201
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Morris G, Puri BK, Frye RE. The putative role of environmental aluminium in the development of chronic neuropathology in adults and children. How strong is the evidence and what could be the mechanisms involved? Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1335-1355. [PMID: 28752219 PMCID: PMC5596046 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The conceptualisation of autistic spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease has undergone something of a paradigm shift in recent years and rather than being viewed as single illnesses with a unitary pathogenesis and pathophysiology they are increasingly considered to be heterogeneous syndromes with a complex multifactorial aetiopathogenesis, involving a highly complex and diverse combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. One such environmental factor implicated as a potential cause in both syndromes is aluminium, as an element or as part of a salt, received, for example, in oral form or as an adjuvant. Such administration has the potential to induce pathology via several routes such as provoking dysfunction and/or activation of glial cells which play an indispensable role in the regulation of central nervous system homeostasis and neurodevelopment. Other routes include the generation of oxidative stress, depletion of reduced glutathione, direct and indirect reductions in mitochondrial performance and integrity, and increasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines in both the brain and peripherally. The mechanisms whereby environmental aluminium could contribute to the development of the highly specific pattern of neuropathology seen in Alzheimer's disease are described. Also detailed are several mechanisms whereby significant quantities of aluminium introduced via immunisation could produce chronic neuropathology in genetically susceptible children. Accordingly, it is recommended that the use of aluminium salts in immunisations should be discontinued and that adults should take steps to minimise their exposure to environmental aluminium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, Wales, SA15 2LW, UK
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England, W12 0HS, UK.
| | - Richard E Frye
- College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
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202
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Inhaled Fine Particles Induce Alveolar Macrophage Death and Interleukin-1α Release to Promote Inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Formation. Immunity 2017; 45:1299-1310. [PMID: 28002730 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Particulate pollution is thought to function as an adjuvant that can induce allergic responses. However, the exact cell types and immunological factors that initiate the lung-specific immune responses are unclear. We found that upon intratracheal instillation, particulates such as aluminum salts and silica killed alveolar macrophages (AMs), which then released interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and caused inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation in the lung. IL-1α release continued for up to 2 weeks after particulate exposure, and type-2 allergic immune responses were induced by the inhalation of antigen during IL-1α release and iBALT formation, even long after particulate instillation. Recombinant IL-1α was sufficient to induce iBALTs, which coincided with subsequent immunoglobulin E responses, and IL-1-receptor-deficient mice failed to induce iBALT formation. Therefore, the AM-IL-1α-iBALT axis might be a therapeutic target for particulate-induced allergic inflammation.
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203
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Szondy Z, Sarang Z, Kiss B, Garabuczi É, Köröskényi K. Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms Triggered by Apoptotic Cells during Their Clearance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:909. [PMID: 28824635 PMCID: PMC5539239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human body, billions of cells die by apoptosis every day. The subsequent clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytosis is normally efficient enough to prevent secondary necrosis and the consequent release of cell contents that would induce inflammation and trigger autoimmunity. In addition, apoptotic cells generally induce an anti-inflammatory response, thus removal of apoptotic cells is usually immunologically silent. Since the first discovery that uptake of apoptotic cells leads to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 release by engulfing macrophages, numerous anti-inflammatory mechanisms triggered by apoptotic cells have been discovered, including release of anti-inflammatory molecules from the apoptotic cells, triggering immediate anti-inflammatory signaling pathways by apoptotic cell surface molecules via phagocyte receptors, activating phagocyte nuclear receptors following uptake and inducing the production of anti-inflammatory soluble mediators by phagocytes that may act via paracrine or autocrine mechanisms to amplify and preserve the anti-inflammatory state. Here, we summarize our present knowledge about how these anti-inflammatory mechanisms operate during the clearance of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Garabuczi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Köröskényi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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204
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Abstract
Adjuvants have been deliberately added to vaccines since the 1920's when alum was discovered to boost antibody responses, leading to better protection. The first adjuvants were discovered by accident and were used in the safer but less immunogenic subunit vaccines, supposedly by providing an antigen depot to extend antigen presentation. Since that time, much has been discovered about how these adjuvants impact cells at the tissue site to activate innate immune responses, mobilize dendritic cells and drive adaptive immunity. New approaches to vaccine construction for infectious diseases that have so far not been well addressed by conventional vaccines often attempt to induce antibodies, polyfunctional CD4+ T cells and CD8+ CTLs. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors and ligands that drive desired T cell responses has led to development of novel adjuvant strategies using immunomodulatory agents to direct appropriate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S McKee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400, Jackson St., Denver, CO 80206, USA
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205
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Shen C, Li J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Shen G, Zhu J, Tao J. Polyethylenimine-based micro/nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5443-5460. [PMID: 28814862 PMCID: PMC5546778 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s137980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have shown great success in treating and preventing tumors and infections, while adjuvants are always demanded to ensure potent immune responses. Polyethylenimine (PEI), as one of the well-studied cationic polymers, has been used as a transfection reagent for decades. However, increasing evidence has shown that PEI-based particles are also capable of acting as adjuvants. In this paper, we briefly review the physicochemical properties and the broad applications of PEI in different fields, and elaborate on the intracellular processes of PEI-based vaccines. In addition, we sum up the proof of their in vivo and clinical applications. We also highlight some mechanisms proposed for the intrinsic immunoactivation function of PEI, followed by the challenges and future perspectives of the applications of PEI in the vaccines, as well as some strategies to elicit the desirable immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuce Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanxin Shen
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintao Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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206
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Ueki S, Tokunaga T, Fujieda S, Honda K, Hirokawa M, Spencer LA, Weller PF. Eosinophil ETosis and DNA Traps: a New Look at Eosinophilic Inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:54. [PMID: 27393701 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The traditional paradigm of eosinophils as end-stage damaging cells has mainly relied on their release of cytotoxic proteins. Cytokine-induced cell survival and secretion of granular contents from tissue-dwelling eosinophil are thought to be important mechanisms for eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, although the occurrence of cytolysis and its products (i.e., free extracellular granules) has been observed in affected lesions. Recent evidence indicates that activated eosinophils can exhibit a non-apoptotic cell death pathway, namely extracellular trap cell death (ETosis) that mediates the eosinophil cytolytic degranulation. Here, we discuss the current concept of eosinophil ETosis which provides a new look at eosinophilic inflammation. Lessons from eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis revealed that ETosis-derived DNA traps, composed of stable web-like chromatin, contribute to the properties of highly viscous eosinophilic mucin and impairments in its clearance. Intact granules entrapped in DNA traps are causing long-lasting inflammation but also might have immunoregulatory roles. Eosinophils possess a way to have post-postmortem impacts on innate immunity, local immune response, sterile inflammation, and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Ueki
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Tokunaga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kohei Honda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Akita Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirokawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Lisa A Spencer
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter F Weller
- Divisions of Allergy and Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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207
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Sun B, Ji Z, Liao YP, Chang CH, Wang X, Ku J, Xue C, Mirshafiee V, Xia T. Enhanced Immune Adjuvant Activity of Aluminum Oxyhydroxide Nanorods through Cationic Surface Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:21697-21705. [PMID: 28590715 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-salt-based vaccine adjuvants are prevailingly used in FDA-approved vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases for over eighty years. Despite their safe applications, the mechanisms regarding how the material characteristics affect the interactions at nano-bio interface and immunogenicity remain unclear. Recently, studies have indicated that the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in inducing adjuvant effects that are controlled by the inherent shape and hydroxyl contents of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) nanoparticles; however, the detailed relationship between surface properties and adjuvant effects for these materials remains unknown. Thus, we engineered AlOOH nanorods (ALNRs) with controlled surface functionalization and charge to assess their effects on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro and the potentiation of immunogenicity in vivo. It is demonstrated that NH2-functionalized ALNRs exhibited higher levels of cellular uptake, lysosomal damage, oxidative stress, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation than pristine and SO3H-functionalized ALNRs in cells. This structure-activity relationship also correlates with the adjuvant activity of the material using ovalbumin (OVA) in a mouse vaccination model. This study demonstrates that surface functionalization of ALNRs is critical for rational design of aluminum-based adjuvants to boost antigen-specific immune responses for more effective and long-lasting vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhaoxia Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu-Pei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Hyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Justine Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Changying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Vahid Mirshafiee
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, and ⊥School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, §California NanoSystems Institute, and ∥Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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208
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Association of chitosan and aluminium as a new adjuvant strategy for improved vaccination. Int J Pharm 2017; 527:103-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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209
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Toussaint M, Jackson DJ, Swieboda D, Guedán A, Tsourouktsoglou TD, Ching YM, Radermecker C, Makrinioti H, Aniscenko J, Bartlett NW, Edwards MR, Solari R, Farnir F, Papayannopoulos V, Bureau F, Marichal T, Johnston SL. Host DNA released by NETosis promotes rhinovirus-induced type-2 allergic asthma exacerbation. Nat Med 2017; 23:681-691. [PMID: 28459437 PMCID: PMC5821220 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections represent the most common cause of allergic asthma exacerbations. Amplification of the type-2 immune response is strongly implicated in asthma exacerbation, but how virus infection boosts type-2 responses is poorly understood. We report a significant correlation between the release of host double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) following rhinovirus infection and the exacerbation of type-2 allergic inflammation in humans. In a mouse model of allergic airway hypersensitivity, we show that rhinovirus infection triggers dsDNA release associated with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), known as NETosis. We further demonstrate that inhibiting NETosis by blocking neutrophil elastase or by degrading NETs with DNase protects mice from type-2 immunopathology. Furthermore, the injection of mouse genomic DNA alone is sufficient to recapitulate many features of rhinovirus-induced type-2 immune responses and asthma pathology. Thus, NETosis and its associated extracellular dsDNA contribute to the pathogenesis and may represent potential therapeutic targets of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Toussaint
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - David J Jackson
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Dawid Swieboda
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Anabel Guedán
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | | | - Yee Man Ching
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Coraline Radermecker
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Heidi Makrinioti
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Julia Aniscenko
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Roberto Solari
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Frédéric Farnir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals &Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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210
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Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Particulates Induce Type-2 Immune Responses. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2017; 72:27-31. [PMID: 28154357 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.72.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Particulates are considered to be one of the causative factors for allergic asthma and rhinitis in developed countries. Indeed, particulates and crystals are reported to activate type-2 immunity, which is associated with allergic responses. Thus far, many studies have been carried out to determine how particulates trigger immune responses; however, the detailed mechanisms by which immune responses are triggered are still unknown. One important clue is that particulates have an adjuvant activity and boost immune responses toward type-2 responses. Most adjuvants are considered to activate innate immunity, and then activated innate immune cells stimulate adaptive immunity, which involves T cells and B cells. That is why many scientists believe that particulate adjuvants directly stimulate innate cells through unique sensor proteins such as pattern-recognition receptors. In this review, we will introduce the proposed mechanisms of particulate-induced immune activation from the viewpoint of the activation of innate immune responses and related receptors and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University
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211
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Luo M, Samandi LZ, Wang Z, Chen ZJ, Gao J. Synthetic nanovaccines for immunotherapy. J Control Release 2017; 263:200-210. [PMID: 28336379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although vaccination is historically one of the most successful strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases, development of vaccines for cancer and many chronic infections, such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, has remained a challenge. Strong and long-lasting antigen-specific T cell responses are critical for therapy of these diseases. A major challenge in achieving a robust CD8+ T cell response is the requirement of spatio-temporal orchestration of antigen cross-presentation in antigen-presenting cells with innate stimulation. Here, we discuss the development of nanoparticle vaccine (nanovaccine) that modulates the innate immune system and enhances adaptive immunity with reduced toxicity. We address how nanovaccines can integrate multiple functions, such as lymph node targeting, antigen presentation, and stimulation of innate immunity, to achieve a robust T cell response for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Layla Z Samandi
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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212
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Westdijk J, Metz B, Spruit N, Tilstra W, van der Gun J, Hendriksen C, Kersten G. Antigenic fingerprinting of diphtheria toxoid adsorbed to aluminium phosphate. Biologicals 2017; 47:69-75. [PMID: 28259519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigenicity of alum-adsorbed diphtheria toxoid (DTd) was determined in combination vaccines, containing DTd, tetanus toxoid and inactivated poliovirus. A panel of monoclonal antibodies was used, covering five epitopes, distributed over the antigen. The resulting antigenic fingerprint of DTd demonstrates consistency of adsorption at antigen level in final product combination vaccines. The antigenic quality of DTd alone, adsorbed to aluminium phosphate, was also determined and compared with pre-adsorbed toxoid (starting material as well as toxoid desorbed from aluminium phosphate). Some epitopes became less accessible after adsorption, while others became relatively better exposed. Some epitopes disappeared almost completely upon adsorption, but were re-established after desorption of the antigen. The results indicate that DTd is adsorbed to aluminium phosphate in a preferred orientation and not randomly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janny Westdijk
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Bernard Metz
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda Spruit
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wichard Tilstra
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Gun
- Bilthoven Biologicals, P.O. Box 457, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Coenraad Hendriksen
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Animals in Science and Society-3R Centre Utrecht Life Sciences, Yalelaan 2, P.O. Box 80.166, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Drug Delivery Technology, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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213
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Yoshioka Y, Kuroda E, Hirai T, Tsutsumi Y, Ishii KJ. Allergic Responses Induced by the Immunomodulatory Effects of Nanomaterials upon Skin Exposure. Front Immunol 2017; 8:169. [PMID: 28261221 PMCID: PMC5311046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a vast array of nanomaterials has been created through the development of nanotechnology. With the increasing application of these nanomaterials in various fields, such as foods, cosmetics, and medicines, there has been concern about their safety, that is, nanotoxicity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to collect information about the biological effects of nanomaterials so that we can exploit their potential benefits and design safer nanomaterials, while avoiding nanotoxicity as a result of inhalation or skin exposure. In particular, the immunomodulating effect of nanomaterials is one of most interesting aspects of nanotoxicity. However, the immunomodulating effects of nanomaterials through skin exposure have not been adequately discussed compared with the effects of inhalation exposure, because skin penetration by nanomaterials is thought to be extremely low under normal conditions. On the other hand, the immunomodulatory effects of nanomaterials via skin may cause severe problems for people with impaired skin barrier function, because some nanomaterials could penetrate the deep layers of their allergic or damaged skin. In addition, some studies, including ours, have shown that nanomaterials could exhibit significant immunomodulating effects even if they do not penetrate the skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the allergic responses induced by nanomaterials upon skin exposure. First, we discuss nanomaterial penetration of the intact or impaired skin barrier. Next, we describe the immunomodulating effects of nanomaterials, focusing on the sensitization potential of nanomaterials and the effects of co-exposure of nanomaterials with substances such as chemical sensitizers or allergens, on the onset of allergy, following skin exposure. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the immunomodulating effects of nanomaterials by describing the involvement of the protein corona in the interaction of nanomaterials with biological components and by presenting recent data about the adjuvant effects of well-characterized particle adjuvant, aluminum salt, as an example of immunomodulatory particulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Yoshioka
- Vaccine Creation Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Nano-Design for Innovative Drug Development, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier International Research Center, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka , Japan
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Department of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, World Premier International Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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214
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Yang Y, Zhu Q, Sun W, Guo J, Ning X, Li Q, Guo Y, Li J, Kou Z, Zhou Y. A recombinant multi-epitope protein MEP1 elicits efficient long-term immune responses against HIV-1 infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-9. [PMID: 28281860 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1281488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective protective HIV vaccine should elicit either protective antibodies or effective T cell response, or both. To improve the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines, HLA polymorphism and HIV-1 diversity are 2 key factors to be considered for vaccine development. In this study, we expressed a recombinant multi-epitope protein MEP1 which has the same amino acid sequence as a DNA vaccine for Chinese population in our previous report. We found that MEP1 alone could elicit moderate levels of humoral and cellular immune responses, but these responses could not provide protection from challenge with a recombinant virus rTTV-lucgag, which expresses Gag of HIV-1 CRF_07BC. Nevertheless, when MEP1 was immunized with aluminum adjuvant, both humoral and cellular immune responses were significantly increased, and they were protective against virus infection; meanwhile, MEP1 with aluminum not only elicited early (10 d post immunization) but also a long-term (at least 44 weeks post immunization) immune responses in BALB/c mice. These results suggested that MEP1 has the potential to be developed as an effective vaccine candidate, and that suitable adjuvant is necessary for this protein to generate protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,b Department of Microbiology , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qing Zhu
- c School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Weilai Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Xiuzhe Ning
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Qiao Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Yan Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Junfeng Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- a State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,c School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- c School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , Zhejiang , China
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215
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Stephen J, Scales HE, Benson RA, Erben D, Garside P, Brewer JM. Neutrophil swarming and extracellular trap formation play a significant role in Alum adjuvant activity. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:1. [PMID: 29263862 PMCID: PMC5604741 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-016-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 6 billion vaccine doses administered each year, most containing aluminium-based adjuvants, yet we still do not have a complete understanding of their mechanisms of action. Recent evidence has identified host DNA and downstream sensing as playing a significant role in aluminium adjuvant (aluminium hydroxide) activity. However, the cellular source of this DNA, how it is sensed by the immune system and the consequences of this for vaccination remains unclear. Here we show that the very early injection site reaction is characterised by inflammatory chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment. Intravital imaging demonstrates that the Alum injection site is a focus of neutrophil swarms and extracellular DNA strands. These strands were confirmed as neutrophil extracellular traps due to their sensitivity to DNAse and absence in mice deficient in peptidylarginine deiminase 4. Further studies in PAD4−/− mice confirmed a significant role for neutrophil extracellular trap formation in the adjuvant activity of Alum. By revealing neutrophils recruited to the site of Alum injection as a source of the DNA that is detected by the immune system this study provides the missing link between Alum injection and the activation of DNA sensors that enhance adjuvant activity, elucidating a key mechanism of action for this important vaccine component. Researchers have identified the mechanism of action in which aluminium hydroxide (alum) boosts the efficacy of co-administered vaccines. In this study, James Brewer and colleagues from the University of Glasgow, UK, studied the effects of alum co-administration in a mouse model, finding that the compound induces immune cells, called neutrophils, to swarm around the site of immunization and produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs, webs of DNA and cell contents formed under certain conditions of neutrophil cell death, immobilize pathogens and promote their elimination. This study builds on previous research and demonstrates that alum artificially stimulates this pathway to boost the adaptive immune response to vaccine antigens, increasing their immunogenicity. The authors also suggest further study into neutrophil components as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephen
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
| | - H E Scales
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
| | - R A Benson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
| | - D Erben
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
| | - P Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
| | - J M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA Scotland UK
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216
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217
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Shah RR, Hassett KJ, Brito LA. Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Introduction, History, and Current Status. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1494:1-13. [PMID: 27718182 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are included in sub-unit or recombinant vaccines to enhance the potency of poorly immunogenic antigens. Adjuvant discovery is as complex as it is a multidiscplinary intersection of formulation science, immunology, toxicology, and biology. Adjuvants such as alum, which have been in use for the past 90 years, have illustrated that adjuvant research is a methodical process. As science advances, new analytical tools are developed which allows us to delve deeper into the various mechanisms that generates a potent immune response. Additionally, these new techniques help the field learn about our existing vaccines and what makes them safe, and effective, allowing us to leverage that in the next generation of vaccines. Our goal in this chapter is to define the concept, need, and mechanism of adjuvants in the vaccine field while describing its history, present use, and future prospects. More details on individual adjuvants and their formulation, development, mechanism, and use will be covered in depth in the next chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi R Shah
- Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Luis A Brito
- Moderna Therapeutics, 320 Bent Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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218
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Hayashi M, Aoshi T, Haseda Y, Kobiyama K, Wijaya E, Nakatsu N, Igarashi Y, Standley DM, Yamada H, Honda-Okubo Y, Hara H, Saito T, Takai T, Coban C, Petrovsky N, Ishii KJ. Advax, a Delta Inulin Microparticle, Potentiates In-built Adjuvant Property of Co-administered Vaccines. EBioMedicine 2016; 15:127-136. [PMID: 27919753 PMCID: PMC5233800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Advax, a delta inulin-derived microparticle, has been developed as an adjuvant for several vaccines. However, its immunological characteristics and potential mechanism of action are yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that Advax behaves as a type-2 adjuvant when combined with influenza split vaccine, a T helper (Th)2-type antigen, but behaves as a type-1 adjuvant when combined with influenza inactivated whole virion (WV), a Th1-type antigen. In addition, an adjuvant effect was not observed when Advax-adjuvanted WV vaccine was used to immunize toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 knockout mice which are unable to respond to RNA contained in WV antigen. Similarly, no adjuvant effect was seen when Advax was combined with endotoxin-free ovalbumin, a neutral Th0-type antigen. An adjuvant effect was also not seen in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α knockout mice, and the adjuvant effect required the presences of dendritic cells (DCs) and phagocytic macrophages. Therefore, unlike other adjuvants, Advax potentiates the intrinsic or in-built adjuvant property of co-administered antigens. Hence, Advax is a unique class of adjuvant which can potentiate the intrinsic adjuvant feature of the vaccine antigens through a yet to be determined mechanism. Advax potentiates built-in adjuvant property of vaccine antigens. Advax does not change the T helper immune bias induced by the vaccine antigen. Dendritic cells, phagocytic macrophages, and tumor necrosis factor-α play a role in Advax adjuvant activity.
Adjuvants are indispensable agent to maximize the efficacy of vaccines. Most adjuvants consistently impart either T helper (Th)1, Th2 or Th17 bias to the vaccine response regardless of the properties of antigen. For example alum adjuvants consistently impart a Th2 bias regardless of the vaccine antigen. Here we show that a delta inulin-derived microparticle adjuvant, Advax, is an additional class of adjuvant that functions as an amplifier of in-built adjuvant activity within the antigens themselves. Advax enhances different types of adaptive immune response dependent on the antigen's own in-built adjuvant properties, confirming Advax's utility as a general purpose vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hayashi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Vaccine Research Development Office, Advanced Drug Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taiki Aoshi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasunari Haseda
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Edward Wijaya
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakatsu
- Toxicogenomics-informatics Project, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Igarashi
- Toxicogenomics-informatics Project, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Systems Immunology Laboratory, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Toxicogenomics-informatics Project, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Hara
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan; Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; jWPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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219
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Khameneh HJ, Ho AWS, Spreafico R, Derks H, Quek HQY, Mortellaro A. The Syk-NFAT-IL-2 Pathway in Dendritic Cells Is Required for Optimal Sterile Immunity Elicited by Alum Adjuvants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:196-204. [PMID: 27895176 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite a long history and extensive usage of insoluble aluminum salts (alum) as vaccine adjuvants, the molecular mechanisms underpinning Ag-specific immunity upon vaccination remain unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial initiators of immune responses, but little is known about the molecular pathways used by DCs to sense alum and, in turn, activate T and B cells. In this article, we show that alum adjuvanticity requires IL-2 specifically released by DCs, even when T cell secretion of IL-2 is intact. We demonstrate that alum, as well as other sterile particulates, such as uric acid crystals, induces DCs to produce IL-2 following initiation of actin-mediated phagocytosis that leads to Src and Syk kinase activation, Ca2+ mobilization, and calcineurin-dependent activation of NFAT, the master transcription factor regulating IL-2 expression. Using chimeric mice, we show that DC-derived IL-2 is required for maximal Ag-specific proliferation of CD4+ T cells and optimal humoral responses following alum-adjuvanted immunization. These data identify DC-derived IL-2 as a key mediator of alum adjuvanticity in vivo and the Src-Syk pathway as a potential leverage point in the rational design of novel adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Javanmard Khameneh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Adrian W S Ho
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Heidi Derks
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Hazel Q Y Quek
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
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220
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New Cutaneous Vaccine Adjuvant that STINGs a Little Less. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2127-2128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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221
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Batista-Duharte A, Jorge Murillo G, Pérez UM, Tur EN, Portuondo DF, Martínez BT, Téllez-Martínez D, Betancourt JE, Pérez O. The Hen's Egg Test on Chorioallantoic Membrane: An Alternative Assay for the Assessment of the Irritating Effect of Vaccine Adjuvants. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:627-633. [PMID: 27733445 DOI: 10.1177/1091581816672187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Local reactions are the most frequent adverse event associated with vaccines. Adjuvants are major constituents of many vaccines and they are frequently involved in these reactions, associated with their irritating effect and the stimulation of local inflammation. The hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) is an alternative toxicological method widely used to determine ocular irritation potential, but very few studies have demonstrated the utility of this method for assessing the irritant properties of vaccine adjuvants. In this work, known/experimental adjuvants were evaluated by both HET-CAM and an in vivo local toxicity study in mice to compare irritation scores to determine whether there was a correlation (Pearson test). Based on these data (r = 0.9034; P < 0.0001), the HET-CAM assay can be used as an alternate method for the prediction of the local toxicity potential of adjuvant candidates to be used in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba .,São Paulo Estate University (UNESP), Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Gisela Jorge Murillo
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Ulpiano Marqués Pérez
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Enieyis Naranjo Tur
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | - Bruno Téllez Martínez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | - Juan E Betancourt
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University of Santiago de Cuba, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Oliver Pérez
- Department of Immunology, University of Medical Science, Havana, Cuba
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222
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Jorritsma SHT, Gowans EJ, Grubor-Bauk B, Wijesundara DK. Delivery methods to increase cellular uptake and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:5488-5494. [PMID: 27742218 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are ideal candidates for global vaccination purposes because they are inexpensive and easy to manufacture on a large scale such that even people living in low-income countries can benefit from vaccination. However, the potential of DNA vaccines has not been realized owing mainly to the poor cellular uptake of DNA in vivo resulting in the poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. In this review, we discuss the benefits and shortcomings of several promising and innovative non-biological methods of DNA delivery that can be used to increase cellular delivery and efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H T Jorritsma
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - E J Gowans
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - B Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - D K Wijesundara
- Virology Research Group, Discipline of Surgery, The Basil Hetzel Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
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223
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One-dimensional nanowires of pseudoboehmite (aluminum oxyhydroxide γ-AlOOH). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11759-11764. [PMID: 27708158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614059113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a 1D crystalline structure of aluminum oxyhydroxide. It was found in a commercial product of fibrous pseudoboehmite (PB), γ-AlOOH, synthesized easily with low cost. The thinnest fiber found was a ribbon-like structure of only two layers of an Al-O octahedral double sheet having a submicrometer length along its c axis and 0.68-nm thickness along its b axis. This thickness is only slightly larger than half of the lattice parameter of the b-axis unit cell of the boehmite crystal (b/2 = 0.61 nm). Moreover, interlayer splittings having an average width of 1 nm inside the fibrous PB are found. These wider interlayer spaces may have intercalation of water, which is suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The fibers appear to grow as almost isolated individual filaments in aqueous Al-hydroxide sols and the growth direction of fibrous PB is always along its c axis.
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224
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Roers A, Hiller B, Hornung V. Recognition of Endogenous Nucleic Acids by the Innate Immune System. Immunity 2016; 44:739-54. [PMID: 27096317 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of DNA and RNA by endosomal and cytosolic sensors constitutes a central element in the detection of microbial invaders by the innate immune system. However, the capacity of these sensors to discriminate between microbial and endogenous nucleic acids is limited. Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that endogenous DNA or RNA species can engage nucleic-acid-sensing pattern-recognition receptors that can trigger or sustain detrimental pathology. Here, we review principles of how the activation of innate sensors by host nucleic acids is prevented in the steady state and discuss four important determinants of whether a nucleic-acid-driven innate response is mounted. These include structural features of the ligand being sensed, the subcellular location and quantity of pathogen-derived or endogenous nucleic acids, and the regulation of sensor-activation thresholds. Furthermore, we emphasize disease mechanisms initiated by failure to discriminate self from non-self in nucleic acid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Hiller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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225
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Ag85A DNA Vaccine Delivery by Nanoparticles: Influence of the Formulation Characteristics on Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030032. [PMID: 27626449 PMCID: PMC5041026 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of DNA vaccine formulations on immune responses in combination with adjuvants was investigated with the aim to increase cell-mediated immunity against plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A. Different ratios of pDNA with cationic trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles were characterized for their morphology and physicochemical characteristics (size, zeta potential, loading efficiency and pDNA release profile) applied in vitro for cellular uptake studies and in vivo, to determine the dose-dependent effects of pDNA on immune responses. A selected pDNA/TMC nanoparticle formulation was optimized by the incorporation of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as an immunostimulatory agent. Cellular uptake investigations in vitro showed saturation to a maximum level upon the increase in the pDNA/TMC nanoparticle ratio, correlating with increasing Th1-related antibody responses up to a definite pDNA dose applied. Moreover, TMC nanoparticles induced clear polarization towards a Th1 response, indicated by IgG2c/IgG1 ratios above unity and enhanced numbers of antigen-specific IFN-γ producing T-cells in the spleen. Remarkably, the incorporation of MDP in TMC nanoparticles provoked a significant additional increase in T-cell-mediated responses induced by pDNA. In conclusion, pDNA-loaded TMC nanoparticles are capable of provoking strong Th1-type cellular and humoral immune responses, with the potential to be further optimized by the incorporation of MDP.
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226
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Noges LE, White J, Cambier JC, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Contamination of DNase Preparations Confounds Analysis of the Role of DNA in Alum-Adjuvanted Vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1221-30. [PMID: 27357147 PMCID: PMC4974487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum salt (alum) adjuvants have been used for many years as adjuvants for human vaccines because they are safe and effective. Despite its widespread use, the means by which alum acts as an adjuvant remains poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that injected alum is rapidly coated with host chromatin within mice. Experiments suggested that the host DNA in the coating chromatin contributed to alum's adjuvant activity. Some of the experiments used commercially purchased DNase and showed that coinjection of these DNase preparations with alum and Ag reduced the host's immune response to the vaccine. In this study, we report that some commercial DNase preparations are contaminated with proteases. These proteases are responsible for most of the ability of DNase preparations to inhibit alum's adjuvant activity. Nevertheless, DNase somewhat reduces responses to some Ags with alum. The effect of DNase is independent of its ability to cleave DNA, suggesting that alum improves CD4 responses to Ag via a pathway other than host DNA sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Noges
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Janice White
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - John W Kappler
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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227
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Palomo J, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Woldt E, Troccaz S, Rodriguez E, Palmer G, Siegrist CA, Gabay C. IL-36–Induced Toxicity in Neonatal Mice Involves TNF-α Production by Liver Myeloid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2239-49. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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228
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Insight into the cellular fate and toxicity of aluminium adjuvants used in clinically approved human vaccinations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31578. [PMID: 27515230 PMCID: PMC4981857 DOI: 10.1038/srep31578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium adjuvants remain the most widely used and effective adjuvants in vaccination and immunotherapy. Herein, the particle size distribution (PSD) of aluminium oxyhydroxide and aluminium hydroxyphosphate adjuvants was elucidated in attempt to correlate these properties with the biological responses observed post vaccination. Heightened solubility and potentially the generation of Al3+ in the lysosomal environment were positively correlated with an increase in cell mortality in vitro, potentially generating a greater inflammatory response at the site of simulated injection. The cellular uptake of aluminium based adjuvants (ABAs) used in clinically approved vaccinations are compared to a commonly used experimental ABA, in an in vitro THP-1 cell model. Using lumogallion as a direct-fluorescent molecular probe for aluminium, complemented with transmission electron microscopy provides further insight into the morphology of internalised particulates, driven by the physicochemical variations of the ABAs investigated. We demonstrate that not all aluminium adjuvants are equal neither in terms of their physical properties nor their biological reactivity and potential toxicities both at the injection site and beyond. High loading of aluminium oxyhydroxide in the cytoplasm of THP-1 cells without immediate cytotoxicity might predispose this form of aluminium adjuvant to its subsequent transport throughout the body including access to the brain.
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229
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Huang FJ, Ma YL, Tang RY, Gong WC, Li J, Chen CX, Yin L, Chen XP. Interleukin-4- and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3-independent mechanisms of alum enhanced T helper type 2 responses on basophils. Immunology 2016; 149:238-51. [PMID: 27315109 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium hydroxide (alum), the most widely used adjuvant in human and animal vaccines, has long been known to promote T helper type 2 (Th2) responses and Th2-associated humoral responses, but the mechanisms have remained poorly understood. In this study, we explored whether alum is able to directly modulate antigen-presenting cells to enhance their potency for Th2 polarization. We found that alum treatment of dendritic cells failed to show any Th2-promoting activities. In contrast, alum was able to enhance the capacity of basophils to induce Th2 cells. When basophils from interleukin-4 (IL-4) knockout mice were examined, the intrinsic Th2-promoting activities by basophils were largely abrogated, but the alum-enhanced Th2-promoting activities on basophils were still detectable. More importantly, Th2-promoting adjuvant activities by alum found in IL-4 knockout mice were also largely reduced when basophils were depleted by antibody administration. Therefore, basophils can mediate Th2-promoting activities by alum both in vitro and in vivo through IL-4-independent mechanisms. Further studies revealed that secreted soluble molecules from alum-treated basophils were able to confer the Th2-promoting activities, and neutralization of thymic stromal lymphopoietin or IL-25 attenuated the IL-4-independent development of Th2 cells elicited by alum-treated basophils. Finally, alum was able to activate NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in murine basophils in the same way as alum in professional antigen-presenting cells, but NLRP3 was not required for Th2-promoting activities on basophils by alum in vitro. These results demonstrated that alum can enhance the capacities of basophils to polarize Th2 cells via IL-4- and NLRP3-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Huang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lei Ma
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Tang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ci Gong
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Xia Chen
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yin
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Immunology and Pathogen Biology, TongJi University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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230
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RNA is an Adjuvanticity Mediator for the Lipid-Based Mucosal Adjuvant, Endocine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29165. [PMID: 27374884 PMCID: PMC4931589 DOI: 10.1038/srep29165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal vaccination has the potential to elicit systemic and mucosal immunity against pathogens. However, split and subunit vaccines lack potency at stimulating mucosal immunity, and an adjuvant is indispensable for eliciting potent mucosal immune response to nasal vaccines. Endocine, a lipid-based mucosal adjuvant, potentiates both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Although Endocine has shown efficacy and tolerability in animal and clinical studies, its mechanism of action remains unknown. It has been reported recently that endogenous danger signals are essential for the effects of some adjuvants such as alum or MF59. However, the contribution of danger signals to the adjuvanticity of Endocine has not been explored. Here, we show that RNA is likely to be an important mediator for the adjuvanticity of Endocine. Administration of Endocine generated nucleic acids release, and activated dendritic cells (DCs) in draining lymph nodes in vivo. These results suggest the possibility that Endocine indirectly activates DCs via damage-associated molecular patterns. Moreover, the adjuvanticity of Endocine disappeared in mice lacking TANK-binding kinase 1 (Tbk1), which is a downstream molecule of nucleic acid sensing signal pathway. Furthermore, co-administration of RNase A reduced the adjuvanticity of Endocine. These data suggest that RNA is important for the adjuvanticity of Endocine.
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231
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Temizoz B, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Vaccine adjuvants as potential cancer immunotherapeutics. Int Immunol 2016; 28:329-38. [PMID: 27006304 PMCID: PMC4922024 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence obtained from various clinical trials and animal studies suggested that cancer vaccines need better adjuvants than those that are currently licensed, which include the most commonly used alum and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, because of either a lack of potent anti-tumor immunity or the induction of undesired immunity. Several clinical trials using immunostimulatory adjuvants, particularly agonistic as well as non-agonistic ligands for TLRs, C-type lectin receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and stimulator of interferon genes, have revealed their therapeutic potential not only as vaccine adjuvants but also as anti-tumor agents. Recently, combinations of such immunostimulatory or immunomodulatory adjuvants have shown superior efficacy over their singular use, suggesting that seeking optimal combinations of the currently available or well-characterized adjuvants may provide a better chance for the development of novel adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Temizoz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi, Saito, Ibaraki-City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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232
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Lebre F, Hearnden CH, Lavelle EC. Modulation of Immune Responses by Particulate Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5525-5541. [PMID: 27167228 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many biomaterials that are in both preclinical and clinical use are particulate in nature and there is a growing appreciation that the physicochemical properties of materials have a significant impact on their efficacy. The ability of particulates to modulate adaptive immune responses has been recognized for the past century but it is only in recent decades that a mechanistic understanding of how particulates can regulate these responses has emerged. It is now clear that particulate characteristics including size, charge, shape and porosity can influence the scale and nature of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The potential to tailor biomaterials in order to regulate the type of innate immune response induced, offers significant opportunities in terms of designing systems with increased immune-mediated efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lebre
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) & Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Claire H Hearnden
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) & Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
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233
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Martin SJ. Cell death and inflammation: the case for IL-1 family cytokines as the canonical DAMPs of the immune system. FEBS J 2016; 283:2599-615. [PMID: 27273805 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that necrotic cells are capable of promoting inflammation through releasing so-called endogenous 'danger signals' that can promote activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, and other sentinel cells of the innate immune system. However, the identity of these endogenous proinflammatory molecules, also called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), has been debated since the 'danger model' was first advanced 20 years ago. While a relatively large number of molecules have been proposed to act as DAMPs, little consensus has emerged concerning which of these represent the key activators of sterile inflammation. Here I argue that the canonical DAMPs have long been hiding in plain sight, in the form of members of the extended IL-1 cytokine family (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ). The latter cytokines possess all of the characteristics expected of endogenous DAMPs and initiate inflammation in a manner strikingly similar to that utilized by the other major category of inflammatory triggers, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Furthermore, many PAMPs upregulate the expression of IL-1 family DAMPs, enabling robust synergy between these distinct classes of inflammatory triggers. Thus, multiple lines of evidence now suggest that IL-1 family cytokines represent the key initiators of necrosis-initiated sterile inflammation, as well as amplifiers of inflammation in response to infection-associated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus J Martin
- Department of Genetics, Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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234
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Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Patel AB, Doyle R. Atopic diseases and inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e844. [PMID: 27351598 PMCID: PMC4931610 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) affect as many as 1 in 45 children and are characterized by deficits in sociability and communication, as well as stereotypic movements. Many children also show severe anxiety. The lack of distinct pathogenesis and reliable biomarkers hampers the development of effective treatments. As a result, most children with ASD are prescribed psychopharmacologic agents that do not address the core symptoms of ASD. Autoantibodies against brain epitopes in mothers of children with ASD and many such children strongly correlate with allergic symptoms and indicate an aberrant immune response, as well as disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong statistical correlation between risk for ASD and either maternal or infantile atopic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, food allergies and food intolerance, all of which involve activation of mast cells (MCs). These unique tissue immune cells are located perivascularly in all tissues, including the thalamus and hypothalamus, which regulate emotions. MC-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators increase BBB permeability. Expression of the inflammatory molecules interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6, 1 L-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is increased in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and serum of some patients with ASD, while NF-kB is activated in brain samples and stimulated peripheral blood immune cells of other patients; however, these molecules are not specific. Instead the peptide neurotensin is uniquely elevated in the serum of children with ASD, as is corticotropin-releasing hormone, secreted from the hypothalamus under stress. Both peptides trigger MC to release IL-6 and TNF, which in turn, stimulate microglia proliferation and activation, leading to disruption of neuronal connectivity. MC-derived IL-6 and TGFβ induce maturation of Th17 cells and MCs also secrete IL-17, which is increased in ASD. Serum IL-6 and TNF may define an ASD subgroup that benefits most from treatment with the natural flavonoid luteolin. Atopic diseases may create a phenotype susceptible to ASD and formulations targeting focal inflammation of the brain could have great promise in the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - I Tsilioni
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A B Patel
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Doyle
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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235
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Toda T, Yoshino S. Enhancement of ovalbumin-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 immune responses by amorphous silica nanoparticles. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:408-20. [PMID: 27343242 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016656192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials present in cosmetics and food additives are used for industrial applications. However, their safety profile is unclear. Amorphous silica nanoparticles (nSPs) are a widely used nanomaterial and have been shown to induce inflammatory cytokines following intratracheal administration in mice. The current study investigated the adjuvant effect of nSP30 (nSP with a diameter of 33 nm) on T helper (Th)1, Th2, and Th17 immune responses as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in mice. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally administered ovalbumin (OVA) with or without varying doses and varying sizes of nSPs. The adjuvant effect of nSPs was investigated by measuring OVA-specific IgG antibodies in sera, OVA-specific proliferative responses of splenocytes, and the production of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines. Aluminum hydroxide was used as a positive adjuvant control. Anti-OVA IgG production, splenocyte proliferative responses, and secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17 were increased significantly in mice receiving a combined injection of nSP30 (30 or 300 µg) with OVA compared with OVA alone or a combined injection with nSP30 (3 µg). The responses were nSP30 dose-dependent. When different sized nSPs were used (with 30, 100, and 1000 nm diameters), the responses to OVA were enhanced and were size-dependent. The smaller sized nSP particles had a greater adjuvant effect. nSPs appear to exert a size-dependent adjuvant effect for Th1, Th2, and Th17 immune responses. Understanding the mechanisms of nSP adjuvanticity might lead to the development of novel vaccine adjuvants and therapies for allergic diseases caused by environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuguto Toda
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Yoshino
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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236
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Kusakabe T, Ozasa K, Kobari S, Momota M, Kishishita N, Kobiyama K, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Intranasal hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-adjuvanted influenza vaccine protects against sub-heterologous virus infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:3191-3198. [PMID: 27160037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal vaccination with inactivated influenza viral antigens is an attractive and valid alternative to currently available influenza (flu) vaccines; many of which seem to need efficient and safe adjuvant, however. In this study, we examined whether hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), a widely used pharmaceutical excipient to improve solubility and drug delivery, can act as a mucosal adjuvant for intranasal flu vaccines. We found that intranasal immunization of mice with hemagglutinin split- as well as inactivated whole-virion influenza vaccine with HP-β-CD resulted in secretion of antigen-specific IgA and IgGs in the airway mucosa and the serum as well. As a result, both HP-β-CD adjuvanted-flu intranasal vaccine protected mice against lethal challenge with influenza virus, equivalent to those induced by experimental cholera toxin-adjuvanted ones. Of note, intranasal use of HP-β-CD as an adjuvant induced significantly lower antigen-specific IgE responses than that induced by aluminum salt adjuvant. These results suggest that HP-β-CD may be a potent mucosal adjuvant for seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Ozasa
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Shingo Kobari
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Momota
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kishishita
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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237
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Liang F, Loré K. Local innate immune responses in the vaccine adjuvant-injected muscle. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e74. [PMID: 27195117 PMCID: PMC4855268 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing a high magnitude of antibodies, possibly in combination with T-cell responses that offer epitope breadth over prolonged periods of time is likely a prerequisite for effective vaccines against severe diseases such as HIV-1 infection, malaria and tuberculosis. A much better understanding of the innate immune mechanisms that are critical for inducing desired responses to vaccination would help in the design of novel vaccines. The majority of human vaccines are administered into the muscle. In this brief review, we focus on the initial innate immune events that occur locally at the site of intramuscular vaccine delivery, and how they are influenced by clinically approved vaccine adjuvants. In particular, the effects on cell mobilization, cell activation and vaccine antigen uptake are reviewed. Understanding how distinct adjuvants enhance and tailor vaccine responses would facilitate the selection of the best-suited adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy to a given pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liang
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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238
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Anaya JM, Ramirez-Santana C, Alzate MA, Molano-Gonzalez N, Rojas-Villarraga A. The Autoimmune Ecology. Front Immunol 2016; 7:139. [PMID: 27199979 PMCID: PMC4844615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect specific target organs or multiple organ systems. These conditions share common immunopathogenic mechanisms (i.e., the autoimmune tautology), which explain the clinical similarities they have among them as well as their familial clustering (i.e., coaggregation). As part of the autoimmune tautology, the influence of environmental exposure on the risk of developing ADs is paramount (i.e., the autoimmune ecology). In fact, environment, more than genetics, shapes immune system. Autoimmune ecology is akin to exposome, that is all the exposures - internal and external - across the lifespan, interacting with hereditary factors (both genetics and epigenetics) to favor or protect against autoimmunity and its outcomes. Herein, we provide an overview of the autoimmune ecology, focusing on the immune response to environmental agents in general, and microbiota, cigarette smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, socioeconomic status (SES), gender and sex hormones, vitamin D, organic solvents, and vaccines in particular. Inclusion of the autoimmune ecology in disease etiology and health will improve the way personalized medicine is currently conceived and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramirez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Maria A Alzate
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Nicolas Molano-Gonzalez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
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239
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Impact of Histone H1 on the Progression of Allergic Rhinitis and Its Suppression by Neutralizing Antibody in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153630. [PMID: 27088594 PMCID: PMC4835108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear antigens are known to trigger off innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have found that the complex of nucleic acids and core histones that are derived from damaged cells may regulate allergic responses. However, no fundamental study has been performed concerning the role of linker histone H1 in mast cell-mediated type I hyperreactivity. In this study, we explored the impact of histone H1 on mast cell-mediated allergic responses both in vitro and in vivo. In the course of a bona-fide experimental allergen sensitization model upon co-injection with alum adjuvant, ovalbumin (OVA), but not PBS, induced elevated levels of circulating histone H1. Intranasal challenge with histone H1 to OVA/alum- (but not PBS/alum)-sensitized mice induced significantly severer symptoms of allergic rhinitis than those in mice sensitized and challenged with OVA. A monoclonal antibody against histone H1 not only suppressed mast cell degranulation, but also ameliorated OVA-induced nasal hyperreactivity and IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Our present data suggest that nuclear histone H1 represents an alarmin-like endogenous mediator acting on mast cells, and that its blockage has a therapeutic potential for mast cell-mediated type I hyperreactivity.
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Lee MSJ, Igari Y, Tsukui T, Ishii KJ, Coban C. Current status of synthetic hemozoin adjuvant: A preliminary safety evaluation. Vaccine 2016; 34:2055-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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241
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Li N, Wang N, Wang X, Zhen Y, Wang T. Microneedle arrays delivery of the conventional vaccines based on nonvirulent viruses. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3234-3247. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1165311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, and
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, and
| | - Yuanyuan Zhen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, and
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China, and
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242
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Alum: an old dog with new tricks. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e25. [PMID: 27004761 PMCID: PMC4820675 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum compounds (alum) are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Alum was initially thought to be a simple depot for antigen retention; however, our understanding of the mechanism by which it works has progressed substantially in recent decades. Nonetheless, consensus regarding its roles in different aspects of immune regulation has not been reached, and it remains a long-standing research subject in the field of vaccinology. This review, in chronological order, discusses the various hypotheses proposed in mostly inadequate attempts to illuminate the mechanism by which alum works, from the depot theory to the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome and from cell death-associated danger factors to crystalline structure-mediated plasma membrane alteration. In addition, novel findings of unexpected beneficial effects of decreased HBV (Hepatitis B virus) viral load and HBeAg seroconversion in chronically infected patients, as well as significant tumor suppression in experimental mice following multiple alum-only injections are examined, revealing alum's potential clinical applications beyond its use as a simple tool in antigen preparation. With increasing threats of emerging microbes, originating from natural or man-made sources, that pose significant health concerns at the population scale, the potential use of alum as a 'first-aid' vaccine is also discussed.
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243
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Gartlan KH, Krashias G, Wegmann F, Hillson WR, Scherer EM, Greenberg PD, Eisenbarth SC, Moghaddam AE, Sattentau QJ. Sterile inflammation induced by Carbopol elicits robust adaptive immune responses in the absence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Vaccine 2016; 34:2188-96. [PMID: 27005810 PMCID: PMC4850248 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbopol induces Th1/IgG2a responses without PRR activation. Carbopol polymer morphology is changed by APC phagocytosis leading to ROS induction. This study highlights a potentially novel mechanism for in vivo cellular activation.
Carbopol is a polyanionic carbomer used in man for topical application and drug delivery purposes. However parenteral administration of Carbopol in animal models results in systemic adjuvant activity including strong pro-inflammatory type-1 T-cell (Th1) polarization. Here we investigated potential pathways of immune activation by Carbopol by comparison with other well-characterized adjuvants. Carbopol administration triggered rapid and robust leukocyte recruitment, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and antigen capture largely by inflammatory monocytes. The induction of antigen specific Th1 cells by Carbopol was found to occur via a non-canonical pathway, independent of MyD88/TRIF signaling and in the absence of pattern-recognition-receptor (PRR) activation typically associated with Th1/Ig2a induction. Using multispectral fluorescence imaging (Imagestream) and electron microscopy we demonstrated that phagocytic uptake of Carbopol particles followed by entry into the phagosomal/lysosomal pathway elicited conformational changes to the polymer and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We therefore conclude that Carbopol may mediate its adjuvant activity via novel mechanisms of antigen presenting cell activation and Th1 induction, leading to enhanced IgG2a responses independent of microbial pattern recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate H Gartlan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - George Krashias
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - William R Hillson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Erin M Scherer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Amin E Moghaddam
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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244
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Abstract
In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still the biggest challenge for practical DNA vaccine use. Many different strategies have been tested in preclinical models to address this problem, including novel plasmid vectors and codon optimization to enhance antigen expression, new gene transfection systems or electroporation to increase delivery efficiency, protein or live virus vector boosting regimens to maximise immune stimulation, and formulation of DNA vaccines with traditional or molecular adjuvants. Better understanding of the mechanisms of action of DNA vaccines has also enabled better use of the intrinsic host response to DNA to improve vaccine immunogenicity. This review summarizes recent advances in DNA vaccine technologies and related intracellular events and how these might impact on future directions of DNA vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- a Vaxine Pty Ltd, Bedford Park , Adelaide , Australia.,b Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology , Flinders University, Flinders Medical Centre , Adelaide , SA , Australia
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Brojatsch J, Lima H, Palliser D, Jacobson LS, Muehlbauer SM, Furtado R, Goldman DL, Lisanti MP, Chandran K. Distinct cathepsins control necrotic cell death mediated by pyroptosis inducers and lysosome-destabilizing agents. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:964-72. [PMID: 25830414 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.991194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic cell death triggers a range of biological responses including a strong adaptive immune response, yet we know little about the cellular pathways that control necrotic cell death. Inhibitor studies suggest that proteases, and in particular cathepsins, drive necrotic cell death. The cathepsin B-selective inhibitor CA-074-Me blocks all forms of programmed necrosis by an unknown mechanism. We found that cathepsin B deficiency does not prevent induction of pyroptosis and lysosome-mediated necrosis suggesting that CA-074-Me blocks necrotic cell death by targeting cathepsins other than cathepsin B. A single cathepsin, cathepsin C, drives necrotic cell death mediated by the lysosome-destabilizing agent Leu-Leu-OMe (LLOMe). Here we present evidence that cathepsin C-deficiency and CA-074-Me block LLOMe killing in a distinct and cell type-specific fashion. Cathepsin C-deficiency and CA-074-Me block LLOMe killing of all myeloid cells, except for neutrophils. Cathepsin C-deficiency, but not CA-074-Me, blocks LLOMe killing of neutrophils suggesting that CA-074-Me does not target cathepsin C directly, consistent with inhibitor studies using recombinant cathepsin C. Unlike other cathepsins, cathepsin C lacks endoproteolytic activity, and requires activation by other lysosomal proteases, such as cathepsin D. Consistent with this theory, we found that lysosomotropic agents and cathepsin D downregulation by siRNA block LLOMe-mediated necrosis. Our findings indicate that a proteolytic cascade, involving cathepsins C and D, controls LLOMe-mediated necrosis. In contrast, cathepsins C and D were not required for pyroptotic cell death suggesting that distinct cathepsins control pyroptosis and lysosome-mediated necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Brojatsch
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY USA
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T cell responses are elicited against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the absence of signalling through TLRs, RLRs and IL-1R/IL-18R. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18533. [PMID: 26688048 PMCID: PMC4685246 DOI: 10.1038/srep18533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokine receptors are key players in the initiation of immune responses to infection. PRRs detecting viral RNA, such as toll like receptor (TLR)-3, -7/8, and RIG-I like receptors (RLRs; RIG-I and MDA-5), as well as cytokine receptors such as interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R), have been implicated in responses to RNA viruses that infect the airways. The latter includes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a human pathogen that can cause severe lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants. To evaluate the collective contribution of PRRs and IL-1R signalling to RSV immunity, we generated Myd88/Trif/Mavs−/− mice that are deficient in signalling by all TLRs, RLRs and IL-1R, as well as other cytokine receptors such as IL-18 receptor. Early production of pro-inflammatory mediators and lung infiltration by immune cells were completely abrogated in infected Myd88/Trif/Mavs−/− mice. However, RSV-specific CD8+ T cells were elicited and recruited into the lungs and airways. Consistent with these findings, Myd88/Trif/Mavs−/− mice survived RSV infection but displayed higher viral load and weight loss. These data highlight an unappreciated level of redundancy in pathways that couple innate virus sensing to adaptive immunity, providing the host with remarkable resilience to infection.
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247
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Suppression of established hepatocarcinoma in adjuvant only immunotherapy: alum triggers anti-tumor CD8+ T cell response. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17695. [PMID: 26647964 PMCID: PMC4673419 DOI: 10.1038/srep17695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy is a new weapon in our battle against malignancies in human. Recent trials in human and research work in model animals have shown various degrees of success, suggesting its great potential for clinical use. While protocols vary, a common scheme in this category of treatment involves activation of dendritic cells, with the purpose of increasing antigen presentation and cellular immunity. Therefore, proper use of immune adjuvant is a central subject of study. We report here an unexpected finding that injection of alum, the most widely used human adjuvant, into mice carrying H22 hepatocarcinoma resulted in a significant reduction of tumor growth with extended animal survival. This effect was associated with an increased specific CD8(+) T cell activation and an inflammatory environment, yet with minimal overt side effects. Our finding suggests that use of adjuvant alone in certain established tumors can invoke protective host immune activation against the same target, which may be of value in our development of new cancer immunotherapies.
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248
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Zhang Z, Meng P, Han Y, Shen C, Li B, Hakim MA, Zhang X, Lu Q, Rong M, Lai R. Mitochondrial DNA-LL-37 Complex Promotes Atherosclerosis by Escaping from Autophagic Recognition. Immunity 2015; 43:1137-47. [PMID: 26680206 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of arterial wall. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (Cramp in mice) are involved in atherosclerosis. Recently, mtDNA has been found to escape from autophagy and cause inflammation. Normally, mtDNA as an inflammatogenic factor cannot escape from autophagy and degradation by DNase II. In this study, we found elevated amounts of LL37-mtDNA complex in atherosclerotic plasma and plaques. The complex was resistant to DNase II degradation and escaped from autophagic recognition, leading to activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated inflammatory responses. Mouse model studies indicated that Cramp-mtDNA complex aggravated atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and antibody treatment against the complex alleviated the lesion. These findings suggest that the LL-37-mtDNA complex acts as a key mediator of atherosclerosis formation, and thus represents a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajun Han
- Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanbin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Md Abdul Hakim
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Major Cardiovascular Surgery, Kunming Yanan Hospital, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiumin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingqiang Rong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China
| | - Ren Lai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China; Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, 1st Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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GPRC6A mediates Alum-induced Nlrp3 inflammasome activation but limits Th2 type antibody responses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16719. [PMID: 26602597 PMCID: PMC4658484 DOI: 10.1038/srep16719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alum adjuvanticity is still an unknown mechanism despite the frequent use as vaccine
adjuvant in humans. Here we show that Alum-induced inflammasome activation in
vitro and in vivo is mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor
GPRC6A. The Alum-induced humoral response in vivo was independent of the
inflammasome because Nlrp3−/− and
ASC−/− mice responded normally to Alum and blockade of IL-1
had no effect on antibody production. In contrast, Alum adjuvanticity was increased
in GPRC6A−/− mice resulting in increased antibody responses
and increased Th2 cytokine concentrations compared to wildtype mice. In vitro
activation of GPRC6A−/− splenic B cells also induced
increased IgG1 concentrations compared to wildtype B cells. For the first time, we
show GPRC6A expression in B cells, contributing to the direct effects of Alum on
those cells. B cell produced immunostimulatory IL-10 is elevated in
GPRC6A−/− B cells in vitro and in vivo. Our
results demonstrate a dual role of GPRC6A in Alum adjuvanticity. GPCR6A activation
by Alum leads to the initiation of innate inflammatory responses whereas it is an
important signal for the limitation of adaptive immune responses induced by Alum,
partially explained by B cell IL-10.
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