jeerawattanawart S, Hansakon A, Pattanapanyasat K, Wang YH. ILC2s activated by IL-25 promote antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 functions that contribute to the control of Trichinella spiralis infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184684. [PMID: 28898280 PMCID: PMC5595335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-25, an IL-17 family cytokine, derived from epithelial cells was shown to regulate Th2- and Th9-type immune responses. We previously reported that IL-25 was important in promoting efficient protective immunity against T. spiralis infection; however, the cellular targets of IL-25 to elicit type-2 immunity during infection have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigated IL-25-responding cells and their involvement in mediating type-2 immune response during T. spiralis infection. ILC2 and CD4+ Th2 cells residing in the gastrointestinal tract of T. spiralis infected mice were found to express high levels of surface interleukin-17 receptor B (IL-17RB), a component of the IL-25 receptor. Following T. spiralis infection, activated ILC2s upregulated surface MHCII expression and enhanced capacity of effector T helper cell in producing antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 cytokines through MHCII-dependent interactions. Reciprocally, lack of CD4+ T helper cells impaired ILC2 function to produce type 2-associated cytokines in responding to IL-25 during T. spiralis infection. Furthermore, mice deficient in IL-17RB showed markedly reduced ILC2 numbers and antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 cytokine production during T. spiralis infection. The Il17rb-/- mice failed to mount effective antigen specific Th2 and Th9 functions resulting in diminished goblet cell and mast cell responses, leading to delayed worm expulsion in the intestines and muscles. Thus, our data indicated that ILC2s and CD4+ Th2 cells are the predominant cellular targets of IL-25 following T. spiralis infection and their collaborative interactions may play a key role in mounting effective antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 cytokine responses against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Wichuda Sodthawon
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Siranart Jeerawattanawart
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Adithap Hansakon
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
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209
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Kyoizumi S, Kubo Y, Kajimura J, Yoshida K, Hayashi T, Nakachi K, Moore MA, van den Brink MRM, Kusunoki Y. Fate Decision Between Group 3 Innate Lymphoid and Conventional NK Cell Lineages by Notch Signaling in Human Circulating Hematopoietic Progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2777-2793. [PMID: 28893953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of Notch signaling in human innate lymphoid cell (ILC) differentiation is unclear, although IL-7 and IL-15 promote differentiation of natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp44+ group 3 ILCs (NCR+ILC3s) and conventional NK (cNK) cells from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) ex vivo. In this study, we analyzed the functions of Notch in the differentiation of NCR+ILC3s and cNK cells from human HPC subpopulations circulating in peripheral blood by limiting dilution and clonal assays using high-throughput flow cytometry. We demonstrated that Notch signaling in combination with IL-7 induced NCR+ILC3 differentiation, but conversely suppressed IL-15-dependent cNK cell generation in CD45RA+Flt-3-c-Kitlow, a novel innate lymphocyte-committed HPC subpopulation. In contrast, Notch signaling induced CD45RA-Flt-3+c-Kithigh multipotent HPCs to generate CD34+CD7+CD62Lhigh, the earliest thymic progenitor-like cells, which preserved high cNK/T cell potential, but lost NCR+ILC3 potential. These findings implicate the countervailing functions of Notch signaling in the fate decision between NCR+ILC3 and cNK cell lineages at different maturational stages of human HPCs. Inhibition of Notch functions by Abs specific for either the Notch1 or Notch2 negative regulatory region suggested that both Notch1 and Notch2 signals were involved in the fate decision of innate lymphocyte-committed HPCs and in the generation of earliest thymic progenitor-like cells from multipotent HPCs. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between Notch and IL-7 in NCR+ILC3 commitment was primarily explicable by the induction of IL-7 receptor expression in the innate lymphocyte-committed HPCs by Notch stimulation, suggesting the pivotal role of Notch in the transcriptional control required for human NCR+ILC3 commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seishi Kyoizumi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan;
| | - Yoshiko Kubo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Junko Kajimura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Kengo Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Kei Nakachi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
| | - Malcolm A Moore
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; and.,Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
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210
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Barik S, Miller MM, Cattin-Roy AN, Ukah TK, Chen W, Zaghouani H. IL-4/IL-13 Signaling Inhibits the Potential of Early Thymic Progenitors To Commit to the T Cell Lineage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2767-2776. [PMID: 28893952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early thymic progenitors (ETPs) are endowed with diverse potencies and can give rise to myeloid and lymphoid lineage progenitors. How the thymic environment guides ETP commitment and maturation toward a specific lineage remains obscure. We have previously shown that ETPs expressing the heteroreceptor (HR) comprising IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα1 give rise to myeloid cells but not T cells. In this article, we show that signaling through the HR inhibits ETP maturation to the T cell lineage but enacts commitment toward the myeloid cells. Indeed, HR+ ETPs, but not HR- ETPs, exhibit activated STAT6 transcription factor, which parallels with downregulation of Notch1, a critical factor for T cell development. Meanwhile, the myeloid-specific transcription factor C/EBPα, usually under the control of Notch1, is upregulated. Furthermore, in vivo inhibition of STAT6 phosphorylation restores Notch1 expression in HR+ ETPs, which regain T lineage potential. In addition, upon stimulation with IL-4 or IL-13, HR- ETPs expressing virally transduced HR also exhibit STAT6 phosphorylation and downregulation of Notch1, leading to inhibition of lymphoid, but not myeloid, lineage potential. These observations indicate that environmental cytokines play a role in conditioning ETP lineage choice, which would impact T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Barik
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Mindy M Miller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Alexis N Cattin-Roy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Tobechukwu K Ukah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Weirong Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - Habib Zaghouani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212; .,Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212; and.,Department of Neurology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
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211
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Cortés A, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Th2 and Th1 Responses: Clear and Hidden Sides of Immunity Against Intestinal Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:678-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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212
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Bagnasco D, Ferrando M, Varricchi G, Puggioni F, Passalacqua G, Canonica GW. Anti-Interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-5Ra Biological Drugs: Efficacy, Safety, and Future Perspectives in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:135. [PMID: 28913336 PMCID: PMC5583162 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of asthma has changed considerably in recent years, to the extent that asthma is no longer considered a single disease but a heterogeneous disorder that includes several phenotypes and, possibly, endotypes. A more detailed analysis of the immunological mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of asthma shows interleukin 5 (IL-5) to be a crucial cytokine in several asthma phenotypes. In fact, IL-5 exerts selective action on eosinophils, which, in turn, sustain airway inflammation and worsen asthma symptoms and control. Clinical trials have shown drugs targeting IL-5 or its receptor alpha subunit (IL-5Ra) to be a promising therapeutic approach to severe asthma, whose characteristics render standard therapy of little use: systemic corticosteroids only partially control the disease and have well-known adverse effects, and omalizumab is used for allergic subtypes. Analysis of the design process of clinical trials reveals the importance of patient selection, taking into account both clinical data (e.g., exacerbations, lung function, and quality of life) and biomarkers (e.g., eosinophils, which are predictive of therapeutic response).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bagnasco
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrando
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Puggioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Disease Clinic, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, DIMI Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Disease Clinic, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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213
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Laffont S, Blanquart E, Guéry JC. Sex Differences in Asthma: A Key Role of Androgen-Signaling in Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1069. [PMID: 28912783 PMCID: PMC5583151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and also allergy differentially affect women and men. In general, women develop strongest immune responses and thus the proportion of infected individuals and the severity of many viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections are increased in men. However, heightened immunity in women makes them more susceptible than men to autoimmunity and allergy. While sex differences in immunity are well documented, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these immunological differences, particularly in allergic asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways mediated by exacerbated type 2 immune responses. Sex differences have been reported in the incidence, prevalence, and severity of asthma. While during childhood, males are more susceptible to asthma than females, there is a switch at the onset of puberty as for many other allergic diseases. This decrease of asthma incidence around puberty in males suggests that hormonal mediators could play a protective role in the susceptibility to allergic responses in male. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have recently emerged as critical players in the initiation of allergic responses, but also in the resolution of parasitic infection, through their capacity to rapidly and potently produce type 2 cytokines. This review will cover the current understanding of the impact of sex-linked factors in allergic inflammation, with a particular focus on the role of sex hormones on the development and function of tissue-resident ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Laffont
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Blanquart
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Guéry
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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214
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Dai J, Choo MK, Park JM, Fisher DE. Topical ROR Inverse Agonists Suppress Inflammation in Mouse Models of Atopic Dermatitis and Acute Irritant Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2523-2531. [PMID: 28774591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors RORα and RORγ are critical for the functions of specific subsets of T cells and innate lymphoid cells, which are key drivers of inflammatory disease in barrier tissues. Here, we investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of SR1001, a synthetic RORα/γ inverse agonist, in mouse models of atopic dermatitis and acute irritant dermatitis. Topical treatment with SR1001 reduces epidermal and dermal features of MC903-induced atopic dermatitis-like disease and suppresses the production of type 2 cytokines and other inflammatory mediators in lesional skin. In the epidermis, SR1001 treatment blocks MC903-induced expression of TSLP and reverses impaired keratinocyte differentiation. SR1001 is also effective in alleviating acute dermatitis triggered by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Overall, our results suggest that RORα/γ are important therapeutic targets for cutaneous inflammation and suggest topical usage of inhibitory ligands as an approach to treating skin diseases of inflammatory etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Min-Kyung Choo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Mo Park
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
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215
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Wang Z, Xiong F, Wang X, Qi Y, Yu H, Zhu Y, Zhu H. Nuclear receptor retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha promotes apoptosis but is reduced in human gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11105-11113. [PMID: 28052040 PMCID: PMC5355250 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is a nuclear receptor, which regulates inflammation and immune responses, lipid metabolism and circadian rhythm. Although RORα suppresses breast tumor invasion, it is unknown whether RORα is dysregulated in gastric cancer leading to cellular survival. Therefore, we hypothesize that RORα is dysfunctional in gastric carcinoma and this causes decreased apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we employed human gastric cancer tissues with different stages to determine RORα expression, as well as in vitro human gastric cancer cells to determine how RORα is reduced during apoptosis. We found that the expression of RORα was reduced in gastric tissues with cancer, and this correlated with increased TNM stages. The mechanisms underlying RORα reduction is due to the reduced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as a selective AMPK activator AICAR increased RORα activation and level in human gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, AICAR treatment increased RORα recruitment on the promoters of tumor suppressor genes (i.e., FBXM7, SEMA3F and p21) leading to apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. Taken together, RORα reduction occurs in gastric cancer leading to the survival of tumor cells, which is attenuated by AMPK. Therefore, both RORα and AMPK are potential targets for the intervention and therapy in gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Wang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Xiong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Qi
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Haoyuan Yu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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216
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Forkel M, Berglin L, Kekäläinen E, Carlsson A, Svedin E, Michaëlsson J, Nagasawa M, Erjefält JS, Mori M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Bergquist A, Ljunggren HG, Westgren M, Lindforss U, Friberg D, Jorns C, Ellis E, Björkström NK, Mjösberg J. Composition and functionality of the intrahepatic innate lymphoid cell-compartment in human nonfibrotic and fibrotic livers. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1280-1294. [PMID: 28613415 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human innate lymphoid cells have been described to exist in different organs, with functional deregulation of these cells contributing to several disease states. Here, we performed the first detailed characterization of the phenotype, tissue-residency properties, and functionality of ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s in the human adult and fetal liver. In addition, we investigated changes in the ILC compartment in liver fibrosis. A unique composition of tissue-resident ILCs was observed in nonfibrotic livers as compared with that in mucosal tissues, with NKp44- ILC3s accounting for the majority of total intrahepatic ILCs. The frequency of ILC2s, representing a small fraction of ILCs in nonfibrotic livers, increased in liver fibrosis and correlated directly with the severity of the disease. Notably, intrahepatic ILC2s secreted the profibrotic cytokine IL-13 when exposed to IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP); these cytokines were produced by hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and Kupffer cells in response to TLR-3 stimulation. In summary, the present results provide the first detailed characterization of intrahepatic ILCs in human adult and fetal liver. The results indicate a role for ILC2s in human liver fibrosis, implying that targeting ILC2s might be a novel therapeutic strategy for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Forkel
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Berglin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian Carlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Svedin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maho Nagasawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas S Erjefält
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michiko Mori
- Unit of Airway Inflammation, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Annika Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Westgren
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lindforss
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute and Center for Digestive Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danielle Friberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, CLINTEC, KI, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Jorns
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
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217
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells are functionally diverse subsets of immune cells including the conventional natural killer cells, lymphoid tissue inducers, type 1, 2, and 3 with significant roles in immunity and pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) resemble type 2 helper (Th2) cells in cytokine production and contribute to anti-helminth immunity, maintaining mucosal tissue integrity, and adipose tissue browning. ILC2s play important roles in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and asthma. Studying the pathways of activation and regulation of ILC2s are currently a priority for giving a better understanding of pathogenesis of diseases with immunological roots. Recently, our laboratory and others have shown several pathways of regulation of ILC2s by co-stimulatory molecules such as ICOS, regulatory T cells and by compounds such as nicotine. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms of activation and regulation of ILC2s and the role of these cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Maazi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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218
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Allan DSJ, Cerdeira AS, Ranjan A, Kirkham CL, Aguilar OA, Tanaka M, Childs RW, Dunbar CE, Strominger JL, Kopcow HD, Carlyle JR. Transcriptome analysis reveals similarities between human blood CD3 - CD56 bright cells and mouse CD127 + innate lymphoid cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3501. [PMID: 28615725 PMCID: PMC5471261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, human peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells have been divided into functionally distinct CD3− CD56bright CD16− and CD3− CD56dim CD16+ subsets. Recently, several groups of innate lymphoid cells (ILC), distinct from NK cells in development and function, have been defined in mouse. A signature of genes present in mouse ILC except NK cells, defined by Immunological Genome Project studies, is significantly over-represented in human CD56bright cells, by gene set enrichment analysis. Conversely, the signature genes of mouse NK cells are enriched in human CD56dim cells. Correlations are based upon large differences in expression of a few key genes. CD56bright cells show preferential expression of ILC-associated IL7R (CD127), TNFSF10 (TRAIL), KIT (CD117), IL2RA (CD25), CD27, CXCR3, DPP4 (CD26), GPR183, and MHC class II transcripts and proteins. This could indicate an ontological relationship between human CD56bright cells and mouse CD127+ ILC, or conserved networks of transcriptional regulation. In line with the latter hypothesis, among transcription factors known to impact ILC or NK cell development, GATA3, TCF7 (TCF-1), AHR, SOX4, RUNX2, and ZEB1 transcript levels are higher in CD56bright cells, while IKZF3 (AIOLOS), TBX21 (T-bet), NFIL3 (E4BP4), ZEB2, PRDM1 (BLIMP1), and RORA mRNA levels are higher in CD56dim cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S J Allan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Ana Sofia Cerdeira
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anuisa Ranjan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina L Kirkham
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oscar A Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard W Childs
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia E Dunbar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack L Strominger
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hernan D Kopcow
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James R Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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219
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Liu M, Zhang C. The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Immune-Mediated Liver Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:695. [PMID: 28659927 PMCID: PMC5468686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently identified group of innate immune cells lacking antigen-specific receptors that can mediate immune responses and regulate tissue homeostasis and inflammation. ILCs comprise group 1 ILCs, group 2 ILCs, and group 3 ILCs. These ILCs usually localize at mucosal surfaces and combat pathogens by the rapid release of certain cytokines. However, the uncontrolled activation of ILCs can also lead to damaging inflammation, especially in the gut, lung, and skin. Although the physiological and pathogenic roles of ILCs in liver diseases have been attracting increasing attention recently, there has been no systematic review regarding the roles of ILCs in immune-mediated liver diseases. Here, we review the relationships between the ILC subsets and their functions in immune-mediated liver diseases, and discuss their therapeutic potential based on current knowledge about the functional roles of these cells in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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220
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Abstract
Solid organ and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation have become standard therapeutic interventions that save patient lives and improve quality of life. Our enhanced understanding of transplantation immunobiology has refined clinical management and improved outcomes. However, organ rejection and graft-versus-host disease remain major obstacles to the broader successful application of these therapeutic procedures. Notch signaling regulates multiple aspects of adaptive and innate immunity. Preclinical studies identified Notch signaling as a promising target in autoimmune diseases, as well as after allogeneic hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantation. Notch was found to be a central regulator of alloreactivity across clinically relevant models of transplantation. Notch inhibition in T cells prevented graft-versus-host disease and organ rejection, establishing organ tolerance by skewing CD4 T helper polarization away from a proinflammatory response toward suppressive regulatory T cells. Notch ligand blockade also dampened alloantibody deposition and prevented chronic rejection through humoral mechanisms. Toxicities of systemic Notch blockade were observed with γ-secretase inhibitors in preclinical and early clinical trials across different indications, but they did not arise upon preclinical targeting of Delta-like Notch ligands, a strategy sufficient to confer full benefits of Notch ablation in T cell alloimmunity. Because multiple clinical grade reagents have been developed to target individual Notch ligands and receptors, the benefits of Notch blockade in transplantation are calling for translation of preclinical findings into human transplantation medicine.
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221
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Zhang M, Wan J, Xu Y, Zhang D, Peng J, Qi C, Guo Q, Xia S, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. Simultaneously increased expression of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor and its ligand contributes to increased interleukin-5/13-producing group 2 innate lymphocytes in murine asthma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4291-4299. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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222
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Wu Y, Yan Y, Su Z, Bie Q, Chen X, Barnie PA, Guo Q, Wang S, Xu H. Enhanced circulating ILC2s and MDSCs may contribute to ensure maintenance of Th2 predominant in patients with lung cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4374-4381. [PMID: 28487978 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were demonstrated to be involved in the initiation and coordination of type 2 T helper cell (Th2) responses. Myeloid‑derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have received a great deal of attention for their role in creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer‑bearing hosts. However, the contributions of ILC2s in the occurrence and development of lung cancer, and the association between ILC2s and Th2 or MDSCs in lung cancer remain to be elucidated. In the present study, 36 patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer based on the guidelines of the International Union Against Cancer Tumor Node Metastasis were included. The frequencies of ILC2s and MDSCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined, and the mRNA expression levels of ILC2s or Th2‑related transcription factors and cytokines, and MDSCs‑related products were assessed. The results demonstrated that the frequencies of the circulatory ILC2s and MDSCs were enhanced in lung cancer patients, as were ILC2‑related transcription factors and cytokines in peripheral blood. A positive correlation was identified between the Th2‑dominated phenotype and the expression levels of ILC2s‑associated cytokines or transcription factors. In addition, increased autophagy related 1 was closely associated with Th2‑associated transcription factors. It was demonstrated that ILC2s and MDSCs were clearly upregulated and accompanied by a predominant Th2 phenotype in patients with lung cancer; this may lead to new immunotherapy approaches for lung cancer based on the associated metabolites and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yulan Yan
- Department of Pulmonology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qingli Bie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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223
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Rajput C, Cui T, Han M, Lei J, Hinde JL, Wu Q, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB. RORα-dependent type 2 innate lymphoid cells are required and sufficient for mucous metaplasia in immature mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L983-L993. [PMID: 28360114 PMCID: PMC5495952 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00368.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life wheezing-associated respiratory tract infection by rhinovirus (RV) is considered a risk factor for asthma development. We have shown that RV infection of 6-day-old BALB/c mice, but not mature mice, induces an asthmalike phenotype that is associated with an increase in the population of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and dependent on IL-13 and IL-25. We hypothesize that ILC2s are required and sufficient for development of the asthmalike phenotype in immature mice. Mice were infected with RV1B on day 6 of life and treated with vehicle or a chemical inhibitor of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-α (RORα), SR3335 (15 mg·kg-1·day-1 ip for 7 days). We also infected Rorasg/sg mice without functional ILC2s. ILC2s were identified as negative for lineage markers and positive for cluster of differentiation 25 (CD25)/IL-2Rα and CD127/IL-7Rα. Effects of SR3335 on proliferation and function of cultured ILC2s were determined. Finally, sorted ILC2s were transferred into naïve mice, and lungs were harvested 14 days later for assessment of gene expression and histology. SR3335 decreased the number of RV-induced lung lineage-negative, CD25+, CD127+ ILC2s in immature mice. SR3335 also attenuated lung mRNA expression of IL-13, Muc5ac, and Gob5 as well as mucous metaplasia. We also found reduced expansion of ILC2s in RV-infected Rorasg/sg mice. SR3335 also blocked IL-25 and IL-33-induced ILC2 proliferation and IL-13 production ex vivo. Finally, adoptive transfer of ILC2s led to development of asthmalike phenotype in immature and adult mice. RORα-dependent ILC2s are required and sufficient for type 2 cytokine expression and mucous metaplasia in immature mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Rajput
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Tracy Cui
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Jing Lei
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Joanna L Hinde
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - J Kelley Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Marc B Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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224
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Bando JK, Colonna M. Innate lymphoid cell function in the context of adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol 2017; 17:783-9. [PMID: 27328008 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of innate immune cells that have diverse functions during homeostasis and disease. Subsets of ILCs have phenotypes that mirror those of polarized helper T cell subsets in their expression of core transcription factors and effector cytokines. Given the similarities between these two classes of lymphocytes, it is important to understand which functions of ILCs are specialized and which are redundant with those of T cells. Here we discuss genetic mouse models that have been used to delineate the contributions of ILCs versus those of T cells and review the current understanding of the specialized in vivo functions of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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225
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Development of innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 17:775-82. [PMID: 27328007 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of immune effector cells that have important roles in host defense, metabolic homeostasis and tissue repair but can also contribute to inflammatory diseases such as asthma and colitis. These cells can be categorized into three groups on the basis of the transcription factors that direct their function and the cytokines they produce, which parallel the effector functions of T lymphocytes. The hierarchy of cell-fate-restriction events that occur as common lymphoid progenitors become committed to each of the ILC lineages further underscores the relationship between these innate immune cells and T lymphocytes. In this Review we discuss the developmental program of ILCs and transcription factors that guide ILC lineage specification and commitment.
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226
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Filbey K, Bouchery T, Le Gros G. The role of ILC2 in hookworm infection. Parasite Immunol 2017; 40. [PMID: 28369954 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hookworm is a major public health concern, yet still relatively little is known about the immunological responses involved in human infection. Animal studies are mainly confined to using the natural rodent helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis as this has been proposed as the most accurate model of hookworm infection in the mouse, with both its life cycle and the immune responses it invokes having been extremely well characterized. In this review, we examine the roles that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play in immunity and host tolerance to hookworm infection, particularly N. brasiliensis. This includes their role in the initiation and regulation of immune responses, as well as in the resolution and limitation of tissue damage required after an infection with a large organism, such as a helminth.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Filbey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - T Bouchery
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Le Gros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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227
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Vogel P, Janke L, Gravano DM, Lu M, Sawant DV, Bush D, Shuyu E, Vignali DAA, Pillai A, Rehg JE. Globule Leukocytes and Other Mast Cells in the Mouse Intestine. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:76-97. [PMID: 28494703 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817705174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Only 2 major mast cell (MC) subtypes are commonly recognized in the mouse: the large connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs) and the mucosal mast cells (MMCs). Interepithelial mucosal inflammatory cells, most commonly identified as globule leukocytes (GLs), represent a third MC subtype in mice, which we term interepithelial mucosal mast cells (ieMMCs). This term clearly distinguishes ieMMCs from lamina proprial MMCs (lpMMCs) while clearly communicating their common MC lineage. Both lpMMCs and ieMMCs are rare in normal mouse intestinal mucosa, but increased numbers of ieMMCs are seen as part of type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminth infections and in food allergies. Interestingly, we found that increased ieMMCs were consistently associated with decreased mucosal inflammation and damage, suggesting that they might have a role in controlling helminth-induced immunopathology. We also found that ieMMC hyperplasia can develop in the absence of helminth infections, for example, in Treg-deficient mice, Arf null mice, some nude mice, and certain graft-vs-host responses. Since tuft cell hyperplasia plays a critical role in type 2 immune responses to intestinal helminths, we looked for (but did not find) any direct relationship between ieMMC and tuft cell numbers in the intestinal mucosa. Much remains to be learned about the differing functions of ieMMCs and lpMMCs in the intestinal mucosa, but an essential step in deciphering their roles in mucosal immune responses will be to apply immunohistochemistry methods to consistently and accurately identify them in tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vogel
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Laura Janke
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Meifen Lu
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Deepali V Sawant
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dorothy Bush
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Shuyu
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- 3 Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Asha Pillai
- 4 University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- 1 Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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228
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Thiriou D, Morianos I, Xanthou G, Samitas K. Innate immunity as the orchestrator of allergic airway inflammation and resolution in asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 48:43-54. [PMID: 28463786 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system is constantly in direct contact with the environment and, has therefore, developed strong innate and adaptive immune responses to combat pathogens. Unlike adaptive immunity which is mounted later in the course of the immune response and is naive at the outset, innate immunity provides the first line of defense against microbial agents, while also promoting resolution of inflammation. In the airways, innate immune effector cells mainly consist of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, basophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells and innate lymphoid cells, which attack pathogens directly or indirectly through the release of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides, and coordinate T and B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. Airway epithelial cells are also critically involved in shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Chronic allergic airway inflammation and linked asthmatic disease is often considered a result of aberrant activation of type 2 T helper cells (Th2) towards innocuous environmental allergens; however, innate immune cells are increasingly recognized as key players responsible for the initiation and the perpetuation of allergic responses. Moreover, innate cells participate in immune response regulation through the release of anti-inflammatory mediators, and guide tissue repair and the maintenance of airway homeostasis. The scope of this review is to outline existing knowledge on innate immune responses involved in allergic airway inflammation, highlight current gaps in our understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms and discuss the potential use of innate effector cells in new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Thiriou
- 2(nd) Respiratory Medicine Dept., Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Morianos
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Samitas
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece; 7(th) Respiratory Medicine Dept. and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital "Sotiria", Athens, Greece.
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229
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Differences in the Importance of Mast Cells, Basophils, IgE, and IgG versus That of CD4 + T Cells and ILC2 Cells in Primary and Secondary Immunity to Strongyloides venezuelensis. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00053-17. [PMID: 28264908 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that mast cells, basophils, and IgE can contribute to immune responses to parasites; however, the relative levels of importance of these effector elements in parasite immunity are not fully understood. Previous work in Il3-deficient and c-kit mutant KitW/W-v mice indicated that interleukin-3 and c-Kit contribute to expulsion of the intestinal nematode Strongyloides venezuelensis during primary infection. Our findings in mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice and two types of mast cell-deficient mice that have normal c-kit ("Hello Kitty" and MasTRECK mice) confirmed prior work in KitW/W-v mice that suggested that mast cells play an important role in S. venezuelensis egg clearance in primary infections. We also assessed a possible contribution of basophils in immune responses to S. venezuelensis By immunohistochemistry, we found that numbers of basophils and mast cells were markedly increased in the jejunal mucosa during primary infections with S. venezuelensis Studies in basophil-deficient Mcpt8DTR mice revealed a small but significant contribution of basophils to S. venezuelensis egg clearance in primary infections. Studies in mice deficient in various components of immune responses showed that CD4+ T cells and ILC2 cells, IgG, FcRγ, and, to a lesser extent, IgE and FcεRI contribute to effective immunity in primary S. venezuelensis infections. These findings support the conclusion that the hierarchy of importance of immune effector mechanisms in primary S. venezuelensis infection is as follows: CD4+ T cells/ILC2 cells, IgG, and FcRγ>mast cells>IgE and FcεRI>basophils. In contrast, in secondary S. venezuelensis infection, our evidence indicates that the presence of CD4+ T cells is of critical importance but mast cells, antibodies, and basophils have few or no nonredundant roles.
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230
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Zhong C, Zhu J. Transcriptional regulators dictate innate lymphoid cell fates. Protein Cell 2017; 8:242-254. [PMID: 28108952 PMCID: PMC5359184 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on innate lymphoid cells (ILC) has recently been a fast paced topic of immunological research. As ILCs are able to produce signature Th cytokine, ILCs have garnered considerable attention and have been described to represent the innate counterpart of the CD4+ T helper (Th) cells. The development and function of ILCs are precisely regulated by a network of crucial transcription factors, which are also involved in the development or differentiation of conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and T cells. In this review, we will summarize the key transcriptional regulators and their functions through each phases of ILC development. With the phase of ILC lineage commitment, we will focus in particular on the roles of the transcription regulators Id2 and GATA-3, which in collaboration with other transcriptional factors, are critically involved in the generation of ILC fate determined progenitors. Once an ILC lineage has been established, several other transcription factors are required for the specification and functional regulation of distinct mature ILC subsets. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the interactions and regulatory mechanisms mediated by these transcription factors will help us to further understand how ILCs exert their helper-like functions and bridge the innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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231
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Matsuki A, Takatori H, Makita S, Yokota M, Tamachi T, Suto A, Suzuki K, Hirose K, Nakajima H. T-bet inhibits innate lymphoid cell–mediated eosinophilic airway inflammation by suppressing IL-9 production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1355-1367.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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232
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IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP induce a distinct phenotypic and activation profile in human type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Blood Adv 2017; 1:577-589. [PMID: 29296700 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016002352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) represent a distinct branch of the lymphoid lineage composed of 3 major subpopulations: ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3. ILCs are mainly described as tissue-resident cells but can be detected at low levels in human blood. However, unlike mouse ILCs, there is still no consistent methodology to purify and culture these cells that enables in-depth analysis of their intrinsic biology. Here, we describe defined culture conditions for ILC2s, which allowed us to dissect the roles of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) individually, or in combination, in modulating ILC2 phenotype and function. We show that TSLP is important for ILC2 survival, while ILC2 activation is more dependent on IL-33, especially when in combination with IL-2 or TSLP. We found that activation of ILC2s by IL-33 and TSLP dramatically upregulated their surface expression of c-Kit and downregulated expression of the canonical markers IL-7Rα and CRTH2. IL-2 further amplified ILC2 production of IL-5, IL-13, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor but also induced a more natural killer (NK)-like phenotype in ILC2, with upregulation of granzyme B production by these cells. Furthermore, ILC2 plasticity was observed in serum-free SFEM II media in response to IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP stimulation and independently of IL-12 and IL-1β. This is the first comprehensive report of an in vitro culture system for human ILC2s, without the use of feeder layers, which additionally evaluates the impact of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP alone or in combination on ILC2 surface phenotype and activation status.
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233
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Lim AI, Verrier T, Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP. Developmental options and functional plasticity of innate lymphoid cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 44:61-68. [PMID: 28359987 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are lineage- and antigen receptor-negative lymphocytes including natural killer (NK) cells and at least three distinguishable cell subsets (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3) that rapidly produce cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-22) upon activation. As such, ILCs can act as first-line defenders in the context of infection, inflammation and cancer. Because of the strong conservation between the expression of key transcription factors that can drive signature cytokine outputs in ILCs and differentiated helper T cells, it has been proposed that ILCs represent innate counterparts of the latter. Several distinct ILC precursors (ILCP) with pan-ILC (giving rise to all ILCs) or subset-restricted potentials have been described in both mouse and man. How and where these different ILCP give rise to more mature tissue-resident ILCs remains unclear. Recently, environmental signals have been shown to epigenetically influence canonical ILC differentiation pathways, generating substantial functional plasticity. These new results suggest that while ILC differentiation may be 'fixed' in principle, it remains 'flexible' in practice. A more comprehensive knowledge in the molecular mechanisms that regulate ILC development and effector functions may allow for therapeutic manipulation of ILCs for diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ing Lim
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Verrier
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christian Aj Vosshenrich
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75724 Paris, France.
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234
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Kiehn JT, Tsang AH, Heyde I, Leinweber B, Kolbe I, Leliavski A, Oster H. Circadian Rhythms in Adipose Tissue Physiology. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:383-427. [PMID: 28333377 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The different types of adipose tissues fulfill a wide range of biological functions-from energy storage to hormone secretion and thermogenesis-many of which show pronounced variations over the course of the day. Such 24-h rhythms in physiology and behavior are coordinated by endogenous circadian clocks found in all tissues and cells, including adipocytes. At the molecular level, these clocks are based on interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops comprised of a set of clock genes/proteins. Tissue-specific clock-controlled transcriptional programs translate time-of-day information into physiologically relevant signals. In adipose tissues, clock gene control has been documented for adipocyte proliferation and differentiation, lipid metabolism as well as endocrine function and other adipose oscillations are under control of systemic signals tied to endocrine, neuronal, or behavioral rhythms. Circadian rhythm disruption, for example, by night shift work or through genetic alterations, is associated with changes in adipocyte metabolism and hormone secretion. At the same time, adipose metabolic state feeds back to central and peripheral clocks, adjusting behavioral and physiological rhythms. In this overview article, we summarize our current knowledge about the crosstalk between circadian clocks and energy metabolism with a focus on adipose physiology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:383-427, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana-Thabea Kiehn
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony H Tsang
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isabel Heyde
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Brinja Leinweber
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isa Kolbe
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexei Leliavski
- Institute of Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Chronophysiology Group, Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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235
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Wang HC, Qian L, Zhao Y, Mengarelli J, Adrianto I, Montgomery CG, Urban JF, Fung KM, Sun XH. Downregulation of E Protein Activity Augments an ILC2 Differentiation Program in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3149-3156. [PMID: 28258196 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are important regulators in various immune responses. The current paradigm states that all newly made ILCs originate from common lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow. Id2, an inhibitor of E protein transcription factors, is indispensable for ILC differentiation. Unexpectedly, we found that ectopically expressing Id1 or deleting two E protein genes in the thymus drastically increased ILC2 counts in the thymus and other organs where ILC2 normally reside. Further evidence suggests a thymic origin of these mutant ILC2s. The mutant mice exhibit augmented spontaneous infiltration of eosinophils and heightened responses to papain in the lung and increased ability to expulse the helminth parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis These results prompt the questions of whether the thymus naturally has the capacity to produce ILC2s and whether E proteins restrain such a potential. The abundance of ILC2s in Id1 transgenic mice also offers a unique opportunity for testing the biological functions of ILC2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Cheng Wang
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Liangyue Qian
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Ying Zhao
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Joni Mengarelli
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Indra Adrianto
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Courtney G Montgomery
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705; and
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Program in Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104;
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236
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Kmieć Z, Cyman M, Ślebioda TJ. Cells of the innate and adaptive immunity and their interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:1-16. [PMID: 28126697 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that includes two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by different clinical features and different course of the immune response. The exact aetiology of IBD still remains unknown, although it is thought that the diseases result from an excessive immune response directed against microbial or environmentally derived antigens which can be triggered by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. In this review we present immune mechanisms and interactions between cells of the immune system and tissue environment that contribute to the development and progression of IBD in humans. Since dysregulation of the intestinal immune response is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory conditions, we characterize cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their cross-talks. We describe various subclasses of recently discovered innate lymphoid cells, as well as dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells, including Th17, Th22 and T regulatory cells, present in the intestinal lamina propria and cytokine-mediated regulation of the immune response in IBD, highlighting the role of IL-22 and IL-17A/IL-23 axis. Insights into novel therapeutic modalities targeting certain elements of the immune pathways important for the pathogenesis of IBD have been also shortly presented.
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237
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Hematopoietic Processes in Eosinophilic Asthma. Chest 2017; 152:410-416. [PMID: 28130045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway eosinophilia is a hallmark of allergic asthma, and understanding mechanisms that promote increases in lung eosinophil numbers is important for effective pharmacotherapeutic development. It has become evident that expansion of hematopoietic compartments in the bone marrow (BM) promotes differentiation and trafficking of mature eosinophils to the airways. Hematopoietic progenitor cells egress the BM and home to the lungs, where in situ differentiation within the tissue provides an ongoing source of proinflammatory cells. In addition, hematopoietic progenitor cells in the airways can respond to locally derived alarmins to produce a panoply of cytokines, thereby themselves acting as effector proinflammatory cells that potentiate type 2 responses in eosinophilic asthma. In this review, we provide evidence for these findings and discuss novel targets for modulating eosinophilopoietic processes, migration, and effector function of precursor cells.
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238
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Ting HA, Schaller MA, de Almeida Nagata DE, Rasky AJ, Maillard IP, Lukacs NW. Notch Ligand Delta-like 4 Promotes Regulatory T Cell Identity in Pulmonary Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1492-1502. [PMID: 28077598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells establish tolerance, prevent inflammation at mucosal surfaces, and regulate immunopathology during infectious responses. Recent studies have shown that Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) was upregulated on APC after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and its inhibition leads to exaggerated immunopathology. In the present study, we outline the role of Dll4 in Treg cell differentiation, stability, and function in RSV infection. We found that Dll4 was expressed on CD11b+ pulmonary dendritic cells in the lung and draining lymph nodes in wild-type BALB/c mice after RSV infection. Dll4 neutralization exacerbated RSV-induced disease pathology, mucus production, group 2 innate lymphoid cell infiltration, IL-5 and IL-13 production, as well as IL-17A+ CD4 T cells. Dll4 inhibition decreased the abundance of CD62LhiCD44loFoxp3+ central Treg cells in draining lymph nodes. The RSV-induced disease was accompanied by an increase in Th17-like effector phenotype in Foxp3+ Treg cells and a decrease in granzyme B expression after Dll4 blockade. Finally, Dll4-exposed induced Treg cells maintained the CD62LhiCD44lo central Treg cell phenotype, had increased Foxp3 expression, became more suppressive, and were resistant to Th17 skewing in vitro. These results suggest that Dll4 activation during differentiation sustained Treg cell phenotype and function to control RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-An Ting
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | | | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ivan P Maillard
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
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239
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Abstract
IL-9 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in certain immune-mediated diseases where chronic or acute inflammation of the mucosa plays an important role. Although initially described as being produced by what was then thought to be Th2 cells, it was later described that specialized lymphocyte populations are involved in IL-9 production. In addition to the classical Th9 effector (subset of CD4+ T cells), IL-9 is also produced by nonconventional lymphocytes, namely invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The identification of IL-9-producing cells by flow cytometry and cytokine measurements are pivotal for assigning and defining functional cellular phenotypes. In this chapter we provide methods for the in vitro polarization of IL-9-producing nonconventional lymphocytes and the best conditions for the detection of IL-9 production by intracellular staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C P Almeida
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-025, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis Graca
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-025, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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240
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Gronke K, Kofoed-Nielsen M, Diefenbach A. Isolation and Flow Cytometry Analysis of Innate Lymphoid Cells from the Intestinal Lamina Propria. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1559:255-265. [PMID: 28063049 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6786-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa constitutes the biggest surface area of the body. It is constantly challenged by bacteria, commensal and pathogenic, protozoa, and food-derived irritants. In order to maintain homeostasis, a complex network of signaling circuits has evolved that includes contributions of immune cells. In recent years a subset of lymphocytes, which belong to the innate immune system, has caught particular attention. These so-called innate lymphoid cells (ILC) reside within the lamina propria of the small and large intestines and rapidly respond to environmental challenges. They provide immunity to various types of infections but may also contribute to organ homeostasis as they produce factors acting on epithelial cells thereby enhancing barrier integrity. Here, we describe how these cells can be isolated from their environment and provide an in-depth protocol how to visualize the various ILC subsets by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gronke
- Research Centre for Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kofoed-Nielsen
- Research Centre for Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Research Centre for Immunology and Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,Institute of Microbiology, Charité - University Medical Centre Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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241
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Bodofsky S, Koitz F, Wightman B. CONSERVED AND EXAPTED FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2017; 4:101305. [PMID: 29333434 PMCID: PMC5761748 DOI: 10.11131/2017/101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor gene family includes 18 members that are broadly conserved among multiple disparate animal phyla, indicating that they trace their evolutionary origins to the time at which animal life arose. Typical nuclear receptors contain two major domains: a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal domain that may bind a lipophilic hormone. Many of these nuclear receptors play varied roles in animal development, including coordination of life cycle events and cellular differentiation. The well-studied genetic model systems of Drosophila, C. elegans, and mouse permit an evaluation of the extent to which nuclear receptor function in development is conserved or exapted (repurposed) over animal evolution. While there are some specific examples of conserved functions and pathways, there are many clear examples of exaptation. Overall, the evolutionary theme of exaptation appears to be favored over strict functional conservation. Despite strong conservation of DNA-binding domain sequences and activity, the nuclear receptors prove to be highly-flexible regulators of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari Bodofsky
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, 2400 Chew St., Allentown, PA 18104
| | - Francine Koitz
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, 2400 Chew St., Allentown, PA 18104
| | - Bruce Wightman
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, 2400 Chew St., Allentown, PA 18104
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242
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Roles of RUNX Complexes in Immune Cell Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:395-413. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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243
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Abstract
The family of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) has attracted attention in recent years as its members are important regulators of immunity, while they can also cause pathology. In both mouse and man, ILCs were initially discovered in developing lymph nodes as lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. These cells form the prototypic members of the ILC family and play a central role in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). In the absence of LTi cells, lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's Patches (PP) fail to form in mice, although the splenic white pulp can develop normally. Besides LTi cells, the ILC family encompasses helper-like ILCs with functional distinctions as seen by T-helper cells, as well as cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells. ILCs are still present in adult SLOs where they have been shown to play a role in lymphoid tissue regeneration. Furthermore, ILCs were implicated to interact with adaptive lymphocytes and influence the adaptive immune response. Here, we review the recent literature on the role of ILCs in secondary lymphoid tissue from the formation of SLOs to mature SLOs in adults, during homeostasis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam E Bar-Ephraïm
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reina E Mebius
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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244
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Rothenberg EV, Kueh HY, Yui MA, Zhang JA. Hematopoiesis and T-cell specification as a model developmental system. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:72-97. [PMID: 27088908 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathway to generate T cells from hematopoietic stem cells guides progenitors through a succession of fate choices while balancing differentiation progression against proliferation, stage to stage. Many elements of the regulatory system that controls this process are known, but the requirement for multiple, functionally distinct transcription factors needs clarification in terms of gene network architecture. Here, we compare the features of the T-cell specification system with the rule sets underlying two other influential types of gene network models: first, the combinatorial, hierarchical regulatory systems that generate the orderly, synchronized increases in complexity in most invertebrate embryos; second, the dueling 'master regulator' systems that are commonly used to explain bistability in microbial systems and in many fate choices in terminal differentiation. The T-cell specification process shares certain features with each of these prevalent models but differs from both of them in central respects. The T-cell system is highly combinatorial but also highly dose-sensitive in its use of crucial regulatory factors. The roles of these factors are not always T-lineage-specific, but they balance and modulate each other's activities long before any mutually exclusive silencing occurs. T-cell specification may provide a new hybrid model for gene networks in vertebrate developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V Rothenberg
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Hao Yuan Kueh
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jingli A Zhang
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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245
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Mchedlidze T, Kindermann M, Neves AT, Voehringer D, Neurath MF, Wirtz S. IL-27 suppresses type 2 immune responses in vivo via direct effects on group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1384-1394. [PMID: 26982595 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) were recently characterized by their ability to produce significant amounts of type-2 signature cytokines and drive central beneficial and pathological features of type-2 immune responses. Although factors such as IL-33 and IL-25 were shown to have ILC2 activating capacity, it is not well understood, how ILC2 responses are regulated in vivo. Here we provide compelling evidence that IL-27-signalling directly inhibits ILC2 responses and reveal a novel mechanism for negative regulation of the innate arm of type-2 immunity. We demonstrate that IL-27-deficiency is linked to increased mucosal presence of ILC2 in a model of inflammatory lung disease. Moreover, IL-27-treatment inhibited ILC2 proliferation and cytokine production and significantly reduced their accumulation in vivo. During helminth infection, regulation of ILC2 by IL-27 directly impacted anti-parasitic immunity. Thus, therapeutic modulation of the IL-27/IL-27R axis may be relevant in a number of inflammatory conditions associated with dysregulated type-2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mchedlidze
- Department of Medicine 1, University Medical Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - M Kindermann
- Department of Medicine 1, University Medical Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - A T Neves
- Department of Infection Biology, University Medical Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - D Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Medical Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - M F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Medical Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - S Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University Medical Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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246
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Pelly VS, Kannan Y, Coomes SM, Entwistle LJ, Rückerl D, Seddon B, MacDonald AS, McKenzie A, Wilson MS. IL-4-producing ILC2s are required for the differentiation of T H2 cells following Heligmosomoides polygyrus infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1407-1417. [PMID: 26883724 PMCID: PMC5257265 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to many human and murine gastrointestinal helminth parasites requires interleukin-4 (IL-4)-directed type 2 helper (TH2) differentiation of CD4+ T cells to elicit type-2 immunity. Despite a good understanding of the inflammatory cascade elicited following helminth infection, the initial source of IL-4 is unclear. Previous studies using the rat helminth parasite Nippostronglyus brasiliensis, identified an important role for basophil-derived IL-4 for TH2 differentiation. However, basophils are redundant for TH2 differentiation following infection with the natural helminth parasite of mice Heligmosomoides polygyrus, indicating that other sources of IL-4 are required. In this study using H. polygyrus, which is controlled by IL-4-dependent immunity, we identified that group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) produced significant amounts of IL-4 and IL-2 following H. polygyrus infection. Leukotriene D4 was sufficient to stimulate IL-4 secretion by ILC2s, and the supernatant from activated ILC2s could potently drive TH2 differentiation in vitro in an IL-4-dependent manner. Furthermore, specific deletion of IL-4 from ILC2s compromised TH2 differentiation in vivo. Overall, this study highlights a previously unrecognized and important role for ILC2-derived IL-4 for TH2 differentiation in a natural TH2-dependent model of human helminthiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- VS Pelly
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Y Kannan
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - SM Coomes
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - LJ Entwistle
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - D Rückerl
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research (3IR), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - AS MacDonald
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - MS Wilson
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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247
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Van Dyken SJ, Nussbaum JC, Lee J, Molofsky AB, Liang HE, Pollack JL, Gate RE, Haliburton GE, Ye CJ, Marson A, Erle DJ, Locksley RM. A tissue checkpoint regulates type 2 immunity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1381-1387. [PMID: 27749840 PMCID: PMC5275767 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and CD4+ type 2 helper T cells (TH2 cells) are defined by their similar effector cytokines, which together mediate the features of allergic immunity. We found that tissue ILC2s and TH2 cells differentiated independently but shared overlapping effector function programs that were mediated by exposure to the tissue-derived cytokines interleukin 25 (IL-25), IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Loss of these three tissue signals did not affect lymph node priming, but abrogated the terminal differentiation of effector TH2 cells and adaptive lung inflammation in a T cell-intrinsic manner. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which diverse perturbations can activate type 2 immunity and reveal a shared local-tissue-elicited checkpoint that can be exploited to control both innate and adaptive allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jesse C Nussbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua L Pollack
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rachel E Gate
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Genevieve E Haliburton
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chun J Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Innovative Genomics Initiative (IGI), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David J Erle
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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248
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Tait Wojno ED, Artis D. Emerging concepts and future challenges in innate lymphoid cell biology. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2229-2248. [PMID: 27811053 PMCID: PMC5068238 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate immune cells that are ubiquitously distributed in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues and enriched at mucosal and barrier surfaces. Three major ILC subsets are recognized in mice and humans. Each of these subsets interacts with innate and adaptive immune cells and integrates cues from the epithelium, the microbiota, and pathogens to regulate inflammation, immunity, tissue repair, and metabolic homeostasis. Although intense study has elucidated many aspects of ILC development, phenotype, and function, numerous challenges remain in the field of ILC biology. In particular, recent work has highlighted key new questions regarding how these cells communicate with their environment and other cell types during health and disease. This review summarizes new findings in this rapidly developing field that showcase the critical role ILCs play in directing immune responses through their ability to interact with a variety of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. In addition, we define remaining challenges and emerging questions facing the field. Finally, this review discusses the potential application of basic studies of ILC biology to the development of new treatments for human patients with inflammatory and infectious diseases in which ILCs play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia D Tait Wojno
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065.,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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249
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Jin HS, Kim TS, Jo EK. Emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in regulation of innate immunity. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1491-1502. [PMID: 27699647 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense against pathogenic and dangerous insults. However, it is a double-edged sword, as it functions in both clearance of infection and inflammatory damage. It is therefore important that innate immune responses are tightly controlled to prevent harmful excessive inflammation. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcription factors that play critical roles in various physiological responses. Orphan NRs are a subset of NRs for which the ligands and functions are unclear. Accumulating evidence has revealed that orphan NRs play essential roles in innate immune responses to prevent pathogenic inflammatory responses and to enhance antimicrobial host defenses. In this review, we describe current knowledge on the roles and mechanisms of orphan NRs in the regulation of innate immune responses. Discovery of new functions of orphan NRs would facilitate development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sun Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 6 Munhwa-dong, Jungku, Daejeon, 301-747, South Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 6 Munhwa-dong, Jungku, Daejeon, 301-747, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 6 Munhwa-dong, Jungku, Daejeon, 301-747, South Korea.
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250
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Lo BC, Gold MJ, Hughes MR, Antignano F, Valdez Y, Zaph C, Harder KW, McNagny KM. The orphan nuclear receptor ROR alpha and group 3 innate lymphoid cells drive fibrosis in a mouse model of Crohn's disease. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaaf8864. [PMID: 28670633 PMCID: PMC5489332 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf8864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the result of dysregulated tissue regeneration and is characterized by excessive accumulation of matrix proteins that become detrimental to tissue function. In Crohn's disease, this manifests itself as recurrent gastrointestinal strictures for which there is no effective therapy beyond surgical intervention. Using a model of infection-induced chronic gut inflammation, we show that Rora-deficient mice are protected from fibrosis; infected intestinal tissues display diminished pathology, attenuated collagen deposition and reduced fibroblast accumulation. Although Rora is best known for its role in ILC2 development, we find that Salmonella-induced fibrosis is independent of eosinophils, STAT6 signaling and Th2 cytokine production arguing that this process is largely ILC2-independent. Instead, we observe reduced levels of ILC3- and T cell-derived IL-17A and IL-22 in infected gut tissues. Furthermore, using Rorasg/sg /Rag1-/- bone marrow chimeric mice, we show that restoring ILC function is sufficient to re-establish IL-17A and IL-22 production and a profibrotic phenotype. Our results show that RORα-dependent ILC3 functions are pivotal in mediating gut fibrosis and they offer an avenue for therapeutic intervention in Crohn's-like diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C. Lo
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Matthew J. Gold
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Frann Antignano
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Yanet Valdez
- STEMCELL Technologies Incorporated, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6A 1B6
| | - Colby Zaph
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kenneth W. Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z3
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