201
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Stolzer AL, Sadelain M, Sant'Angelo DB. Fulminant experimental autoimmune encephalo-myelitis induced by retrovirally mediated TCR gene transfer. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1822-30. [PMID: 15909313 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although some efforts have been made to direct the antigen specificity of developing T cells by retroviral mediated expression of known TCR, it is not clear if the resultant T cells are fully functional. In this study retroviral gene transfer technology was used to introduce a cDNA encoding the TCR from a known encephalitogenic T cell into the bone marrow of mice. Activated T cells expressing this TCR, which is specific for the Ac1-11 peptide from myelin basic protein presented by I-A(u), cause rapid onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This enabled us to use the onset and progression of the disease as a direct measure of effector functions of T cells generated by this method. The data presented here show that recipients of bone marrow retrovirally transduced with this TCR rapidly develop full-blown EAE that results in paralysis. Therefore, retroviral TCR delivery into the bone marrow supports the development of T cells into fully functional effector cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Transfer, Horizontal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Stolzer
- The Laboratory of T cell Immunobiology, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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202
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Xue SA, Gao L, Hart D, Gillmore R, Qasim W, Thrasher A, Apperley J, Engels B, Uckert W, Morris E, Stauss H. Elimination of human leukemia cells in NOD/SCID mice by WT1-TCR gene-transduced human T cells. Blood 2005; 106:3062-7. [PMID: 16020516 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for an HLA-A2-presented peptide epitope of the Wilms tumor antigen-1 (WT1) can selectively kill immature human leukemia progenitor and stem cells in vitro. In this study we have used retroviral gene transfer to introduce a WT1-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) into T lymphocytes obtained from patients with leukemia and from healthy donors. TCR-transduced T cells kill leukemia cells in vitro and display WT1-specific cytokine production. Intravenous injection of TCR-transduced T cells into nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice harboring human leukemia cells resulted in leukemia elimination, whereas transfer of control T cells transduced with an irrelevant TCR was ineffective. The data suggest that adoptive immunotherapy with WT1-TCR gene-modified patient T cells should be considered for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-An Xue
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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203
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Jensen M. Strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by posttransplantation adoptive transfer of T cells with engineered graft-versus-tumor activity. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2005; 11:34-9. [PMID: 15682174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jensen
- Cancer Immunotherapeutics Program, City of Hope National Medical Center/Beckman Research Institute, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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204
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Lotz C, Mutallib SA, Oehlrich N, Liewer U, Ferreira EA, Moos M, Hundemer M, Schneider S, Strand S, Huber C, Goldschmidt H, Theobald M. Targeting Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1 and X Box-Binding Protein 1 Transcription Factors by Multiple Myeloma-Reactive CTL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1301-9. [PMID: 16002735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that multiple myeloma (MM) and other malignancies are susceptible to CTL-based immune interventions. We studied whether transcription factors inherently involved in the terminal differentiation of mature B lymphocytes into malignant and nonmalignant plasma cells provide MM-associated CTL epitopes. HLA-A*0201 (A2.1) transgenic mice were used to identify A2.1-presented peptide Ag derived from the plasma cell-associated transcriptional regulators, positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1 (PRDI-BF1) and X box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1). A2.1-restricted CTL specific for PRDI-BF1 and XBP-1 epitopes efficiently killed a variety of MM targets. PRDI-BF1- and XBP-1-reactive CTL were able to recognize primary MM cells from A2.1(+) patients. Consistent with the expression pattern of both transcription factors beyond malignant and nonmalignant plasma cells, PRDI-BF1- and XBP-1-specific CTL activity was not entirely limited to MM targets, but was also associated with lysis of certain other malignancies and, in defined instances, with low-to-intermediate level recognition of a few types of normal cells. Our results also indicate that the A2.1-restricted, PRDI-BF1- and XBP-1-specific human CD8(+) T cell repertoire is affected by partial self tolerance and may thus require the transfer of high-affinity TCR to break tolerance. We conclude that transcription factors governing terminal cellular differentiation may provide MM- and tumor-associated CTL epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lotz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology , Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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205
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Murphy A, Westwood JA, Teng MWL, Moeller M, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Gene modification strategies to induce tumor immunity. Immunity 2005; 22:403-14. [PMID: 15845446 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system provides an attractive option for use in cancer therapy. Our increasing understanding of the molecular events important in the generation of an effective immune response presents us with the opportunity to manipulate key genes to boost the immune response against cancer. Genetic modification is being employed to enhance a range of immune processes including antigen presentation, activation of specific T cells, and localization of immune effectors to tumors. In this review, we describe how many diverse cell types, including dendritic cells, T cells, and tumor cells, are being modified with a variety of genes, including those encoding antigens, cytokines, and chemokines, in order to enhance tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Murphy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCullum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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206
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Morris EC, Tsallios A, Bendle GM, Xue SA, Stauss HJ. A critical role of T cell antigen receptor-transduced MHC class I-restricted helper T cells in tumor protection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7934-9. [PMID: 15908507 PMCID: PMC1142362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500357102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is one of the most efficient forms of cancer immunotherapy. However, the isolation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells is limited because only few tumor-associated helper epitopes are identified. Here, we used T cell antigen receptor gene transfer to target CD4(+) T cells against an MHC class I-presented epitope of a model tumor antigen. IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells were unable to expand in vivo and to provide help for tumor rejection. In contrast, CD4(+) T cells producing high levels of IL-2 expanded in vivo, provided help for cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated tumor rejection, and developed T cell memory. The data demonstrate in vivo synergy between T cell antigen receptor-transduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells specific for the same epitope resulting in long-term tumor protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Morris
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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207
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Ivanov R, Hol S, Aarts T, Hagenbeek A, Slager EH, Ebeling S. UTY-specific TCR-transfer generates potential graft-versus-leukaemia effector T cells. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:392-402. [PMID: 15842664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches that target antigens that are differentially recognized on haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic cells may specifically enhance the graft-versus-leukaemia (GVL) effect of donor lymphocyte infusion. In this study, we have characterized a new HLA-B*5201-restricted epitope of the UTY gene. Unusually, presentation of this epitope was restricted to lymphoblasts. As a result, a T cell clone specific to this epitope recognized normal and malignant male B and T lymphoblasts, while showing little reactivity towards male HLA-B*5201+ fibroblasts. Transfer of its T cell receptor (TCR) into donor T cells led to the generation of large numbers of T cells, which acquired the specificity of the original clone, its avidity and the differential pattern of reactivity towards lymphoblasts and fibroblasts. Remarkably, the specific response of TCR-transferred T cells was significantly higher than that of the original clone. This is the first demonstration of the possibility to preserve the specific pattern of a T cell response to a differentially expressed antigen after TCR-transfer and to augment the amplitude of this response concomitantly. These results indicate that it may be feasible to enhance the GVL effect of donor lymphocyte infusions in lymphoproliferative malignancies by the transfer of TCRs specific to epitopes that are differentially recognized on lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ivanov
- Jordan Laboratory for Haemato-Oncology, Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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208
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Xue S, Gao L, Gillmore R, Bendle G, Holler A, Downs AM, Tsallios A, Ramirez F, Ghani Y, Hart D, Alcock S, Tranter A, Stauss HJ, Morris E. WT1-targeted immunotherapy of leukaemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2005; 33:288-90. [PMID: 15528146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2004.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since malignant cells are derived from normal cells, many tumour-associated antigens are also expressed in normal tissues. For examples, WT1 is expressed at elevated levels in most leukaemias, but it is also expressed at reduced levels in normal CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells and in progenitor cells of other tissues. Antigen expression in normal tissues is likely to trigger immunological tolerance and thus blunt T cell responses. This could explain the observation that WT1 vaccination in mice frequently fails to stimulate high avidity cytotoxic T cell responses. In order to circumvent tolerance, we have isolated from HLA-A2-negative donors high avidity CTL specific for HLA-A2-presented peptide epitopes of WT1. These allorestricted CTL efficiently kill HLA-A2-positive leukaemia cells but not normal CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells. However, adoptive cellular therapy with allorestricted CTL could only be performed in leukaemia patients rendered tolerant to the infused CTL by prior allogeneic stem cell transplantation. In order to circumvent this limitation, we propose to exploit the TCR of allorestricted CTL as therapeutic tool. TCR gene transfer can be used to take advantage of the specificity of allorestricted CTL and transfer it to patient CTL, while avoiding the transfer of immunogenic alloantigens from the donor CTL to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xue
- Tumour Immunology Section, Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London W12-0NN, UK
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209
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Roszkowski JJ, Lyons GE, Kast WM, Yee C, Van Besien K, Nishimura MI. Simultaneous generation of CD8+ and CD4+ melanoma-reactive T cells by retroviral-mediated transfer of a single T-cell receptor. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1570-6. [PMID: 15735047 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer requires the generation of large numbers of tumor antigen-reactive T cells for transfer into cancer patients. Genes encoding tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptors can be introduced into primary human T cells by retroviral mediated gene transfer as a potential method of providing any patient with a source of autologous tumor-reactive T cells. A T-cell receptor-specific for a class I MHC (HLA-A2)-restricted epitope of the melanoma antigen tyrosinase was isolated from a CD4(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL 1383I) and introduced into normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes by retroviral transduction. T-cell receptor-transduced T cells secreted various cytokines when cocultured with tyrosinase peptide-loaded antigen-presenting cells as well as melanoma cells in an HLA-A2-restricted manner, and could also lyse target cells. Furthermore, T-cell clones isolated from these cultures showed both CD8(+) and CD4(+) transduced T cells could recognize HLA-A2(+) melanoma cells, giving us the possibility of engineering class I MHC-restricted effector and T helper cells against melanoma. The ability to confer class I MHC-restricted tumor cell recognition to CD4(+) T cells makes the TIL 1383I TCR an attractive candidate for T-cell receptor gene transfer-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Roszkowski
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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210
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Abstract
The discovery of defined tumor antigens and their application in therapeutic cancer vaccines has not yet resulted in a successful therapy for cancer patients. Recent data suggest that this might be because most current clinical immunotherapeutic strategies rely on a tolerized tumor-reactive T-cell repertoire, resulting in a weak T-cell response that cannot induce tumor regression in the face of a multitude of normal and tumor-induced immunoregulatory mechanisms. New insights from animal models and clinical trials suggest a rationale for combination approaches in which the ineffective endogenous anti-tumor immune response is enhanced through a combination of adoptive cell transfer (ACT), specific vaccination and cytokine help for the reliable induction of a robust anti-tumor immune response and tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 904, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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211
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Hughes MS, Yu YYL, Dudley ME, Zheng Z, Robbins PF, Li Y, Wunderlich J, Hawley RG, Moayeri M, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Transfer of a TCR gene derived from a patient with a marked antitumor response conveys highly active T-cell effector functions. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:457-72. [PMID: 15871677 PMCID: PMC1476695 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes for the alpha and beta chains of a highly reactive anti-MART-1 T-cell receptor were isolated from T-lymphocytes that mediated in vivo regression of tumor in a patient with metastatic melanoma. These genes were cloned and inserted into MSCV-based retroviral vectors. After transduction, greater than 50% gene transfer efficiency was demonstrated in primary T-lymphocytes stimulated by an anti-CD3 antibody. The specificity and biologic activity of TCR gene-transduced T-cells was determined by cytokine production after coculture of T-cells with stimulator cells pulsed with MART-1 peptide. The production of interferon-gamma and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was comparable to highly active MART-1 specific peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in the amount of cytokine produced and transduced cells recognized peptide pulsed cells at dilutions similar to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I restricted recognition was demonstrated by mobilization of degranulation marker CD107a, by cell lysis, by cytokine production, and by proliferation in the presence of HLA-A2-positive but not HLA-A2-negative melanoma cell lines. Similar data was obtained when tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were transduced with the TCR genes, converting previously nonreactive cells to tumor reactive cells. TCR-transduced T-cells are thus attractive candidates for evaluation in cell transfer therapies of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth S Hughes
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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212
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Abstract
A goal in cancer therapeutics is to develop targeted modalities that distinguish malignant from normal cells. T cells can discriminate diseased cells based on subtle alterations in peptides displayed in association with MHC molecules at the cell surface. Recent success using the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells has fueled optimism that this approach may find a place as a targeted therapy for some human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, D3-110, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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213
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Willemsen R, Ronteltap C, Heuveling M, Debets R, Bolhuis R. Redirecting human CD4+ T lymphocytes to the MHC class I-restricted melanoma antigen MAGE-A1 by TCR alphabeta gene transfer requires CD8alpha. Gene Ther 2005; 12:140-6. [PMID: 15496961 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy involving the transfer of autologous tumor or virus-reactive T lymphocytes has demonstrated its effectiveness in the eradication of cancer and virally infected cells. Clinical trails and in vitro studies have focused on CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta lymphocytes since these cells directly kill virally infected- and tumor cells after antigen-specific recognition via their TCR alphabeta. However, increasing evidence suggests that induction of sustained immunity against cancer and viral infections depends on the presence of tumor- or virus-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes, which are restricted by MHC class II. Here, we show that these MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T lymphocytes can efficiently be redirected to MHC class I-restricted tumor cells by retroviral introduction of an HLA-A1/MAGE-A1-specific chimeric two-chain TCR ValphaCalphazeta/VbetaCbetazeta (tcTCR/zeta). However, TCR-transduced CD4+ T lymphocytes were only able to specifically bind to HLA-A1/MAGE-A1 complexes and respond to HLA-A1+/MAGE-A1+ melanoma cells when the CD8alpha gene was cointroduced. These CD4+/CD8alpha+/TCR(POS) T lymphocytes produce IFN-gamma, TNFalpha and IL-2 when specifically stimulated via the introduced TCR with immobilized HLA-A1/MAGE-A1 complexes or HLA-A1+/MAGE-A1+ melanoma cells. Furthermore, introduction of the CD8alpha gene into TCR(POS) T lymphocytes rendered these T lymphocytes cytotoxic for HLA-A1+/MAGE-A1+ melanoma cells. These results demonstrate that human CD4+ T lymphocytes when genetically grafted with an HLA-A1/MAGE-A1-specific TCR and CD8alpha are induced to kill and produce cytokines upon specific interaction with the relevant melanoma cells. Hence, CD4+ T lymphocytes, in addition to CD8+ T lymphocytes, may be critical effector cells for adoptive immuno-gene therapy to generate a sustained tumor-specific immune response in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willemsen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, ErasmusMC-Daniel den Hoed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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214
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Yang L, Baltimore D. Long-term in vivo provision of antigen-specific T cell immunity by programming hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4518-23. [PMID: 15758071 PMCID: PMC553287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to genetically program mouse hematopoietic stem cells to develop into functional CD8 or CD4 T cells of defined specificity in vivo is described. For this purpose, a bicistronic retroviral vector was engineered that efficiently delivers genes for both alpha and beta chains of T cell receptor (TCR) to hematopoietic stem cells. When modified cell populations were used to reconstruct the hematopoietic lineages of recipient mice, significant percentages of antigen-specific CD8 or CD4 T cells were observed. These cells expressed normal surface markers and responded to peptide antigen stimulation by proliferation and cytokine production. Moreover, they could mature into memory cells after peptide stimulation. Using TCRs specific for a model tumor antigen, we found that the recipient mice were able to partially resist a challenge with tumor cells carrying the antigen. By combining cells modified with CD8- and CD4-specific TCRs, and boosting with dendritic cells pulsed with cognate peptides, complete suppression of tumor could be achieved and even tumors that had become established would regress and be eliminated after dendritic cell/peptide immunization. This methodology of "instructive immunotherapy" could be developed for controlling the growth of human tumors and attacking established pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Genes, RAG-1
- Genetic Vectors
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunotherapy
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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215
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Kuball J, Schmitz FW, Voss RH, Ferreira EA, Engel R, Guillaume P, Strand S, Romero P, Huber C, Sherman LA, Theobald M. Cooperation of human tumor-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after redirection of their specificity by a high-affinity p53A2.1-specific TCR. Immunity 2005; 22:117-29. [PMID: 15664164 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient immune attack of malignant disease requires the concerted action of both CD8+ CTL and CD4+ Th cells. We used human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 (A2.1) transgenic mice, in which the mouse CD8 molecule cannot efficiently interact with the alpha3 domain of A2.1, to generate a high-affinity, CD8-independent T cell receptor (TCR) specific for a commonly expressed, tumor-associated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope derived from the human p53 tumor suppressor protein. Retroviral expression of this CD8-independent, p53-specific TCR into human T cells imparted the CD8+ T lymphocytes with broad tumor-specific CTL activity and turned CD4+ T cells into potent tumor-reactive, p53A2.1-specific Th cells. Both T cell subsets were cooperative and interacted synergistically with dendritic cell intermediates and tumor targets. The intentional redirection of both CD4+ Th cells and CD8+ CTL by the same high-affinity, CD8-independent, tumor-specific TCR could provide the basis for novel broad-spectrum cancer immunotherapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55101 Mainz, Germany
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216
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Xue S, Gillmore R, Downs A, Tsallios A, Holler A, Gao L, Wong V, Morris E, Stauss HJ. Exploiting T cell receptor genes for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139:167-72. [PMID: 15654813 PMCID: PMC1809284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive antigen-specific immunotherapy is an attractive concept for the treatment of cancer because it does not require immunocompetence of patients, and the specificity of transferred lymphocytes can be targeted against tumour-associated antigens that are poorly immunogenic and thus fail to effectively trigger autologous T cell responses. As the isolation and in vitro expansion of antigen-specific lymphocytes is difficult, 'conventional' adoptive T cell therapy can only be carried out in specialized centres in small numbers of patients. However, T cell receptor (TCR) genes isolated from antigen-specific T cells can be exploited as generic therapeutic molecules for 'unconventional' antigen-specific immunotherapy. Retroviral TCR gene transfer into patient T cells can readily produce populations of antigen-specific lymphocytes after a single round of polyclonal T cell stimulation. TCR gene modified lymphocytes are functionally competent in vitro, and can have therapeutic efficacy in murine models in vivo. TCR gene expression is stable and modified lymphocytes can develop into memory T cells. Introduction of TCR genes into CD8(+) and CD4(+) lymphocytes provides an opportunity to use the same TCR specificity to produce antigen-specific killer and helper T lymphocytes. Thus, TCR gene therapy provides an attractive strategy to develop antigen-specific immunotherapy with autologous lymphocytes as a generic treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xue
- Imperial College London, Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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217
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Alajez NM, Schmielau J, Alter MD, Cascio M, Finn OJ. Therapeutic potential of a tumor-specific, MHC-unrestricted T-cell receptor expressed on effector cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system through bone marrow transduction and immune reconstitution. Blood 2005; 105:4583-9. [PMID: 15746083 PMCID: PMC1894994 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) with unique major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted antigen-binding properties was isolated from a human T-cell clone specific for the tumor antigen MUC1. This TCR binds its epitope on the MUC1 protein without the requirement of processing and presentation. A single-chain Valpha/Vbeta/Cbeta (scTCR) was fused to a CD3 zeta (zeta) chain to allow expression on the surface of cells of the innate (granulocytes, macrophages, natural killer [NK] cells) as well as the adaptive (T and B cells) immune system. To test the ability of the cells of the innate immune system to reject a tumor when provided with a tumor antigen-specific TCR, we reconstituted severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with bone marrow cells transduced with a retroviral vector encoding this receptor and challenged them with a MUC1-positive human tumor. These mice controlled the growth of the tumor significantly better than the control mice. We performed a similar experiment in immunocompetent mice transgenic for human MUC1. Expression of the TCR on large percentages of cells did not result in infiltration or destruction of tissues expressing MUC1. Reconstituted mice controlled the outgrowth of a MUC1-transfected but not the parental control tumor. scTCR expression appears lifelong, suggesting a successful transduction of the self-renewing stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- CD3 Complex/chemistry
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Lineage
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Flow Cytometry
- Granulocytes/cytology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Humans
- Immune System
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mucin-1/chemistry
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Software
- Stem Cells/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad M Alajez
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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218
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Moss P, Rickinson A. Cellular immunotherapy for viral infection after HSC transplantation. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:9-20. [PMID: 15630425 DOI: 10.1038/nri1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Medical advances such as allogeneic transplantation can expose patients to periods of marked immunosuppression, during which viral infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Control of infection will depend ultimately on the restoration of adequate antiviral immunity, and cellular immunotherapy is an attractive approach to improving immune protection. Developments in basic immunology have led to a greater understanding of the nature of protective immunity in immunocompetent donors, and this knowledge is now being used to direct immunotherapeutic protocols. Moreover, immunological techniques that have recently been developed as research tools, such as peptide-HLA tetramers and cytokine-secretion assays, have potential application for clinical use in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moss
- Cancer Research UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TA, UK.
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219
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Zhang T, He X, Tsang TC, Harris DT. Transgenic TCR expression: comparison of single chain with full-length receptor constructs for T-cell function. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 11:487-96. [PMID: 15153936 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic modification of T lymphocytes with T-cell receptor (TCR) genes provides a novel tool for adoptive immunotherapy. However, the efficiency of full-length TCR (flTCR)-transduced T cells could be limited by factors such as incorrect pairing between exogenous and endogenous TCR chains and downregulation of the CD3 complex. To overcome these hurdles, one promising strategy is to use three-domain single-chain TCRs (3D-scTCR), in which TCR Valpha and Vbeta chains are joined by a linker with signal transduction domains fused at the carboxyl termini as signal transducers and amplifiers. Our results showed that surface expression of scTCRs on T cells after retroviral transduction was affected by the origin of the transmembrane (TM) region and placement of signaling domains. scTCR-modified T cells were functional as shown by cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) release in response to antigen stimulation and cytolytic activity against specific target cells. CD8 and CD28, but not the complete CD3 complex, could enhance the scTCR-induced T cell activation. Compared with flTCR-modified T cells and native CTLs, scTCR-modified T cells require higher thresholds of antigen stimulation (approximately 10(-8) M peptide) to be functional. Despite the low efficiency of scTCRs, our data provide insight into further improvements in generating efficient scTCRs for in vivo applications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transgenes/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Gene Therapy Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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220
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Kuball J, Theobald M, Ferreira EA, Hess G, Burg J, Maccagno G, Barreiros AP, Lüth S, Schimanski CC, Schuchmann M, Schwarting A, Neurath M, Otto G, Galle PR, Lohse AW. Control of organ transplant-associated graft-versus-host disease by activated host lymphocyte infusions. Transplantation 2005; 78:1774-9. [PMID: 15614150 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000144183.77279.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged persistence of donor-derived T cells after organ transplantation has been proposed to improve long-term allograft survival. However, surviving transplant-derived T cells are also able to mediate devastating graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Currently, GvHD after organ transplantation is usually refractory to conventional therapy and the disease outcome fatal. METHODS Graft-reactive host T cells were generated ex vivo from a patient suffering from a severe and refractory liver-transplant-associated GvHD. To control GvHD, activated alloreactive host T cells were repetitively retransferred into the patient (activated host lymphocyte infusion [aHLI]). RESULTS Adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated alloreactive host T cells (aHLI) led to the control and complete resolution of severe GvHD without inducing allograft rejection. CONCLUSIONS aHLI opens a novel therapeutic window to control solid-organ transplant-associated GvHD while preserving allograft integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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221
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Rossig C, Brenner MK. Genetic modification of T lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2005; 10:5-18. [PMID: 15233937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes is a promising therapy for malignancies-particularly of the hemopoietic system-and for otherwise intractable viral diseases. Efforts to broaden the approach have been limited by the physiology of the T cells themselves and by a range of immune evasion mechanisms developed by tumor cells. In this review we show how genetic modification of T cells is being used preclinically and in patients to overcome these limitations, by incorporation of novel receptors, resistance mechanisms, and control genes. We also discuss how the increasing safety and effectiveness of gene transfer technologies will lead to an increase in the use of gene-modified T cells for the treatment of a wider range of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany.
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222
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Cooper LJN, Kalos M, DiGiusto D, Brown C, Forman SJ, Raubitschek A, Jensen MC. T-cell genetic modification for re-directed tumor recognition. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS 2005; 22:293-324. [PMID: 16110618 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(04)22014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J N Cooper
- Cancer Immunotherapeutic Program, City of Hope NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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223
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Langerman A, Callender GG, Nishimura MI. Retroviral transduction of peptide stimulated t cells can generate dual t cell receptor-expressing (bifunctional) t cells reactive with two defined antigens. J Transl Med 2004; 2:42. [PMID: 15588290 PMCID: PMC544585 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tumors and viruses have developed many mechanisms to evade the immune system, including down-regulation of target antigens and MHC molecules. These immune escape mechanisms may be able to be circumvented by adoptively transferring T cells engineered to express two different T cell receptors, each specific for a different antigen or MHC restriction molecule. METHODS: PBMC from the blood of normal healthy donors were stimulated for three days with an antigenic peptide from cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65. These CMV reactive cultures were transduced with a encoding the TIL 5 T cell receptor (TCR) that mediates recognition of the dominant epitope of the melanoma antigen MART-1. Following selection for transduced cells, the cultures were evaluated for recognition of CMV pp65 and MART-1 expressing targets. RESULTS: We were able to rapidly create bifunctional T cells capable of recognizing both CMV pp65 and MART-1 using a combination of HLA-A2 tetramer staining and intracellular staining for interferon-gamma. These bifunctional T cells were sensitive to very low levels of antigen, recognize MART-1+ tumor cells, and maintained their bifunctionality for over 40 days in culture. CONCLUSION: Bifunctional T cells can be engineered by transducing short term peptide stimulated T cell cultures. These bifunctional T cells may be more effective in treating patients with cancer or chronic virus infections because they would reduce the possibility of disease progression due to antigen and/or MHC loss variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Langerman
- Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
| | - Glenda G Callender
- Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
| | - Michael I Nishimura
- Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Section of General Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago IL USA
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224
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Bendle GM, Holler A, Pang LK, Hsu S, Krampera M, Simpson E, Stauss HJ. Induction of Unresponsiveness Limits Tumor Protection by Adoptively Transferred MDM2-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8052-6. [PMID: 15520215 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence showing that high avidity CTLs can be more effective than low avidity CTLs for adoptive tumor immunotherapy. Because many T cell-recognized tumor antigens are nonmutated self-proteins, tolerance mechanisms are likely to render high avidity T cells unresponsive or cause T cell elimination by clonal deletion. We recently used the allo-restricted strategy to circumvent immunologic tolerance to a ubiquitously expressed tumor-associated protein, MDM2, and raised high avidity CTLs in humans and in mice. In this study, we investigated whether high avidity MDM2-specific CTLs can mediate tumor protection without causing damage to normal tissues in mice. Although the CTLs prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice without causing damage to normal tissues, tumor protection was incomplete. We show that tumor growth occurred despite the continued presence of MDM2-specific CTLs and the continued susceptibility of tumor cells to CTL killing. However, analysis of the CTLs revealed that they had been rendered unresponsive in vivo because they did not produce interferon gamma in response to antigen-specific stimulation. These experiments suggest that induction of unresponsiveness may be an important mechanism limiting the efficacy of adoptive CTL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M Bendle
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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225
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Arnold PY, Burton AR, Vignali DAA. Diabetes incidence is unaltered in glutamate decarboxylase 65-specific TCR retrogenic nonobese diabetic mice: generation by retroviral-mediated stem cell gene transfer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3103-11. [PMID: 15322170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR transgenic mice are valuable tools for dissecting the role of autoantigen-specific T cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes but are time-consuming to generate and backcross onto congenic strains. To circumvent these limitations, we developed a new approach to rapidly generate mice expressing TCR using retroviral-mediated stem cell gene transfer and a novel picornavirus-like 2A peptide to link the TCR alpha- and beta-chains in a single retroviral vector. We refer to these as retrogenic (Rg) mice to avoid confusion with conventional transgenic mice. Our approach was validated by demonstrating that Rg nonobese diabetic (NOD)-scid mice expressing the diabetogenic TCRs, BDC2.5 and 4.1, generate clonotype-positive T cells and develop diabetes. We then expressed three TCR specific for either glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 206-220 or GAD 524-538 or for hen egg lysozyme 11-25 as a control in NOD, NOD-scid, and B6.H2(g7) mice. Although T cells from these TCR Rg mice responded to their respective Ag in vitro, the GAD-specific T cells exhibited a naive, resting phenotype in vivo. However, T cells from Rg mice challenged with Ag in vivo became activated and developed into memory cells. Neither of the GAD-reactive TCR accelerated or protected mice from diabetes, nor did activated T cells transfer or protect against diabetes in NOD-scid recipients, suggesting that GAD may not be a primary target for diabetogenic T cells. Generation of autoantigen-specific TCR Rg mice represents a powerful approach for the analysis of a wide variety of autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Y Arnold
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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226
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Yu Z, Theoret MR, Touloukian CE, Surman DR, Garman SC, Feigenbaum L, Baxter TK, Baker BM, Restifo NP. Poor immunogenicity of a self/tumor antigen derives from peptide-MHC-I instability and is independent of tolerance. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:551-9. [PMID: 15314692 PMCID: PMC503773 DOI: 10.1172/jci21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the poor immunogenicity of human self/tumor antigens is challenging because of experimental limitations in humans. Here, we developed a human-mouse chimeric model that allows us to investigate the roles of the frequency and self-reactivity of antigen-specific T cells in determination of the immunogenicity of an epitope (amino acids 209-217) derived from a human melanoma antigen, gp100. In these transgenic mice, CD8+ T cells express the variable regions of a human T cell receptor (hTCR) specific for an HLA-A*0201-restricted gp100(209-217). Immunization of hTCR-transgenic mice with gp100(209-217) peptide elicited minimal T cell responses, even in mice in which the epitope was knocked out. Conversely, a modified epitope, gp100(209-217(2M)), was significantly more immunogenic. Both biological and physical assays revealed a fast rate of dissociation of the native peptide from the HLA-A*0201 molecule and a considerably slower rate of dissociation of the modified peptide. In vivo, the time allowed for dissociation of peptide-MHC complexes on APCs prior to their exposure to T cells significantly affected the induction of immune responses. These findings indicate that the poor immunogenicity of some self/tumor antigens is due to the instability of the peptide-MHC complex rather than to the continual deletion or tolerization of self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Yu
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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227
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Yu Z, Theoret MR, Touloukian CE, Surman DR, Garman SC, Feigenbaum L, Baxter TK, Baker BM, Restifo NP. Poor immunogenicity of a self/tumor antigen derives from peptide–MHC-I instability and is independent of tolerance. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200421695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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228
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Schroers R, Hildebrandt Y, Hasenkamp J, Glass B, Lieber A, Wulf G, Piesche M. Gene transfer into human T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by Ad5/F35 chimeric adenoviral vectors. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:536-46. [PMID: 15183894 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic modification of effector lymphocytes, such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, is essential for many approaches to gene-based immunotherapy of cancer. However, transduction of lymphocytes has proven difficult by currently available gene transfer methods. Previous studies have shown that chimeric fiber-modified Ad5/F35 adenoviral vectors are able to efficiently transduce hematopoietic cells including immature progenitors. In this study, we examined the gene transfer into T lymphocytes and NK cells using Ad5/F35 compared with conventional Ad5 adenovectors. METHODS Primary T and NK cells were isolated from healthy donors' peripheral blood leukocytes by immunomagnetic selection. Cell lines and primary lymphocytes were transduced with replication-defective Ad5/F35 and Ad5, both containing a GFP reporter gene under the control of a CMV promoter. Transduction efficiencies were monitored by flow cytometry. The function of transduced lymphocytes was assessed by analysis of proliferative responses to mitogenic agents and in mixed leukocyte reactions. RESULTS Transgene expression was detected in up to 45% of primary CD3+ T lymphocytes and in up to 60% of primary NK cells using Ad5/F35. In contrast, conventional Ad5 transduced less than 8% and 5% of primary T cells and NK cells, respectively. Transduction efficiencies were similar in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and transgene expression could be detected for up to seven days. Activation of T cells significantly enhanced the efficiency of Ad5/F35-mediated gene transfer. Adenoviral transduction of lymphocytes did not result in any impairment of proliferative functions. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that both T lymphocytes and NK cells can be transduced by chimeric Ad5/F35 adenoviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schroers
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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229
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Pacheco-Castro A, Martín-Fernández JM, Millán R, Sanal O, Allende L, Regueiro JR. Toward gene therapy for human CD3 deficiencies. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 14:1653-61. [PMID: 14633407 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322542293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD3 subunits of the T cell receptor-CD3 complex (TCR-CD3) help to regulate surface TCR-CD3 expression, and participate in signal transduction leading to intrathymic selection and peripheral antigen recognition by T lymphocytes. Humans who lack individual CD3 chains show impairments in the expression and activation-induced downregulation of TCR-CD3, and the defective immune responses that result may be lethal. We have investigated delivery of a normal CD3 chain to treat disorders of this type. Retroviral transduction of CD3gamma into CD3gamma-deficient peripheral blood T lymphocytes from two unrelated patients selectively corrected the observed TCR-CD3 expression and downregulation defects, but unexpectedly seemed to cause adverse effects that can be explained by an autoreactive recognition mechanism. These data support the feasibility of gene therapy for human CD3 deficiencies, but also suggest that gene transfer into postthymic lymphocytes carrying mutations on T cell recognition or activation pathways may disrupt their intrathymic calibration and become harmful to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pacheco-Castro
- Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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230
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Stauss HJ, Xue S, Gillmore R, Gao L, Bendle G, Holler A, Downs AM, Morris E. Exploiting alloreactivity for tumour immunotherapy. Vox Sang 2004; 87 Suppl 2:227-9. [PMID: 15209922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-6892.2004.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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231
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Burdach S. Treatment of advanced Ewing tumors by combined radiochemotherapy and engineered cellular transplants. Pediatr Transplant 2004; 8 Suppl 5:67-82. [PMID: 15125708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-2265.2004.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus primarily on own recent work on the treatment of advanced Ewing tumors (AETs) and will attempt, in addition, to give a comprehensive overview of novel developments. The field under review has been shaped by investigators from both Europe and the United States of America in a scientific debate evolving over more than a decade at the meetings of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology and other scientific meetings. In the light of this debate, most oncologists will agree that patients with AETs are facing the worst prognosis of all patients with this disease and include both: (i) patients with primary metastatic disease with the worst prognosis as well as (ii) patients with relapse with the worst prognosis. The contributions of various investigators have lead to the identification of specific risk stratification criteria to overcome the heterogeneity of patients within the conventionally defined clinical stages of localized metastatic and relapsed disease. This review will address the following issues of treatment of AETs: (i) a definition of AET; (ii) risks and benefits of allogeneic vs. autologous stem cell transplantation; (iii) the role of total body irradiation; (iv) the number of involved bones as a risk factor in multifocal bone disease in AET; (v) the development of immunogene therapy in AET; (vi) the matching of radiochemo- and immunotherapy in AET; (vii) the future perspective of functional genomics and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Munich University of Technology, München and Children's Cancer Research Center, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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232
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bleakley
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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233
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Mapara MY, Sykes M. Tolerance and cancer: mechanisms of tumor evasion and strategies for breaking tolerance. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1136-51. [PMID: 15020616 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of malignant disease might be seen as a failure of immune surveillance. However, not all tumors are naturally immunogenic, and even among those that are immunogenic, the uncontrolled rapid growth of a tumor may sometimes out-run a robust immune response. Nevertheless, recent evidence suggests that mechanisms of tolerance that normally exist to prevent autoimmune disease may also preclude the development of an adequate antitumor response and that tumors themselves have the ability to thwart the development of effective immune responses against their antigens. A major challenge has been to develop approaches to breaking this tolerance in tumor-bearing hosts, and recent advances in our understanding of antigen presentation and tolerance have led to some promising strategies. An alternative approach is to use T cells from nontumor-bearing, allogeneic hosts in the form of lymphocyte infusions, with or without hematopoietic cell transplantation. Immunotherapy may occur in this setting via the response of nontolerant, tumor antigen-specific T cells from nontumor-bearing hosts or via the powerful destructive effect of an alloresponse directed against antigens shared by malignant cells in the recipient. Approaches to exploiting this beneficial effect without the deleterious consequence of graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic cell recipients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Y Mapara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
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234
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Heemskerk MHM, Hoogeboom M, Hagedoorn R, Kester MGD, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Reprogramming of virus-specific T cells into leukemia-reactive T cells using T cell receptor gene transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:885-94. [PMID: 15051765 PMCID: PMC2211874 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
T cells directed against minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) might be responsible for eradication of hematological malignancies after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We investigated whether transfer of T cell receptors (TCRs) directed against mHags, exclusively expressed on hematopoietic cells, could redirect virus-specific T cells toward antileukemic reactivity, without the loss of their original specificity. Generation of T cells with dual specificity may lead to survival of these TCR-transferred T cells for prolonged periods of time in vivo due to transactivation of the endogenous TCR of the tumor-reactive T cells by the latent presence of viral antigens. Furthermore, TCR transfer into restricted T cell populations, which are nonself reactive, will minimize the risk of autoimmunity. We demonstrate that cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells can be efficiently reprogrammed into leukemia-reactive T cells by transfer of TCRs directed against the mHag HA-2. HA-2-TCR–transferred CMV-specific T cells derived from human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2+ or HLA-A2− individuals exerted potent antileukemic as well as CMV reactivity, without signs of anti–HLA-A2 alloreactivity. The dual specificity of these mHag-specific, TCR-redirected virus-specific T cells opens new possibilities for the treatment of hematological malignancies of HLA-A2+ HA-2–expressing patients transplanted with HLA-A2–matched or –mismatched donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, C2-R, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Netherlands.
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235
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Abstract
Artificial T-cell receptors are generated by joining an Ag-recognizing domain (ectodomain) to the transmembrane and intracellular portion of a signaling molecule (endodomain). The ectodomain is most often derived from Ab variable chains, but may also be generated from T-cell receptor variable chains, as well as from other molecules. Various alternative ectodomain designs exist, with some comparative studies suggesting optimal forms. The endodomain most often used is the intracellular portion of CD-zeta. Although signaling by CD-zeta leads to IFN-n release and cell killing, it fails to transmit a full activation signal. Recently, unions of different signaling molecule segments have facilitated transmission of more potent signals, stimulating T-cell proliferation and overcoming this major limitation. Artificial T-cell receptors allow grafting of nearly any specificity to T cells. This allows generation of large numbers of specific T cells, without laborious selection and expansion procedures. Efficacy against tumors has been demonstrated in animal models. Phase I and II studies of T-cells transduced with artificial T-cell receptors as therapy for HIV infection have been performed. This rapidly advancing technology will make new strategies of adoptive immunotherapy possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pule
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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236
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Lotz C, Ferreira EA, Drexler I, Mutallib SA, Huber C, Sutter G, Theobald M. Partial tyrosinase-specific self tolerance by HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mice and man. Int J Cancer 2004; 108:571-9. [PMID: 14696122 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human tyrosinase (hTyr) (369-377) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope is presented by malignant melanoma and various nontransformed cells in association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201 (A2.1) and used for vaccination-based immunotherapy of melanoma patients. Its mouse homologue, mTyr (369-377), is naturally processed and bound by A2.1 with equivalent efficacy and thus enabled us to explore the effect of self tolerance on Tyr-specific T cells in different lines of A2.1 transgenic (Tg) mice and man. We found that self Tyr-reactive CTL in Tg mice and, importantly, in man were affected by partial tolerance resulting in only residual T lymphocytes of higher avidity for self Tyr along with low-avidity T cells to be present in the periphery. Immunizing mice with the xenogeneic nonself Tyr peptide facilitated the generation of self Tyr-reactive CTL. As compared to Tyr-reactive CTL induced by high amounts of the self Tyr epitope, however, the nonself antigen (Ag) had no effect on improving the avidity of self Tyr-specific mouse and human T cells. Depleting mice of CD25(+) T cells with and without CTL-associated Ag 4 (CTLA-4) blockade demonstrated that tolerance of Tyr-specific CTL was not regulated by CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells (Treg) or CTLA-4. Our studies have important implications for the design of anti-Tyr-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lotz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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237
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Chamoto K, Tsuji T, Funamoto H, Kosaka A, Matsuzaki J, Sato T, Abe H, Fujio K, Yamamoto K, Kitamura T, Takeshima T, Togashi Y, Nishimura T. Potentiation of Tumor Eradication by Adoptive Immunotherapy with T-cell Receptor Gene-Transduced T-Helper Type 1 Cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:386-90. [PMID: 14729649 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy using antigen-specific T-helper type 1 (Th1) cells has been considered as a potential strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, its application to tumor immunotherapy has been hampered by difficulties in expanding tumor-specific Th1 cells from tumor-bearing hosts. Here, we have developed an efficient protocol for preparing mouse antigen-specific Th1 cells from nonspecifically activated Th cells after retroviral transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha and TCR-beta genes. We demonstrate that Th1 cells transduced with the TCR-alpha and -beta genes from the I-A(d)-restricted ovalbumin (OVA)(323-339)-specific T-cell clone DO11.10 produce IFN-gamma but not interleukin-4 in response to stimulation with OVA(323-339) peptides or A20 B lymphoma (A20-OVA) cells expressing OVA as a model tumor antigen. TCR-transduced Th1 cells also exhibited cytotoxicity against tumor cells in an antigen-specific manner. Moreover, adoptive transfer of TCR-transduced Th1 cells, but not mock-transduced Th1 cells, exhibited potent antitumor activity in vivo and, when combined with cyclophosphamide treatment, completely eradicated established tumor masses. Thus, TCR-transduced Th1 cells are a promising alternative for the development of effective adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Division of Immunoregulation, Section of Disease Control, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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238
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Brentjens RJ, Sadelain M. Somatic cell engineering and the immunotherapy of leukemias and lymphomas. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2004; 51:347-70. [PMID: 15464917 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(04)51015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renier J Brentjens
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Laboratories, Leukemia Service Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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239
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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240
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Mahnke YD, Speiser D, Luescher IF, Cerottini JC, Romero P. Recent advances in tumour antigen-specific therapy:In vivo veritas. Int J Cancer 2004; 113:173-8. [PMID: 15386403 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Modern cancer therapies should strive not only to eliminate malignant tissues but also to preserve healthy tissues and the patient's quality of life. Antigen-specific immunotherapy approaches are promising for either aspect since they are designed to only act against tissues expressing 1 or more specified tumour antigens. In order to develop successful vaccine and adoptive transfer protocols, longitudinal monitoring of cancer patients taking part in clinical trials is mandatory. Here, in vivo expansion of antigen-specific cells, as well as their ex vivo functional status represent important parameters to be analysed. To obtain results that most closely reflect the cells' in vivo status, functional assays must be carried out with as little in vitro culturing as possible. The present minireview discusses recent advances in these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda D Mahnke
- Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital (CHUV), Avenue Pierre-Decker 4, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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241
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TCR gene therapy of leukemia. Blood 2003. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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242
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Heemskerk MHM, Hoogeboom M, de Paus RA, Kester MGD, van der Hoorn MAWG, Goulmy E, Willemze R, Falkenburg JHF. Redirection of antileukemic reactivity of peripheral T lymphocytes using gene transfer of minor histocompatibility antigen HA-2-specific T-cell receptor complexes expressing a conserved alpha joining region. Blood 2003; 102:3530-40. [PMID: 12869497 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-derived T lymphocytes directed against minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) exclusively expressed on cells of the hematopoietic lineages can eliminate hematologic malignancies. Transfer of T-cell receptors (TCRs) directed against these mHags into T lymphocytes may provide a strategy to generate antileukemic T cells. To investigate the feasibility of this strategy the TCR usage of mHag HA-2-specific T-cell clones was characterized. Thirteen different types of HA-2-specific T-cell clones were detected, expressing TCRs with diversity in TCR alpha- and beta-chain usage, however, containing in the TCR alpha chain a single conserved gene segment J alpha 42, indicating that J alpha 42 is involved in HA-2-specific recognition. We transferred various HA-2 TCRs into T lymphocytes from HLA-A2-positive HA-2-negative individuals resulting in T cells with redirected cytolytic activity against HA-2-expressing target cells. Transfer of chimeric TCRs demonstrated that the HA-2 specificity is not only determined by the J alpha 42 region but also by the N-region of the alpha chain and the CDR3 region of the beta chain. Finally, when HA-2 TCRs were transferred into T cells from HLA-A2-negative donors, the HA-2 TCR-modified T cells exerted potent antileukemic reactivity without signs of anti-HLA-A2 alloreactivity. These results indicate that HA-2 TCR transfer may be used as an alternative strategy to generate HA-2-specific T cells to treat hematologic malignancies of HLA-A2-positive, HA-2-expressing patients that received transplants from HLA-A2-matched or -mismatched donors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blood Cells/immunology
- Conserved Sequence
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, C2-R, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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243
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Maecker B, Sherr DH, Vonderheide RH, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Hirano N, Anderson KS, Xia Z, Butler MO, Wucherpfennig KW, O'Hara C, Cole G, Kwak SS, Ramstedt U, Tomlinson AJ, Chicz RM, Nadler LM, Schultze JL. The shared tumor-associated antigen cytochrome P450 1B1 is recognized by specific cytotoxic T cells. Blood 2003; 102:3287-94. [PMID: 12869499 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), a drug-metabolizing extrahepatic enzyme, was recently shown to be overexpressed in multiple types of cancer. Such tumor-associated genes may be useful targets for anticancer therapy, particularly cancer immunotherapeutics. We identified HLA-A*0201-binding peptides and a naturally processed and presented T-cell epitope capable of inducing CYP1B1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Furthermore, the induction of CYP1B1-specific T cells was demonstrated in healthy donors and cancer patients. These T cells efficiently lysed target cells pulsed with the cognate peptide. More important, HLA-A2-matched tumor cell lines and primary malignant cells were also recognized by CYP1B1-specific CTLs. These findings form the basis of a phase 1 clinical trial exploring a DNA-based vector encoding CYP1B1 for widely applicable cancer immunotherapy conducted at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Maecker
- Head, Molecular Tumor Biology and Tumor Immunology University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9/Haus 16, 50924 Cologne, Germany.
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244
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Mutis T. Targeting Alloreactive Donor T-Cells to Hematopoietic System-Restricted Minor Histocompatibility Antigens to Dissect Graft-versus-Leukemia Effects from Graft-versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Int J Hematol 2003; 78:208-12. [PMID: 14604278 DOI: 10.1007/bf02983796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect of HLA-identical allogeneic stem cell transplantation is mainly mediated by alloreactive T-cells directed at the minor histocompatibility antigens (H ags) expressed on the leukemic cells of the recipient. Minor H ags are major histocompatibility complex-bound polymorphic peptides that are derived from intracellular proteins and that can show ubiquitous or hematopoietic system-restricted expression. Whereas ubiquitous minor H ags are involved both in the GVL effect and in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), hematopoietic system-specific minor H ags expressed on leukemic cells are considered important targets for leukemia-specific cellular immunotherapy with a low risk of GVHD. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the immunobiology of minor H ags and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of cellular immunotherapy strategies that aim to separate the GVL effect from GVHD by targeting donor T-cells to hematopoietic system-specific minor H ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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245
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Abstract
The incidence of chronic MPD and MDS could be reduced considerably if relevant environmental factors could be identified and eliminated, but this seems an unlikely prospect for the foreseeable future. More probable is the likelihood that the molecular basis of the various chronic MPD gradually will be elucidated such that specific inhibitory molecules analogous to imatinib may be designed for each disease or each subtype of disease. Combinations of inhibitory molecules may prove especially useful. There is ample scope for improving the clinical results of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, which in theory could "cure" most patients with MPD or MDS. In this regard, reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplants seem promising. One possibility is identification and exploitation of the basic mechanism underlying the graft-versus-leukemia effect for eradication of minimal residual disease without the need for allografting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Goldman
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College at Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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246
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Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Yu YYL, Zheng Z, Robbins PF, Theoret MR, Wunderlich JR, Hughes MS, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA. High efficiency TCR gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes affords avid recognition of melanoma tumor antigen glycoprotein 100 and does not alter the recognition of autologous melanoma antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3287-95. [PMID: 12960359 PMCID: PMC2248799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The alpha- and beta-chains of the TCR from a highly avid anti-gp100 CTL clone were isolated and used to construct retroviral vectors that can mediate high efficiency gene transfer into primary human lymphocytes. Expression of this TCR gene was confirmed by Western blot analysis, immunocytometric analysis, and HLA Ag tetramer staining. Gene transfer efficiencies of >50% into primary lymphocytes were obtained without selection for transduced cells using a method of prebinding retroviral vectors to cell culture vessels before the addition of lymphocytes. The biological activity of transduced cells was confirmed by cytokine production following coculture with stimulator cells pulsed with gp100 peptides, but not with unrelated peptides. The ability of this anti-gp100 TCR gene to transfer high avidity Ag recognition to engineered lymphocytes was confirmed in comparison with highly avid antimelanoma lymphocytes by the high levels of cytokine production (>200,000 pg/ml IFN-gamma), by recognition of low levels of peptide (<200 pM), and by HLA class I-restricted recognition and lysis of melanoma tumor cell lines. CD4(+) T cells engineered with this anti-gp100 TCR gene were Ag reactive, suggesting CD8-independent activity of the expressed TCR. Finally, nonmelanoma-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cultures developed antimelanoma activity following anti-gp100 TCR gene transfer. In addition, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with reactivity against non-gp100 melanoma Ags acquired gp100 reactivity and did not lose the recognition of autologous melanoma Ags following gp100 TCR gene transfer. These results suggest that lymphocytes genetically engineered to express anti-gp100 TCR may be of value in the adoptive immunotherapy of patients with melanoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clone Cells
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Morgan
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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247
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Engels B, Cam H, Schüler T, Indraccolo S, Gladow M, Baum C, Blankenstein T, Uckert W. Retroviral vectors for high-level transgene expression in T lymphocytes. Hum Gene Ther 2003; 14:1155-68. [PMID: 12908967 DOI: 10.1089/104303403322167993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient expression of genes transferred by retroviral vectors is a prerequisite for gene therapy, especially when the biological effect depends on the amount of transgene product. High-level gene expression is desirable for several gene therapy approaches involving T lymphocytes. We evaluated standard retroviral vectors with cis-regulatory control elements of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) with or without the human T cell-specific CD2 enhancer. For comparison, vectors containing the long terminal repeat (LTR) of myeloproliferative sarcoma virus (MPSV) and an improved 5' untranslated region were used (MP71 vectors), with or without the woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (PRE). All vectors expressed the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) to measure transgene expression. In mouse T cells MP71 vectors with and without the PRE yielded an up to 10-fold higher expression level compared with the Mo-MLV-based vectors currently used for gene transfer into T lymphocytes. A high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of standard Mo-MLV vectors could not reach expression levels obtained with a low MOI of MP71 vector. Ex vivo-transduced mouse T lymphocytes maintained the vector-dependent differences in level of transgene expression in Rag-1-deficient mice when adoptively transferred. In four human T cell lines and human primary T lymphocytes MP71 vectors yielded an up to 75-fold higher GFP expression level in comparison with the standard Mo-MLV vector. In contrast to mouse T cells, the integration of the PRE into MP71 vectors induced in human T cells a further significant increase in transgene expression level. Southern blot analysis of CEM T cells revealed that the superior performance of MP71 vectors was not due to a higher rate of viral integration. In summary, MP71 vectors are useful tools for stable, high-level gene expression in T lymphocytes, for example, in the expression of T cell receptor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Engels
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rossle-Strasse 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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248
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Bai XF, Liu J, Li O, Zheng P, Liu Y. Antigenic drift as a mechanism for tumor evasion of destruction by cytolytic T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1487-96. [PMID: 12750398 PMCID: PMC155049 DOI: 10.1172/jci17656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is established that mutations in viral antigenic epitopes, or antigenic drifts, allow viruses to escape recognition by both Ab's and T lymphocytes. It is unclear, however, whether tumor cells can escape immune recognition via antigenic drift. Here we show that adoptive therapy with both monoclonal and polyclonal transgenic CTLs, specific for a natural tumor antigen, P1A, selects for multiple mutations in the P1A antigenic epitope. These mutations severely diminish T cell recognition of the tumor antigen by a variety of mechanisms, including modulation of MHC:peptide interaction and TCR binding to MHC:peptide complex. These results provide the first evidence for tumor evasion of T cell recognition by antigenic drift, and thus have important implications for the strategy of tumor immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Clone Cells/immunology
- Clone Cells/pathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genetic Drift
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Plasmacytoma/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Plasmacytoma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Tumor Escape/genetics
- Tumor Escape/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Bai
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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249
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Gao L, Xue SA, Hasserjian R, Cotter F, Kaeda J, Goldman JM, Dazzi F, Stauss HJ. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for Wilms' tumor antigen-1 inhibit engraftment of leukemia-initiating stem cells in non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient recipients. Transplantation 2003; 75:1429-36. [PMID: 12792492 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000061516.57346.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is a disease characterized by the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. Previous studies have shown that the Wilms' tumor antigen-1 (WT1) transcription factor is expressed at elevated levels in hematopoietic stem cells of leukemia patients compared with normal stem cells. In the past, we have generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for WT1, and we have shown that they killed WT1-expressing leukemia cell lines and inhibited the in vitro colony-forming activity of leukemia cells of patients. We used a xenotransplantation model to address whether WT1-specific CTL can selectively inhibit engraftment of malignant but not normal stem cells. CD34+ hematopoietic cells isolated from individuals with chronic myeloid leukemia or normal hematopoiesis were treated with WT1-specific CTL and injected into immunodeficient non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient mice. After 5 to 8 weeks, engraftment of leukemic or normal human cells was analyzed using immunohistology, flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction amplification of human sequences. The data showed that exposure of chronic myeloid leukemia CD34+ cells to WT1-specifc CTL completely prevented the development of leukemia in the recipient mice, whereas CTL treatment did not inhibit engraftment of normal CD34+ stem cells. The experiments indicate that WT1-specific CTL can discriminate between stem cells that give raise to leukemia and normal hematopoiesis in the xenogenic transplantation model. This supports the use of CTL with this specificity for treatment of leukemia patients undergoing stem-cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Gao
- Department of Immunology and Haematology, Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London
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250
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Kaplan BLF, Yu DC, Clay TM, Nishimura MI. Redirecting T lymphocyte specificity using T cell receptor genes. Int Rev Immunol 2003; 22:229-53. [PMID: 12745641 DOI: 10.1080/08830180305227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Redirecting T cells by transferring T cell receptor (TCR) genes from tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-reactive T cell clones into human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) has therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases, including cancer. T cell specificity can be altered using retroviruses encoding TCRalpha and TCRbeta chain genes, or chimeric immunoglobulin (cIg) genes containing signaling domains of CD3 zeta or Fc epsilon RI-gamma. This review evaluates recent studies using TCRs and cIgs to redirect T cell specificity and discusses some of the technical and biological hurdles that need to be addressed before these approaches can be successfully used to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L F Kaplan
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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