201
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Intracellular IL-37b interacts with Smad3 to suppress multiple signaling pathways and the metastatic phenotype of tumor cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:2889-2899. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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202
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Laczmanska I, Skiba P, Karpinski P, Bebenek M, Sasiadek MM. Customized Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis of 25 Phosphatase-encoding Genes in Colorectal Cancer Tissues. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2017; 14:69-74. [PMID: 28031238 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Molecular mechanisms of alterations in protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) genes in cancer have been previously described and include chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations, and epigenetic silencing. However, little is known about small intragenic gains and losses that may lead to either changes in expression or enzyme activity and even loss of protein function. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of this study was to investigate 25 phosphatase genes using customized array comparative genomic hybridization in 16 sporadic colorectal cancer tissues. RESULTS The analysis revealed two unique small alterations: of 2 kb in PTPN14 intron 1 and of 1 kb in PTPRJ intron 1. We also found gains and losses of whole PTPs gene sequences covered by large chromosome aberrations. CONCLUSION In our preliminary studies using high-resolution custom microarray we confirmed that PTPs are frequently subjected to whole-gene rearrangements in colorectal cancer, and we revealed that non-polymorphic intragenic changes are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Skiba
- Genetics Department, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Karpinski
- Genetics Department, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Bebenek
- 1st Department of Surgical Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria M Sasiadek
- Genetics Department, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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203
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Mining the Complex Family of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases for Checkpoint Regulators in Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 410:191-214. [PMID: 28929190 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) includes 107 genes in humans that are diverse in their structures and expression profiles. The majority are present in immune cells and play various roles in either inhibiting or promoting the duration and amplitude of signaling cascades. Several PTPs, including TC-PTP (PTPN2) and SHP-1 (PTPN6), have been recognized as being crucial for maintaining proper immune response and self-tolerance, and have gained recognition as true immune system checkpoint modulators. This chapter details the most recent literature on PTPs and immunity by examining their known functions in regulating signaling from either established checkpoint inhibitors or by their intrinsic properties, as modulators of the immune response. Notably, we review PTP regulatory properties in macrophages, antigen-presenting dendritic cells, and T cells. Overall, we present the PTP gene family as a remarkable source of novel checkpoint inhibitors wherein lies a great number of new targets for immunotherapies.
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204
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Biswas S, McCullough BS, Ma ES, LaJoie D, Russell CW, Garrett Brown D, Round JL, Ullman KS, Mulvey MA, Barrios AM. Dual colorimetric and fluorogenic probes for visualizing tyrosine phosphatase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:2233-2236. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two resorufin-based substrates were developed, providing sensitive fluorogenic readouts for PTP activityin vitroand in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Biswas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Brandon S. McCullough
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Elena S. Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Dollie LaJoie
- Department of Oncological Sciences
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Colin W. Russell
- Department of Pathology
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - D. Garrett Brown
- Department of Pathology
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - June L. Round
- Department of Pathology
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Katharine S. Ullman
- Department of Oncological Sciences
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Matthew A. Mulvey
- Department of Pathology
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Amy M. Barrios
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- University of Utah College of Pharmacy
- Salt Lake City
- USA
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205
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Corti F, Simons M. Modulation of VEGF receptor 2 signaling by protein phosphatases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 115:107-123. [PMID: 27888154 PMCID: PMC5205541 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of serines, threonines, and tyrosines is a central event in signal transduction cascades in eukaryotic cells. The phosphorylation state of any particular protein reflects a balance of activity between kinases and phosphatases. Kinase biology has been exhaustively studied and is reasonably well understood, however, much less is known about phosphatases. A large body of evidence now shows that protein phosphatases do not behave as indiscriminate signal terminators, but can function both as negative or positive regulators of specific signaling pathways. Genetic models have also shown that different protein phosphatases play precise biological roles in health and disease. Finally, genome sequencing has unveiled the existence of many protein phosphatases and associated regulatory subunits comparable in number to kinases. A wide variety of roles for protein phosphatase roles have been recently described in the context of cancer, diabetes, hereditary disorders and other diseases. In particular, there have been several recent advances in our understanding of phosphatases involved in regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling. The receptor is the principal signaling molecule mediating a wide spectrum of VEGF signal and, thus, is of paramount significance in a wide variety of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular to ophthalmic. This review focuses on the current knowledge about protein phosphatases' regulation of VEGFR2 signaling and how these enzymes can modulate its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Corti
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Michael Simons
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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206
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Bishop AC. A missense methionine mutation augments catalytic activity but reduces thermal stability in two protein tyrosine phosphatases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:153-158. [PMID: 27816449 PMCID: PMC5118098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent data sets that catalog the missense mutations in thousands of human genomes have revealed a vast and largely unexplored world of non-canonical protein sequences that are expressed in humans. The functional consequences of most human missense mutations, however, are unknown, and the accuracy with which their effects can be predicted by computational algorithms remains unclear. Among humans of European descent, the most common missense mutation in the catalytic domain of SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) converts the enzyme's canonical valine 451 to methionine (V451M). The V451M mutation lies in a conserved motif adjacent to the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) consensus sequence and is predicted to compromise catalytic function. In this study it is shown that, counter to prediction, V451M SHP-1 possesses increased catalytic activity as compared to the wild-type enzyme. Additionally, a PTP-wide search of missense-mutation data revealed a variant of one other PTP, Fas-associated PTP (FAP-1), that contains a methionine mutation at the position corresponding to 451 of SHP-1 (T2406M FAP-1). It is shown here that the T2406M mutation increases FAP-1's PTP activity, to a degree that is comparable to the activation deriving from the V451M mutation in SHP-1. Although the two non-canonical methionine residues confer increased activity at moderate temperatures, both V451M SHP-1 and T2406M FAP-1 are less thermally stable than their canonical counterparts, as demonstrated by the mutants' strongly reduced activities at high temperatures. These results highlight the challenges in predicting the functional consequences of missense mutations, which can differ under varying conditions, and suggest that, with regard to position 451/2406, canonical PTP domains have "chosen" stability over optimized activity during the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Bishop
- Amherst College, Department of Chemistry, Amherst, MA 01002, USA.
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207
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Giménez-Mascarell P, Oyenarte I, Hardy S, Breiderhoff T, Stuiver M, Kostantin E, Diercks T, Pey AL, Ereño-Orbea J, Martínez-Chantar ML, Khalaf-Nazzal R, Claverie-Martin F, Müller D, Tremblay ML, Martínez-Cruz LA. Structural Basis of the Oncogenic Interaction of Phosphatase PRL-1 with the Magnesium Transporter CNNM2. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:786-801. [PMID: 27899452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.759944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs), the most oncogenic of all protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), play a critical role in metastatic progression of cancers. Recent findings established a new paradigm by uncovering that their association with magnesium transporters of the cyclin M (CNNM) family causes a rise in intracellular magnesium levels that promote oncogenic transformation. Recently, however, essential roles for regulation of the circadian rhythm and reproduction of the CNNM family have been highlighted. Here, we describe the crystal structure of PRL-1 in complex with the Bateman module of CNNM2 (CNNM2BAT), which consists of two cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) domains (IPR000664) and represents an intracellular regulatory module of the transporter. The structure reveals a heterotetrameric association, consisting of a disc-like homodimer of CNNM2BAT bound to two independent PRL-1 molecules, each one located at opposite tips of the disc. The structure highlights the key role played by Asp-558 at the extended loop of the CBS2 motif of CNNM2 in maintaining the association between the two proteins and proves that the interaction between CNNM2 and PRL-1 occurs via the catalytic domain of the phosphatase. Our data shed new light on the structural basis underlying the interaction between PRL phosphatases and CNNM transporters and provides a hypothesis about the molecular mechanism by which PRL-1, upon binding to CNNM2, might increase the intracellular concentration of Mg2+ thereby contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. The availability of this structure sets the basis for the rational design of compounds modulating PRL-1 and CNNM2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Giménez-Mascarell
- From the Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Iker Oyenarte
- From the Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Serge Hardy
- the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité Universitäts Medizin, Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany.,the Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marchel Stuiver
- the In-Cell NMR Laboratory, Department of NMR-supported Structural Biology, Leibniz Institute of Molecular Pharmacology (FMP Berlin), Robert-Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elie Kostantin
- the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre.,Department of Biochemistry, and
| | - Tammo Diercks
- From the Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Angel L Pey
- the Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- From the Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- the Metabolomics Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Reham Khalaf-Nazzal
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, An-Najah National University, P. O. Box 7, Nablus, Palestinian Territory, and
| | - Felix Claverie-Martin
- the Research Unit, Nuestra Señora de Candelaria University Hospital, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dominik Müller
- the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité Universitäts Medizin, Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany,
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, .,Department of Biochemistry, and.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- From the Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,
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208
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St-Denis N, Gupta GD, Lin ZY, Gonzalez-Badillo B, Veri AO, Knight JD, Rajendran D, Couzens AL, Currie KW, Tkach JM, Cheung SW, Pelletier L, Gingras AC. Phenotypic and Interaction Profiling of the Human Phosphatases Identifies Diverse Mitotic Regulators. Cell Rep 2016; 17:2488-2501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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209
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Increased metastasis with loss of E2F2 in Myc-driven tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38210-24. [PMID: 26474282 PMCID: PMC4741994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In human breast cancer, mortality is associated with metastasis to distant sites. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate the biological mechanisms that underlie tumor progression and metastasis. Using signaling pathway signatures we previously predicted a role for E2F transcription factors in Myc induced tumors. To test this role we interbred MMTV-Myc transgenic mice with E2F knockouts. Surprisingly, we observed that the loss of E2F2 sharply increased the percentage of lung metastasis in MMTV-Myc transgenic mice. Examining the gene expression profile from these tumors, we identified genetic components that were potentially involved in mediating metastasis. These genes were filtered to uncover the genes involved in metastasis that also impacted distant metastasis free survival in human breast cancer. In order to elucidate the mechanism by which E2F2 loss enhanced metastasis we generated knockdowns of E2F2 in MDA-MB-231 cells and observed increased migration in vitro and increased lung colonization in vivo. We then examined genes that were differentially regulated between tumors from MMTV-Myc, MMTV-Myc E2F2−/−, and lung metastases samples and identified PTPRD. To test the role of PTPRD in E2F2-mediated breast cancer metastasis, we generated a knockdown of PTPRD in MDA-MB-231 cells. We noted that decreased levels of PTPRD resulted in decreased migration in vitro and decreased lung colonization in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that E2F2 loss results in increased metastasis in breast cancer, potentially functioning through a PTPRD dependent mechanism.
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210
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Qi Y, Dai Y, Gui S. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRB regulates Src phosphorylation and tumour progression in NSCLC. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:1004-12. [PMID: 27314562 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Qi
- Department of Respiratory Disease; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
- General Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen; The Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Yuanchang Dai
- General Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen; The Second People's Hospital of Hefei; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Shuyu Gui
- Department of Respiratory Disease; Anhui Medical University; Hefei Anhui China
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211
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A fluorometric assay for alkaline phosphatase activity based on β-cyclodextrin-modified carbon quantum dots through host-guest recognition. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 83:274-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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212
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Bourgonje AM, Verrijp K, Schepens JTG, Navis AC, Piepers JAF, Palmen CBC, van den Eijnden M, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Wesseling P, Leenders WPJ, Hendriks WJAJ. Comprehensive protein tyrosine phosphatase mRNA profiling identifies new regulators in the progression of glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:96. [PMID: 27586084 PMCID: PMC5009684 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltrative behavior of diffuse gliomas severely reduces therapeutic potential of surgical resection and radiotherapy, and urges for the identification of new drug-targets affecting glioma growth and migration. To address the potential role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), we performed mRNA expression profiling for 91 of the 109 known human PTP genes on a series of clinical diffuse glioma samples of different grades and compared our findings with in silico knowledge from REMBRANDT and TCGA databases. Overall PTP family expression levels appeared independent of characteristic genetic aberrations associated with lower grade or high grade gliomas. Notably, seven PTP genes (DUSP26, MTMR4, PTEN, PTPRM, PTPRN2, PTPRT and PTPRZ1) were differentially expressed between grade II-III gliomas and (grade IV) glioblastomas. For DUSP26, PTEN, PTPRM and PTPRT, lower expression levels correlated with poor prognosis, and overexpression of DUSP26 or PTPRT in E98 glioblastoma cells reduced tumorigenicity. Our study represents the first in-depth analysis of PTP family expression in diffuse glioma subtypes and warrants further investigations into PTP-dependent signaling events as new entry points for improved therapy.
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213
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Igawa T. Role of protein phosphatases in genitourinary cancers. Int J Urol 2016; 24:16-24. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Igawa
- Department of Urology; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
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214
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Ma JL, Yin BC, Wu X, Ye BC. Copper-Mediated DNA-Scaffolded Silver Nanocluster On–Off Switch for Detection of Pyrophosphate and Alkaline Phosphatase. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9219-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Liang Ma
- Lab
of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor
Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bin-Cheng Yin
- Lab
of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor
Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department
of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Lab
of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor
Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China
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215
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Ruokolainen M, Ollikainen E, Sikanen T, Kotiaho T, Kostiainen R. Oxidation of Tyrosine-Phosphopeptides by Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7452-5. [PMID: 27268440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation has a key role in cell regulation. Oxidation of proteins, in turn, is related to many diseases and to aging, but the effects of phosphorylation on the oxidation of proteins and peptides have been rarely studied. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanistic effect of phosphorylation on peptide oxidation induced by titanium dioxide photocatalysis. The effect of phosphorylation was compared between nonphosphorylated and tyrosine phosphorylated peptides using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. We observed that tyrosine was the most preferentially oxidized amino acid, but the oxidation reaction was significantly inhibited by its phosphorylation. The study also shows that titanium dioxide photocatalysis provides a fast and easy method to study oxidation reactions of biomolecules, such as peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miina Ruokolainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Ollikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. BOX 55, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5E, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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216
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Catalytic and substrate promiscuity: distinct multiple chemistries catalysed by the phosphatase domain of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. Biochem J 2016; 473:2165-77. [PMID: 27208174 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The presence of latent activities in enzymes is posited to underlie the natural evolution of new catalytic functions. However, the prevalence and extent of such substrate and catalytic ambiguity in evolved enzymes is difficult to address experimentally given the order-of-magnitude difference in the activities for native and, sometimes, promiscuous substrate/s. Further, such latent functions are of special interest when the activities concerned do not fall into the domain of substrate promiscuity. In the present study, we show a special case of such latent enzyme activity by demonstrating the presence of two mechanistically distinct reactions catalysed by the catalytic domain of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase isoform δ (PTPRδ). The primary catalytic activity involves the hydrolysis of a phosphomonoester bond (C─O─P) with high catalytic efficiency, whereas the secondary activity is the hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond (C─O─C) with poorer catalytic efficiency. This enzyme also displays substrate promiscuity by hydrolysing diester bonds while being highly discriminative for its monoester substrates. To confirm these activities, we also demonstrated their presence on the catalytic domain of protein tyrosine phosphatase Ω (PTPRΩ), a homologue of PTPRδ. Studies on the rate, metal-ion dependence, pH dependence and inhibition of the respective activities showed that they are markedly different. This is the first study that demonstrates a novel sugar hydrolase and diesterase activity for the phosphatase domain (PD) of PTPRδ and PTPRΩ. This work has significant implications for both understanding the evolution of enzymatic activity and the possible physiological role of this new chemistry. Our findings suggest that the genome might harbour a wealth of such alternative latent enzyme activities in the same protein domain that renders our knowledge of metabolic networks incomplete.
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217
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Dugina V, Khromova N, Rybko V, Blizniukov O, Shagieva G, Chaponnier C, Kopnin B, Kopnin P. Tumor promotion by γ and suppression by β non-muscle actin isoforms. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14556-71. [PMID: 26008973 PMCID: PMC4546487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have shown that β-cytoplasmic actin acts as a tumor suppressor, inhibiting cell growth and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, γ-cytoplasmic actin increases the oncogenic potential via ERK1/2, p34-Arc, WAVE2, cofilin1, PP1 and other regulatory proteins. There is a positive feedback loop between γ-actin expression and ERK1/2 activation. We conclude that non-muscle actin isoforms should not be considered as merely housekeeping proteins and the β/γ-actins ratio can be used as an oncogenic marker at least for lung and colon carcinomas. Agents that increase β- and/or decrease γ-actin expression may be useful for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vera Rybko
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Galina Shagieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christine Chaponnier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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218
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Niemöller C, Renz N, Bleul S, Blagitko-Dorfs N, Greil C, Yoshida K, Pfeifer D, Follo M, Duyster J, Claus R, Ogawa S, Lübbert M, Becker H. Single cell genotyping of exome sequencing-identified mutations to characterize the clonal composition and evolution of inv(16) AML in a CBL mutated clonal hematopoiesis. Leuk Res 2016; 47:41-6. [PMID: 27244256 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the development of an inv(16) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a CBL mutated clonal hematopoiesis. Here, we further characterized the clonal composition and evolution of the AML based on the genetic information from the bulk specimen and analyses of individual bone marrow cells for mutations in CAND1, PTPRT, and DOCK6. To control for allele dropout, heterozygous polymorphisms located close to the respective mutation loci were assessed in parallel. The clonal composition concluded from exome sequencing suggested a proliferation advantage associated with the acquisition of mutations in CAND1, PTPRT, and DOCK6. Out of 102 single cell sequencing reactions on these mutations and the respective polymorphisms, analyses yielded conclusive results for at least 2 mutation sites in 12 cells. The single cell genotyping not only confirmed the co-occurrence of the PTPRT, CAND1 and DOCK6 mutations in the same AML clone but also revealed a clonal hierarchy, as the PTPRT mutation was likely acquired after the CAND1 and DOCK6 mutations. This insight had not been possible based solely on the exome sequencing data and suggests that the mutation in PTPRT, which encodes a STAT3-inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase, contributed to the AML development at a later stage by enhancing proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Niemöller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Renz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Bleul
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Blagitko-Dorfs
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Greil
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Freiburg-Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany.
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219
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Cheung AKL, Ip JCY, Chu ACH, Cheng Y, Leong MML, Ko JMY, Shuen WH, Lung HL, Lung ML. PTPRG suppresses tumor growth and invasion via inhibition of Akt signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13434-47. [PMID: 25970784 PMCID: PMC4537025 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type G (PTPRG) was identified as a candidate tumor suppressor gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). PTPRG induces significant in vivo tumor suppression in NPC. We identified EGFR as a PTPRG potential interacting partner and examined this interaction. Dephosphorylation of EGFR at EGFR-Y1068 and -Y1086 sites inactivated the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade and subsequent down-regulation of downstream pro-angiogenic and -invasive proteins (VEGF, IL6, and IL8) and suppressed tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. The effect of Akt inhibition in NPC cells was further validated by Akt knockdown experiments in the PTPRG-down-regulated NPC cell lines. Our results suggested that inhibition of Akt in NPC cells induces tumor suppression at both the in vitro and in vivo levels, and also importantly, in vivo metastasis. In conclusion, we confirmed the vital role of PTPRG in inhibiting Akt signaling with the resultant suppression of in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kwok Leung Cheung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph Chok Yan Ip
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Adrian Chi Hang Chu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Merrin Man Long Leong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Josephine Mun Yee Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China.,Centre for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
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220
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Ha JR, Siegel PM, Ursini-Siegel J. The Tyrosine Kinome Dictates Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Therapeutic Responsiveness. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1971-90. [PMID: 27392311 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospho-tyrosine signaling networks control numerous biological processes including cellular differentiation, cell growth and survival, motility, and invasion. Aberrant regulation of the tyrosine kinome is a hallmark of malignancy and influences all stages of breast cancer progression, from initiation to the development of metastatic disease. The success of specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors strongly validates the clinical relevance of tyrosine phosphorylation networks in breast cancer pathology. However, a significant degree of redundancy exists within the tyrosine kinome. Numerous receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases converge on a core set of signaling regulators, including adaptor proteins and tyrosine phosphatases, to amplify pro-tumorigenic signal transduction pathways. Mutational activation, amplification, or overexpression of one or more components of the tyrosine kinome represents key contributing events responsible for the tumor heterogeneity that is observed in breast cancers. It is this molecular heterogeneity that has become the most significant barrier to durable clinical responses due to the development of therapeutic resistance. This review focuses on recent literature that supports a prominent role for specific components of the tyrosine kinome in the emergence of unique breast cancer subtypes and in shaping breast cancer plasticity, sensitivity to targeted therapies, and the eventual emergence of acquired resistance. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1971-1990, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Ha
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter M Siegel
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josie Ursini-Siegel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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221
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Gari HH, Gearheart CM, Fosmire S, DeGala GD, Fan Z, Torkko KC, Edgerton SM, Lucia MS, Ray R, Thor AD, Porter CC, Lambert JR. Genome-wide functional genetic screen with the anticancer agent AMPI-109 identifies PRL-3 as an oncogenic driver in triple-negative breast cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7:15757-71. [PMID: 26909599 PMCID: PMC4941275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are among the most aggressive and heterogeneous cancers with a high propensity to invade, metastasize and relapse. Here, we demonstrate that the anticancer compound, AMPI-109, is selectively efficacious in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of multiple TNBC subtype cell lines as assessed by activation of pro-apoptotic caspases-3 and 7, PARP cleavage and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. AMPI-109 had little to no effect on growth in the majority of non-TNBC cell lines examined. We therefore utilized AMPI-109 in a genome-wide shRNA screen in the TNBC cell line, BT-20, to investigate the utility of AMPI-109 as a tool in helping to identify molecular alterations unique to TNBC. Our screen identified the oncogenic phosphatase, PRL-3, as a potentially important driver of TNBC growth, migration and invasion. Through stable lentiviral knock downs and transfection with catalytically impaired PRL-3 in TNBC cells, loss of PRL-3 expression, or functionality, led to substantial growth inhibition. Moreover, AMPI-109 treatment, downregulation of PRL-3 expression or impairment of PRL-3 activity reduced TNBC cell migration and invasion. Histological evaluation of human breast cancers revealed PRL-3 was significantly, though not exclusively, associated with the TNBC subtype and correlated positively with regional and distant metastases, as well as 1 and 3 year relapse free survival. Collectively, our study is proof-of-concept that AMPI-109, a selectively active agent against TNBC cell lines, can be used as a molecular tool to uncover unique drivers of disease progression, such as PRL-3, which we show promotes oncogenic phenotypes in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid H. Gari
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christy M. Gearheart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susan Fosmire
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory D. DeGala
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Zeying Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Torkko
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Susan M. Edgerton
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M. Scott Lucia
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rahul Ray
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann D. Thor
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher C. Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James R. Lambert
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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222
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Kostantin E, Hardy S, Valinsky WC, Kompatscher A, de Baaij JHF, Zolotarov Y, Landry M, Uetani N, Martínez-Cruz LA, Hoenderop JGJ, Shrier A, Tremblay ML. Inhibition of PRL-2·CNNM3 Protein Complex Formation Decreases Breast Cancer Proliferation and Tumor Growth. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10716-25. [PMID: 26969161 PMCID: PMC4865918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (PRL-2) has been shown to regulate intracellular magnesium levels by forming a complex through an extended amino acid loop present in the Bateman module of the CNNM3 magnesium transporter. Here we identified highly conserved residues located on this amino acid loop critical for the binding with PRL-2. A single point mutation (D426A) of one of those critical amino acids was found to completely disrupt PRL-2·human Cyclin M 3 (CNNM3) complex formation. Whole-cell voltage clamping revealed that expression of CNNM3 influenced the surface current, whereas overexpression of the binding mutant had no effect, indicating that the binding of PRL-2 to CNNM3 is important for the activity of the complex. Interestingly, overexpression of the CNNM3 D426A-binding mutant in cancer cells decreased their ability to proliferate under magnesium-deprived situations and under anchorage-independent growth conditions, demonstrating a PRL-2·CNNM3 complex-dependent oncogenic advantage in a more stringent environment. We further confirmed the importance of this complex in vivo using an orthotopic xenograft breast cancer model. Finally, because molecular modeling showed that the Asp-426 side chain in CNNM3 buries into the catalytic cavity of PRL-2, we showed that a PRL inhibitor could abrogate complex formation, resulting in a decrease in proliferation of human breast cancer cells. In summary, we provide evidence that this fundamental regulatory aspect of PRL-2 in cancer cells could potentially lead to broadly applicable and innovative therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Kostantin
- From the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Serge Hardy
- From the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | | | - Andreas Kompatscher
- the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Yevgen Zolotarov
- From the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada, the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Melissa Landry
- From the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Noriko Uetani
- From the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Luis Alfonso Martínez-Cruz
- the Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- the Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and
| | - Alvin Shrier
- Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- From the Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada, the Departments of Biochemistry and
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223
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Jin T, Yu H, Huang XF. Selective binding modes and allosteric inhibitory effects of lupane triterpenes on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20766. [PMID: 26865097 PMCID: PMC4749975 DOI: 10.1038/srep20766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for treating obesity, diabetes, and certain cancers for over a decade. Previous drug design has focused on inhibitors targeting the active site of PTP1B. However, this has not been successful because the active site is positively charged and conserved among the protein tyrosine phosphatases. Therefore, it is important to develop PTP1B inhibitors with alternative inhibitory strategies. Using computational studies including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations, we found that lupane triterpenes selectively inhibited PTP1B by targeting its more hydrophobic and less conserved allosteric site. These findings were verified using two enzymatic assays. Furthermore, the cell culture studies showed that lupeol and betulinic acid inhibited the PTP1B activity stimulated by TNFα in neurons. Our study indicates that lupane triterpenes are selective PTP1B allosteric inhibitors with significant potential for treating those diseases with elevated PTP1B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Jin
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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224
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Zhan H, Jiang J, Luo C, Sun Q, Ke A, Sun C, Hu J, Hu Z, Hu B, Zhu K, Fan J, Zhou J, Huang X. Tumour-suppressive role of PTPN13 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9691-8. [PMID: 26801674 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality and carries a dismal prognosis. The present study aimed to identify the tumour-suppressive role and clinical implications of PTPN13 in HCC progression. We tested the effects of PTPN13 expression in proliferation, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and associated pathways in HCC cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, its clinical relevance was evaluated in a tissue microarray analysis of samples from 282 HCC patients. Various HCC cell lines expressed relatively low PTPN13 protein levels in vitro. PTPN13 overexpression significantly inhibited the progression of HCC cells, possibly by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inactivation of the EGFR/ERK signalling pathway. Tissue microarray analysis revealed that high PTPN13 expression was correlated with a favourable prognosis in postoperative HCC patients. This study demonstrated the tumour suppressor, PTPN13, as an alternative therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chubin Luo
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiman Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwu Ke
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwu Hu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Hu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Huang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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225
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Acun T, Demir K, Oztas E, Arango D, Yakicier MC. PTPRD is homozygously deleted and epigenetically downregulated in human hepatocellular carcinomas. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 19:220-9. [PMID: 25831062 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2015.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D) is a tumor suppressor gene, frequently inactivated through deletions or epigenetic mechanisms in several cancers with importance for global health. In this study, we provide new and functionally integrated evidence on genetic and epigenetic alterations of PTPRD gene in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Importantly, HCC is the sixth most common malignancy and the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. We used a high throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray assay (Affymetrix, 10K2.0 Assay) covering the whole genome to screen an extensive panel of HCC cell lines (N=14 in total) to detect DNA copy number changes. PTPRD expression was determined in human HCCs by Q-RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Promoter hypermethylation was assessed by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). DNA methyl transferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC) and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostain A (TSA) were used to restore the expression. We identified homozygous deletions in Mahlavu and SNU475 cells, in the 5'UTR and coding regions, respectively. PTPRD mRNA expression was downregulated in 78.5% of cell lines and 82.6% of primary HCCs. PTPRD protein expression was also found to be lost or reduced in HCC tumor tissues. We found promoter hypermethylation in 22.2% of the paired HCC samples and restored PTPRD expression by 5-AzaC and/or TSA treatments. In conclusion, PTPRD is homozygously deleted and epigenetically downregulated in HCCs. We hypothesize PTPRD as a tumor suppressor candidate and potential cancer biomarker in human HCCs. This hypothesis is consistent with compelling evidences in other organ systems, as discussed in this article. Further functional assays in larger samples may ascertain the contribution of PTPRD to hepatocarcinogenesis in greater detail, not to forget its broader importance for diagnostic medicine and the emerging field of personalized medicine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Acun
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bülent Ecevit University , Zonguldak, Turkey
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226
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Abstract
Spatiotemporal aspects of protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activity and interaction partners for many PTPs are elusive. We describe here an elegant and relatively simple method, in situ proximity ligation assay (in situ PLA), which can be used to address these issues. The possibility to detect endogenous unmodified proteins in situ and to visualize individual interactions with spatial resolution is the major advantage of this technique. We provide protocols suitable to monitor association of the transmembrane PTPs PTPRJ/DEP-1/CD148 and PTPRB/VE-PTP with their substrates, the receptor tyrosine kinases FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3/CD135), and Tie2 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), respectively. Detailed description of method development and reagents as well as highlighting of critical factors will enable the reader to apply the method successfully to other PTP-protein interactions.
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227
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Fontanillo M, Köhn M. Phosphatases: Their Roles in Cancer and Their Chemical Modulators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:209-40. [PMID: 27236558 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases are involved in basically all cellular processes by dephosphorylating cellular components such as proteins, phospholipids and second messengers. They counteract kinases of which many are established oncogenes, and therefore kinases are one of the most important drug targets for targeted cancer therapy. Due to this relationship between kinases and phosphatases, phosphatases are traditionally assumed to be tumour suppressors. However, research findings over the last years prove that this simplification is incorrect, as bona-fide and putative phosphatase oncogenes have been identified. We describe here the role of phosphatases in cancer, tumour suppressors and oncogenes, and their chemical modulators, and discuss new approaches and opportunities for phosphatases as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fontanillo
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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228
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Downregulated Expression of PTPN9 Contributes to Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth and Progression. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:555-65. [PMID: 26715439 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-0038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant cancers, whose molecular mechanisms is remains largely. PTPN9 has recently been reported to play a critical role in breast cancer development. However, the role of PTPN9 in human HCC remains elusive. The present study aimed at investigating the potential role of PTPN9 in HCC. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the expression of PTPN9 protein in HCC and adjacent non-tumorous tissues in 45 patients. Furthermore, Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry and RNA interference experiments were performed to analyze the role of PTPN9 in the regulation of HCC cell proliferation. We showed that the expression level of PTPN9 was significantly reduced in HCC, compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues. PTPN9 expression was inversely associated with Tumor size (P = 0.014), serum AFP level (P = 0.004) and Ki-67 expression. Low expression of PTPN9 predicted poor survival in HCC patients. Moreover, PTPN9 interference assay that PTPN9 inhibited cell proliferation in HepG2 cells. Cell apoptosis assay revealed that, silencing of PTPN9 expression significantly reduced cell apoptosis, compared with control ShRNA treatment group. Our results suggested that PTPN9 expression was down-regulated in HCC tumor tissues, and reduced PTPN9 expression was associated with worsened overall survival in HCC patients. Depletion of PTPN9 inhibits the apoptosis and promotes the proliferation of HCC cells.
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229
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Geiger JL, Grandis JR, Bauman JE. The STAT3 pathway as a therapeutic target in head and neck cancer: Barriers and innovations. Oral Oncol 2015; 56:84-92. [PMID: 26733183 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family mediate cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors. Aberrant regulation of the STAT3 oncogene contributes to tumor formation and progression in many cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where hyperactivation of STAT3 is implicated in both treatment resistance and immune escape. There are no oncogenic gain-of-function mutations in HNSCC. Rather, aberrant STAT3 signaling is primarily driven by upstream growth factor receptors, such as Janus kinase (JAK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Moreover, genomic silencing of select protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors (PTPRs), tumor suppressors that dephosphorylate STAT3, may lead to prolonged phosphorylation and activation of STAT3. This review will summarize current knowledge of the STAT3 pathway and its contribution to HNSCC growth, survival, and resistance to standard therapies, and discuss STAT3-targeting agents in various phases of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Geiger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julie E Bauman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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230
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Wan JH, Ma XX, Qiao ZT, Li J. Clinical significance of expression of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5768-5774. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i36.5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the correlation of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2 (PTPRN2) and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (Ki-67) expression with clinical parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: We collected 186 HCC specimens from patients treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 180 tumor adjacent normal liver tissues, and 138 non-neoplastic distant tissues. The expression of PTPRN2 and Ki-67 proteins was examined by immunohistochemistry in the above tissues.
RESULTS: The positive expression rates of PTPRN2 and Ki-67 were 55.9% and 49.5%, respectively. The positive expression of PTPRN2 was correlated with serum AFP level, tumor size, TNM stage, and histopathological differentiation (P < 0.05). The expression of Ki-67 was correlated with lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and histopathological differentiation (P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between PTPRN2 and Ki-67 expression (r = -0.161, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The high expression of PTPRN2 and Ki-67 is closely associated with HCC development, but there is no significant correlation between them.
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231
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Alonso A, Pulido R. The extended human PTPome: a growing tyrosine phosphatase family. FEBS J 2015; 283:1404-29. [PMID: 26573778 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyr phosphatases are, by definition, enzymes that dephosphorylate phospho-Tyr (pTyr) from proteins. This activity is found in several structurally diverse protein families, including the protein Tyr phosphatase (PTP), arsenate reductase, rhodanese, haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) and His phosphatase (HP) families. Most of these families include members with substrate specificity for non-pTyr substrates, such as phospho-Ser/phospho-Thr, phosphoinositides, phosphorylated carbohydrates, mRNAs, or inorganic moieties. A Cys is essential for catalysis in PTPs, rhodanese and arsenate reductase enzymes, whereas this work is performed by an Asp in HAD phosphatases and by a His in HPs, via a catalytic mechanism shared by all of the different families. The category that contains most Tyr phosphatases is the PTP family, which, although it received its name from this activity, includes Ser, Thr, inositide, carbohydrate and RNA phosphatases, as well as some inactive pseudophosphatase proteins. Here, we propose an extended collection of human Tyr phosphatases, which we call the extended human PTPome. The addition of new members (SACs, paladin, INPP4s, TMEM55s, SSU72, and acid phosphatases) to the currently categorized PTP group of enzymes means that the extended human PTPome contains up to 125 proteins, of which ~ 40 are selective for pTyr. We set criteria to ascribe proteins to the extended PTPome, and summarize the more important features of the new PTPome members in the context of their phosphatase activity and their relationship with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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232
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Novel PTP1B inhibitors identified by DNA display of fragment pairs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:1080-1085. [PMID: 26691757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA display of PNA-encoded libraries was used to pair fragments containing different phosphotyrosine surrogates with diverse triazoles. Microarray-based screening of the combinatorially paired fragment sets (62,500 combinations) against a prototypical phosphatase, PTP1B, was used to identify the fittest fragments. A focused library (10,000 members) covalently pairing identified fragments with linkers of different length and geometry was synthesized. Screening of the focused library against PTP1B and closely related TCPTP revealed orthogonal inhibitors. The selectivity of the identified inhibitors for PTP1B versus TCPT was confirmed by enzymatic inhibition assay.
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233
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Abstract
Cancer, more than any other human disease, now has a surfeit of potential molecular targets poised for therapeutic exploitation. Currently, a number of attractive and validated cancer targets remain outside of the reach of pharmacological regulation. Some have been described as undruggable, at least by traditional strategies. In this article, we outline the basis for the undruggable moniker, propose a reclassification of these targets as undrugged, and highlight three general classes of this imposing group as exemplars with some attendant strategies currently being explored to reclassify them. Expanding the spectrum of disease-relevant targets to pharmacological manipulation is central to reducing cancer morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Lazo
- Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0735; ,
| | - Elizabeth R Sharlow
- Fiske Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0735; ,
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234
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Wang ZC, Gao Q, Shi JY, Guo WJ, Yang LX, Liu XY, Liu LZ, Ma LJ, Duan M, Zhao YJ, Wu YN, Gao DM, Wang XY, Shi GM, Ding ZB, Ke AW, Tang QQ, Cao Y, Zhou J, Fan J. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor S acts as a metastatic suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma by control of epithermal growth factor receptor-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Hepatology 2015; 62:1201-14. [PMID: 25998839 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-most lethal cancer worldwide. Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of HCC recurrence and metastasis is the key to improve patients' prognosis. In this study, we report that protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor S (PTPRS) is significantly down-regulated in nearly 80% of HCCs, and its expression negatively correlates with aggressive pathological features, such as larger tumor size and advanced stage. In addition, PTPRS deficiency is independently associated with shorter survival and increased recurrence in patients, although 16.7% of HCCs show intratumor heterogeneous expression of PTPRS. Restoration of wild-type, but not mutant, PTPRS expression significantly inhibits HCC cell migration and invasion in vitro as well as lung metastasis in vivo, whereas knockdown of its expression significantly promotes invasion and metastasis. Notably, PTPRS-regulated HCC invasiveness is accompanied by typical changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, PTPRS forms a complex with epithermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and regulates its tyrosine residues' phosphorylation. Ectopic expression of EGFR reverses the metastasis-inhibiting effects of PTPRS, whereas silencing of EGFR or inhibiting phosphorylation of key molecules in EGFR downstream pathways reinhibits EMT and metastasis caused by PTPRS down-regulation. Meanwhile, promoter hypermethylation of PTPRS is frequently detected in HCC samples and cell lines. Treatment with a demethylation agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, recovers PTPRS expression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic inactivation of PTPRS may increase phosphorylation and activity of EGFR signaling to promote EMT and metastasis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chao Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie-Yi Shi
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jie Guo
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Xiao Yang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yang Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Zi Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Jie Ma
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Duan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhao
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Na Wu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Ming Shi
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Bin Ding
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Wu Ke
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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235
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Loss of PTPN12 Stimulates Progression of ErbB2-Dependent Breast Cancer by Enhancing Cell Survival, Migration, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:4069-82. [PMID: 26391955 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00741-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PTPN12 is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) reported to be a tumor suppressor in breast cancer, through its capacity to dephosphorylate oncogenic receptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), such as ErbB2. However, the precise molecular and cellular impact of PTPN12 deficiency in breast cancer progression remains to be fully clarified. Here, we addressed this issue by examining the effect of PTPN12 deficiency on breast cancer progression in vivo, in a mouse model of ErbB2-dependent breast cancer using a conditional PTPN12-deficient mouse. Our studies showed that lack of PTPN12 in breast epithelial cells accelerated breast cancer development and lung metastases in vivo. PTPN12-deficient breast cancer cells displayed enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the adaptor Cas, the adaptor paxillin, and the kinase Pyk2. They exhibited no detectable increase in ErbB2 tyrosine phosphorylation. PTPN12-deficient cells were more resistant to anoikis and had augmented migratory and invasive properties. Enhanced migration was corrected by inhibiting Pyk2. PTPN12-deficient breast cancer cells also acquired partial features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a feature of more aggressive forms of breast cancer. Hence, loss of PTPN12 promoted tumor progression in a mouse model of breast cancer, supporting the notion that PTPN12 is a tumor suppressor in human breast cancer. This function was related to the ability of PTPN12 to suppress cell survival, migration, invasiveness, and EMT and to inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of Cas, Pyk2, and paxillin. These findings enhance our understanding of the role and mechanism of action of PTPN12 in the control of breast cancer progression.
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236
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Kobayashi M, Chen S, Gao R, Bai Y, Zhang ZY, Liu Y. Phosphatase of regenerating liver in hematopoietic stem cells and hematological malignancies. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2827-35. [PMID: 25486470 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.954448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs), consisting PRL1, PRL2 and PRL3, are dual-specificity protein phosphatases that have been implicated as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several solid tumors. However, their roles in hematological malignancies are largely unknown. Recent findings demonstrate that PRL2 is important for hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. In addition, both PRL2 and PRL3 are highly expressed in some hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Moreover, PRL deficiency impairs the proliferation and survival of leukemia cells through regulating oncogenic signaling pathways. While PRLs are potential novel therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies, their exact biological function and cellular substrates remain unclear. This review will discuss how PRLs regulate hematopoietic stem cell behavior, what signaling pathways are regulated by PRLs, and how to target PRLs in hematological malignancies. An improved understanding of how PRLs function and how they are regulated may facilitate the development of PRL inhibitors that are effective in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kobayashi
- a Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Indiana University School of Medicine ; Indianapolis , IN USA
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237
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Kuroda Y, Kato-Kogoe N, Tasaki E, Yuasa-Sunagawa M, Yamanegi K, Nakasho K, Nakasyo K, Nakase I, Futaki S, Tohyama Y, Hirose M. Suppressive effect of membrane-permeable peptides derived from autophosphorylation sites of the IGF-1 receptor on breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 765:24-33. [PMID: 26276395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptors play a crucial role in the biology of human cancer, making them an attractive target for anti-cancer agents. We previously designed oligopeptides containing the amino-acid sequences surrounding the autophosphorylation sites of the insulin receptor and found that two of them, namely, Ac-DIYET-NH2 and Ac-DYYRK-NH2, suppressed phosphorylation of purified insulin receptors in a non-ATP-competitive manner, whereas Ac-NIYQT-NH2 and Ac-NYYRK-NH2 suppressed in an ATP-competitive manner. Because the IGF-1 receptor is closely related to the insulin receptor, the aim of this study was to observe the effects of these peptides, which correspond to the amino-acid sequences of the autophosphorylation sites of the IGF-1 receptor, on the activity of the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-453. To facilitate peptide delivery into breast cancer cells, the cell-penetrating peptide, human immunodeficiency virus type 1-transactivator of transcription (Tat), was linked to these peptides. When breast cancer cells were treated with each of these synthetic Tat-conjugated peptides, the conjugated peptides penetrated into the cells and suppressed cell proliferation. An inhibitory effect of Tat-conjugated peptides against IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptors was observed. In addition, we found that combinations of these peptides suppressed phosphorylation of IGF-1 receptors to a greater extent than the peptides did individually. In conclusion, IGF-1 receptor autophosphorylation site-derived membrane-permeable peptides have the potential to suppress IGF-1 receptor function in breast cancer cells and to be developed into novel and useful agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kuroda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kato-Kogoe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan; Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Emi Tasaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yuasa-Sunagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanegi
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | | | - Keiji Nakasyo
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yumi Tohyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji 670-8524, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hirose
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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238
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer linked to Lynch syndrome represents a rare subset that typically presents at young age as early-stage tumors with an overrepresentation of endometrioid and clear cell histologies. We investigated the molecular profiles of Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancer with the aim to identify key discriminators and central tumorigenic mechanisms in hereditary ovarian cancer. Global gene expression profiling using whole-genome c-DNA-mediated Annealing, Selection, extension, and Ligation was applied to 48 histopathologically matched Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancers. Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancers differed by 349 significantly deregulated genes, including PTPRH, BIRC3, SHH and TNFRSF6B. The genes involved were predominantly linked to cell growth, proliferation, and cell-to-cell signaling and interaction. When stratified for histologic subtype, hierarchical clustering confirmed distinct differences related to heredity in the endometrioid and serous subtypes. Furthermore, separate clustering was achieved in an independent, publically available data set. The distinct genetic signatures in Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancers point to alternative preferred tumorigenic routes and suggest that genetic discriminators may be relevant for molecular diagnostics and targeted therapeutics.
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239
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Chio CM, Cheng KW, Bishop AC. Direct Chemical Activation of a Rationally Engineered Signaling Enzyme. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1735-9. [PMID: 26063205 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Few chemical strategies for activating enzymes have been developed. Here we show that a biarsenical compound (FlAsH) can directly activate a rationally engineered protein tyrosine phosphatase (Shp2 PTP) by disrupting autoinhibitory interactions between Shp2's N-terminal SH2 domain and its PTP domain. We found that introducing a tricysteine motif at a loop of Shp2's N-SH2 domain confers affinity for FlAsH; binding of FlAsH to the cysteine-enriched loop relieves Shp2's inhibitory interdomain interaction and substantially increases the enzyme's PTP activity. Activation of engineered Shp2 is substrate independent and is observed in the contexts of both purified enzyme and complex proteomes. A chemical means for activating Shp2 could be useful for investigating its roles in signaling and oncogenesis, and the loop-targeting strategy described herein could provide a blueprint for the development of target-specific activators of other autoinhibited enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Chio
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002 (USA)
| | - Karen W Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002 (USA)
| | - Anthony C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002 (USA).
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240
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Thompson CM, Bloom LR, Ogiue-Ikeda M, Machida K. SH2-PLA: a sensitive in-solution approach for quantification of modular domain binding by proximity ligation and real-time PCR. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:60. [PMID: 26112401 PMCID: PMC4482279 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a great interest in studying phosphotyrosine dependent protein-protein interactions in tyrosine kinase pathways that play a critical role in many aspects of cellular function. We previously established SH2 profiling, a phosphoproteomic approach based on membrane binding assays that utilizes purified Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains as a molecular tool to profile the global tyrosine phosphorylation state of cells. However, in order to use this method to investigate SH2 binding sites on a specific target in cell lysate, additional procedures such as pull-down or immunoprecipitation which consume large amounts of sample are required. RESULTS We have developed PLA-SH2, an alternative in-solution modular domain binding assay that takes advantage of Proximity Ligation Assay and real-time PCR. The SH2-PLA assay utilizes oligonucleotide-conjugated anti-GST and anti-EGFR antibodies recognizing a GST-SH2 probe and cellular EGFR, respectively. If the GST-SH2 and EGFR are in close proximity as a result of SH2-phosphotyrosine interactions, the two oligonucleotides are brought within a suitable distance for ligation to occur, allowing for efficient complex amplification via real-time PCR. The assay detected signal across at least 3 orders of magnitude of lysate input with a linear range spanning 1-2 orders and a low femtomole limit of detection for EGFR phosphotyrosine. SH2 binding kinetics determined by PLA-SH2 showed good agreement with established far-Western analyses for A431 and Cos1 cells stimulated with EGF at various times and doses. Further, we showed that PLA-SH2 can survey lung cancer tissues using 1 μl lysate without requiring phospho-enrichment. CONCLUSIONS We showed for the first time that interactions between SH2 domain probes and EGFR in cell lysate can be determined in a microliter-scale assay using SH2-PLA. The obvious benefit of this method is that the low sample requirement allows detection of SH2 binding in samples which are difficult to analyze using traditional protein interaction assays. This feature along with short assay runtime makes this method a useful platform for the development of high throughput assays to determine modular domain-ligand interactions which could have wide-ranging applications in both basic and translational cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Thompson
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Lee R Bloom
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Mari Ogiue-Ikeda
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Kazuya Machida
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 400 Farmington Avenue, 06030, Farmington, CT, USA.
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241
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Bourgonje AM, Navis AC, Schepens JTG, Verrijp K, Hovestad L, Hilhorst R, Harroch S, Wesseling P, Leenders WPJ, Hendriks WJAJ. Intracellular and extracellular domains of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ-B differentially regulate glioma cell growth and motility. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8690-702. [PMID: 25238264 PMCID: PMC4226714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain tumors for which surgical resection and radiotherapy is difficult because of the diffuse infiltrative growth of the tumor into the brain parenchyma. For development of alternative, drug-based, therapies more insight in the molecular processes that steer this typical growth and morphodynamic behavior of glioma cells is needed. Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRZ-B is a transmembrane signaling molecule that is found to be strongly up-regulated in glioma specimens. We assessed the contribution of PTPRZ-B protein domains to tumor cell growth and migration, via lentiviral knock-down and over-expression using clinically relevant glioma xenografts and their derived cell models. PTPRZ-B knock-down resulted in reduced migration and proliferation of glioma cells in vitro and also inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Interestingly, expression of only the PTPRZ-B extracellular segment was sufficient to rescue the in vitro migratory phenotype that resulted from PTPRZ-B knock-down. In contrast, PTPRZ-B knock-down effects on proliferation could be reverted only after re-expression of PTPRZ-B variants that contained its C-terminal PDZ binding domain. Thus, distinct domains of PTPRZ-B are differentially required for migration and proliferation of glioma cells, respectively. PTPRZ-B signaling pathways therefore represent attractive therapeutic entry points to combat these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika M Bourgonje
- Department of Cell Biology , Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna C Navis
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan T G Schepens
- Department of Cell Biology , Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiek Verrijp
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Riet Hilhorst
- PamGene International BV, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila Harroch
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William P J Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology , Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Sato T, Soejima K, Arai E, Hamamoto J, Yasuda H, Arai D, Ishioka K, Ohgino K, Naoki K, Kohno T, Tsuta K, Watanabe SI, Kanai Y, Betsuyaku T. Prognostic implication of PTPRH hypomethylation in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1137-45. [PMID: 26134684 PMCID: PMC4530927 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PTPRH is a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase thought to be a potential regulator of tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to clarify the significance of PTPRH expression and its regulation by DNA methylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in lung adenocarcinoma (LADC). PTPRH mRNA expression was examined in 89 NSCLC and corresponding non-cancerous tissues. The correlation between DNA methylation and PTPRH gene expression was investigated in another cohort that consisted of 145 patients with LADC, a major NSCLC subtype. Gene regulation by DNA methylation was assessed using a DNA methylation inhibitor. PTPRH mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in NSCLC. PTPRH DNA methylation was reduced in LADC samples and inversely correlated with mRNA expression. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment of lung cancer cell lines with low PTPRH expression, restored mRNA PTPRH expression levels. Furthermore, low PTPRH methylation was associated with shorter recurrence-free survival (P=1.64x10(-4)) and overall survival (P=5.54x10(-5)). Multivariate analysis revealed that PTPRH DNA methylation was an independent prognostic factor (P=6.88x10(-3)). It was confirmed that PTPRH is overexpressed in NSCLC. Furthermore, we determined that PTPRH is epigenetically regulated by DNA hypomethylation, with prognostic implications for LADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eri Arai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Junko Hamamoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Arai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kota Ishioka
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohgino
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Naoki
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoracic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoko Betsuyaku
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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243
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Tautz L, Senis YA, Oury C, Rahmouni S. Perspective: Tyrosine phosphatases as novel targets for antiplatelet therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2786-97. [PMID: 25921264 PMCID: PMC4451376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the primary cause of most cases of myocardial infarction and stroke, the leading causes of death in the developed world. Platelets, highly specialized cells of the circulatory system, are key contributors to thrombotic events. Antiplatelet drugs, which prevent platelets from aggregating, have been very effective in reducing the mortality and morbidity of these conditions. However, approved antiplatelet therapies have adverse side effects, most notably the increased risk of bleeding. Moreover, there remains a considerable incidence of arterial thrombosis in a subset of patients receiving currently available drugs. Thus, there is a pressing medical need for novel antiplatelet agents with a more favorable safety profile and less patient resistance. The discovery of novel antiplatelet targets is the matter of intense ongoing research. Recent findings demonstrate the potential of targeting key signaling molecules, including kinases and phosphatases, to prevent platelet activation and aggregation. Here, we offer perspectives to targeting members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) superfamily, a major class of enzymes in signal transduction. We give an overview of previously identified PTPs in platelet signaling, and discuss their potential as antiplatelet drug targets. We also introduce VHR (DUSP3), a PTP that we recently identified as a major player in platelet biology and thrombosis. We review our data on genetic deletion as well as pharmacological inhibition of VHR, providing proof-of-principle for a novel and potentially safer VHR-based antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Tautz
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Yotis A Senis
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cécile Oury
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Souad Rahmouni
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Unit, GIGA-Signal Transduction, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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244
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Peyser ND, Freilino M, Wang L, Zeng Y, Li H, Johnson DE, Grandis JR. Frequent promoter hypermethylation of PTPRT increases STAT3 activation and sensitivity to STAT3 inhibition in head and neck cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:1163-9. [PMID: 25982282 PMCID: PMC4651851 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 overactivation is a common event in many cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where STAT3 represents a promising therapeutic target. HNSCC is not characterized by frequent kinase mutations, in contrast to some malignancies where mutational activation of kinases upstream of STAT3 is common. Instead, STAT3 may be activated by loss-of-function (LOF) of negative regulators of STAT3, including by promoter hypermethylation of PTPRT. Here we first analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and determined that the PTPRT promoter is frequently hypermethylated in several cancers, including HNSCC (60.1% of tumors analyzed) in association with downregulation of PTPRT mRNA expression and upregulation of pSTAT3 expression. These findings were confirmed in an independent cohort of HNSCC tumors by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrate that PTPRT promoter methylation and gene silencing is reversible in HNSCC cells, leading to PTPRT-specific downregulation of pSTAT3 expression. We further show that PTPRT promoter methylation is significantly associated with sensitivity to STAT3 inhibition in HNSCC cells, suggesting that PTPRT promoter methylation may serve as a predictive biomarker for responsiveness to STAT3 inhibitors in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Peyser
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Freilino
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - H Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D E Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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245
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Kim R, Schell MJ, Teer JK, Greenawalt DM, Yang M, Yeatman TJ. Co-evolution of somatic variation in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer may expand biopsy indications in the molecular era. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126670. [PMID: 25974029 PMCID: PMC4431733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metastasis is thought to be a clonal event whereby a single cell initiates the development of a new tumor at a distant site. However the degree to which primary and metastatic tumors differ on a molecular level remains unclear. To further evaluate these concepts, we used next generation sequencing (NGS) to assess the molecular composition of paired primary and metastatic colorectal cancer tissue specimens. Methods 468 colorectal tumor samples from a large personalized medicine initiative were assessed by targeted gene sequencing of 1,321 individual genes. Eighteen patients produced genomic profiles for 17 paired primary:metastatic (and 2 metastatic:metastatic) specimens. Results An average of 33.3 mutations/tumor were concordant (shared) between matched samples, including common well-known genes (APC, KRAS, TP53). An average of 2.3 mutations/tumor were discordant (unshared) among paired sites. KRAS mutational status was always concordant. The overall concordance rate for mutations was 93.5%; however, nearly all (18/19 (94.7%)) paired tumors showed at least one mutational discordance. Mutations were seen in: TTN, the largest gene (5 discordant pairs), ADAMTS20, APC, MACF1, RASA1, TP53, and WNT2 (2 discordant pairs), SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, FBXW7, and 66 others (1 discordant pair). Conclusions Whereas primary and metastatic tumors displayed little variance overall, co-evolution produced incremental mutations in both. These results suggest that while biopsy of the primary tumor alone is likely sufficient in the chemotherapy-naïve patient, additional biopsies of primary or metastatic disease may be necessary to precisely tailor therapy following chemotherapy resistance or insensitivity in order to adequately account for tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kim
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Schell
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Jamie K. Teer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | | | - Mingli Yang
- Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute, Spartanburg, SC, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Yeatman
- Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute, Spartanburg, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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246
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Harrison IP, Selemidis S. Understanding the biology of reactive oxygen species and their link to cancer: NADPH oxidases as novel pharmacological targets. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 41:533-42. [PMID: 24738947 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the cellular products of myriad physiological processes, have long been understood to lead to cellular damage if produced in excess and to be a causative factor in cancer through the oxidation and nitration of various macromolecules. Reactive oxygen species influence various hallmarks of cancer, such as cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, through the promotion of cell signalling pathways intrinsic to these processes and can also regulate the function of key immune cells, such as macrophages and regulatory T cells, which promote angiogenesis in the tumour environment. Herein we emphasize the family of NADPH oxidase enzymes as the most likely source of ROS, which promote angiogenesis and tumourigenesis through signalling pathways within endothelial, immune and tumour cells. In this review we focus on the pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidases and suggest that, compared with traditional anti-oxidants, they are likely to offer better alternatives for suppression of tumour angiogenesis. Despite the emerging enthusiasm towards the use of NADPH oxidase inhibitors for cancer therapy, this field is still in its infancy; in particular, there is a glaring lack of knowledge of the roles of NADPH oxidases in in vivo animal models and in human cancers. Certainly a clearer understanding of the relevant signalling pathways influenced by NADPH oxidases during angiogenesis in cancer is likely to yield novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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247
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Sorokin AV, Nair BC, Wei Y, Aziz KE, Evdokimova V, Hung MC, Chen J. Aberrant Expression of proPTPRN2 in Cancer Cells Confers Resistance to Apoptosis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1846-58. [PMID: 25877877 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPRN2 is expressed predominantly in endocrine and neuronal cells, where it functions in exocytosis. We found that its immature isoform proPTPRN2 is overexpressed in various cancers, including breast cancer. High proPTPRN2 expression was associated strongly with lymph node-positive breast cancer and poor clinical outcome. Loss of proPTPRN2 in breast cancer cells promoted apoptosis and blocked tumor formation in mice, whereas enforced expression of proPTPRN2 in nontransformed human mammary epithelial cells exerted a converse effect. Mechanistic investigations suggested that ProPTPRN2 elicited these effects through direct interaction with TRAF2, a hub scaffold protein for multiple kinase cascades, including ones that activate NF-κB. Overall, our results suggest PTPRN2 as a novel candidate biomarker and therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Sorokin
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Binoj C Nair
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yongkun Wei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kathryn E Aziz
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Valentina Evdokimova
- Department of Genomics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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248
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Missing-in-Metastasis regulates cell motility and invasion via PTPδ-mediated changes in SRC activity. Biochem J 2015; 465:89-101. [PMID: 25287652 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MIM (Missing-in-Metastasis), also known as MTSS1 (metastasis suppressor 1), is a scaffold protein that is down-regulated in multiple metastatic cancer cell lines compared with non-metastatic counterparts. MIM regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and actin polymerization, and has been implicated in the control of cell motility and invasion. MIM has also been shown to bind to a receptor PTP (protein tyrosine phosphatase), PTPδ, an interaction that may provide a link between tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent signalling and metastasis. We used shRNA-mediated gene silencing to investigate the consequences of loss of MIM on the migration and invasion of the MCF10A mammary epithelial cell model of breast cancer. We observed that suppression of MIM by RNAi enhanced migration and invasion of MCF10A cells, effects that were associated with increased levels of PTPδ. Furthermore, analysis of human clinical data indicated that PTPδ was elevated in breast cancer samples when compared with normal tissue. We demonstrated that the SRC protein tyrosine kinase is a direct substrate of PTPδ and, upon suppression of MIM, we observed changes in the phosphorylation status of SRC; in particular, the inhibitory site (Tyr527) was hypophosphorylated, whereas the activating autophosphorylation site (Tyr416) was hyperphosphorylated. Thus the absence of MIM led to PTPδ-mediated activation of SRC. Finally, the SRC inhibitor SU6656 counteracted the effects of MIM suppression on cell motility and invasion. The present study illustrates that both SRC and PTPδ have the potential to be therapeutic targets for metastatic tumours associated with loss of MIM.
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249
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Pavic K, Duan G, Köhn M. VHR/DUSP3 phosphatase: structure, function and regulation. FEBS J 2015; 282:1871-90. [PMID: 25757426 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Vaccinia H1-related (VHR) phosphatase, also known as dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) 3, is a small member of the DUSP (also called DSP) family of phosphatases. VHR has a preference for phospho-tyrosine substrates, and has important roles in cellular signaling ranging from cell-cycle regulation and the DNA damage response to MAPK signaling, platelet activation and angiogenesis. VHR/DUSP3 has been implicated in several human cancers, where its tumor-suppressing and -promoting properties have been described. We give a detailed overview of VHR/DUSP3 phosphatase and compare it with its most closely related phosphatases DUSP13B, DUSP26 and DUSP27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pavic
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guangyou Duan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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250
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Chen KE, Li MY, Chou CC, Ho MR, Chen GC, Meng TC, Wang AJ. Substrate Specificity and Plasticity of FERM-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases. Structure 2015; 23:653-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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