201
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Riffelmacher T, Richter FC, Simon AK. Autophagy dictates metabolism and differentiation of inflammatory immune cells. Autophagy 2017; 14:199-206. [PMID: 28806133 PMCID: PMC5902226 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1362525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of macroautophagy/autophagy, a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, during cellular differentiation has been well studied over the last decade. In particular, evidence for its role during immune cell differentiation is growing. Despite the description of a variety of dramatic immune phenotypes in tissue-specific autophagy knockout models, the underlying mechanisms are still under debate. One of the proposed mechanisms is the impact of autophagy on the altered metabolic states during immune cell differentiation. This concept is strengthened through novel molecular insights into how AMPK and MTOR signaling cascades affect both autophagy and metabolism. In this review, we discuss direct and indirect evidence linking autophagy, metabolic pathways and immune cell differentiation including T, B, and innate lymphocytes as well as in myeloid cells that are direct mediators of inflammation. Herein, we propose a model for autophagy-driven immunometabolism controlling immune cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Riffelmacher
- a MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine , Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital , Headington , Oxford , UK
| | - Felix Clemens Richter
- b Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- b Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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202
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Olenchock BA, Rathmell JC, Vander Heiden MG. Biochemical Underpinnings of Immune Cell Metabolic Phenotypes. Immunity 2017; 46:703-713. [PMID: 28514672 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of immune cells affects their function and influences host immunity. This review explores how immune cell metabolic phenotypes reflect biochemical dependencies and highlights evidence that both the metabolic state of immune cells and nutrient availability can alter immune responses. The central importance of oxygen, energetics, and redox homeostasis in immune cell metabolism, and how these factors are reflected in different metabolic phenotypes, is also discussed. Linking immune cell metabolic phenotype to effector functions is important to understand how altering metabolism can impact the way in which immune cells meet their metabolic demands and affect the immune response in various disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Olenchock
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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203
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Jones RG, Pearce EJ. MenTORing Immunity: mTOR Signaling in the Development and Function of Tissue-Resident Immune Cells. Immunity 2017; 46:730-742. [PMID: 28514674 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells must balance survival in peripheral tissues with the capacity to respond rapidly upon infection or tissue damage, and in turn couple these responses with intrinsic metabolic control and conditions in the tissue microenvironment. The serine/threonine kinase mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central integrator of extracellular and intracellular growth signals and cellular metabolism and plays important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the function of mTOR signaling in the differentiation and function of tissue-resident immune cells, with focus on the role of mTOR as a metabolic sensor and its impact on metabolic regulation in innate and adaptive immune cells. We also discuss the impact of metabolic constraints in tissues on immune homeostasis and disease, and how manipulating mTOR activity with drugs such as rapamycin can modulate immunity in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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204
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Kälin S, Becker M, Ott VB, Serr I, Hosp F, Mollah MMH, Keipert S, Lamp D, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Flynn VK, Scherm MG, Nascimento LFR, Gerlach K, Popp V, Dietzen S, Bopp T, Krishnamurthy P, Kaplan MH, Serrano M, Woods SC, Tripal P, Palmisano R, Jastroch M, Blüher M, Wolfrum C, Weigmann B, Ziegler AG, Mann M, Tschöp MH, Daniel C. A Stat6/Pten Axis Links Regulatory T Cells with Adipose Tissue Function. Cell Metab 2017; 26:475-492.e7. [PMID: 28877454 PMCID: PMC5627977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with metabolic defects and adipose tissue inflammation. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) control tissue homeostasis by counteracting local inflammation. However, if and how T cells interlink environmental influences with adipocyte function remains unknown. Here, we report that enhancing sympathetic tone by cold exposure, beta3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) stimulation or a short-term high-calorie diet enhances Treg induction in vitro and in vivo. CD4+ T cell proteomes revealed higher expression of Foxp3 regulatory networks in response to cold or ADRB3 stimulation in vivo reflecting Treg induction. Specifically, Ragulator-interacting protein C17orf59, which limits mTORC1 activity, was upregulated in CD4+ T cells by either ADRB3 stimulation or cold exposure, suggesting contribution to Treg induction. By loss- and gain-of-function studies, including Treg depletion and transfers in vivo, we demonstrated that a T cell-specific Stat6/Pten axis links cold exposure or ADRB3 stimulation with Foxp3+ Treg induction and adipose tissue function. Our findings offer a new mechanistic model in which tissue-specific Tregs maintain adipose tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kälin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maike Becker
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena B Ott
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Isabelle Serr
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Hosp
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mohammad M H Mollah
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lamp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Francoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victoria K Flynn
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin G Scherm
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas F R Nascimento
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Gerlach
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Popp
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Dietzen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Purna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pediatrics and HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics and HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumour Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Philipp Tripal
- OICE (Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen), University Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- OICE (Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen), University Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, Research Group Molecular Endocrinology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, ETH Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany; Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 85748 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Carolin Daniel
- Institute for Diabetes Research, Research Group Immune Tolerance in Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, 80939 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
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205
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Homeostatic control of metabolic and functional fitness of T reg cells by LKB1 signalling. Nature 2017; 548:602-606. [PMID: 28847007 PMCID: PMC5804356 DOI: 10.1038/nature23665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a pivotal role in the establishment and maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis1,2. Transcriptional programming of regulatory mechanisms facilitates Treg cell functional activation in the prevention of diverse types of inflammatory responses3,4. How Treg cells orchestrate their homeostasis and interplay with environmental signals remains poorly understood. Here we show that liver kinase B1 (LKB1) programs proper metabolic and functional fitness of Treg cells in the control of immune tolerance and homeostasis. Mice with Treg-specific deletion of LKB1 developed a fatal inflammatory disease characterized by excessive TH2-dominant responses. LKB1 deficiency disrupted Treg cell survival and mitochondrial fitness and metabolism, but also induced aberrant expression of immune regulatory molecules including the negative co-receptor PD-1, and TNF receptor (TNRF) superfamily proteins GITR and OX40. Unexpectedly, LKB1 function in Treg cells was independent of conventional AMPK signaling or the mTORC1-HIF-1α axis, but contributed to the activation of β-catenin signaling for the proper control of PD-1 and TNFR proteins. Blockade of PD-1 activity reinvigorated the suppressive capability of LKB1-deficient Treg cells in the repression of TH2 responses and the interplay with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-primed dendritic cells (DCs). Thus, Treg cells employ LKB1 signaling to coordinate their metabolic and immunological homeostasis and to prevent apoptotic and functional exhaustion, thereby orchestrating the balance between immunity and tolerance.
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206
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Akkaya M, Akkaya B, Sheehan PW, Miozzo P, Pena M, Qi CF, Manzella-Lapeira J, Bolland S, Pierce SK. T cell-dependent antigen adjuvanted with DOTAP-CpG-B but not DOTAP-CpG-A induces robust germinal center responses and high affinity antibodies in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1890-1899. [PMID: 28762497 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines for infectious diseases for which we currently have none, including HIV, will likely require the use of adjuvants that strongly promote germinal center responses and somatic hypermutation to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here we compared the outcome of immunization with the T-cell dependent antigen, NP-conjugated to chicken gamma globulin (NP-CGG) adjuvanted with the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligands, CpG-A or CpG-B, alone or conjugated with the cationic lipid carrier, DOTAP. We provide evidence that only NP-CGG adjuvanted with DOTAP-CpG-B was an effective vaccine in mice resulting in robust germinal center responses, isotype switching and high affinity NP-specific antibodies. The effectiveness of DOTAP-CpG-B as an adjuvant was dependent on the expression of the TLR9 signaling adaptor MyD88 in immunized mice. These results indicate DOTAP-CpG-B but not DOTAP-CpG-A is an effective adjuvant for T cell-dependent protein antigen-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick W Sheehan
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Pietro Miozzo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mirna Pena
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Javier Manzella-Lapeira
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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207
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Inhibition of PTEN Attenuates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis via Activation of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3052-3060. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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208
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Visperas A, Vignali DAA. Are Regulatory T Cells Defective in Type 1 Diabetes and Can We Fix Them? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:3762-3770. [PMID: 27815439 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical regulators of peripheral immune tolerance. Treg insufficiency can lead to autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Increasing evidence in mouse models of T1D, as well as other autoimmune disorders, suggests that there are defects in Treg-mediated suppression. Indeed, whereas Treg frequency in the peripheral blood of T1D patients is unaltered, their suppressive abilities are diminished compared with Tregs in healthy controls. Although expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 is a prerequisite for Treg development and function, there are many additional factors that can alter their stability, survival, and function. Much has been learned in other model systems, such as tumors, about the mechanism and pathways that control Treg stability and function. This review poses the question of whether we can use these findings to develop new therapeutic approaches that might boost Treg stability, survival, and/or function in T1D and possibly other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Visperas
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and .,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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209
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He X, Koenen HJ, Slaats JH, Joosten I. Stabilizing human regulatory T cells for tolerance inducing immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:735-751. [PMID: 28771099 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases develop as a consequence of an altered balance between autoreactive immune cells and suppressive FOXP3+ Treg. Restoring this balance through amplification of Treg represents a promising strategy to treat disease. However, FOXP3+ Treg might become unstable especially under certain inflammatory conditions, and might transform into proinflammatory cytokine-producing cells. The issue of heterogeneity and instability of Treg has caused considerable debate in the field and has important implications for Treg-based immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss how Treg stability is defined and what the molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of FOXP3 expression and the regulation of Treg stability are. Also, we elaborate on current strategies used to stabilize human Treg for clinical purposes. This review focuses on human Treg, but considering that cell-intrinsic mechanisms to regulate Treg stability in mice and in humans might be similar, data derived from mice studies are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui He
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,College of Computer Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Hans Jpm Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hr Slaats
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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210
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Abstract
The proper restraint of the destructive potential of the immune system is essential for maintaining health. Regulatory T (Treg) cells ensure immune homeostasis through their defining ability to suppress the activation and function of other leukocytes. The expression of the transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (FOXP3) is a well-recognized characteristic of Treg cells, and FOXP3 is centrally involved in the establishment and maintenance of the Treg cell phenotype. In this Review, we summarize how the expression and activity of FOXP3 are regulated across multiple layers by diverse factors. The therapeutic implications of these topics for cancer and autoimmunity are also discussed.
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211
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Andrejeva G, Rathmell JC. Similarities and Distinctions of Cancer and Immune Metabolism in Inflammation and Tumors. Cell Metab 2017; 26:49-70. [PMID: 28683294 PMCID: PMC5555084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been appreciated for nearly 100 years that cancer cells are metabolically distinct from resting tissues. More recently understood is that this metabolic phenotype is not unique to cancer cells but instead reflects characteristics of proliferating cells. Similar metabolic transitions also occur in the immune system as cells transition from resting state to stimulated effectors. A key finding in immune metabolism is that the metabolic programs of different cell subsets are distinctly associated with immunological function. Further, interruption of those metabolic pathways can shift immune cell fate to modulate immunity. These studies have identified numerous metabolic similarities between cancer and immune cells but also critical differences that may be exploited and that affect treatment of cancer and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Andrejeva
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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212
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is an increasingly successful strategy for the treatment of patients who have advanced or conventional therapy-resistant cancers. T cells are key mediators of tumor destruction and their specificity for tumor-expressed antigens is of paramount importance, but other T cell-intrinsic qualities, such as durability, longevity, and functionality also play important roles in determining the efficacy of immunotherapy. The cellular energetic pathways that are utilized by T cells play a key role in regulating each of these qualities. Metabolic activity, which both regulates and is regulated by cellular signaling pathways and epigenetics, also profoundly influences the trajectories of T cell differentiation and fate. In this Review, we discuss how cell metabolism influences T cell anti-tumor activity, the metabolic qualities of highly-functional T cells, and strategies to modulate metabolism for improving the immune response to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigel J Kishton
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Madhusudhanan Sukumar
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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213
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The functions of tumor suppressor PTEN in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:581-589. [PMID: 28603282 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a lipid and protein phosphatase that is able to antagonize the PI3K/AKT pathway and inhibit tumor growth. PTEN also possesses phosphatase-independent functions. Genetic alterations of PTEN may lead to the deregulation of cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, energy metabolism and cellular architecture and mobility. Although the role of PTEN in tumor suppression is extensively documented and well established, the evidence for its roles in immunity did not start to accumulate until recently. In this review, we will focus on the newly discovered functions of PTEN in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity, including antiviral responses.
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214
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Abstract
Since their ‘re-discovery’ more than two decades ago, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been an important subject of investigation in the biomedical field and our understanding of the mechanisms that drive their phenotype and function in health and disease has advanced tremendously. During the past few years it has become clear that Tregs are not a terminally differentiated population but show some degree of plasticity, and can, under specific environmental conditions, acquire the phenotype of effector T cells. In particular, recent works have highlighted the acquisition of a Th1-like phenotype by Tregs in several pathological environments. In this review we give an update on the concept of Treg plasticity and the advances in defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie the generation of Th1-like Tregs during an immune response and in different disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kitz
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Margarita Dominguez-Villar
- Department of Neurology, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
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215
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Brandmaier A, Hou SQ, Shen WH. Cell Cycle Control by PTEN. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2265-2277. [PMID: 28602818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Continuous and error-free chromosome inheritance through the cell cycle is essential for genomic stability and tumor suppression. However, accumulation of aberrant genetic materials often causes the cell cycle to go awry, leading to malignant transformation. In response to genotoxic stress, cells employ diverse adaptive mechanisms to halt or exit the cell cycle temporarily or permanently. The intrinsic machinery of cycling, resting, and exiting shapes the cellular response to extrinsic stimuli, whereas prevalent disruption of the cell cycle machinery in tumor cells often confers resistance to anticancer therapy. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and a guardian of the genome that is frequently mutated or deleted in human cancer. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that PTEN deficiency disrupts the fundamental processes of genetic transmission. Cells lacking PTEN exhibit cell cycle deregulation and cell fate reprogramming. Here, we review the role of PTEN in regulating the key processes in and out of cell cycle to optimize genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brandmaier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sheng-Qi Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wen H Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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216
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Hawse WF, Boggess WC, Morel PA. TCR Signal Strength Regulates Akt Substrate Specificity To Induce Alternate Murine Th and T Regulatory Cell Differentiation Programs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:589-597. [PMID: 28600288 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Akt/mTOR pathway is a key driver of murine CD4+ T cell differentiation, and induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells results from low TCR signal strength and low Akt/mTOR signaling. However, strong TCR signals induce high Akt activity that promotes Th cell induction. Yet, it is unclear how Akt controls alternate T cell fate decisions. We find that the strength of the TCR signal results in differential Akt enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, the Akt substrate networks associated with T cell fate decisions are qualitatively different. Proteomic profiling of Akt signaling networks during Treg versus Th induction demonstrates that Akt differentially regulates RNA processing and splicing factors to drive T cell differentiation. Interestingly, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) L or hnRNP A1 are Akt substrates during Treg induction and have known roles in regulating the stability and splicing of key mRNAs that code for proteins in the canonical TCR signaling pathway, including CD3ζ and CD45. Functionally, inhibition of Akt enzymatic activity results in the dysregulation of splicing during T cell differentiation, and knockdown of hnRNP L or hnRNP A1 results in the lower induction of Treg cells. Together, this work suggests that a switch in substrate specificity coupled to the phosphorylation status of Akt may lead to alternative cell fates and demonstrates that proteins involved with alternative splicing are important factors in T cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Hawse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - William C Boggess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Penelope A Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
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217
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Layman AAK, Deng G, O'Leary CE, Tadros S, Thomas RM, Dybas JM, Moser EK, Wells AD, Doliba NM, Oliver PM. Ndfip1 restricts mTORC1 signalling and glycolysis in regulatory T cells to prevent autoinflammatory disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15677. [PMID: 28580955 PMCID: PMC5465375 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells suppress immune cell activation and establish normal immune homeostasis. How Treg cells maintain their identity is not completely understood. Here we show that Ndfip1, a coactivator of Nedd4-family E3 ubiquitin ligases, is required for Treg cell stability and function. Ndfip1 deletion in Treg cells results in autoinflammatory disease. Ndfip1-deficient Treg cells are highly proliferative and are more likely to lose Foxp3 expression to become IL-4-producing TH2 effector cells. Proteomic analyses indicate altered metabolic signature of Ndfip1-deficient Treg cells and metabolic profiling reveals elevated glycolysis and increased mTORC1 signalling. Ndfip1 restricts Treg cell metabolism and IL-4 production via distinct mechanisms, as IL-4 deficiency does not prevent hyperproliferation or elevated mTORC1 signalling in Ndfip1-deficient Treg cells. Thus, Ndfip1 preserves Treg lineage stability and immune homeostasis by preventing the expansion of highly proliferative and metabolically active Treg cells and by preventing pathological secretion of IL-4 from Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awo Akosua Kesewa Layman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Biomedical Graduate Studies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Guoping Deng
- Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Claire E. O'Leary
- Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Tadros
- Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rajan M. Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joseph M. Dybas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Emily K. Moser
- Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Andrew D. Wells
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Nicolai M. Doliba
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Paula M. Oliver
- Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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218
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Abstract
The bidirectional interaction between the immune system and whole-body metabolism has been well recognized for many years. Via effects on adipocytes and hepatocytes, immune cells can modulate whole-body metabolism (in metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes and obesity) and, reciprocally, host nutrition and commensal-microbiota-derived metabolites modulate immunological homeostasis. Studies demonstrating the metabolic similarities of proliferating immune cells and cancer cells have helped give birth to the new field of immunometabolism, which focuses on how the cell-intrinsic metabolic properties of lymphocytes and macrophages can themselves dictate the fate and function of the cells and eventually shape an immune response. We focus on this aspect here, particularly as it relates to regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Newton
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bhavana Priyadharshini
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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219
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Zeng H, Chi H. mTOR signaling in the differentiation and function of regulatory and effector T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:103-111. [PMID: 28535458 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates environmental signals and cellular metabolism to regulate T cell development, activation and differentiation. Recent studies reveal the importance of exquisite control of mTOR activity for proper T cell function, and detailed molecular mechanisms that regulate mTOR signaling in different T cell subsets. Here, we review the latest advances in our understanding of the mTOR pathway and its regulation in the differentiation and function of regulatory T cells and effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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220
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Munn DH, Sharma MD, Johnson TS, Rodriguez P. IDO, PTEN-expressing Tregs and control of antigen-presentation in the murine tumor microenvironment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1049-1058. [PMID: 28488123 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is profoundly immunosuppressive. This creates a major barrier for attempts to combine immunotherapy with conventional chemotherapy or radiation, because the tumor antigens released by these cytotoxic agents are not cross-presented in an immunogenic fashion. In this Focused Research Review, we focus on mouse preclinical studies exploring the role of immunosuppressive Tregs expressing the PTEN lipid phosphatase, and the links between PTEN+ Tregs and the immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). IDO has received attention because it can be expressed by a variety of human tumor types in vivo, but IDO can also be induced in host immune cells of both humans and mice in response to inflammation, infection or dying (apoptotic) cells. Mechanistically, IDO and PTEN+ Tregs are closely connected, with IDO causing activation of the PTEN pathway in Tregs. Genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of PTEN in mouse Tregs destabilizes their suppressive phenotype, and this prevents transplantable and autochthonous tumors from creating their normal immunosuppressive microenvironment. Genetic ablation of either IDO or PTEN+ Tregs in mice results in a fundamental defect in the ability to maintain tolerance to antigens associated with apoptotic cells, including dying tumor cells. Consistent with this, pharmacologic inhibitors of either pathway show synergy when combined with cytotoxic agents such as chemotherapy or radiation. Thus, we propose that IDO and PTEN+ Tregs represent closely linked checkpoints that can influence the choice between immune activation versus tolerance to dying tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Munn
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Room CN4141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Madhav D Sharma
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Room CN4141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Theodore S Johnson
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Room CN4141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Paulo Rodriguez
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Room CN4141, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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221
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Rhoads JP, Major AS, Rathmell JC. Fine tuning of immunometabolism for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:313-320. [PMID: 28381829 PMCID: PMC5502208 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
All immune cells depend on specific and efficient metabolic pathways to mount an appropriate response. Over the past decade, the field of immunometabolism has expanded our understanding of the various means by which cells modulate metabolism to achieve the effector functions necessary to fight infection or maintain homeostasis. Harnessing these metabolic pathways to manipulate inappropriate immune responses as a therapeutic strategy in cancer and autoimmunity has received increasing scrutiny by the scientific community. Fine tuning immunometabolism to provide the desired response, or prevent a deleterious response, is an attractive alternative to chemotherapy or overt immunosuppression. The various metabolic pathways used by immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and osteoarthritis offer numerous opportunities for selective targeting of specific immune cell subsets to manipulate cellular metabolism for therapeutic benefit in these rheumatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian P Rhoads
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Amy S Major
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; the Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; and the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA; and at the Department for Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and the Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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222
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Beckermann KE, Dudzinski SO, Rathmell JC. Dysfunctional T cell metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:7-14. [PMID: 28456467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic and signaling pathways are integrated to determine T cell fate and function. As stimulated T cells gain distinct effector functions, specific metabolic programs and demands are also adopted. These changes are essential for T cell effector function, and alterations or dysregulation of metabolic pathways can modulate T cell function. One physiological setting that impacts T cell metabolism is the tumor microenvironment. The metabolism of cancer cells themselves can limit nutrients and accumulate waste products. In addition to the expression of inhibitory ligands that directly modify T cell physiology, T cell metabolism may be strongly inhibited in the tumor microenvironment. This suppression of T cell metabolism may inhibit effector T cell activity while promoting suppressive regulatory T cells, and act as a barrier to effective immunotherapies. A thorough understanding of the effect of the tumor microenvironment on the immune system will support the continued improvement of immune based therapies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Beckermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Stephanie O Dudzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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223
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Sehrawat S, Rouse BT. Interplay of Regulatory T Cell and Th17 Cells during Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals. Front Immunol 2017; 8:341. [PMID: 28421070 PMCID: PMC5377923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now clear that the outcome of an inflammatory process caused by infections depends on the balance of responses by several components of the immune system. Of particular relevance is the interplay between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD4+ T cells that produce IL-17 (Th17 cells) during immunoinflammatory events. In addition to discussing studies done in mice to highlight some unresolved issues in the biology of these cells, we emphasize the need to include outbred animals and humans in analyses. Achieving a balance between Treg and Th17 cells responses represents a powerful approach to control events during immunity and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Barry T Rouse
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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224
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Hu C, Jiang X. The effect of anti-angiogenic drugs on regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:134-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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225
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Wang YF, He DD, Liang HW, Yang D, Yue H, Zhang XM, Wang R, Li B, Yang HX, Liu Y, Chen Y, Duan YX, Zhang CY, Chen X, Fu J. The identification of up-regulated ebv-miR-BHRF1-2-5p targeting MALT1 and ebv-miR-BHRF1-3 in the circulation of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:120-126. [PMID: 28253538 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a well-documented aetiological factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). EBV encodes at least 44 microRNAs (miRNAs) that are readily detectable in the circulation of human. Previous studies have demonstrated that EBV-encoded miRNAs regulate host immune response and may serve as biomarkers for EBV-associated diseases. However, the roles of EBV miRNAs in MS are still unknown. To fill the gap, we conducted a comprehensive profiling of 44 mature EBV miRNAs in 30 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients at relapse and 30 matched healthy controls. Expression levels of ebv-miR-BHRF1-2-5p and ebv-miR-BHRF1-3 were elevated significantly in the circulation and correlated positively with the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores of MS patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses confirmed that the expression of these two miRNAs distinguished MS patients clearly from healthy controls. Luciferase assays revealed that ebv-miR-BHRF1-2-5p may directly target MALT1 (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma transport protein 1), a key regulator of immune homeostasis. In conclusion, we described the expression of EBV miRNAs in MS and preliminarily validated the potential target genes of significantly altered EBV miRNAs. The findings may pave the way for prospective study about the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - D D He
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - H W Liang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - D Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - H Yue
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - X M Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - R Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - B Li
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - H X Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Y X Duan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - C Y Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - X Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Fu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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226
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Amersfoort J, Kuiper J. T cell metabolism in metabolic disease-associated autoimmunity. Immunobiology 2017; 222:925-936. [PMID: 28363498 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the relevant metabolic pathways and their regulators which show potential for T cell metabolism-based immunotherapy in diseases hallmarked by both metabolic disease and autoimmunity. Multiple therapeutic approaches using existing pharmaceuticals are possible from a rationale in which T cell metabolism forms the hub in dampening the T cell component of autoimmunity in metabolic diseases. Future research into the effects of a metabolically aberrant micro-environment on T cell metabolism and its potential as a therapeutic target for immunomodulation could lead to novel treatment strategies for metabolic disease-associated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Amersfoort
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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227
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Schmoch T, Uhle F, Siegler BH, Fleming T, Morgenstern J, Nawroth PP, Weigand MA, Brenner T. The Glyoxalase System and Methylglyoxal-Derived Carbonyl Stress in Sepsis: Glycotoxic Aspects of Sepsis Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E657. [PMID: 28304355 PMCID: PMC5372669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of death in intensive care units. Although sepsis is caused by a viral, fungal or bacterial infection, it is the dysregulated generalized host response that ultimately leads to severe dysfunction of multiple organs and death. The concomitant profound metabolic changes are characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and profound transformations of the intracellular energy supply in both peripheral and immune cells. A further hallmark of the early phases of sepsis is a massive formation of reactive oxygen (ROS; e.g., superoxide) as well as nitrogen (RNS; e.g., nitric oxide) species. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) form a third crucial group of highly reactive metabolites, which until today have been not the focus of interest in sepsis. However, we previously showed in a prospective observational clinical trial that patients suffering from septic shock are characterized by significant methylglyoxal (MG)-derived carbonyl stress, with the glyoxalase system being downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this review, we give a detailed insight into the current state of research regarding the metabolic changes that entail an increased MG-production in septicemia. Thus, we point out the special role of the glyoxalase system in the context of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmoch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florian Uhle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benedikt H Siegler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jakob Morgenstern
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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228
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Wei J, Raynor J, Nguyen TLM, Chi H. Nutrient and Metabolic Sensing in T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:247. [PMID: 28337199 PMCID: PMC5343023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play pivotal roles in shaping host immune responses in infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. The activation of T cells requires immune and growth factor-derived signals. However, alterations in nutrients and metabolic signals tune T cell responses by impinging upon T cell fates and immune functions. In this review, we summarize how key nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and lipids, and their sensors and transporters shape T cell responses. We also briefly discuss regulation of T cell responses by oxygen and energy sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Jana Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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229
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Brandmaier A, Hou SQ, Demaria S, Formenti SC, Shen WH. PTEN at the interface of immune tolerance and tumor suppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 29527223 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PTEN is well known to function as a tumor suppressor that antagonizes oncogenic signaling and maintains genomic stability. The PTEN gene is frequently deleted or mutated in human cancers and the wide cancer spectrum associated with PTEN deficiency has been recapitulated in a variety of mouse models of Pten deletion or mutation. Pten mutations are highly penetrant in causing various types of spontaneous tumors that often exhibit resistance to anticancer therapies including immunotherapy. Recent studies demonstrate that PTEN also regulates immune functionality. OBJECTIVE To understand the multifaceted functions of PTEN as both a tumor suppressor and an immune regulator. METHODS This review will summarize the emerging knowledge of PTEN function in cancer immunoediting. In addition, the mechanisms underlying functional integration of various PTEN pathways in regulating cancer evolution and tumor immunity will be highlighted. RESULTS Recent preclinical and clinical studies revealed the essential role of PTEN in maintaining immune homeostasis, which significantly expands the repertoire of PTEN functions. Mechanistically, aberrant PTEN signaling alters the interplay between the immune system and tumors, leading to immunosuppression and tumor escape. CONCLUSION Rational design of personalized anti-cancer treatment requires mechanistic understanding of diverse PTEN signaling pathways in modulation of the crosstalk between tumor and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brandmaier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sheng-Qi Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wen H Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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230
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Camirand G, Riella LV. Treg-Centric View of Immunosuppressive Drugs in Transplantation: A Balancing Act. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:601-610. [PMID: 27581661 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) are critical in controlling immunity and tolerance. Thus, preserving Treg numbers and function in transplanted patients is essential for the successful minimization of maintenance immunosuppression. Multiple cellular signals control the development, differentiation, and function of Tregs. Many of these signals are shared with conventional Foxp3- T cells (Tconv) and are targeted by immunosuppressive drugs, negatively affecting both Tregs and Tconv. Because intracellular signals vary in optimal intensity in different T cell subsets, improved specificity in immunosuppressive regimens must occur to benefit long-term transplant outcomes. In this regard, recent advances are gradually uncovering differences in the signals required in Tregs and Tconv biology, opening the door to new potential therapeutic approaches to either enhance or spare Tregs. In this review, we will explain the prominent cell signaling pathways critical for Treg maintenance and function, while reporting the effects of immunosuppressive drugs targeting these signaling pathways in clinical transplantation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Camirand
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, The Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - L V Riella
- Renal Division, Schuster Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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231
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Zhang Z, Zhang W, Guo J, Gu Q, Zhu X, Zhou X. Activation and Functional Specialization of Regulatory T Cells Lead to the Generation of Foxp3 Instability. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2612-2625. [PMID: 28228556 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Foxp3+ cells can downregulate the expression of Foxp3, but whether thymically derived regulatory T cells (tTregs; especially committed tTregs) are capable of downregulating Foxp3 expression and being reprogrammed into other T effector cells remains controversial. Using a novel tTreg lineage-tracing mouse line, we were able to label epigenetically stable Foxp3+ cells derived from the thymus and demonstrate that mature tTregs are stable under homeostatic conditions. However, TCR engagement and sequential functional specialization of tTregs led to the generation of Foxp3 instability and reprogramming into the Th lineage. We further demonstrated that the signal switch from IL-2 to ICOS during Treg activation induced Treg instability and reprogramming. By using a dual lineage tracing model, we demonstrated that effector Tregs can revert to central Tregs, and this reversion is associated with increasing Foxp3 stability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Jie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Qianchong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; and .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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232
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Howie D, Cobbold SP, Adams E, Ten Bokum A, Necula AS, Zhang W, Huang H, Roberts DJ, Thomas B, Hester SS, Vaux DJ, Betz AG, Waldmann H. Foxp3 drives oxidative phosphorylation and protection from lipotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89160. [PMID: 28194435 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs can adopt a catabolic metabolic program with increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation-fueled oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). It is unclear why this form of metabolism is favored in Tregs and, more specifically, whether this program represents an adaptation to the environment and developmental cues or is "hardwired" by Foxp3. Here we show, using metabolic analysis and an unbiased mass spectroscopy-based proteomics approach, that Foxp3 is both necessary and sufficient to program Treg-increased respiratory capacity and Tregs' increased ability to utilize fatty acids to fuel oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 drives upregulation of components of all the electron transport complexes, increasing their activity and ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. Increased fatty acid β-oxidation also results in selective protection of Foxp3+ cells from fatty acid-induced cell death. This observation may provide novel targets for modulating Treg function or selection therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Honglei Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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233
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Howie D, Cobbold SP, Adams E, Ten Bokum A, Necula AS, Zhang W, Huang H, Roberts DJ, Thomas B, Hester SS, Vaux DJ, Betz AG, Waldmann H. Foxp3 drives oxidative phosphorylation and protection from lipotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017. [PMID: 28194435 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89160.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs can adopt a catabolic metabolic program with increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation-fueled oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). It is unclear why this form of metabolism is favored in Tregs and, more specifically, whether this program represents an adaptation to the environment and developmental cues or is "hardwired" by Foxp3. Here we show, using metabolic analysis and an unbiased mass spectroscopy-based proteomics approach, that Foxp3 is both necessary and sufficient to program Treg-increased respiratory capacity and Tregs' increased ability to utilize fatty acids to fuel oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 drives upregulation of components of all the electron transport complexes, increasing their activity and ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. Increased fatty acid β-oxidation also results in selective protection of Foxp3+ cells from fatty acid-induced cell death. This observation may provide novel targets for modulating Treg function or selection therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Honglei Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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234
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Johnson TS, McGaha T, Munn DH. Chemo-Immunotherapy: Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Defining Immunogenic Versus Tolerogenic Cell Death in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:91-104. [PMID: 29275467 PMCID: PMC6169315 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In certain settings, chemotherapy can trigger an immunogenic form of tumor cell death. More often, however, tumor cell death after chemotherapy is not immunogenic, and may be actively tolerizing. However, even in these settings the dying tumor cells may be much more immunogenic than previously recognized, if key suppressive immune checkpoints such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) can be blocked. This is an important question, because a robust immune response to dying tumor cells could potentially augment the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy, or enhance the strength and duration of response to other immunologic therapies. Recent findings using preclinical models of self-tolerance and autoimmunity suggest that IDO and related downstream pathways may play a fundamental role in the decision between tolerance versus immune activation in response to dying cells. Thus, in the period of tumor cell death following chemotherapy or immunotherapy, the presence of IDO may help dictate the choice between dominant immunosuppression versus inflammation, antigen cross-presentation, and epitope spreading. The IDO pathway thus differs from other checkpoint-blockade strategies, in that it affects early immune responses, at the level of inflammation, activation of antigen-presenting cells, and initial cross-presentation of tumor antigens. This "up-stream" position may make IDO a potent target for therapeutic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S. Johnson
- Georgia Regents University (GRU), Medical College of Georgia Department of Pediatrics; GRU Cancer Center, Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance (CIT) Program; GRU Cancer Center, Pediatric Immunotherapy Program, , Phone: (706)-721-8735
| | - Tracy McGaha
- Georgia Regents University (GRU), Medical College of Georgia Department of Medicine; GRU Cancer Center, Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance (CIT) Program
| | - David H. Munn
- Georgia Regents University (GRU), Medical College of Georgia Department of Pediatrics; GRU Cancer Center, Cancer immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance (CIT) Program; GRU Cancer Center, Pediatric Immunotherapy Program, , Phone: (706)-721-7141
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235
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Togashi Y, Nishikawa H. Regulatory T Cells: Molecular and Cellular Basis for Immunoregulation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 410:3-27. [PMID: 28879523 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a highly immune-suppressive subset of CD4+ T cells, characterized by expression of the master regulatory transcription factor FOXP3. Tregs are proven to play central roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance in healthy individuals. Tregs are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis: they protect hosts from developing autoimmune diseases and allergy, whereas in malignancies, they promote tumor progression by suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Elucidating factors influencing Treg homeostasis and function have important implications for understanding disease pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic opportunities. Thus, the manipulating Tregs for up- or down-regulation of their suppressive function is a new therapeutic strategy for treating various diseases including autoimmune disorders and cancer. This review will focus on recent advances in how Tregs integrate extracellular and intracellular signals to control their survival and stability. Deeper mechanistic understanding of disease-specific Treg development, maintenance, and function could make disease-specific Treg-targeted therapy more effective, resulting in an increase of efficacy and decrease of side effects related to manipulating Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Togashi
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/EPOC, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/EPOC, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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236
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Mst1 positively regulates B-cell receptor signaling via CD19 transcriptional levels. Blood Adv 2016; 1:219-230. [PMID: 29296937 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As a key regulator of hippo signaling pathway, Mst kinases are emerging as one of the key signaling molecules that influence cell proliferation, organ size, cell migration, and cell polarity. In B lymphocytes, Mst1 deficiency causes the developmental defect of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, but how Mst1 regulates B-cell receptor (BCR) activation and differentiation remains elusive. Using genetically manipulated mouse models and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we have demonstrated that Mst1 positively regulates BCR signaling via modulating CD19 transcriptional levels. Consistent with this, Mst1-deficient mice exhibited reduced BCR signaling, which is concurrent with defective BCR clustering and B-cell spreading on stimulatory lipid bilayers. The disruption of CD19-mediated Btk signaling by Mst1 deficiency leads to the severe defect in the differentiation of MZ and germinal center B cells. Mechanistic analysis showed that Mst1 upregulates the messenger RNA level of CD19 via regulating the transcriptional factor TEAD2 that directly binds to the consensus motif in the 3' untranslated region of cd19. Overall, our results reveal a new function of Mst1 in B cells and the mechanism by which Mst1 regulates the activation and differentiation of peripheral B cells.
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237
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USP21 prevents the generation of T-helper-1-like Treg cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13559. [PMID: 27857073 PMCID: PMC5120220 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3+ Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance. Disruption of Foxp3 expression results in the generation of instable Treg cells and acquisition of effector T-cell-like function. Here we report that the E3 deubiquitinase USP21 prevents the depletion of FOXP3 at the protein level and restricts the generation of T-helper-1-like Treg cells. Mice depleted of Usp21 specifically in Treg cells display immune disorders characterized by spontaneous T-cell activation and excessive T-helper type 1 (Th1) skewing of Treg cells into Th1-like Treg cells. USP21 stabilizes FOXP3 protein by mediating its deubiquitination and maintains the expression of Treg signature genes. Our results demonstrate how USP21 prevents FOXP3 protein depletion and controls Treg lineage stability in vivo. The immunosuppressive role of regulatory T (Treg) cells largely depends on their virtue of expressing the transcription factor FOXP3. Here the authors show that the E3 deubiquitinase USP21 stabilizes FOXP3 by mediating its deubiquitination and helps to maintain the expression of Treg signature genes and Treg lineage stability in mice.
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238
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Abstract
Immunosuppression strategies that selectively inhibit effector T cells while preserving and even enhancing CD4FOXP3 regulatory T cells (Treg) permit immune self-regulation and may allow minimization of immunosuppression and associated toxicities. Many immunosuppressive drugs were developed before the identity and function of Treg were appreciated. A good understanding of the interactions between Treg and immunosuppressive agents will be valuable to the effective design of more tolerable immunosuppression regimens. This review will discuss preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the influence of current and emerging immunosuppressive drugs on Treg homeostasis, stability, and function as a guideline for the selection and development of Treg-friendly immunosuppressive regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Furukawa
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven A Wisel
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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239
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PTEN ameliorates autoimmune arthritis through down-regulating STAT3 activation with reciprocal balance of Th17 and Tregs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34617. [PMID: 27708408 PMCID: PMC5052580 DOI: 10.1038/srep34617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a tyrosine phosphatase with significant function in inhibiting STAT3 activation. Recently, inactivation of STAT3 has been demonstrated as a therapeutic candidate for autoimmune arthritis. The expression of PTEN controlled by p53 regulates autoimmune arthritis through modulating the balance between Th17 and Treg. We hypothesized that PTEN regulated by p53 might reduce CIA severity and inflammatory response via inhibiting STAT3 activation. Our results revealed that PTEN could ameliorate experimental autoimmune arthritis by reducing STAT3 activity and Th17 differentiation. Systemic infusion of PTEN overexpression downregulated CIA severity. In addition, PTEN overexpression decreased the activation of T cells and modulated reciprocal differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells. We observed that PTEN expression downregulated by p53 deficiency induced the activation of STAT3. Loss of p53 exacerbated autoimmune arthritis and dysregulated the population of Th17 and Treg. These data suggest that induction of STAT3-modulatory activity of PTEN may be a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.
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240
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Suppression by T FR cells leads to durable and selective inhibition of B cell effector function. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1436-1446. [PMID: 27695002 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T cells (TFR cells) inhibit follicular helper T cell (TFH cell)-mediated antibody production. The mechanisms by which TFR cells exert their key immunoregulatory functions are largely unknown. Here we found that TFR cells induced a distinct suppressive state in TFH cells and B cells, in which effector transcriptional signatures were maintained but key effector molecules and metabolic pathways were suppressed. The suppression of B cell antibody production and metabolism by TFR cells was durable and persisted even in the absence of TFR cells. This durable suppression was due in part to epigenetic changes. The cytokine IL-21 was able to overcome TFR cell-mediated suppression and inhibited TFR cells and stimulated B cells. By determining mechanisms of TFR cell-mediated suppression, we have identified methods for modulating the function of TFR cells and antibody production.
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241
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Gerriets VA, Kishton RJ, Johnson MO, Cohen S, Siska PJ, Nichols AG, Warmoes MO, de Cubas AA, MacIver NJ, Locasale JW, Turka LA, Wells AD, Rathmell JC. Foxp3 and Toll-like receptor signaling balance T reg cell anabolic metabolism for suppression. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1459-1466. [PMID: 27695003 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ effector T cells (Teff cells) and regulatory T cells (Treg cells) undergo metabolic reprogramming to support proliferation and immunological function. Although signaling via the lipid kinase PI(3)K (phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase), the serine-threonine kinase Akt and the metabolic checkpoint kinase complex mTORC1 induces both expression of the glucose transporter Glut1 and aerobic glycolysis for Teff cell proliferation and inflammatory function, the mechanisms that regulate Treg cell metabolism and function remain unclear. We found that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals that promote Treg cell proliferation increased PI(3)K-Akt-mTORC1 signaling, glycolysis and expression of Glut1. However, TLR-induced mTORC1 signaling also impaired Treg cell suppressive capacity. Conversely, the transcription factor Foxp3 opposed PI(3)K-Akt-mTORC1 signaling to diminish glycolysis and anabolic metabolism while increasing oxidative and catabolic metabolism. Notably, Glut1 expression was sufficient to increase the number of Treg cells, but it reduced their suppressive capacity and Foxp3 expression. Thus, inflammatory signals and Foxp3 balance mTORC1 signaling and glucose metabolism to control the proliferation and suppressive function of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Gerriets
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marc O Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda G Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marc O Warmoes
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aguirre A de Cubas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nancie J MacIver
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew D Wells
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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242
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Johnson MO, Siska PJ, Contreras DC, Rathmell JC. Nutrients and the microenvironment to feed a T cell army. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:505-513. [PMID: 27712958 PMCID: PMC5154770 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
T cells have dramatic functional and proliferative shifts in the course of maintaining immune protection from pathogens and cancer. To support these changes, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming upon stimulation and again after antigen clearance. Depending on the extrinsic cell signals, T cells can differentiate into functionally distinct subsets that utilize and require diverse metabolic programs. Effector T cells (Teff) enhance glucose and glutamine uptake, whereas regulatory T cells (Treg) do not rely on significant rates of glycolysis. The dependence of these subsets on specific metabolic programs makes T cells reliant on these signaling pathways and nutrients. Metabolic pathways, such as those regulated by mTOR and Myc, augment T cell glycolysis and glutaminolysis programs to promote T cell activity. These pathways respond to signals and control metabolism through both transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms. Epigenetic modifications also play an important role by stabilizing the transcription factors that define subset specific reprogramming. In addition, circadian rhythm cycling may also influence energy use, immune surveillance, and function of T cells. In this review, we focus on the metabolic and nutrient requirements of T cells, and how canonical pathways of growth and metabolism regulate nutrients that are essential for T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc O Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Diana C Contreras
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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243
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Zeng H, Cohen S, Guy C, Shrestha S, Neale G, Brown SA, Cloer C, Kishton RJ, Gao X, Youngblood B, Do M, Li MO, Locasale JW, Rathmell JC, Chi H. mTORC1 and mTORC2 Kinase Signaling and Glucose Metabolism Drive Follicular Helper T Cell Differentiation. Immunity 2016; 45:540-554. [PMID: 27637146 PMCID: PMC5050556 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are crucial for germinal center (GC) formation and humoral adaptive immunity. Mechanisms underlying Tfh cell differentiation in peripheral and mucosal lymphoid organs are incompletely understood. We report here that mTOR kinase complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2) are essential for Tfh cell differentiation and GC reaction under steady state and after antigen immunization and viral infection. Loss of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in T cells exerted distinct effects on Tfh cell signature gene expression, whereas increased mTOR activity promoted Tfh responses. Deficiency of mTORC2 impaired CD4(+) T cell accumulation and immunoglobulin A production and aberrantly induced the transcription factor Foxo1. Mechanistically, the costimulatory molecule ICOS activated mTORC1 and mTORC2 to drive glycolysis and lipogenesis, and glucose transporter 1-mediated glucose metabolism promoted Tfh cell responses. Altogether, mTOR acts as a central node in Tfh cells by linking immune signals to anabolic metabolism and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sharad Shrestha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Caryn Cloer
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ben Youngblood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mytrang Do
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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244
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Zwang NA, Zhang R, Germana S, Fan MY, Hastings WD, Cao A, Turka LA. Selective Sparing of Human Tregs by Pharmacologic Inhibitors of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and MEK Pathways. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2624-38. [PMID: 27017850 PMCID: PMC5007157 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MEK) signaling are central to the survival and proliferation of many cell types. Multiple lines of investigation in murine models have shown that control of the PI3K pathway is particularly important for regulatory T cell (Treg) stability and function. PI3K and MEK inhibitors are being introduced into the clinic, and we hypothesized that pharmacologic inhibition of PI3K, and possibly MEK, in mixed cultures of human mononuclear cells would preferentially affect CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes compared with Tregs. We tested this hypothesis using four readouts: proliferation, activation, functional suppression, and signaling. Results showed that Tregs were less susceptible to inhibition by both δ and α isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors and by an MEK inhibitor compared with their conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) counterparts. These studies suggest less functional reliance on PI3K and MEK signaling in Tregs compared with conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes. Therefore, the PI3K and MEK pathways are attractive pharmacologic targets for transplantation and treatment of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. A. Zwang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Brigham and Women’s Hospital Nephrology Joint Fellowship Program, Boston, MA
| | - R. Zhang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - S. Germana
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - M. Y. Fan
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - A. Cao
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - L. A. Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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245
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Kasper IR, Apostolidis SA, Sharabi A, Tsokos GC. Empowering Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmunity. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:784-797. [PMID: 27461103 PMCID: PMC5003773 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are capable of dampening immune-mediated inflammation and avert the destructive effects of uncontrolled inflammation. Distinct molecules and pathways, including various transcription factors, phosphatases, and kinases, impact the ability of Tregs to function as negative regulators of the immune response, and are presumably amenable to therapeutic manipulation. Here, we discuss recently identified molecular networks and the therapeutic potential for treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Kasper
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amir Sharabi
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Clinical Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
In recent years a substantial number of findings have been made in the area of immunometabolism, by which we mean the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells that alter their function. Here, we provide a brief refresher course on six of the major metabolic pathways involved (specifically, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism), giving specific examples of how precise changes in the metabolites of these pathways shape the immune cell response. What is emerging is a complex interplay between metabolic reprogramming and immunity, which is providing an extra dimension to our understanding of the immune system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Vanderbilt Centre for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jeff Rathmell
- Vanderbilt Centre for Immunobiology, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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247
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Delgoffe GM. PP2A's restraint of mTOR is critical for T(reg) cell activity. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:478-9. [PMID: 27092798 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, and the Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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248
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Shi J, Xu X, Luo F, Shi Q, He X, Xia Y. Differences in Tfh Cell Response Between the Graft and Spleen With Chronic Allograft Nephropathy. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:95-102. [PMID: 27524795 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate follicular helper T (Tfh) cell response and its difference between renal graft and spleen in a rat renal transplantation model undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Orthotopical kidney transplantations were performed on Fischer (F344) rats and transplanted to Lewis rats, using syngeneic Lewis-Lewis grafts as controls. Tissue samples were collected at 8 weeks posttransplantation. The status of Tfh cell response was assessed by measuring the levels of transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6), interleukin-21 (IL-21), chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF). Tfh cell response was upregulated in both renal graft and spleen of the CAN group compared to the control group. However, Tfh cell response of the spleen was weaker than that of the graft, which was possibly related to the upregulation of splenic Treg activation. Also, the difference between two tissues was partially associated with the different expressions of tristetraprolin (TTP)/IL-10. Our data help improve our understanding of the role of Tfh cell response in the body with CAN and may provide a valuable clue for better treatment of CAN.
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249
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Mistry P, Kaplan MJ. Cell death in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2016; 185:59-73. [PMID: 27519955 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nephritis is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). One key characteristic of lupus nephritis (LN) is the deposition of immune complexes containing nucleic acids and/or proteins binding to nucleic acids and autoantibodies recognizing these molecules. A variety of cell death processes are implicated in the generation and externalization of modified nuclear autoantigens and in the development of LN. Among these processes, apoptosis, primary and secondary necrosis, NETosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy have been proposed to play roles in tissue damage and immune dysregulation. Cell death occurs in healthy individuals during conditions of homeostasis yet autoimmunity does not develop, at least in part, because of rapid clearance of dying cells. In SLE, accelerated cell death combined with a clearance deficiency may lead to the accumulation and externalization of nuclear autoantigens and to autoantibody production. In addition, specific types of cell death may modify autoantigens and alter their immunogenicity. These modified molecules may then become novel targets of the immune system and promote autoimmune responses in predisposed hosts. In this review, we examine various cell death pathways and discuss how enhanced cell death, impaired clearance, and post-translational modifications of proteins could contribute to the development of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragnesh Mistry
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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250
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T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 16:220-33. [PMID: 27026074 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a discrete mode of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling that regulates TReg cell differentiation, maintenance and function and that affects gene expression, metabolism, cell adhesion and migration of these cells. Here, we discuss the emerging understanding of TCR-guided differentiation of TReg cells in the context of their function in health and disease.
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