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Dynamic Support Culture of Murine Skeletal Muscle-Derived Stem Cells Improves Their Cardiogenic Potential In Vitro. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:247091. [PMID: 26357517 PMCID: PMC4556334 DOI: 10.1155/2015/247091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death in western countries and its burden is increasing worldwide. It typically involves irreversible degeneration and loss of myocardial tissue leading to poor prognosis and fatal outcome. Autologous cells with the potential to regenerate damaged heart tissue would be an ideal source for cell therapeutic approaches. Here, we compared different methods of conditional culture for increasing the yield and cardiogenic potential of murine skeletal muscle-derived stem cells. A subpopulation of nonadherent cells was isolated from skeletal muscle by preplating and applying cell culture conditions differing in support of cluster formation. In contrast to static culture conditions, dynamic culture with or without previous hanging drop preculture led to significantly increased cluster diameters and the expression of cardiac specific markers on the protein and mRNA level. Whole-cell patch-clamp studies revealed similarities to pacemaker action potentials and responsiveness to cardiac specific pharmacological stimuli. This data indicates that skeletal muscle-derived stem cells are capable of adopting enhanced cardiac muscle cell-like properties by applying specific culture conditions. Choosing this route for the establishment of a sustainable, autologous source of cells for cardiac therapies holds the potential of being clinically more acceptable than transgenic manipulation of cells.
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202
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Bulatovic I, Månsson-Broberg A, Sylvén C, Grinnemo KH. Human fetal cardiac progenitors: The role of stem cells and progenitors in the fetal and adult heart. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 31:58-68. [PMID: 26421632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human fetal heart is formed early during embryogenesis as a result of cell migrations, differentiation, and formative blood flow. It begins to beat around gestation day 22. Progenitor cells are derived from mesoderm (endocardium and myocardium), proepicardium (epicardium and coronary vessels), and neural crest (heart valves, outflow tract septation, and parasympathetic innervation). A variety of molecular disturbances in the factors regulating the specification and differentiation of these cells can cause congenital heart disease. This review explores the contribution of different cardiac progenitors to the embryonic heart development; the pathways and transcription factors guiding their expansion, migration, and functional differentiation; and the endogenous regenerative capacity of the adult heart including the plasticity of cardiomyocytes. Unfolding these mechanisms will become the basis for understanding the dynamics of specific congenital heart disease as well as a means to develop therapy for fetal as well as postnatal cardiac defects and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bulatovic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Agneta Månsson-Broberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Sylvén
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Diseases of Aging (CDA) at Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute (VGTI), Port St Lucie, FL, USA
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203
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schade
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse
6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative
Medicines, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183, Sweden
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204
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Abstract
Aging results in progressive deteriorations in the structure and function of the heart and is a dominant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of death in Western populations. Although the phenotypes of cardiac aging have been well characterized, the molecular mechanisms of cardiac aging are just beginning to be revealed. With the continuously growing elderly population, there is a great need for interventions in cardiac aging. This article will provide an overview of the phenotypic changes of cardiac aging, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, and will present some of the recent advances in the development of interventions to delay or reverse cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ann Chiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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205
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Behbahan IS, Keating A, Gale RP. Bone Marrow Therapies for Chronic Heart Disease. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3212-27. [PMID: 26086629 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is a leading cause of death. The demand for new therapies and the potential regenerative capacity of bone marrow-derived cells has led to numerous clinical trials. We critically discuss current knowledge of the biology and clinical application of bone marrow cells. It appears unlikely that bone marrow cells can develop into functional cardiomyocyte after infusion but may have favorable paracrine effects. Most, but not all, clinical trials report a modest short- but not long-term benefit of infusing bone marrow-derived cells. Effect size appears to correlate with stringency of study-design: the most stringent trials report the smallest effect-sizes. We conclude there may be short- but not substantial long-term benefit of infusing bone marrow-derived cells into persons with chronic heart failure and any benefit observed is unlikely to result from trans-differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells into functioning cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saramipoor Behbahan
- Clinical Observer, Division of Hematology, Stanford MDS Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Armand Keating
- Division of Hematology, University of Toronto, Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Peter Gale
- Section of Haematology, Division of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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206
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Okolotowicz KJ, Bushway P, Lanier M, Gilley C, Mercola M, Cashman JR. 1,5-Disubstituted benzimidazoles that direct cardiomyocyte differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5282-92. [PMID: 26278027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite progress in medical treatments, heart transplantation is one of the only current options for those with infarcted heart muscle. Stem cell differentiation technology may afford cell-based therapeutics that may lead to the generation of new, healthy heart muscle cells from undifferentiated stem cells. Our approach is to use small molecules to stimulate stem cell differentiation. Herein, we describe a novel class of 1,5-disubstituted benzimidazoles that induce differentiation of stem cells into cardiac cells. We report on the evaluation in vitro for cardiomyocyte differentiation and describe structure-activity relationship results that led to molecules with drug-like properties. The results of this study show the promise of small molecules to direct stem cell lineage commitment, to probe signaling pathways and to develop compounds for the stimulation of stem cells to repair damaged heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Okolotowicz
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Paul Bushway
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0695, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - Marion Lanier
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Cynthia Gilley
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0695, La Jolla, CA 92093-0695, USA
| | - John R Cashman
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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207
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208
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Schmeckpeper J, Verma A, Yin L, Beigi F, Zhang L, Payne A, Zhang Z, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Mirotsou M. Inhibition of Wnt6 by Sfrp2 regulates adult cardiac progenitor cell differentiation by differential modulation of Wnt pathways. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 85:215-25. [PMID: 26071893 PMCID: PMC4838816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling has recently emerged as an important regulator of cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, but the exact mechanisms by which Wnt signaling modulates these effects are not known. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for advancing our knowledge of cardiac progenitor cell biology and applying this knowledge to enhance cardiac therapy. Here, we explored the effects of Sfrp2, a canonical Wnt inhibitor, in adult cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) differentiation and investigated the molecular mechanisms involved. Our data show that Sfrp2 treatment can promote differentiation of CPCs after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Treatment of CPCs with Sfrp2 inhibited CPC proliferation and primed them for cardiac differentiation. Sfrp2 binding to Wnt6 and inhibition of Wnt6 canonical pathway was essential for the inhibition of CPC proliferation. This inhibition of Wnt6 canonical signaling by Sfrp2 was important for activation of the non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway through JNK, which in turn induced expression of cardiac transcription factors and CPC differentiation. Taken together, these results demonstrate a novel role of Sfrp2 and Wnt6 in regulating the dynamic process of CPC proliferation and differentiation, as well as providing new insights into the mechanisms of Wnt signaling in cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda Verma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lucy Yin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Farideh Beigi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lunan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alan Payne
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Richard E Pratt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victor J Dzau
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center & Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Cardiovascular Research Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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209
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Hatzistergos KE, Paulino EC, Dulce RA, Takeuchi LM, Bellio MA, Kulandavelu S, Cao Y, Balkan W, Kanashiro-Takeuchi RM, Hare JM. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase Deficiency Enhances the Proliferative Expansion of Adult Heart Progenitors and Myocytes Post Myocardial Infarction. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:JAHA.115.001974. [PMID: 26178404 PMCID: PMC4608081 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Mammalian heart regenerative activity is lost before adulthood but increases after cardiac injury. Cardiac repair mechanisms, which involve both endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs) and cardiomyocyte cell-cycle reentry, are inadequate to achieve full recovery after myocardial infarction (MI). Mice deficient in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR−⁄−), an enzyme regulating S-nitrosothiol turnover, have preserved cardiac function after MI. Here, we tested the hypothesis that GSNOR activity modulates cardiac cell proliferation in the post-MI adult heart. Methods and Results GSNOR−⁄− and C57Bl6/J (wild-type [WT]) mice were subjected to sham operation (n=3 GSNOR−⁄−; n=3 WT) or MI (n=41 GSNOR−⁄−; n=65 WT). Compared with WT,GSNOR−⁄− mice exhibited improved survival, cardiac performance, and architecture after MI, as demonstrated by higher ejection fraction (P<0.05), lower endocardial volumes (P<0.001), and diminished scar size (P<0.05). In addition, cardiomyocytes from post-MI GSNOR−⁄− hearts exhibited faster calcium decay and sarcomeric relaxation times (P<0.001). Immunophenotypic analysis illustrated that post-MI GSNOR−⁄− hearts demonstrated enhanced neovascularization (P<0.001), c-kit+ CSC abundance (P=0.013), and a ≈3-fold increase in proliferation of adult cardiomyocytes and c-kit+/CD45− CSCs (P<0.0001 and P=0.023, respectively) as measured by using 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Conclusions Loss of GSNOR confers enhanced post-MI cardiac regenerative activity, characterized by enhanced turnover of cardiomyocytes and CSCs. Endogenous denitrosylases exert an inhibitory effect over cardiac repair mechanisms and therefore represents a potential novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Ellena C Paulino
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Raul A Dulce
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Lauro M Takeuchi
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Michael A Bellio
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (M.A.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Shathiyah Kulandavelu
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Yenong Cao
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Wayne Balkan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (W.B., J.M.H.)
| | - Rosemeire M Kanashiro-Takeuchi
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (M.A.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, FL (K.E.H., E.C.P., R.A.D., L.M.T., M.A.B., S.K., Y.C., W.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.) Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (W.B., J.M.H.) Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (M.A.B., R.M.K.T., J.M.H.)
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210
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Abstract
The ability to repair damaged or lost tissues varies significantly among vertebrates. The regenerative ability of the heart is clinically very relevant, because adult teleost fish and amphibians can regenerate heart tissue, but we mammals cannot. Interestingly, heart regeneration is possible in neonatal mice, but this ability is lost within 7 days after birth. In zebrafish and neonatal mice, lost cardiomyocytes are regenerated via proliferation of spared, differentiated cardiomyocytes. While some cardiomyocyte turnover occurs in adult mammals, the cardiomyocyte production rate is too low in response to injury to regenerate the heart. Instead, mammalian hearts respond to injury by remodeling of spared tissue, which includes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays important roles during vertebrate heart development, and it is re-activated in response to cardiac injury. In this review, we discuss the known functions of this signaling pathway in injured hearts, its involvement in cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy, and potential therapeutic approaches that might promote cardiac repair after injury by modifying Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Regulation of cardiac remodeling by this signaling pathway appears to vary depending on the injury model and the exact stages that have been studied. Thus, conflicting data have been published regarding a potential role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in promotion of fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In addition, the Wnt inhibitory secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFrps) appear to have Wnt-dependent and Wnt-independent roles in the injured heart. Thus, while the exact functions of Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity in response to injury still need to be elucidated in the non-regenerating mammalian heart, but also in regenerating lower vertebrates, manipulation of the pathway is essential for creation of therapeutically useful cardiomyocytes from stem cells in culture. Hopefully, a detailed understanding of the in vivo role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in injured mammalian and non-mammalian hearts will also contribute to the success of current efforts towards developing regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Ozhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (iBG-izmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey ; Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University Medical School, Inciralti-Balcova, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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211
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Zhang C, Shi J, Qian L, Zhang C, Wu K, Yang C, Yan D, Wu X, Liu X. Nucleostemin exerts anti-apoptotic function via p53 signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:1064-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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212
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Avolio E, Caputo M, Madeddu P. Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering for correction of congenital heart disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:39. [PMID: 26176009 PMCID: PMC4485350 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article reports on the new field of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering and its potential on the management of congenital heart disease. To date, stem cell therapy has mainly focused on treatment of ischemic heart disease and heart failure, with initial indication of safety and mild-to-moderate efficacy. Preclinical studies and initial clinical trials suggest that the approach could be uniquely suited for the correction of congenital defects of the heart. The basic concept is to create living material made by cellularized grafts that, once implanted into the heart, grows and remodels in parallel with the recipient organ. This would make a substantial improvement in current clinical management, which often requires repeated surgical corrections for failure of implanted grafts. Different types of stem cells have been considered and the identification of specific cardiac stem cells within the heterogeneous population of mesenchymal and stromal cells offers opportunities for de novo cardiomyogenesis. In addition, endothelial cells and vascular progenitors, including cells with pericyte characteristics, may be necessary to generate efficiently perfused grafts. The implementation of current surgical grafts by stem cell engineering could address the unmet clinical needs of patients with congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Avolio
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Massimo Caputo
- Congenital Heart Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Division of Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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213
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Milasinovic D, Mohl W. Contemporary perspective on endogenous myocardial regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:793-805. [PMID: 26131310 PMCID: PMC4478626 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i5.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the complex nature of the adult heart, it is no wonder that innate regenerative processes, while maintaining adequate cardiac function, fall short in myocardial jeopardy. In spite of these enchaining limitations, cardiac rejuvenation occurs as well as restricted regeneration. In this review, the background as well as potential mechanisms of endogenous myocardial regeneration are summarized. We present and analyze the available evidence in three subsequent steps. First, we examine the experimental research data that provide insights into the mechanisms and origins of the replicating cardiac myocytes, including cell populations referred to as cardiac progenitor cells (i.e., c-kit+ cells). Second, we describe the role of clinical settings such as acute or chronic myocardial ischemia, as initiators of pathways of endogenous myocardial regeneration. Third, the hitherto conducted clinical studies that examined different approaches of initiating endogenous myocardial regeneration in failing human hearts are analyzed. In conclusion, we present the evidence in support of the notion that regaining cardiac function beyond cellular replacement of dysfunctional myocardium via initiation of innate regenerative pathways could create a new perspective and a paradigm change in heart failure therapeutics. Reinitiating cardiac morphogenesis by reintroducing developmental pathways in the adult failing heart might provide a feasible way of tissue regeneration. Based on our hypothesis “embryonic recall”, we present first supporting evidence on regenerative impulses in the myocardium, as induced by developmental processes.
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214
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State of the Art on the Evidence Base in Cardiac Regenerative Therapy: Overview of 41 Systematic Reviews. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:613782. [PMID: 26176013 PMCID: PMC4484838 DOI: 10.1155/2015/613782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To provide a comprehensive appraisal of the evidence from secondary research on cardiac regenerative therapy. Study Design and Setting. Overview of systematic reviews of controlled clinical trials concerning stem cell administration or mobilization in patients with cardiovascular disease. Results. After a systematic database search, we short-listed 41 reviews (660 patients). Twenty-two (54%) reviews focused on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 19 (46%) on chronic ischemic heart disease (IHD) or heart failure (HF), 29 (71%) on bone marrow-derived stem-cells (BMSC), and 36 (88%) to randomized trials only. Substantial variability among reviews was found for validity (AMSTAR score: median 9 [minimum 3]; 1st quartile 9; 3rd quartile 10; maximum 11), effect estimates (change in ejection fraction from baseline to follow-up: 3.47% [0.02%; 2.90%; 4.22%; 6.11%]), and citations (Web of Science yearly citations: 4.1 [0; 2.2; 6.5; 68.9]). No significant association was found between these three features. However, reviews focusing on BMSC therapy had higher validity scores (P = 0.008) and showed more pronounced effect estimates (P = 0.002). Higher citations were associated with journal impact factor (P = 0.007), corresponding author from North America/Europe (P = 0.022), and inclusion of nonrandomized trials (P = 0.046). Conclusions. Substantial heterogeneity is apparent among these reviews in terms of quality and effect estimates.
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215
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Bergmann O, Zdunek S, Felker A, Salehpour M, Alkass K, Bernard S, Sjostrom SL, Szewczykowska M, Jackowska T, Dos Remedios C, Malm T, Andrä M, Jashari R, Nyengaard JR, Possnert G, Jovinge S, Druid H, Frisén J. Dynamics of Cell Generation and Turnover in the Human Heart. Cell 2015; 161:1566-75. [PMID: 26073943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of cell generation to physiological heart growth and maintenance in humans has been difficult to establish and has remained controversial. We report that the full complement of cardiomyocytes is established perinataly and remains stable over the human lifespan, whereas the numbers of both endothelial and mesenchymal cells increase substantially from birth to early adulthood. Analysis of the integration of nuclear bomb test-derived (14)C revealed a high turnover rate of endothelial cells throughout life (>15% per year) and more limited renewal of mesenchymal cells (<4% per year in adulthood). Cardiomyocyte exchange is highest in early childhood and decreases gradually throughout life to <1% per year in adulthood, with similar turnover rates in the major subdivisions of the myocardium. We provide an integrated model of cell generation and turnover in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Bergmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zdunek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Felker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehran Salehpour
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel Bernard
- Department of Mathematics, Institut Camille Jordan, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Staffan L Sjostrom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cris Dos Remedios
- Discipline of Anatomy, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Torsten Malm
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michaela Andrä
- Klinikum Klagenfurt & Section for Surgical Research, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical University Graz, 9020 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advance Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Göran Possnert
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- Spectrum Health Frederik Meijer Heart & Vascular Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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216
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Torella D, Indolfi C, Nadal-Ginard B. Generation of new cardiomyocytes after injury: de novo formation from resident progenitors vs. replication of pre-existing cardiomyocytes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:S8. [PMID: 26046095 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Torella
- 1 Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy ; 2 Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences & Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- 1 Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy ; 2 Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences & Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- 1 Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy ; 2 Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences & Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, UK
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217
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Inhibition of G9a Histone Methyltransferase Converts Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Cardiac Competent Progenitors. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:270428. [PMID: 26089912 PMCID: PMC4454756 DOI: 10.1155/2015/270428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The G9a histone methyltransferase inhibitor BIX01294 was examined for its ability to expand the cardiac capacity of bone marrow cells. Inhibition of G9a histone methyltransferase by gene specific knockdown or BIX01294 treatment was sufficient to induce expression of precardiac markers Mesp1 and brachyury in bone marrow cells. BIX01294 treatment also allowed bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to express the cardiac transcription factors Nkx2.5, GATA4, and myocardin when subsequently exposed to the cardiogenic stimulating factor Wnt11. Incubation of BIX01294-treated MSCs with cardiac conditioned media provoked formation of phase bright cells that exhibited a morphology and molecular profile resembling similar cells that normally form from cultured atrial tissue. Subsequent aggregation and differentiation of BIX01294-induced, MSC-derived phase bright cells provoked their cardiomyogenesis. This latter outcome was indicated by their widespread expression of the primary sarcomeric proteins muscle α-actinin and titin. MSC-derived cultures that were not initially treated with BIX01294 exhibited neither a commensurate burst of phase bright cells nor stimulation of sarcomeric protein expression. Collectively, these data indicate that BIX01294 has utility as a pharmacological agent that could enhance the ability of an abundant and accessible stem cell population to regenerate new myocytes for cardiac repair.
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218
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Noseda M, Harada M, McSweeney S, Leja T, Belian E, Stuckey DJ, Abreu Paiva MS, Habib J, Macaulay I, de Smith AJ, al-Beidh F, Sampson R, Lumbers RT, Rao P, Harding SE, Blakemore AIF, Eirik Jacobsen S, Barahona M, Schneider MD. PDGFRα demarcates the cardiogenic clonogenic Sca1+ stem/progenitor cell in adult murine myocardium. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6930. [PMID: 25980517 PMCID: PMC4479024 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor/stem cells in adult hearts represent an attractive therapeutic target for heart regeneration, though (inter)-relationships among reported cells remain obscure. Using single-cell qRT-PCR and clonal analyses, here we define four subpopulations of cardiac progenitor/stem cells in adult mouse myocardium all sharing stem cell antigen-1 (Sca1), based on side population (SP) phenotype, PECAM-1 (CD31) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) expression. SP status predicts clonogenicity and cardiogenic gene expression (Gata4/6, Hand2 and Tbx5/20), properties segregating more specifically to PDGFRα(+) cells. Clonal progeny of single Sca1(+) SP cells show cardiomyocyte, endothelial and smooth muscle lineage potential after cardiac grafting, augmenting cardiac function although durable engraftment is rare. PDGFRα(-) cells are characterized by Kdr/Flk1, Cdh5, CD31 and lack of clonogenicity. PDGFRα(+)/CD31(-) cells derive from cells formerly expressing Mesp1, Nkx2-5, Isl1, Gata5 and Wt1, distinct from PDGFRα(-)/CD31(+) cells (Gata5 low; Flk1 and Tie2 high). Thus, PDGFRα demarcates the clonogenic cardiogenic Sca1(+) stem/progenitor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Noseda
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mutsuo Harada
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sara McSweeney
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Leja
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elisa Belian
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel J. Stuckey
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Marta S. Abreu Paiva
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Josef Habib
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Iain Macaulay
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Adam J. de Smith
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Farah al-Beidh
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert Sampson
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R. Thomas Lumbers
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pulivarthi Rao
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sian E. Harding
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Sten Eirik Jacobsen
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mauricio Barahona
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Michael D. Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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219
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Cao H, Kang BJ, Lee CA, Shung KK, Hsiai TK. Electrical and Mechanical Strategies to Enable Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 8:114-24. [PMID: 25974948 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2015.2431681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate replacement of lost ventricular myocardium from myocardial infarction leads to heart failure. Investigating the regenerative capacity of mammalian hearts represents an emerging direction for tissue engineering and cell-based therapy. Recent advances in stem cells hold promise to restore cardiac functions. However, embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes lack functional phenotypes of the native myocardium, and transplanted tissues are not fully integrated for synchronized electrical and mechanical coupling with the host. In this context, this review highlights the mechanical and electrical strategies to promote cardiomyocyte maturation and integration, and to assess the functional phenotypes of regenerating myocardium. Simultaneous microelectrocardiogram and high-frequency ultrasound techniques will also be introduced to assess electrical and mechanical coupling for small animal models of heart regeneration.
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220
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Germani A, Foglio E, Capogrossi MC, Russo MA, Limana F. Generation of cardiac progenitor cells through epicardial to mesenchymal transition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:735-48. [PMID: 25943780 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that drives the formation of cells involved both in tissue repair and in pathological conditions, including tissue fibrosis and tumor metastasis by providing cancer cells with stem cell properties. Recent findings suggest that EMT is reactivated in the heart following ischemic injury. Specifically, epicardial EMT might be involved in the formation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) that can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and, possibly, cardiomyocytes. The identification of mechanisms and signaling pathways governing EMT-derived CPC generation and differentiation may contribute to the development of a more efficient regenerative approach for adult heart repair. Here, we summarize key literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Germani
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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221
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Myocardial pressure overload induces systemic inflammation through endothelial cell IL-33. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7249-54. [PMID: 25941360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424236112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension increases the pressure load on the heart and is associated with a poorly understood chronic systemic inflammatory state. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) binds to membrane-bound ST2 (ST2L) and has antihypertrophic and antifibrotic effects in the myocardium. In contrast, soluble ST2 appears to act as a decoy receptor for IL-33, blocking myocardial and vascular benefits, and is a prognostic biomarker in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Here we report that a highly local intramyocardial IL-33/ST2 conversation regulates the heart's response to pressure overload. Either endothelial-specific deletion of IL33 or cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of ST2 exacerbated cardiac hypertrophy with pressure overload. Furthermore, pressure overload induced systemic circulating IL-33 as well as systemic circulating IL-13 and TGF-beta1; this was abolished by endothelial-specific deletion of IL33 but not by cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of IL33. Our study reveals that endothelial cell secretion of IL-33 is crucial for translating myocardial pressure overload into a selective systemic inflammatory response.
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222
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Raulf A, Horder H, Tarnawski L, Geisen C, Ottersbach A, Röll W, Jovinge S, Fleischmann BK, Hesse M. Transgenic systems for unequivocal identification of cardiac myocyte nuclei and analysis of cardiomyocyte cell cycle status. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:33. [PMID: 25925989 PMCID: PMC4414935 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Even though the mammalian heart has been investigated for many years, there are still uncertainties in the fields of cardiac cell biology and regeneration with regard to exact fractions of cardiomyocytes (CMs) at different developmental stages, their plasticity after cardiac lesion and also their basal turnover rate. A main shortcoming is the accurate identification of CM and the demonstration of CM division. Therefore, an in vivo model taking advantage of a live reporter-based identification of CM nuclei and their cell cycle status is needed. In this technical report, we describe the generation and characterization of embryonic stem cells and transgenic mice expressing a fusion protein of human histone 2B and the red fluorescence protein mCherry under control of the CM specific αMHC promoter. This fluorescence label allows unequivocal identification and quantitation of CM nuclei and nuclearity in isolated cells and native tissue slices. In ventricles of adults, we determined a fraction of <20 % CMs and binucleation of 77-90 %, while in atria a CM fraction of 30 % and a binucleation index of 14 % were found. We combined this transgenic system with the CAG-eGFP-anillin transgene, which identifies cell division and established a novel screening assay for cell cycle-modifying substances in isolated, postnatal CMs. Our transgenic live reporter-based system enables reliable identification of CM nuclei and determination of CM fractions and nuclearity in heart tissue. In combination with CAG-eGFP-anillin-mice, the cell cycle status of CMs can be monitored in detail enabling screening for proliferation-inducing substances in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Raulf
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Horder
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- />Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Van Andel Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Caroline Geisen
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Ottersbach
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Röll
- />Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- />Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Van Andel Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- />Pharma Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hesse
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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223
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Tian S, Liu Q, Gnatovskiy L, Ma PX, Wang Z. Heart Regeneration with Embryonic Cardiac Progenitor Cells and Cardiac Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1. [PMID: 26744736 DOI: 10.19104/jstb.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Recent advances in stem cell research hold great potential for heart tissue regeneration through stem cell-based therapy. While multiple cell types have been transplanted into MI heart in preclinical studies or clinical trials, reduction of scar tissue and restoration of cardiac function have been modest. Several challenges hamper the development and application of stem cell-based therapy for heart regeneration. Application of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and cardiac tissue engineering for cell therapy has shown great promise to repair damaged heart tissue. This review presents an overview of the current applications of embryonic CPCs and the development of cardiac tissue engineering in regeneration of functional cardiac tissue and reduction of side effects for heart regeneration. We aim to highlight the benefits of the cell therapy by application of CPCs and cardiac tissue engineering during heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Tian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qihai Liu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Leonid Gnatovskiy
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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224
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Aguiar C, Brunt KR. Wilms' tumor 1 (re)activation in evidence for both epicardial progenitor and endothelial cells for cardiovascular regeneration. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:112-5. [PMID: 25863145 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christie Aguiar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Canada.
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225
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García AN, Sanz-Ruiz R, Santos MEF, Fernández-Avilés F. “Second-generation” stem cells for cardiac repair. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:352-367. [PMID: 25815120 PMCID: PMC4369492 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, stem cell therapy has emerged as an inspiring alternative to restore cardiac function after myocardial infarction. A large body of evidence has been obtained in this field but there is no conclusive data on the efficacy of these treatments. Preclinical studies and early reports in humans have been encouraging and have fostered a rapid clinical translation, but positive results have not been uniformly observed and when present, they have been modest. Several types of stem cells, manufacturing methods and delivery routes have been tested in different clinical settings but direct comparison between them is challenging and hinders further research. Despite enormous achievements, major barriers have been found and many fundamental issues remain to be resolved. A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms implicated in cardiac development and myocardial regeneration is critically needed to overcome some of these hurdles. Genetic and pharmacological priming together with the discovery of new sources of cells have led to a “second generation” of cell products that holds an encouraging promise in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. In this report, we review recent advances in this field focusing on the new types of stem cells that are currently being tested in human beings and on the novel strategies employed to boost cell performance in order to improve cardiac function and outcomes after myocardial infarction.
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226
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Abstract
This review article discusses the mechanisms of cardiomyogenesis in the adult heart. They include the re-entry of cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle; dedifferentiation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, which assume an immature replicating cell phenotype; transdifferentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into cardiomyocytes; and cardiomyocytes derived from activation and lineage specification of resident cardiac stem cells. The recognition of the origin of cardiomyocytes is of critical importance for the development of strategies capable of enhancing the growth response of the myocardium; in fact, cell therapy for the decompensated heart has to be based on the acquisition of this fundamental biological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Leri
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Marcello Rota
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesco S Pasqualini
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Piero Anversa
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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227
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Zhao Y, Cao H, Beebe T, Zhang H, Zhang X, Chang H, Scremin O, Lien CL, Tai YC, Hsiai TK. Dry-contact microelectrode membranes for wireless detection of electrical phenotypes in neonatal mouse hearts. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 17:40. [PMID: 25749638 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of aberrant electrical rhythms during heart injury and repair requires prolonged data acquisition. We hereby developed a wearable microelectrode membrane that could be adherent to the chest of neonatal mice for in situ wireless recording of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The novel dry-contact membrane with a meshed parylene-C pad adjacent to the microelectrodes and the expandable meandrous strips allowed for varying size of the neonates. The performance was evaluated at the system level; specifically, the ECG signals (μV) acquired from the microelectrodes underwent two-stage amplification, band-pass filtering, and optical data transmission by an infrared Light Emitting Diode (LED) to the data-receiving unit. The circuitry was prototyped on a printed circuit board (PCB), consuming less than 300 μW, and was completely powered by an inductive coupling link. Distinct P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves of ECG signals were demonstrated from the non-pharmacologically sedated neonates at ~600 beats per minutes. Thus, we demonstrate the feasibility of both real-time and wireless monitoring cardiac rhythms in a neonatal mouse (17-20 mm and <1 g) via dry-contact microelectrode membrane; thus, providing a basis for diagnosing aberrant electrical conduction in animal models of cardiac injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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228
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Vermillion KL, Anderson KJ, Hampton M, Andrews MT. Gene expression changes controlling distinct adaptations in the heart and skeletal muscle of a hibernating mammal. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:58-74. [PMID: 25572546 PMCID: PMC4346737 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00108.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the hibernation season, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) experiences extreme fluctuations in heart rate, metabolism, oxygen consumption, and body temperature, along with prolonged fasting and immobility. These conditions necessitate different functional requirements for the heart, which maintains contractile function throughout hibernation, and the skeletal muscle, which remains largely inactive. The adaptations used to maintain these contractile organs under such variable conditions serves as a natural model to study a variety of medically relevant conditions including heart failure and disuse atrophy. To better understand how two different muscle tissues maintain function throughout the extreme fluctuations of hibernation we performed Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing of cDNAs to compare the transcriptome of heart and skeletal muscle across the circannual cycle. This analysis resulted in the identification of 1,076 and 1,466 differentially expressed genes in heart and skeletal muscle, respectively. In both heart and skeletal muscle we identified a distinct cold-tolerant mechanism utilizing peroxisomal metabolism to make use of elevated levels of unsaturated depot fats. The skeletal muscle transcriptome also shows an early increase in oxidative capacity necessary for the altered fuel utilization and increased oxygen demand of shivering. Expression of the fetal gene expression profile is used to maintain cardiac tissue, either through increasing myocyte size or proliferation of resident cardiomyocytes, while skeletal muscle function and mass are protected through transcriptional regulation of pathways involved in protein turnover. This study provides insight into how two functionally distinct muscles maintain function under the extreme conditions of mammalian hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Vermillion
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Kyle J Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Marshall Hampton
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Matthew T Andrews
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
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229
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Qiu Y, Bayomy AF, Gomez MV, Bauer M, Du P, Yang Y, Zhang X, Liao R. A role for matrix stiffness in the regulation of cardiac side population cell function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H990-7. [PMID: 25724498 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00935.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the local microenvironment may have important influence on the fate and function of adult tissue progenitor cells, altering the regenerative process. This is particularly critical following a myocardial infarction, in which the normal, compliant myocardial tissue is replaced with fibrotic, stiff scar tissue. In this study, we examined the effects of matrix stiffness on adult cardiac side population (CSP) progenitor cell behavior. Ovine and murine CSP cells were isolated and cultured on polydimethylsiloxane substrates, replicating the elastic moduli of normal and fibrotic myocardium. Proliferation capacity and cell cycling were increased in CSP cells cultured on the stiff substrate with an associated reduction in cardiomyogeneic differentiation and accelerated cell ageing. In addition, culture on stiff substrate stimulated upregulation of extracellular matrix and adhesion proteins gene expression in CSP cells. Collectively, we demonstrate that microenvironment properties, including matrix stiffness, play a critical role in regulating progenitor cell functions of endogenous resident CSP cells. Understanding the effects of the tissue microenvironment on resident cardiac progenitor cells is a critical step toward achieving functional cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Qiu
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmad F Bayomy
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Marcus V Gomez
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Bauer
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ping Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanfei Yang
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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230
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Abstract
Cardiac c-kit+ cells isolated from cardiac explant-derived cells modestly improve cardiac functions after myocardial infarction; however, their full potential has not yet been realized. The present study was undertaken to determine the isolation and culture of c-kit+ cardiac stem cells (CSCs), and the roles of myocardial injection of CSCs on the survival of rat cardiac allograft. Recipient Sprague-Dawley rats were transplanted with hearts from Wistar rats. In the in vitro experiment, c-kit+ cells were isolated from mouse heart fragment culture by magnetic cell sorting. CSCs expressed of cardiomyocyte specific protein cardiac troponin I, α smooth muscle actin and von Willebrand factor in conditioned culture. CSC injection increased graft survival of cardiac allograft rats. The effects of CSCs on increase in graft survival of cardiac allograft rats were blocked by stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) knockdown. The expression of SDF-1 was increased after CSC injection into the cardiac of cardiac allograft rats. These results indicate that CSC injection into the cardiac prolongs graft survival of cardiac allograft rats. SDF-1 plays an important role in the effects of CSCs on the graft survival of cardiac allograft rats.
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231
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Waring CD, Henning BJ, Smith AJ, Nadal-Ginard B, Torella D, Ellison GM. Cardiac adaptations from 4 weeks of intensity-controlled vigorous exercise are lost after a similar period of detraining. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12302. [PMID: 25713328 PMCID: PMC4393210 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensity-controlled (relative to VO2max) treadmill exercise training in adult rats results in the activation and ensuing differentiation of endogenous c-kitpos cardiac stem/progenitor cells (eCSCs) into newly formed cardiomyocytes and capillaries. Whether these training-induced adaptations persist following detraining is undetermined. Twelve male Wistar rats (∼230 g) were exercised at 80–85% of their VO2max for 30 min day−1, 4 days week−1 for 4 weeks (TR;n = 6), followed by 4 weeks of detraining (DTR; n = 6). Twelve untrained rats acted as controls (CTRL). Exercise training significantly enhanced VO2max (11.34 mL kg−1 min−1) and wet heart weight (29%) above CTRL (P < 0.05). Echocardiography revealed that exercise training increased LV mass (∼32%), posterior and septal wall thickness (∼15%), ejection fraction and fractional shortening (∼10%) compared to CTRL (P < 0.05). Cardiomyocyte diameter (17.9 ± 0.1 μm vs. 14.9 ± 0.6 μm), newly formed (BrdUpos/Ki67pos) cardiomyocytes (7.2 ± 1.3%/1.9 ± 0.7% vs. 0.2 ± 0.1%/0.1 ± 0.1%), total cardiomyocyte number (45.6 ± 0.6 × 106 vs. 42.5 ± 0.4 × 106), c-kitpos eCSC number (884 ± 112 per 106 cardiomyocytes vs. 482 ± 132 per 106 cardiomyocytes), and capillary density (4123 ± 227 per mm2 vs. 2117 ± 118 per mm2) were significantly greater in the LV of trained animals (P < 0.05) than CTRL. Detraining removed the stimulus for c-kitpos eCSC activation (640 ± 98 per 106 cardiomyocytes) and resultant cardiomyocyte hyperplasia (0.4 ± 0.3% BrdUpos/0.2 ± 0.2% Ki67pos cardiomyocytes). Capillary density (3673 ± 374 per mm2) and total myocyte number (44.7 ± 0.5 × 106) remained elevated following detraining, but cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (15.0 ± 0.4 μm) was lost, resulting in a reduction of anatomical (wall thickness ∼4%; LV mass ∼10% and cardiac mass ∼8%, above CTRL) and functional (EF & FS ∼2% above CTRL) parameters gained through exercise training. These findings demonstrate that cardiac adaptations, produced by 4 weeks of intensity-controlled exercise training are lost after a similar period of detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl D Waring
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Beverley J Henning
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Unit (BioStem), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Andrew J Smith
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Bernardo Nadal-Ginard
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Daniele Torella
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Georgina M Ellison
- Centre of Human & Aerospace Physiological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
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232
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Chen HJ, Chen CH, Chang MY, Tsai DC, Baum EZ, Hariri R, Herzberg U, Hsieh PCH. Human placenta-derived adherent cells improve cardiac performance in mice with chronic heart failure. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:269-75. [PMID: 25673767 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placenta-derived adherent cells (PDACs) are a culture-expanded, undifferentiated mesenchymal-like population derived from full-term placental tissue, with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and neuroprotective properties. PDA-001 (cenplacel-L), an intravenous formulation of PDAC cells, is in clinical development for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We tested the therapeutic effects of PDA-001 in mice with chronic heart failure (CHF). Three weeks after transaortic constriction surgery to induce CHF, the mice underwent direct intramyocardial (IM) or i.v. injection of PDA-001 at a high (0.5 × 10(6) cells per mouse), medium (0.5 × 10(5) cells per mouse), or low (0.5 × 10(4) cells per mouse) dose. The mice were sacrificed 4 weeks after treatment. Echocardiography and ventricular catheterization showed that IM injection of PDA-001 significantly improved left ventricular systolic and diastolic function compared with injection of vehicle or i.v. injection of PDA-001. IM injection of PDA-001 also decreased cardiac fibrosis, shown by trichrome staining in the vicinity of the injection sites. Low-dose treatment showed the best improvement in cardiac performance compared with the medium- and high-dose groups. In another independent study to determine the mechanism of action with bromodeoxyuridine labeling, the proliferation rates of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes were significantly increased by low or medium IM dose PDA-001. However, no surviving PDA-001 cells were detected in the heart 1 month after injection. In vivo real-time imaging consistently revealed that the PDA-001 cells were detectable only within 2 days after IM injection of luciferase-expressing PDA-001. Together, these results have demonstrated the cardiac therapeutic potential of PDA-001, likely through a paracrine effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jung Chen
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Hsi Chen
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yao Chang
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Da-Ching Tsai
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ellen Z Baum
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Robert Hariri
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Uri Herzberg
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Celgene Cellular Therapeutics, Warren, New Jersey, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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233
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An emerging consensus on cardiac regeneration. Nat Med 2015; 20:1386-93. [PMID: 25473919 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac regeneration is a rapidly evolving and controversial field of research. The identification some 12 years ago of progenitor cells that reside within the heart spurred enthusiasm for cell-based regenerative therapies. However, recent evidence has called into question both the presence of a biologically important stem cell population in the heart and the ability of exogenously derived cells to promote regeneration through direct formation of new cardiomyocytes. Here, we discuss recent developments that suggest an emerging consensus on the ability of different cell types to regenerate the adult mammalian heart.
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234
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Deutsch MA, Doppler S, Lahm H, Dressen M, Lange R, Krane M. Endogene myokardiale Regeneration. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-014-1119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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235
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Abstract
Heart failure is a growing epidemic caused by cardiomyocyte depletion. Current therapies prolong survival by protecting remaining cardiomyocytes but are unable to overcome the fundamental problem of regenerating lost cardiomyocytes. Several strategies for promoting heart regeneration have emerged from decades of intensive study. Although some of these strategies remain confined to basic research, others are beginning to be tested in humans. We review strategies for cardiac regeneration and summarize progress of related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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236
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Buikema JW, Van Der Meer P, Sluijter JPG, Domian IJ. Concise review: Engineering myocardial tissue: the convergence of stem cells biology and tissue engineering technology. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2587-98. [PMID: 23843322 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced heart failure represents a leading public health problem in the developed world. The clinical syndrome results from the loss of viable and/or fully functional myocardial tissue. Designing new approaches to augment the number of functioning human cardiac muscle cells in the failing heart serve as the foundation of modern regenerative cardiovascular medicine. A number of clinical trials have been performed in an attempt to increase the number of functional myocardial cells by the transplantation of a diverse group of stem or progenitor cells. Although there are some encouraging suggestions of a small early therapeutic benefit, to date, no evidence for robust cell or tissue engraftment has been shown, emphasizing the need for new approaches. Clinically meaningful cardiac regeneration requires the identification of the optimum cardiogenic cell types and their assembly into mature myocardial tissue that is functionally and electrically coupled to the native myocardium. We here review recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering and describe how the convergence of these two fields may yield novel approaches for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Buikema
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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237
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Noseda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London
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238
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Gnecchi M, Pisano F, Bariani R. microRNA and Cardiac Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 887:119-41. [PMID: 26662989 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22380-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart diseases are a very common health problem in developed as well as developing countries. In particular, ischemic heart disease and heart failure represent a plague for the patients and for the society. Loss of cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction or dysfunctioning tissue in nonischemic cardiomyopathies may result in cardiac failure. Despite great advancements in the treatment of these diseases, there is a substantial unmet need for novel therapies, ideally addressing repair and regeneration of the damaged or lost myocardium. Along this line, cardiac cell based therapies have gained substantial attention. Three main approaches are currently under investigation: stem cell therapy with either embryonic or adult stem cells; generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells; stimulation of endogenous regeneration trough direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes, activation of resident cardiac stem cells or induction of native resident cardiomyocytes to reenter the cell cycle. All these strategies need to be optimized since their efficiency is low.It has recently become clear that cardiac signaling and transcriptional pathways are intimately intertwined with microRNA molecules which act as modulators of cardiac development, function, and disease. Moreover, miRNA also regulates stem cell differentiation. Here we describe how miRNA may circumvent hurdles that hamper the field of cardiac regeneration and stem cell therapy, and how miRNA may result as the most suitable solution for the damaged heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gnecchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine - Cardiology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Institute of Research and Treatment Foundation Polyclinic San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Institute of Research and Treatment Foundation Polyclinic San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Federica Pisano
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Institute of Research and Treatment Foundation Polyclinic San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Institute of Research and Treatment Foundation Polyclinic San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bariani
- Department of Molecular Medicine - Cardiology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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239
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Rutering J, Ilmer M, Recio A, Coleman M, Vykoukal J, Alt E. Improved Method for Isolation of Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes with Increased Yield of C-Kit+ Cardiac Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:1-8. [PMID: 26937295 PMCID: PMC4770583 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7633.1000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy represents a promising new paradigm for treatment of heart disease, a major cause of death in the industrialized world. The recent discovery of tissue resident c-Kit+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) has fueled scientific efforts to exploit these cells therapeutically for regenerative interventions, and primary culture of cardiomyocytes is a common in-vitro model to investigate basic molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac degeneration and regeneration. Current protocols for cardiomyocyte isolation frequently result in low cell yield and insufficient depletion of fibroblasts, which then overgrow the cardiomyocytes in culture. In this protocol we describe an improved method for the isolation of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes that also enables enhanced yields of CPCs. Gentle techniques of enzymatic and mechanical tissue processing ensure high cell numbers and viability, while subsequent Percoll density gradient centrifugation minimizes fibroblasts. We compared the advantages of different enzymes and found that Collagenase 2 alone leads to very high yields of cardiomyocytes, whereas the application of Matrase™ enzyme blend increases the relative yield of c-Kit+ CPCs to up to 35%. Cardiomyocytes and CPCs isolated with this protocol may constitute an important cell source for investigating heart disease as well as cell based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rutering
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 2951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthias Ilmer
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 2951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alejandro Recio
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 2951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Coleman
- InGeneron Incorporated, 8205 El Rio Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Unit 2951, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eckhard Alt
- Applied Stem Cell Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Science Center, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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240
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Berry SE. Concise review: mesoangioblast and mesenchymal stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophy: progress, challenges, and future directions. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:91-8. [PMID: 25391645 PMCID: PMC4275006 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and mesoangioblasts (MABs) are multipotent cells that differentiate into specialized cells of mesodermal origin, including skeletal muscle cells. Because of their potential to differentiate into the skeletal muscle lineage, these multipotent cells have been tested for their capacity to participate in regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle in animal models of muscular dystrophy. MSCs and MABs infiltrate dystrophic muscle from the circulation, engraft into host fibers, and bring with them proteins that replace the functions of those missing or truncated. The potential for systemic delivery of these cells increases the feasibility of stem cell therapy for the large numbers of affected skeletal muscles in patients with muscular dystrophy. The present review focused on the results of preclinical studies with MSCs and MABs in animal models of muscular dystrophy. The goals of the present report were to (a) summarize recent results, (b) compare the efficacy of MSCs and MABs derived from different tissues in restoration of protein expression and/or improvement in muscle function, and (c) discuss future directions for translating these discoveries to the clinic. In addition, although systemic delivery of MABs and MSCs is of great importance for reaching dystrophic muscles, the potential concerns related to this method of stem cell transplantation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Berry
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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241
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Cagavi E, Bartulos O, Suh CY, Sun B, Yue Z, Jiang Z, Yue L, Qyang Y. Functional cardiomyocytes derived from Isl1 cardiac progenitors via Bmp4 stimulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110752. [PMID: 25522363 PMCID: PMC4270687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As heart failure due to myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, cell-based cardiac regenerative therapy using cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) could provide a potential treatment for the repair of injured myocardium. As adult CPCs may have limitations regarding tissue accessibility and proliferative ability, CPCs derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could serve as an unlimited source of cells with high proliferative ability. As one of the CPCs that can be derived from embryonic stem cells, Isl1 expressing cardiac progenitor cells (Isl1-CPCs) may serve as a valuable source of cells for cardiac repair due to their high cardiac differentiation potential and authentic cardiac origin. In order to generate an unlimited number of Isl1-CPCs, we used a previously established an ESC line that allows for isolation of Isl1-CPCs by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression that is directed by the mef2c gene, specifically expressed in the Isl1 domain of the anterior heart field. To improve the efficiency of cardiac differentiation of Isl1-CPCs, we studied the role of Bmp4 in cardiogenesis of Isl1-CPCs. We show an inductive role of Bmp directly on cardiac progenitors and its enhancement on early cardiac differentiation of CPCs. Upon induction of Bmp4 to Isl1-CPCs during differentiation, the cTnT+ cardiomyocyte population was enhanced 2.8±0.4 fold for Bmp4 treated CPC cultures compared to that detected for vehicle treated cultures. Both Bmp4 treated and untreated cardiomyocytes exhibit proper electrophysiological and calcium signaling properties. In addition, we observed a significant increase in Tbx5 and Tbx20 expression in differentiation cultures treated with Bmp4 compared to the untreated control, suggesting a link between Bmp4 and Tbx genes which may contribute to the enhanced cardiac differentiation in Bmp4 treated cultures. Collectively these findings suggest a cardiomyogenic role for Bmp4 directly on a pure population of Isl1 expressing cardiac progenitors, which could lead to enhancement of cardiac differentiation and engraftment, holding a significant therapeutic value for cardiac repair in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Cagavi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oscar Bartulos
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Carol Y. Suh
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Baonan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Zhichao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Zhengxin Jiang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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242
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Cardiac cell proliferation assessed by EdU, a novel analysis of cardiac regeneration. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:763-70. [PMID: 25480318 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9827-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that mammalian hearts maintain the capacity for cardiac regeneration. Rapid and sensitive identification of cardiac cellular proliferation is prerequisite for understanding the underlying mechanisms and strategies of cardiac regeneration. The following immunologically related markers of cardiac cells were analyzed: cardiac transcription factors Nkx2.5 and Gata 4; specific marker of cardiomyocytes TnT; endothelial cell marker CD31; vascular smooth muscle marker smooth muscle myosin IgG; cardiac resident stem cells markers IsL1, Tbx18, and Wt1. Markers were co-localized in cardiac tissues of embryonic, neonatal, adult, and pathological samples by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining. EdU was also used to label isolated neonatal cardiomyocytes in vitro. EdU robustly labeled proliferating cells in vitro and in vivo, co-immunostaining with different cardiac cells markers. EdU can rapidly and sensitively label proliferating cardiac cells in developmental and pathological states. Cardiac cell proliferation assessed by EdU is a novel analytical tool for investigating the mechanism and strategies of cardiac regeneration in response to injury.
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243
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Hlaing SM, Garcia LA, Contreras JR, Norris KC, Ferrini MG, Artaza JN. 1,25-Vitamin D3 promotes cardiac differentiation through modulation of the WNT signaling pathway. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:303-17. [PMID: 25139490 PMCID: PMC4198487 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with high risk of myocardial infarction, even after controlling for factors associated with coronary artery disease. A growing body of evidence indicates that vitamin D plays an important role in CVD-related signaling pathways. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism by which vitamin D modulates heart development. The WNT signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in tissue development by controlling stem cell renewal, lineage selection and, even more importantly, heart development. In this study, we examined the role of 1,25-D3 (the active form of vitamin D) on cardiomyocyte proliferation, apoptosis, cell phenotype, cell cycle progression and differentiation into cardiomyotubes. We determined that the addition of 1,25-D3 to cardiomyocytes cells: i) inhibits cell proliferation without promoting apoptosis; ii) decreases expression of genes related to the regulation of the cell cycle; iii) promotes formation of cardiomyotubes; iv) induces the expression of casein kinase-1-α1, a negative regulator of the canonical WNT signaling pathway; and v) increases the expression of the noncanonical WNT11, which it has been demonstrated to induce cardiac differentiation during embryonic development and in adult cells. In conclusion, we postulate that vitamin D promotes cardiac differentiation through a negative modulation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway and by upregulating the expression of WNT11. These results indicate that vitamin D repletion to prevent and/or improve cardiovascular disorders that are linked with abnormal cardiac differentiation, such as post infarction cardiac remodeling, deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su M Hlaing
- Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Leah A Garcia
- Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jaime R Contreras
- Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Keith C Norris
- Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Monica G Ferrini
- Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jorge N Artaza
- Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Departments of Internal MedicineHealth and Life SciencesDivision of EndocrinologyMetabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, California 90059, USADepartment of MedicineDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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244
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Assessment of DNA synthesis in Islet-1⁺ cells in the adult murine heart. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:294-7. [PMID: 25450620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Islet-1 positive (Islet-1(+)) cardiac progenitor cells give rise to the right ventricle, atria and outflow tract during murine cardiac development. In the adult heart Islet-1 expression is limited to parasympathetic neurons, few cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, within the proximal aorta and pulmonary artery and sinoatrial node cells. Its role in these cells is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that Islet-1(+) cells retain proliferative activity and may therefore play a role in regenerating specialized regions in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA synthesis was analyzed by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine ((3)H-thymidine) in Isl-1-nLacZ mice, a transgenic model with an insertion of a nuclear beta-galactosidase in the Islet-1 locus. Mice received daily injections of (3)H-thymidine for 5 days. DNA synthesis was visualized throughout the heart by dipping autoradiography of cryosections. Colocalization of an nLacZ-signal and silver grains would indicate DNA synthesis in Islet-1(+) cells. Whereas Islet(-) non-myocyte nuclei were regularly marked by accumulation of silver grains, colocalization with nLacZ-signals was not detected in >25,000 cells analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Islet-1(+) cells are quiescent in the adult heart, suggesting that, under normal conditions, even pacemaking cells do not proliferate at higher rates than normal cardiac myocytes.
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Abstract
During development, cardiogenesis is orchestrated by a family of heart progenitors that build distinct regions of the heart. Each region contains diverse cell types that assemble to form the complex structures of the individual cardiac compartments. Cardiomyocytes are the main cell type found in the heart and ensure contraction of the chambers and efficient blood flow throughout the body. Injury to the cardiac muscle often leads to heart failure due to the loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes and its limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this Primer we discuss how insights into the molecular and cellular framework underlying cardiac development can be used to guide the in vitro specification of cardiomyocytes, whether by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or via direct lineage conversion. Additional strategies to generate cardiomyocytes in situ, such as reactivation of endogenous cardiac progenitors and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Später
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Bioscience, CVMD iMED, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43150, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lior Zangi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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Chong JJ, Forte E, Harvey RP. Developmental origins and lineage descendants of endogenous adult cardiac progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:592-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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247
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Lui KO, Zangi L, Chien KR. Cardiovascular regenerative therapeutics via synthetic paracrine factor modified mRNA. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:693-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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248
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Bergmann O, Jovinge S. Cardiac regeneration in vivo: Mending the heart from within? Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:523-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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249
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Senyo SE, Lee RT, Kühn B. Cardiac regeneration based on mechanisms of cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:532-41. [PMID: 25306390 PMCID: PMC4435693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte proliferation and progenitor differentiation are endogenous mechanisms of myocardial development. Cardiomyocytes continue to proliferate in mammals for part of post-natal development. In adult mammals under homeostatic conditions, cardiomyocytes proliferate at an extremely low rate. Because the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte generation provide potential targets for stimulating myocardial regeneration, a deep understanding is required for developing such strategies. We will discuss approaches for examining cardiomyocyte regeneration, review the specific advantages, challenges, and controversies, and recommend approaches for interpretation of results. We will also draw parallels between developmental and regenerative principles of these mechanisms and how they could be targeted for treating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Senyo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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250
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Zhang H, Wang H, Li N, Duan CE, Yang YJ. Cardiac progenitor/stem cells on myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease: what we have known from current research. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19:247-58. [PMID: 23381197 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-013-9372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has become a promising method for many diseases, including ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Several kinds of stem cells have been studied for heart diseases. Of them, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), which have been used in many clinical trials, are the most understood one. But the effect of BMSCs is mediated by paracrine factors instead of direct turning into cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, a lot of evidences have shown that resident cardiac stem cells could turn into cardiomyocytes directly in vivo. Currently, seven kinds of resident cardiac stem cells have been discovered. However, their mechanisms, development origins, and relationships have yet to be fully understood. Moreover, two Phase I clinical trials have been performed recently. They show promising results. In this review, we will summarize the current research on these cardiac stem cells and the methods to enhance their effects in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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