p53 and metabolism

PD-L1 on invasive fibroblasts drives fibrosis in a humanized model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease with unremitting extracellular matrix deposition, leading to a distortion of pulmonary architecture and impaired gas exchange. Fibroblasts from IPF patients acquire an invasive phenotype that is essential for progressive fibrosis. Here, we performed RNA sequencing analysis on invasive and noninvasive fibroblasts and found that the immune checkpoint ligand CD274 (also known as PD-L1) was upregulated on invasive lung fibroblasts and was required for the invasive phenotype of lung fibroblasts, is regulated by p53 and FAK, and drives lung fibrosis in a humanized IPF model in mice. Activating CD274 in IPF fibroblasts promoted invasion in vitro and pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. CD274 knockout in IPF fibroblasts and targeting CD274 by FAK inhibition or CD274-neutralizing antibodies blunted invasion and attenuated fibrosis, suggesting that CD274 may be a novel therapeutic target in IPF.

p53/Lactate dehydrogenase A axis negatively regulates aerobic glycolysis and tumor progression in breast cancer expressing wild-type p53

Tumor suppressor p53 is a master regulator of apoptosis and plays key roles in cell cycle checkpoints. p53 responds to metabolic changes and alters metabolism through several mechanisms in cancer. Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a key enzyme in glycolysis, is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and catalyzes pyruvate to lactate. In the present study, we first analyzed the association and clinical significance of p53 and LDHA in breast cancer expressing wild-type p53 (wt-p53) and found that LDHA mRNA levels are negatively correlated with wt-p53 but not with mutation p53 mRNA levels, and low p53 and high LDHA expression are significantly associated with poor overall survival rates. Furthermore, p53 negatively regulates LDHA expression by directly binding its promoter region. Moreover, a series of LDHA gain-of-function and rescore experiments were carried out in breast cancer MCF7 cells expressing endogenous wt-p53, showing that ectopic expression of p53 decreases aerobic glycolysis, cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor formation of breast cancer cells and that restoration of the expression of LDHA in p53-overexpressing cells could abolish the suppressive effect of p53 on aerobic glycolysis and other malignant phenotypes. In conclusion, our findings showed that repression of LDHA induced by wt-p53 blocks tumor growth and invasion through downregulation of aerobic glycolysis in breast cancer, providing new insights into the mechanism by which p53 contributes to the development and progression of breast cancer.

Sensors for Lung Cancer Diagnosis

The positive outcome of lung cancer treatment is strongly related to the earliness of the diagnosis. Thus, there is a strong requirement for technologies that could provide an early detection of cancer. The concept of early diagnosis is immediately extended to large population screening, and then, it is strongly related to non-invasiveness and low cost. Sensor technology takes advantage of the microelectronics revolution, and then, it promises to develop devices sufficiently sensitive to detect lung cancer biomarkers. A number of biosensors for the detection of cancer-related proteins have been demonstrated in recent years. At the same time, the interest is growing towards the analysis of volatile metabolites that could be measured directly from the breath. In this paper, a review of the state-of-the-art of biosensors and volatile compound sensors is presented.

p53/BNIP3-dependent mitophagy limits glycolytic shift in radioresistant cancer

The role of p53 in genotoxic therapy-induced metabolic shift in cancers is not yet known. In this study, we investigated the role of p53 in the glycolytic shift in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines following irradiation. Isogenic p53-null radioresistant cancer cells established through cumulative irradiation showed decreased oxygen consumption and increased glycolysis with compromised mitochondria, corresponding with their enhanced sensitivity to drugs that target glycolysis. In contrast, radioresistant cancer cells with wild-type p53 preserved their primary metabolic profile with intact mitophagic processes and maintained their mitochondrial integrity. Moreover, we identified a previously unappreciated link between p53 and mitophagy, which limited the glycolytic shift through the BNIP3-dependent clearance of abnormal mitochondria. Thus, drugs targeting glycolysis could be used as an alternative strategy for overcoming radioresistant cancers, and the p53 status could be used as a biomarker for selecting participants for clinical trials.

Principles of Exercise Prescription, and How They Influence Exercise-Induced Changes of Transcription Factors and Other Regulators of Mitochondrial Biogenesis

Physical inactivity represents the fourth leading risk factor for mortality, and it has been linked with a series of chronic disorders, the treatment of which absorbs ~ 85% of healthcare costs in developed countries. Conversely, physical activity promotes many health benefits; endurance exercise in particular represents a powerful stimulus to induce mitochondrial biogenesis, and it is routinely used to prevent and treat chronic metabolic disorders linked with sub-optimal mitochondrial characteristics. Given the importance of maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool, it is vital to better characterize how manipulating the endurance exercise dose affects cellular mechanisms of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Herein, we propose a definition of mitochondrial biogenesis and the techniques available to assess it, and we emphasize the importance of standardizing biopsy timing and the determination of relative exercise intensity when comparing different studies. We report an intensity-dependent regulation of exercise-induced increases in nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein content, nuclear phosphorylation of p53 (serine 15), and PGC-1α messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as training-induced increases in PGC-1α and p53 protein content. Despite evidence that PGC-1α protein content plateaus within a few exercise sessions, we demonstrate that greater training volumes induce further increases in PGC-1α (and p53) protein content, and that short-term reductions in training volume decrease the content of both proteins, suggesting training volume is still a factor affecting training-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Finally, training-induced changes in mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) protein content are regulated in a training volume-dependent manner and have been linked with training-induced changes in mitochondrial content.

p53 Represses the Mevalonate Pathway to Mediate Tumor Suppression

There are still gaps in our understanding of the complex processes by which p53 suppresses tumorigenesis. Here we describe a novel role for p53 in suppressing the mevalonate pathway, which is responsible for biosynthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenoids. p53 blocks activation of SREBP-2, the master transcriptional regulator of this pathway, by transcriptionally inducing the ABCA1 cholesterol transporter gene. A mouse model of liver cancer reveals that downregulation of mevalonate pathway gene expression by p53 occurs in premalignant hepatocytes, when p53 is needed to actively suppress tumorigenesis. Furthermore, pharmacological or RNAi inhibition of the mevalonate pathway restricts the development of murine hepatocellular carcinomas driven by p53 loss. Like p53 loss, ablation of ABCA1 promotes murine liver tumorigenesis and is associated with increased SREBP-2 maturation. Our findings demonstrate that repression of the mevalonate pathway is a crucial component of p53-mediated liver tumor suppression and outline the mechanism by which this occurs.

Metabolic rewiring beyond Warburg in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: How much do we actually know?

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in the western world. CLL consists of the accumulation of malignant B-cells in the blood stream and homing tissues. Although treatable, this disease is not curable, and resistance or relapse is often present. In many cancers, the study of metabolic reprograming has uncovered novel targets that are already being exploited in the clinic. However, CLL metabolism is still poorly understood. The ability of CLL lymphocytes to adapt to diverse microenvironments is accompanied by modifications in cell metabolism, revealing the challenge of targeting the CLL lymphocytes present in all different compartments. Despite this, the study of CLL metabolism led to an ongoing clinical trial using glucose uptake and mitochondrial respiration inhibitors. In contrast, glutamine and fatty acid metabolism remain to be further exploited in CLL. Here, we summarize the present knowledge of CLL metabolism, as well as the metabolic influence of Myc, ATM and p53 on CLL lymphocytes.

Centromere protein F (CENPF), a microtubule binding protein, modulates cancer metabolism by regulating pyruvate kinase M2 phosphorylation signaling

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and is the second leading cause of male cancer-related death in North America. Metabolic adaptations in malignant PC cells play a key role in fueling the growth and progression of the disease. Unfortunately, little is known regarding these changes in cellular metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that centromere protein F (CENPF), a protein associated with the centromere-kinetochore complex and chromosomal segregation during mitosis, is mechanically linked to altered metabolism and progression in PC. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we silenced the gene for CENPF in human PC3 cells. These cells were found to have reduced levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Silencing of CENPF also simultaneously improved sensitivity to anoikis-induced apoptosis. Mass spectrometry analysis of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins from CENPF knockout (CENPFKO) and control cells revealed that CENPF silencing increased inactive forms of pyruvate kinase M2, a rate limiting enzyme needed for an irreversible reaction in glycolysis. Furthermore, CENPFKO cells had reduced global bio-energetic capacity, acetyl-CoA production, histone acetylation, and lipid metabolism, suggesting that CENPF is a critical regulator of cancer metabolism, potentially through its effects on mitochondrial functioning. Additional quantitative immunohistochemistry and imaging analyzes on a series of PC tumor microarrays demonstrated that CENPF expression is significantly increased in higher-risk PC patients. Based on these findings, we suggest the CENPF may be an important regulator of PC metabolism through its role in the mitochondria.

Expression of the Alternative Oxidase Influences Jun N-Terminal Kinase Signaling and Cell Migration

Downregulation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling inhibits cell migration in diverse model systems. In Drosophila pupal development, attenuated JNK signaling in the thoracic dorsal epithelium leads to defective midline closure, resulting in cleft thorax. Here we report that concomitant expression of the Ciona intestinalis alternative oxidase (AOX) was able to compensate for JNK pathway downregulation, substantially correcting the cleft thorax phenotype. AOX expression also promoted wound-healing behavior and single-cell migration in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs), counteracting the effect of JNK pathway inhibition. However, AOX was not able to rescue developmental phenotypes resulting from knockdown of the AP-1 transcription factor, the canonical target of JNK, nor its targets and had no effect on AP-1-dependent transcription. The migration of AOX-expressing iMEFs in the wound-healing assay was differentially stimulated by antimycin A, which redirects respiratory electron flow through AOX, altering the balance between mitochondrial ATP and heat production. Since other treatments affecting mitochondrial ATP did not stimulate wound healing, we propose increased mitochondrial heat production as the most likely primary mechanism of action of AOX in promoting cell migration in these various contexts.

Inhibition of MUC1-C regulates metabolism by AKT pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common digestive tumors worldwide. The Mucin 1 (MUC1) heterodimeric protein has been confirmed that is overexpressed in ESCC and induced adverse outcomes. However, the detailed mechanism(s) remained challenging. So, we investigated the relationship between MUC1‐C and metabolism in ESCC cells. In the results, TP53‐induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) was overexpressed and correlative with MUC1‐C positively in ESCC tissue. Targeting MUC1‐C inhibits AKT–mTORC–S6K1 signaling and blocks TIGAR translation. We found that the inhibitory effect of GO‐203 on TIGAR was mediated by inhibition of AKT–mTOR–S6K1 pathway. The findings also demonstrated that the suppressive effect of GO‐203 on TIGAR is related to the decrease of glutathione level, the increase of reactive oxygen species and the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane membrane potential. In xenograft tissues, GO‐203 inhibited the growth of ESCC cells and lead to the low expression of transmembrane C‐terminal subunit (MUC1‐C) and TIGAR. This evidence supports the contention that MUC1‐C is significant for metabolism in ESCC and indicated that MUC1‐C is a potential target for the treatment of ESCC.

Colorectal Cancer and Metabolism

Purpose of Review

Metabolic reprogramming is essential for the rapid proliferation of cancer cells and is thus recognized as a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we will discuss the etiologies and effects of metabolic reprogramming in colorectal cancer.

Recent Findings

Changes in cellular metabolism may precede the acquisition of driver mutations ultimately leading to colonocyte transformation. Oncogenic mutations and loss of tumor suppressor genes further reprogram CRC cells to upregulate glycolysis, glutaminolysis, one-carbon metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis. These metabolic changes are not uniform throughout tumors, as subpopulations of tumor cells may rely on different pathways to adapt to nutrient availability in the local tumor microenvironment. Finally, metabolic cross-communication between stromal cells, immune cells, and the gut microbiota enable CRC growth, invasion, and metastasis.

Summary

Altered cellular metabolism occurs in CRC at multiple levels, including in the cells that make up the bulk of CRC tumors, cancer stem cells, the tumor microenvironment, and host-microbiome interactions. This knowledge may inform the development of improved screening and therapeutics for CRC.

Inverted mirror image molecular beacon-based three concatenated logic gates to detect p53 tumor suppressor gene

Mutation of p53 tumor suppressor gene represents one of the early molecular events in tumor initiation and progression. Although molecular computing holds tremendous potential with important applications in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of human diseases at the molecular level, designing molecular logic gates to implement cascade amplification via operating autonomously for the detection of point mutations still remains challenging. In this contribution, we developed a three concatenated logic gates (TCLG) to perform multiple strand displacement amplification (m-SDA) for screening the cancer-related point mutations only via designing an innovative molecular beacon (MB). Specifically, using p53 gene as model target, extending the two ends of a MB via adding two fragments with the same sequence achieves two unique terminal single-stranded (ss) overhangs. After self-folding of MB into hairpin structure, the two overhangs exhibit a near inverted mirror image (IM) relationship if taking the base nature and direction into account. For this, the probe is called IM-MB. Because cascade SDAs can occur on IM-MB and promote each other, the target gene can be detected down to 10 pM. Along this line, the TCLG circuit was proposed, and two primers and target gene serve as the indispensable input signals. Utilizing this logic circuit, the point mutation or absence of target gene can be sensitively screened. Moreover, its potential application in the recognition of point mutations in complex biomatrix has been demonstrated via blind test. The proof-of-concept scheme is expected to provide new insight into the development of DNA-based molecular logic gates and their applications in basic research, medical diagnosis and precise treatment and treatment of genetic diseases.

Mutant p53-dependent mitochondrial metabolic alterations in a mesenchymal stem cell-based model of progressive malignancy

It is well accepted that malignant transformation is associated with unique metabolism. Malignant transformation involves a variety of cellular pathways that are associated with initiation and progression of the malignant process that remain to be deciphered still. Here we used a mouse model of mutant p53 that presents a stepwise progressive transformation of adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). While the established parental p53Mut-MSCs induce tumors, the parental p53WT-MSCs that were established in parallel, did not. Furthermore, tumor lines derived from the parental p53Mut-MSCs (p53Mut-MSC-TLs), exhibited yet a more aggressive transformed phenotype, suggesting exacerbation in tumorigenesis. Metabolic tracing of these various cell types, indicated that while malignant transformation is echoed by a direct augmentation in glycolysis, the more aggressive p53Mut-MSC-TLs demonstrate increased mitochondrial oxidation that correlates with morphological changes in mitochondria mass and function. Finally, we show that these changes are p53Mut-dependent. Computational transcriptional analysis identified a mitochondrial gene signature specifically downregulated upon knock/out of p53Mut in MSC-TLs. Our results suggest that stem cells exhibiting different state of malignancy are also associated with a different quantitative and qualitative metabolic profile in a p53Mut-dependent manner. This may provide important insights for cancer prognosis and the use of specific metabolic inhibitors in a personalized designed cancer therapy.

Training-Induced Changes in Mitochondrial Content and Respiratory Function in Human Skeletal Muscle

A sedentary lifestyle has been linked to a number of metabolic disorders that have been associated with sub-optimal mitochondrial characteristics and an increased risk of premature death. Endurance training can induce an increase in mitochondrial content and/or mitochondrial functional qualities, which are associated with improved health and well-being and longer life expectancy. It is therefore important to better define how manipulating key parameters of an endurance training intervention can influence the content and functionality of the mitochondrial pool. This review focuses on mitochondrial changes taking place following a series of exercise sessions (training-induced mitochondrial adaptations), providing an in-depth analysis of the effects of exercise intensity and training volume on changes in mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function. We provide evidence that manipulation of different exercise training variables promotes specific and diverse mitochondrial adaptations. Specifically, we report that training volume may be a critical factor affecting changes in mitochondrial content, whereas relative exercise intensity is an important determinant of changes in mitochondrial respiratory function. As a consequence, a dissociation between training-induced changes in mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function is often observed. We also provide evidence that exercise-induced changes are not necessarily predictive of training-induced adaptations, we propose possible explanations for the above discrepancies and suggestions for future research.

Simvastatin interferes with cancer 'stem-cell' plasticity reducing metastasis in ovarian cancer

Cell plasticity of 'stem-like' cancer-initiating cells (CICs) is a hallmark of cancer, allowing metastasis and cancer progression. Here, we studied whether simvastatin, a lipophilic statin, could impair the metastatic potential of CICs in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS-ovC), the most lethal among the gynecologic malignancies. qPCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assess simvastatin effects on proteins involved in stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal cell plasticity (EMT). Its effects on tumor growth and metastasis were evaluated using different models (e.g., spheroid formation and migration assays, matrigel invasion assays, 3D-mesomimetic models and cancer xenografts). We explored also the clinical benefit of statins by comparing survival outcomes among statin users vs non-users. Herein, we demonstrated that simvastatin modifies the stemness and EMT marker expression patterns (both in mRNA and protein levels) and severely impairs the spheroid assembly of CICs. Consequently, CICs become less metastatic in 3D-mesomimetic models and show fewer ascites/tumor burden in HGS-ovC xenografts. The principal mechanism behind statin-mediated effects involves the inactivation of the Hippo/YAP/RhoA pathway in a mevalonate synthesis-dependent manner. From a clinical perspective, statin users seem to experience better survival and quality of life when compared with non-users. Considering the high cost and the low response rates obtained with many of the current therapies, the use of orally or intraperitoneally administered simvastatin offers a cost/effective and safe alternative to treat and potentially prevent recurrent HGS-ovCs.

Dysregulation of Glucose Metabolism by Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors in Cancer Cells

Cancers are complex diseases having several unique features, commonly described as ‘hallmarks of cancer’. Among them, altered signaling pathways are the common characteristic features that drive cancer progression; this is achieved due to mutations that lead to the activation of growth promoting(s) oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressors. As a result of which, cancer cells increase their glycolytic rate by consuming a large amount of glucose, and convert a majority of glucose to lactate even in the presence of oxygen known as the “Warburg effect”. Tumor cells like other cells are strictly dependent on energy for growth and survival; therefore, understanding energy metabolism will give us an idea to develop new effective anti-cancer therapies that target cancer energy production pathways. This review summarizes the roles of tumor suppressors and oncogenes and their products that provide metabolic advantages to cancer cells which in turn leads to the establishment of the “Warburg effect” and ultimately leads to cancer progression. Understanding cancer cell’s vulnerability will provide potential targets for its control.

Ibrutinib Resistance Is Reduced by an Inhibitor of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Primary CLL Lymphocytes

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease, characterized by the accumulation of malignant B-lymphocytes in the blood stream (quiescent state) and homing tissues (where they can proliferate). In CLL, the targeting of B-cell receptor signaling through a Burton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ibrutinib) has rendered outstanding clinical results. However, complete remission is not guaranteed due to drug resistance or relapse, revealing the need for novel approaches for CLL treatment. The characterization of metabolic rewiring in proliferative cancer cells is already being applied for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, but our knowledge of quiescent cell metabolism—relevant for CLL cells—is still fragmentary. Recently, we reported that glutamine metabolism in primary CLL cells bearing the del11q deletion is different from their del11q negative counterparts, making del11q cells especially sensitive to glutaminase and glycolysis inhibitors. In this work, we used our primary CLL lymphocyte bank and compounds interfering with central carbon metabolism to define metabolic traits associated with ibrutinib resistance. We observe a differential basal metabolite uptake linked to ibrutinib resistance, favoring glutamine uptake and catabolism. Upon ibrutinib treatment, the redox balance in ibrutinib resistant cells is shifted toward NADPH accumulation, without an increase in glutamine uptake, suggesting alternative metabolic rewiring such as the activation of fatty acid oxidation. In accordance to this idea, the curtailing of fatty acid oxidation by CPT1 inhibition (etomoxir) re-sensitized resistant cells to ibrutinib. Our results suggest that fatty acid oxidation could be explored as a target to overcome ibrutinib resistance.

Human cellular mitochondrial remodelling is governed by miR-2909 RNomics

BACKGROUND

There exists a general recognition of the fact that mitochondrial remodelling as a result of aerobic glycolysis ensures human somatic cells to revert to a more primitive-form exhibiting stem-like phenotype. The present study is an attempt to demonstrate that miR-2909 RNomics within human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has the inherent capacity to re-program these cells to exhibit mitochondrial remodelling paralleled by aerobic glycolysis together with intracellular lipid inclusions. Such re-programmed PBMCs also expressed genes having ability to sustain their de-differentiation state and survival.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Human PBMCs were programed to ectopically express miR-2909. Expression levels of genes including glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), hexokinase (HK), hypoxia inducia factor-1 (HIF-1α), c-Myc, p53,mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC1), polycombcomplex protein (Bmi-1), Notch,Nanog,Tie-2, Oct-4,CD59, p53, CD34, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2),sterol regulatory element-binding protein2 (SREBP2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) within miR-2909 expression vector transfected human PBMCs as well as PBMCs transfected with control vector containing scrambled sequence after 48h post-transfection using RT-qPCR and cellular ultrastructural features induced by miR-2909 ectopic expression were observed using transmission electron microscopy and morphometric analysis of an electron micrograph.

RESULTS

Ectopic expression of miR-2909 within human PBMCs resulted in their reprogramming into stem-like phenotype indicated by mitochondrial globular shaped coupled with cristae-poor morphology. Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (N/C), quantification of ATP levels, GSSG/GSH ratio, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity, secreted lactate concentrations, activity of antioxidant enzymes, levels of esterified cholesterol and triglycerides and flow-cytometric detection of apoptosis confirmed the compromised nature of mitochondrial function induced by ectopic miR-2909 expression in human PBMCs.

CONCLUSION

Based upon these results we propose that AATF gene-encoded miR-2909 may act as an epigenetic switch for cellular aerobic-glycolysis to ensure de-differentiation.

Chemically induced degradation of CK2 by proteolysis targeting chimeras based on a ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

As a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic and constitutively active serine/threonine protein kinase, casein kinase 2 (CK2) is closely associated with tumorigenesis by its overexpression in cancer cells. Here we report several proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) via "click reaction" to connect a CK2 inhibitor (CX-4945) and pomalidomide for degradation of CK2 protein. Among them, compound 2 degraded CK2 in a dose and time-dependent manner, and kept CK2 at a low basal level by recruiting ubiquitin-proteasome system. The degradation of CK2 resulted in the reduced phosphorylation of Akt and the up-regulation of p53. As a CK2 protein degrader, 2 showed the analogous cytotoxicity to CX-4945 but with a quite different mechanism of action from the CK2 inhibitor, hinting that degradation of CK2 proteins by PROTACs is a potential way for cancer treatments.

p53 in AgRP neurons is required for protection against diet-induced obesity via JNK1

p53 is a well-known tumor suppressor that has emerged as an important player in energy balance. However, its metabolic role in the hypothalamus remains unknown. Herein, we show that mice lacking p53 in agouti-related peptide (AgRP), but not proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) neurons, are more prone to develop diet-induced obesity and show reduced brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity. AgRP-specific ablation of p53 resulted in increased hypothalamic c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity before the mice developed obesity, and central inhibition of JNK reversed the obese phenotype of these mice. The overexpression of p53 in the ARC or specifically in AgRP neurons of obese mice decreased body weight and stimulated BAT thermogenesis, resulting in body weight loss. Finally, p53 in AgRP neurons regulates the ghrelin-induced food intake and body weight. Overall, our findings provide evidence that p53 in AgRP neurons is required for normal adaptations against diet-induced obesity.

Emerging studies suggest that p53 is an important regulator of energy metabolism, yet there is little known about the metabolic function of this tumor suppressor in the hypothalamus. Here, authors illustrate that p53, specifically in AgRP neurons, is required for adaptation to diet-induced obesity.

Tailoring Chemotherapy for the African-Centric S47 Variant of TP53

The tumor suppressor TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer and serves to restrict tumor initiation and progression. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TP53 and p53 pathway genes can have a marked impact on p53 tumor suppressor function, and some have been associated with increased cancer risk and impaired response to therapy. Approximately 6% of Africans and 1% of African Americans express a p53 allele with a serine instead of proline at position 47 (Pro47Ser). This SNP impairs p53-mediated apoptosis in response to radiation and genotoxic agents and is associated with increased cancer risk in humans and in a mouse model. In this study, we compared the ability of wild-type (WT) and S47 p53 to suppress tumor development and respond to therapy. Our goal was to find therapeutic compounds that are more, not less, efficacious in S47 tumors. We identified the superior efficacy of two agents, cisplatin and BET inhibitors, on S47 tumors compared with WT. Cisplatin caused dramatic decreases in the progression of S47 tumors by activating the p53/PIN1 axis to drive the mitochondrial cell death program. These findings serve as important proof of principle that chemotherapy can be tailored to p53 genotype.Significance: A rare African-derived radioresistant p53 SNP provides proof of principle that chemotherapy can be tailored to TP53 genotype. Cancer Res; 78(19); 5694-705. ©2018 AACR.

Microenvironmental regulation of cancer cell metabolism: implications for experimental design and translational studies

Cancers have an altered metabolism, and there is interest in understanding precisely how oncogenic transformation alters cellular metabolism and how these metabolic alterations can translate into therapeutic opportunities. Researchers are developing increasingly powerful experimental techniques to study cellular metabolism, and these techniques have allowed for the analysis of cancer cell metabolism, both in tumors and in ex vivo cancer models. These analyses show that, while factors intrinsic to cancer cells such as oncogenic mutations, alter cellular metabolism, cell-extrinsic microenvironmental factors also substantially contribute to the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. These findings highlight that microenvironmental factors within the tumor, such as nutrient availability, physical properties of the extracellular matrix, and interactions with stromal cells, can influence the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells and might ultimately dictate the response to metabolically targeted therapies. In an effort to better understand and target cancer metabolism, this Review focuses on the experimental evidence that microenvironmental factors regulate tumor metabolism, and on the implications of these findings for choosing appropriate model systems and experimental approaches.

Protective role of fenofibrate in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in BALB/c mice

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of sepsis, which largely contributes to the associated high mortality rate. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist, has received considerable attention because of its effects related to renal damage-related energy metabolism and inflammation. The present study investigated the effects of fenofibrate on sepsis-associated AKI in BALB/c mice subjected to caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control group, fenofibrate group, caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group, and fenofibrate + CLP group. CLP was performed after mice were gavaged with fenofibrate for 2 weeks. After 48 hours, we measured the histopathological alterations of the kidney tissue and plasma levels of serum creatinine (CRE), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, and ADP. We evaluated PPARα and P53 protein levels as well as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α mRNA levels. Our results showed that administering fenofibrate significantly reduced kidney histological alterations caused by CLP. Fenofibrate inhibited the plasma levels of ROS, CRE, NGAL, and increased the ATP/ADP ratio. Fenofibrate significantly inhibited elevations in P53, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-α expression. The results suggest that fenofibrate administration effectively modulates energy metabolism and may be a novel approach to treat sepsis-induced renal damage.

Mitochondrial quality control in AMD: does mitophagy play a pivotal role?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the predominant cause of visual loss in old people in the developed world, whose incidence is increasing. This disease is caused by the decrease in macular function, due to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The aged retina is characterised by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired autophagy, and DNA damage that are linked to AMD pathogenesis. Mitophagy, a mitochondria-specific type of autophagy, is an essential part of mitochondrial quality control, the collective mechanism responsible for this organelle's homeostasis. The abundance of ROS, DNA damage, and the excessive energy consumption in the ageing retina all contribute to the degeneration of RPE cells and their mitochondria. We discuss the role of mitophagy in the cell and argue that its impairment may play a role in AMD pathogenesis. Thus, mitophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD and other degenerative diseases is as well explored.

p53-inducible DPYSL4 associates with mitochondrial supercomplexes and regulates energy metabolism in adipocytes and cancer cells

The tumor suppressor p53 regulates multiple cellular functions, including energy metabolism. Metabolic deregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of some cancers and in metabolic disorders and may result from the inactivation of p53 functions. Using RNA sequencing and ChIP sequencing of cancer cells and preadipocytes, we demonstrate that p53 modulates several metabolic processes via the transactivation of energy metabolism genes including dihydropyrimidinase-like 4 (DPYSL4). DPYSL4 is a member of the collapsin response mediator protein family, which is involved in cancer invasion and progression. Intriguingly, DPYSL4 overexpression in cancer cells and preadipocytes up-regulated ATP production and oxygen consumption, while DPYSL4 knockdown using siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9 down-regulated energy production. Furthermore, DPYSL4 was associated with mitochondrial supercomplexes, and deletion of its dihydropyrimidinase-like domain abolished its association and its ability to stimulate ATP production and suppress the cancer cell invasion. Mouse-xenograft and lung-metastasis models indicated that DPYSL4 expression compromised tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Consistently, database analyses demonstrated that low DPYSL4 expression was significantly associated with poor survival of breast and ovarian cancers in accordance with its reduced expression in certain types of cancer tissues. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis using the adipose tissue of obese patients revealed that DPYSL4 expression was positively correlated with INFg and body mass index in accordance with p53 activation. Together, these results suggest that DPYSL4 plays a key role in the tumor-suppressor function of p53 by regulating oxidative phosphorylation and the cellular energy supply via its association with mitochondrial supercomplexes, possibly linking to the pathophysiology of both cancer and obesity.

Roles of microRNA in prostate cancer cell metabolism

MicroRNAs are non-coding RNA which functions as regulators of genes expression. MicroRNAs have shown their biological functions in cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell metabolism, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Cancer cells have the ability to grow in the absence of growth factors by increased metabolic activity. MicroRNAs regulate cell metabolic processes by targeting the key enzymes or transporters and change the metabolic activities by interfering with oncogenes/tumor suppressors, hypoxia, signalling pathways and cell adhesion. This review mainly explains the roles of microRNAs in prostate cancer cell metabolism, such as glucose uptake, glycolysis and lactate secretion, lipid metabolism and interaction with signalling pathways. The relation of microRNAs with hypoxia and cell adhesion in cell metabolism is also highlighted. Therefore, miRNAs help in regulating the metabolism of survived tumor cells, understanding such miRNA-mediated interaction could lead to new avenues in therapeutic application to treat PCa.

The p53 Family in Brain Disease

SIGNIFICANCE

The p53 family of transcription factors, including p53, p63, and p73, plays key roles in both biological and pathological processes, including cancer and neural development. Recent Advances: In recent years, a growing body of evidence has indicated that the entire p53 family is involved in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS) functions as well as in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Mechanistically, the p53 proteins control neuronal cell fate, terminal differentiation, and survival, via a complex interplay among the family members.

CRITICAL ISSUES

In this article, we discuss the involvement of the p53 family in neurobiology and in pathological conditions affecting the CNS, including neuroinflammation.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the function of the p53 family could improve our general knowledge of the pathogenesis of brain disorders and potentially pave the road for new therapeutic intervention. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 1-14.

Role of p53 in the Regulation of the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Suppression

p53 has functional roles in tumor suppression as a guardian of the genome, surveillant of oncogenic cell transformation, and as recently demonstrated, a regulator of intracellular metabolism. Accumulating evidence has shown that the tumor microenvironment, accompanied by inflammation and tissue remodeling, is important for cancer proliferation, metastasis, and maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that self-renew and generate the diverse cells comprising the tumor. Furthermore, p53 has been demonstrated to inhibit inflammatory responses, and functional loss of p53 causes excessive inflammatory reactions. Moreover, the generation and maintenance of CSCs are supported by the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Considering that the functions of p53 inhibit reprogramming of somatic cells to stem cells, p53 may have a major role in the inflammatory microenvironment as a tumor suppressor. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the roles of p53 in regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment, tumor microenvironment, and tumor suppression.

Exhaled breath analysis for gastric cancer diagnosis in Colombian patients

We present here the first study that directly correlates gastric cancer (GC) with specific biomarkers in the exhaled breath composition on a South American population, which registers one of the highest global incidence rates of gastric affections. Moreover, we demonstrate a novel solid state sensor that predicts correct GC diagnosis with 97% accuracy. Alveolar breath samples of 30 volunteers (patients diagnosed with gastric cancer and a controls group formed of patients diagnosed with other gastric diseases) were collected and analyzed by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and with an innovative chemical gas sensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNP) functionalized with octadecylamine ligands. Our GC-MS analyses identified 6 volatile organic compounds that showed statistically significant differences between the cancer patients and the controls group. These compounds were different from those identified in previous studied performed on other populations with high incidence rates of this malady, such as China (representative for Eastern Asia region) and Latvia (representative for Baltic States), attributable to lifestyle, alimentation and genetics differences. A classification model based on principal component analysis of our sensor data responses to the breath samples yielded 97% accuracy, 100% sensitivity and 93% specificity. Our results suggest a new and non-intrusive methodology for early diagnosis of gastric cancer that may be deployed in regions lacking well-developed health care systems as a prediagnosis test for selecting the patients that should undergo deeper investigations (e.g., endoscopy and biopsy).

The Roles of p53 in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Cancer Metabolism: The Pendulum between Survival and Death in Breast Cancer?

Cancer research has been heavily geared towards genomic events in the development and progression of cancer. In contrast, metabolic regulation, such as aberrant metabolism in cancer, is poorly understood. Alteration in cellular metabolism was once regarded simply as a consequence of cancer rather than as playing a primary role in cancer promotion and maintenance. Resurgence of cancer metabolism research has identified critical metabolic reprogramming events within biosynthetic and bioenergetic pathways needed to fulfill the requirements of cancer cell growth and maintenance. The tumor suppressor protein p53 is emerging as a key regulator of metabolic processes and metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells—balancing the pendulum between cell death and survival. This review provides an overview of the classical and emerging non-classical tumor suppressor roles of p53 in regulating mitochondrial dynamics: mitochondrial engagement in cell death processes in the prevention of cancer. On the other hand, we discuss p53 as a key metabolic switch in cellular function and survival. The focus is then on the conceivable roles of p53 in breast cancer metabolism. Understanding the metabolic functions of p53 within breast cancer metabolism will, in due course, reveal critical metabolic hotspots that cancers advantageously re-engineer for sustenance. Illustration of these events will pave the way for finding novel therapeutics that target cancer metabolism and serve to overcome the breast cancer burden.

Illicit drug ketamine induces adverse effects from behavioral alterations and oxidative stress to p53-regulated apoptosis in medaka fish under environmentally relevant exposures

With increasing problems of drug abuse worldwide, aquatic ecosystems are contaminated by human pharmaceuticals from the discharge of hospital or municipal effluent. However, ecotoxicity data and related toxic mechanism for neuroactive controlled or illicit drugs are still lacking, so assessing the associated hazardous risk is difficult. This study aims to investigate the behavioral changes, oxidative stress, gene expression and neurotoxic or apoptosis effect(s) in larvae of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) with environmentally relevant exposures of ketamine (KET) solutions for 1-14 days. KET exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration (0.004 μM) to 40 μM conferred specific patterns in larval swimming behavior during 24 h. At 14 days, such exposure induced dose- and/or time-dependent alteration on reactive oxygen species induction, the activity of antioxidants catalase and superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde contents in fish bodies. KET-induced oxidative stress disrupted the expression of acetylcholinesterase and p53-regulated apoptosis pathways and increased caspase expression in medaka larvae. The toxic responses of medaka larvae, in terms of chemical effects, were qualitatively analogous to those of zebrafish and mammals. Our results implicate a toxicological impact of waterborne KET on fish development and human health, for potential ecological risks of directly releasing neuroactive drugs-containing wastewater into the aquatic environment.

Good Guy or Bad Guy? The Duality of Wild-Type p53 in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Origin, Treatment, and Recurrence

"Lactation is at one point perilously near becoming a cancerous process if it is at all arrested", Beatson, 1896. Most breast cancers arise from the milk-producing cells that are characterized by aberrant cellular, molecular, and epigenetic translation. By understanding the underlying molecular disruptions leading to the origin of cancer, we might be able to design novel strategies for more efficacious treatments or, ambitiously, divert the cancerous process. It is an established reality that full-term pregnancy in a young woman provides a lifetime reduction in breast cancer risk, whereas delay in full-term pregnancy increases short-term breast cancer risk and the probability of latent breast cancer development. Hormonal activation of the p53 protein (encode by the TP53 gene) in the mammary gland at a critical time in pregnancy has been identified as one of the most important determinants of whether the mammary gland develops latent breast cancer. This review discusses what is known about the protective influence of female hormones in young parous women, with a specific focus on the opportune role of wild-type p53 reprogramming in mammary cell differentiation. The importance of p53 as a protector or perpetrator in hormone-dependent breast cancer, resistance to treatment, and recurrence is also explored.

Various stress stimuli rewire the profile of liver secretome in a p53-dependent manner

Liver is an important secretory organ that consistently manages various insults in order to retain whole-body homeostasis. Importantly, it was suggested that the tumor-suppressor p53 plays a role in a variety of liver physiological processes and thus it is being regarded as a systemic homeostasis regulator. Using high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis, we identified various p53-dependent liver secretome profiles. This allowed a global view on the role of p53 in maintaining the harmony of liver and whole-body homeostasis. We found that p53 altered the liver secretome differently under various conditions. Under physiological conditions, p53 controls factors that are related mainly to lipid metabolism and injury response. Upon exposure to various types of cancer therapy agents, the hepatic p53 is activated and induces the secretion of proteins related to additional pathways, such as hemostasis, immune response, and cell adhesion. Interestingly, we identified a possible relationship between p53-dependent liver functions and lung tumors. The latter modify differently liver secretome profile toward the secretion of proteins mainly related to cell migration and immune response. The notion that p53 may rewire the liver secretome profile suggests a new non-cell autonomous role of p53 that affect different liver functions and whole organism homeostasis.

Targeting cancer's metabolic co-dependencies: A landscape shaped by genotype and tissue context

Tumors cells reprogram their metabolism to fuel rapid growth. The ability to trace nutrient fluxes in the context of specific alterations has provided new mechanistic insight into the process of oncogenic transformation. A broad array of complementary genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional and translational mechanisms has been identified, revealing a metabolic landscape of cancer. However, cancer metabolism is not a static or uniform process, including within a single tumor. Tumor cells adapt to changing environmental conditions, profoundly shaping the enzymatic dependencies of individual cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptation, and the specific interactions between tumor genotype, oncogenic signaling, and tissue/biochemical context, remain incompletely understood. In this review, we examine dynamic aspects of how metabolic dependencies develop in cancer, shaped both by genotype and biochemical environment, and review how these interlaced processes generate targetable metabolic vulnerabilities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cancer Metabolism edited by Dr. Chi Van Dang.

The Guardian of the Genome Revisited: p53 Downregulates Genes Required for Telomere Maintenance, DNA Repair, and Centromere Structure

The p53 protein has been extensively studied for its capacity to prevent proliferation of cells with a damaged genome. Surprisingly, however, our recent analysis of mice expressing a hyperactive mutant p53 that lacks the C-terminal domain revealed that increased p53 activity may alter genome maintenance. We showed that p53 downregulates genes essential for telomere metabolism, DNA repair, and centromere structure and that a sustained p53 activity leads to phenotypic traits associated with dyskeratosis congenita and Fanconi anemia. This downregulation is largely conserved in human cells, which suggests that our findings could be relevant to better understand processes involved in bone marrow failure as well as aging and tumor suppression.

Grail is involved in adipocyte differentiation and diet-induced obesity

Grail is a crucial regulator of various biological processes, including the development of T-cell anergy, antiviral innate immune response, and cancer. However, the role of Grail in adipogenesis and obesity remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Grail knockdown in vitro leads to a decrease in PPARγ expression, resulting in adipogenesis inhibition. However, Grail overexpression induced the same effects. Grail was shown to interact with PPARγ, targeting it for degradation and modulating its adipogenic activity. PPARγ expression was shown to be considerably reduced in Grail knockout (KO) mice fed normal diet or high-fat diet (HFD). The administration of both normal diet or HFD to Grail KO mice led to lower adipose mass and body weight than those in the wild-type mice. HFD-fed Grail KO mice had improved glucose and insulin tolerance. Taken together, our results indicate that Grail plays a pivotal role in adipogenesis and diet-induced obesity by regulating PPARγ activity.

Tumor metabolism regulating chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer

Elevated metabolism is a key hallmark of multiple cancers, serving to fulfill high anabolic demands. Ovarian cancer (OVCA) is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women with a high mortality rate (45%). Chemoresistance is a major hurdle for OVCA treatment. Although substantial evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming contributes to anti-apoptosis and the metastasis of multiple cancers, the link between tumor metabolism and chemoresistance in OVCA remains unknown. While clinical trials targeting metabolic reprogramming alone have been met with limited success, the synergistic effect of inhibiting tumor-specific metabolism with traditional chemotherapy warrants further examination, particularly in OVCA. This review summarizes the role of key glycolytic enzymes and other metabolic synthesis pathways in the progression of cancer and chemoresistance in OVCA. Within this context, mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion and cristae structure) are addressed regarding their roles in controlling metabolism and apoptosis, closely associated with chemosensitivity. The roles of multiple key oncogenes (Akt, HIF-1α) and tumor suppressors (p53, PTEN) in metabolic regulation are also described. Next, this review summarizes recent research of metabolism and future direction. Finally, we examine clinical drugs and inhibitors to target glycolytic metabolism, as well as the rationale for such strategies as potential therapeutics to overcome chemoresistant OVCA.

The plasticity of pancreatic cancer metabolism in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive cancer that is highly refractory to the current standards of care. The difficulty in treating this disease is due to a number of different factors, including altered metabolism. In PDA, the metabolic rewiring favors anabolic reactions which supply the cancer cell with necessary cellular building blocks for unconstrained growth. Furthermore, PDA cells display high levels of basal autophagy and macropinocytosis. KRAS is the driving oncogene in PDA and many of the metabolic changes are downstream of its activation. Together, these unique pathways for nutrient utilization and acquisition result in metabolic plasticity enabling cells to rapidly adapt to nutrient and oxygen fluctuations. This remarkable adaptability has been implicated as a cause of the intense therapeutic resistance. In this review, we discuss metabolic pathways in PDA tumors and highlight how they contribute to the pathogenesis and treatment of the disease.

The Tumor Suppressor p53 Limits Ferroptosis by Blocking DPP4 Activity

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that may facilitate the selective elimination of tumor cells. The tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) has been demonstrated to promote ferroptosis via a transcription-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that TP53 limits erastin-induced ferroptosis by blocking dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity in a transcription-independent manner. Loss of TP53 prevents nuclear accumulation of DPP4 and thus facilitates plasma-membrane-associated DPP4-dependent lipid peroxidation, which finally results in ferroptosis. These findings reveal a direct molecular link between TP53 and DPP4 in the control of lipid metabolism and may provide a precision medicine strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer by induction of ferroptosis.

Doxorubicin triggers bioenergetic failure and p53 activation in mouse stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anticancer drug that could be even more effective if its clinical dosage was not limited because of delayed cardiotoxicity. Beating stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes are a preferred in vitro model to further uncover the mechanisms of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Our objective was to use cultured induced-pluripotent stem cell(iPSC)-derived mouse cardiomyocytes (Cor.At) to investigate the effects of DOX on cell and mitochondrial metabolism, as well as on stress responses. Non-proliferating and beating Cor.At cells were treated with 0.5 or 1 μM DOX for 24 h, and morphological, functional and biochemical changes associated with mitochondrial bioenergetics, DNA-damage response and apoptosis were measured. Both DOX concentrations decreased ATP levels and SOD2 protein levels and induced p53-dependent caspase activation. However, differential effects were observed for the two DOX concentrations. The highest concentration induced a high degree of apoptosis, with increased nuclear apoptotic morphology, PARP-1 cleavage and decrease of some OXPHOS protein subunits. At the lowest concentration, DOX increased the expression of p53 target transcripts associated with mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and decreased transcripts related with DNA-damage response and glycolysis. Interestingly, cells treated with 0.5 μM DOX presented an increase in PDK4 transcript levels, accompanied by an increase in phospho-PDH and decreased PDH activity. This was accompanied by an apparent decrease in basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and in basal extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Cells pre-treated with the PDK inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA), with the aim of restoring PDH activity, partially recovered OCR and ECAR. The results suggest that the higher DOX concentration mainly induces p53-dependent apoptosis, whereas for the lower DOX concentration the cardiotoxic effects involve bioenergetic failure, unveiling PDH as a possible therapeutic target to decrease DOX cardiotoxicity.

p53 is required for brain growth but is dispensable for resistance to nutrient restriction during Drosophila larval development

BACKGROUND

Animal growth is influenced by the genetic background and the environmental circumstances. How genes promote growth and coordinate adaptation to nutrient availability is still an open question. p53 is a transcription factor that commands the cellular response to different types of stresses. In adult Drosophila melanogaster, p53 regulates the metabolic adaptation to nutrient restriction that supports fly viability. Furthermore, the larval brain is protected from nutrient restriction in a phenomenon called 'brain sparing'. Therefore, we hypothesised that p53 may regulate brain growth and show a protective role over brain development under nutrient restriction.

RESULTS

Here, we studied the function of p53 during brain growth in normal conditions and in animals subjected to developmental nutrient restriction. We showed that p53 loss of function reduced animal growth and larval brain size. Endogenous p53 was expressed in larval neural stem cells, but its levels and activity were not affected by nutritional stress. Interestingly, p53 knockdown only in neural stem cells was sufficient to decrease larval brain growth. Finally, we showed that in p53 mutant larvae under nutrient restriction, the energy storage levels were not altered, and these larvae generated adults with brains of similar size than wild-type animals.

CONCLUSIONS

Using genetic approaches, we demonstrate that p53 is required for proper growth of the larval brain. This developmental role of p53 does not have an impact on animal resistance to nutritional stress since brain growth in p53 mutants under nutrient restriction is similar to control animals.

USP15-dependent lysosomal pathway controls p53-R175H turnover in ovarian cancer cells

Gain-of-function p53 mutants such as p53-R175H form stable aggregates that accumulate in cells and play important roles in cancer progression. Selective degradation of gain-of-function p53 mutants has emerged as a highly attractive therapeutic strategy to target cancer cells harboring specific p53 mutations. We identified a small molecule called MCB-613 to cause rapid ubiquitination, nuclear export, and degradation of p53-R175H through a lysosome-mediated pathway, leading to catastrophic cancer cell death. In contrast to its effect on the p53-R175H mutant, MCB-613 causes slight stabilization of p53-WT and has weaker effects on other p53 gain-of-function mutants. Using state-of-the-art genetic and chemical approaches, we identified the deubiquitinase USP15 as the mediator of MCB-613's effect on p53-R175H, and established USP15 as a selective upstream regulator of p53-R175H in ovarian cancer cells. These results confirm that distinct pathways regulate the turnover of p53-WT and the different p53 mutants and open new opportunities to selectively target them.

p53-Mediated Molecular Control of Autophagy in Tumor Cells

Autophagy is an indispensable mechanism of the eukaryotic cell, facilitating the removal and renewal of cellular components and thereby balancing the cell's energy consumption and homeostasis. Deregulation of autophagy is now regarded as one of the characteristic key features contributing to the development of tumors. In recent years, the suppression of autophagy in combination with chemotherapeutic treatment has been approached as a novel therapy in cancer treatment. However, depending on the type of cancer and context, interference with the autophagic machinery can either promote or disrupt tumorigenesis. Therefore, disclosure of the major signaling pathways that regulate autophagy and control tumorigenesis is crucial. To date, several tumor suppressor proteins and oncogenes have emerged as eminent regulators of autophagy whose depletion or mutation favor tumor formation. The mammalian cell "janitor" p53 belongs to one of these tumor suppressors that are most commonly mutated in human tumors. Experimental evidence over the last decade convincingly reports that p53 can act as either an activator or an inhibitor of autophagy depending on its subcellular localization and its mode of action. This finding gains particular significance as p53 deficiency or mutant variants of p53 that accumulate in the cytoplasm of tumor cells enable activation of autophagy. Accordingly, we recently identified p53 as a molecular hub that regulates autophagy and apoptosis in histone deacetylase inhibitor-treated uterine sarcoma cells. In light of this novel experimental evidence, in this review, we focus on p53 signaling as a mediator of the autophagic pathway in tumor cells.

TP53 mutation hits energy metabolism and increases glycolysis in breast cancer

Promising new hallmarks of cancer is alteration of energy metabolism that involves molecular mechanisms shifting cancer cells to aerobe glycolysis. Our goal was to evaluate the correlation between mutation in the commonly mutated tumor suppressor gene TP53 and metabolism. We established a database comprising mutation and RNA-seq expression data of the TCGA repository and performed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to compare expression of each gene between TP53 mutated and wild type samples. All together 762 breast cancer samples were evaluated of which 215 had TP53 mutation. Top up-regulated metabolic genes include glycolytic enzymes (e.g. HK3, GPI, GAPDH, PGK1, ENO1), glycolysis regulator (PDK1) and pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (PGD, TKT, RPIA). Gluconeogenesis enzymes (G6PC3, FBP1) were down-regulated. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates were measured in TP53 wild type and mutant breast cell lines with a microfluorimetric analyzer. Applying metabolic inhibitors in the presence and absence of D-glucose and L-glutamine in cell culture experiments resulted in higher glycolytic and mitochondrial activity in TP53 mutant breast cancer cell lines. In summary, TP53 mutation influences energy metabolism at multiple levels. Our results provide evidence for the synergistic activation of multiple hallmarks linking to these the mutation status of a key driver gene.

Suppression of gain-of-function mutant p53 with metabolic inhibitors reduces tumor growth in vivo

Mutation of p53 occasionally results in a gain of function, which promotes tumor growth. We asked whether destabilizing the gain-of-function protein would kill tumor cells. Downregulation of the gene reduced cell proliferation in p53-mutant cells, but not in p53-null cells, indicating that the former depended on the mutant protein for survival. Moreover, phenformin and 2-deoxyglucose suppressed cell growth and simultaneously destabilized mutant p53. The AMPK pathway, MAPK pathway, chaperone proteins and ubiquitination all contributed to this process. Interestingly, phenformin and 2-deoxyglucose also reduced tumor growth in syngeneic mice harboring the p53 mutation. Thus, destabilizing mutant p53 protein in order to kill cells exhibiting "oncogene addiction" could be a promising strategy for combatting p53 mutant tumors.

HK3 overexpression associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer worldwide. The main cause of death in CRC includes tumor progression and metastasis. At molecular level, these processes may be triggered by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and necessitates specific alterations in cell metabolism. Although several EMT-related metabolic changes have been described in CRC, the mechanism is still poorly understood.

RESULTS

Using CrossHub software, we analyzed RNA-Seq expression profile data of CRC derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Correlation analysis between the change in the expression of genes involved in glycolysis and EMT was performed. We obtained the set of genes with significant correlation coefficients, which included 21 EMT-related genes and a single glycolytic gene, HK3. The mRNA level of these genes was measured in 78 paired colorectal cancer samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Upregulation of HK3 and deregulation of 11 genes (COL1A1, TWIST1, NFATC1, GLIPR2, SFPR1, FLNA, GREM1, SFRP2, ZEB2, SPP1, and RARRES1) involved in EMT were found. The results of correlation study showed that the expression of HK3 demonstrated a strong correlation with 7 of the 21 examined genes (ZEB2, GREM1, TGFB3, TGFB1, SNAI2, TWIST1, and COL1A1) in CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

Upregulation of HK3 is associated with EMT in CRC and may be a crucial metabolic adaptation for rapid proliferation, survival, and metastases of CRC cells.

The curcumin analog HO-3867 selectively kills cancer cells by converting mutant p53 protein to transcriptionally active wildtype p53

p53 is an important tumor-suppressor protein that is mutated in more than 50% of cancers. Strategies for restoring normal p53 function are complicated by the oncogenic properties of mutant p53 and have not met with clinical success. To counteract mutant p53 activity, a variety of drugs with the potential to reconvert mutant p53 to an active wildtype form have been developed. However, these drugs are associated with various negative effects such as cellular toxicity, nonspecific binding to other proteins, and inability to induce a wildtype p53 response in cancer tissue. Here, we report on the effects of a curcumin analog, HO-3867, on p53 activity in cancer cells from different origins. We found that HO-3867 covalently binds to mutant p53, initiates a wildtype p53-like anticancer genetic response, is exclusively cytotoxic toward cancer cells, and exhibits high anticancer efficacy in tumor models. In conclusion, HO-3867 is a p53 mutant-reactivating drug with high clinical anticancer potential.

Lactic acidosis switches cancer cells from aerobic glycolysis back to dominant oxidative phosphorylation

While transformation of normal cells to cancer cells is accompanied with a switch from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to aerobic glycolysis, it is interesting to ask if cancer cells can revert from Warburg effect to OXPHOS. Our previous works suggested that cancer cells reverted to OXPHOS, when they were exposed to lactic acidosis, a common factor in tumor environment. However, the conclusion cannot be drawn unless ATP output from glycolysis and OXPHOS is quantitatively determined. Here we quantitatively measured ATP generation from glycolysis and OXPHOS in 9 randomly selected cancer cell lines. Without lactic acidosis, glycolysis and OXPHOS generated 23.7% − 52.2 % and 47.8% − 76.3% of total ATP, respectively; with lactic acidosis (20 mM lactate with pH 6.7), glycolysis and OXPHOS provided 5.7% − 13.4% and 86.6% − 94.3% of total ATP. We concluded that cancer cells under lactic acidosis reverted from Warburg effect to OXPHOS phenotype.