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Abstract
T cell signaling is inextricably linked to actin cytoskeletal dynamics at the immunological synapse (IS). This process can be imaged in living T cells expressing GFP actin or fluorescent F-actin binding proteins. Because of its planar nature, the IS provides a unique opportunity to image events as they happen, monitoring changes in actin retrograde flow in T cells interacting with different stimulatory surfaces or after pharmacological treatments. Here, we described the imaging methods and analytical procedures used to measure actin velocity across the IS in T cells spreading on planar stimulatory surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 816D, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC 816D, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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202
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Abstract
Biochemical reconstitution has served as an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of many cellular processes including DNA replication, transcription, translation, vesicle trafficking, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Here, we demonstrate that biochemical reconstitution can be applied to studying a complex signaling pathway involving as many as 12 proteins or protein complexes acting at the surface of model membranes. We show that a temporal sequence of events in activated T cells beginning with phosphorylation of the T cell receptor and culminating in the activation of actin polymerization can be replicated in vitro. Our reconstitution demonstrates the sufficiency of these proteins in producing many of the complex behaviors observed during T cell activation. The ability to manipulate all of the components, measure reaction rates, and observe molecular behaviors, including at single molecule resolution, has enabled us to gain insight into some of the important biochemical features of this signaling pathway such as microcluster formation. The same system could be adapted to study other membrane-proximal signaling pathways, including growth factor receptors, death receptors, and Eph receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Su
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jonathon A Ditlev
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The HHMI Summer Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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203
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High thioredoxin-1 levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients diminish binding and signalling of the monoclonal antibody Tregalizumab. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e121. [PMID: 28090323 PMCID: PMC5192061 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody Tregalizumab (BT-061) is able to selectively activate the suppressive function of regulatory T cells and has been investigated up to phase IIb in clinical trials in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model based on clinical data from RA and healthy volunteers, which used the cell surface CD4 downmodulation as marker of activity, confirmed a stronger effect in healthy volunteers compared with RA patients. We tried to understand this phenomenon and evaluated the influence of the small oxidoreductase thioredoxin-1 (Trx1). To counteract oxidative stress that is strongly associated with RA pathophysiology, the organism employs Trx1. Therefore, increased expression and secretion of Trx1 is found in the synovial fluid and plasma of RA patients. Moreover, the binding site of Tregalizumab is in close proximity to a disulphide bond in domain 2 (D2) of CD4, which is a known target for a reduction by oxidoreductase Trx1. With the experiments reported herein, we demonstrated that specific reduction of the D2 disulphide bond by Trx1 led to diminished binding of Tregalizumab to recombinant human soluble CD4 and membrane-bound CD4 on T cells. Moreover, we showed that this caused changes in the Tregalizumab-induced CD4 signalling pathway via the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56Lck and CD4 downmodulation. In summary, we provide evidence that high Trx1 levels in RA patients compared with healthy subjects are a potential reason for diminished binding of Tregalizumab to CD4-positive T cells and offer an explanation for the observed decreased CD4 downmodulation in RA patients in comparison to healthy subjects.
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204
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Van Puyenbroeck V, Claeys E, Schols D, Bell TW, Vermeire K. A Proteomic Survey Indicates Sortilin as a Secondary Substrate of the ER Translocation Inhibitor Cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA). Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:157-167. [PMID: 27998951 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.061051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecule CADA was shown to down-modulate the expression of human CD4 in a signal peptide-dependent way through inhibition of its cotranslational translocation across the ER membrane. Previous studies characterizing general glycoprotein levels and the expression of 14 different cell surface receptors showed selectivity of CADA for human CD4. Here, a PowerBlot Western Array was used as a screen to analyze the proteome of CADA-treated SUP-T1 human CD4+ T lymphocytes. This high-throughput monoclonal antibody panel-based immunoblotting assay of cellular signaling proteins revealed that only a small subset of the 444 detected proteins was differentially expressed after treatment with CADA. Validation of these proteomic data with optimized immunoblot analysis confirmed the CADA-induced change in expression of the cell cycle progression regulator pRb2 and the transcription factor c-Jun. However, the up-regulation of pRb2 or down-modulation of c-Jun by CADA had no impact on cell cycle transition. Also, the reduced protein level of human CD4 did not inhibit T cell receptor signaling. Interestingly, the signal peptide-containing membrane protein sortilin was identified as a new substrate for CADA. Both cellular expression and in vitro cotranslational translocation of sortilin were significantly reduced by CADA, although to a lesser extent as compared with human CD4. Our data demonstrate that a small signal peptide-binding drug is able to down-modulate the expression of human CD4 and sortilin, apparently with low impact on the cellular proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Van Puyenbroeck
- From the ‡KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisa Claeys
- From the ‡KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- From the ‡KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas W Bell
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- From the ‡KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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205
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Thankam FG, Dilisio MF, Dougherty KA, Dietz NE, Agrawal DK. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in the inflammatory response: a potential therapeutic target. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1239-1249. [PMID: 27266327 PMCID: PMC5158012 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1196138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The events in the cellular and molecular signaling triggered during inflammation mitigate tissue healing. The metabolic check-point control mediated by 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for switching the cells into an activated state capable of mediating inflammatory events. The cell metabolism involved in the inflammatory response represents a potential therapeutic target for the pharmacologic management of inflammation. Areas covered: In this article, a critical review is presented on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell (TREM) receptors and their role in the inflammatory responses, as well as homeostasis between different TREM molecules and their regulation. Additionally, we discussed the relationship between TREM and AMPK to identify novel targets to limit the inflammatory response. Literature search was carried out from the National Library of Medicine's Medline database (using PubMed as the search engine) and Google Scholar and identified relevant studies up to 30 March 2016 using inflammation, TREM, AMPK, as the key words. Expert commentary: The prevention of phenotype switching of immune cells during inflammation by targeting AMPK and TREM-1 could be beneficial for developing novel management strategies for inflammation and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew F. Dilisio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Nicholas E. Dietz
- Department of Pathology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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206
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Reconstituted B cell receptor signaling reveals carbohydrate-dependent mode of activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36298. [PMID: 27796362 PMCID: PMC5087089 DOI: 10.1038/srep36298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of immune cells (but not B cells) with lectins is widely known. We used the structurally defined interaction between influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and its cell surface receptor sialic acid (SA) to identify a B cell receptor (BCR) activation modality that proceeded through non-cognate interactions with antigen. Using a new approach to reconstitute antigen-receptor interactions in a human reporter B cell line, we found that sequence-defined BCRs from the human germline repertoire could be triggered by both complementarity to influenza HA and a separate mode of signaling that relied on multivalent ligation of BCR sialyl-oligosaccharide. The latter suggested a new mechanism for priming naïve B cell responses and manifested as the induction of SA-dependent pan-activation by peripheral blood B cells. BCR crosslinking in the absence of complementarity is a superantigen effect induced by some microbial products to subvert production of antigen-specific immune responses. B cell superantigen activity through affinity for BCR carbohydrate is discussed.
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207
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Lee CM, He CH, Nour AM, Zhou Y, Ma B, Park JW, Kim KH, Cruz CD, Sharma L, Nasr ML, Modis Y, Lee CG, Elias JA. IL-13Rα2 uses TMEM219 in chitinase 3-like-1-induced signalling and effector responses. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12752. [PMID: 27629921 PMCID: PMC5027616 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that chitinase 3-like-1 (Chi3l1) binds to and signals via IL-13Rα2. However, the mechanism that IL-13Rα2 uses to mediate the effects of Chi3l1 has not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that the membrane protein, TMEM219, is a binding partner of IL-13Rα2 using yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Furthermore, fluorescence anisotropy nanodisc assays revealed a direct physical interaction between TMEM219 and IL-13Rα2-Chi3l1 complexes. Null mutations or siRNA silencing of TMEM219 or IL-13Rα2 similarly decreased Chi3l1-stimulated epithelial cell HB-EGF production and macrophage MAPK/Erk and PKB/Akt activation. Null mutations of TMEM219 or IL-13Rα2 also phenocopied one another as regards the ability of Chi3l1 to inhibit oxidant-induced apoptosis and lung injury, promote melanoma metastasis and stimulate TGF-β1. TMEM219 also contributed to the decoy function of IL-13Rα2. These studies demonstrate that TMEM219 plays a critical role in Chi3l1-induced IL-13Rα2 mediated signalling and tissue responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Chuan Hua He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Adel M. Nour
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jin Wook Park
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kyung Hee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Charles Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Mahmoud L. Nasr
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jack A. Elias
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box G-L, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Division of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Box G-A1, 97 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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208
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Sable R, Durek T, Taneja V, Craik DJ, Pallerla S, Gauthier T, Jois S. Constrained Cyclic Peptides as Immunomodulatory Inhibitors of the CD2:CD58 Protein-Protein Interaction. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2366-74. [PMID: 27337048 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the cell-cell adhesion proteins CD2 and CD58 plays a crucial role in lymphocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites, and inhibitors of this interaction have potential as immunomodulatory drugs in autoimmune diseases. Peptides from the CD2 adhesion domain were designed to inhibit CD2:CD58 interactions. To improve the stability of the peptides, β-sheet epitopes from the CD2 region implicated in CD58 recognition were grafted into the cyclic peptide frameworks of sunflower trypsin inhibitor and rhesus theta defensin. The designed multicyclic peptides were evaluated for their ability to modulate cell-cell interactions in three different cell adhesion assays, with one candidate, SFTI-a, showing potent activity in the nanomolar range (IC50: 51 nM). This peptide also suppresses the immune responses in T cells obtained from mice that exhibit the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. SFTI-a was resistant to thermal denaturation, as judged by circular dichroism spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and had a half-life of ∼24 h in human serum. Binding of this peptide to CD58 was predicted by molecular docking studies and experimentally confirmed by surface plasmon resonance experiments. Our results suggest that cyclic peptides from natural sources are promising scaffolds for modulating protein-protein interactions that are typically difficult to target with small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh Sable
- Basic
Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Thomas Durek
- The
University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Veena Taneja
- Department
of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - David J. Craik
- The
University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sandeep Pallerla
- Basic
Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Ted Gauthier
- LSU-Ag
Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Seetharama Jois
- Basic
Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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209
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Smith SEP, Neier SC, Reed BK, Davis TR, Sinnwell JP, Eckel-Passow JE, Sciallis GF, Wieland CN, Torgerson RR, Gil D, Neuhauser C, Schrum AG. Multiplex matrix network analysis of protein complexes in the human TCR signalosome. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs7. [PMID: 27485017 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiprotein complexes transduce cellular signals through extensive interaction networks, but the ability to analyze these networks in cells from small clinical biopsies is limited. To address this, we applied an adaptable multiplex matrix system to physiologically relevant signaling protein complexes isolated from a cell line or from human patient samples. Focusing on the proximal T cell receptor (TCR) signalosome, we assessed 210 pairs of PiSCES (proteins in shared complexes detected by exposed surface epitopes). Upon stimulation of Jurkat cells with superantigen-loaded antigen-presenting cells, this system produced high-dimensional data that enabled visualization of network activity. A comprehensive analysis platform generated PiSCES biosignatures by applying unsupervised hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, an adaptive nonparametric with empirical cutoff analysis, and weighted correlation network analysis. We generated PiSCES biosignatures from 4-mm skin punch biopsies from control patients or patients with the autoimmune skin disease alopecia areata. This analysis distinguished disease patients from the controls, detected enhanced basal TCR signaling in the autoimmune patients, and identified a potential signaling network signature that may be indicative of disease. Thus, generation of PiSCES biosignatures represents an approach that can provide information about the activity of protein signaling networks in samples including low-abundance primary cells from clinical biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E P Smith
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven C Neier
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brendan K Reed
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tessa R Davis
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jason P Sinnwell
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeanette E Eckel-Passow
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Claudia Neuhauser
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Adam G Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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210
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Reinforcement of integrin-mediated T-Lymphocyte adhesion by TNF-induced Inside-out Signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30452. [PMID: 27466027 PMCID: PMC4964354 DOI: 10.1038/srep30452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is a crucial step in immunity against pathogens. Whereas the outside-in signaling pathway in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) has already been studied in detail, little knowledge exists about a supposed TNF-mediated inside-out signaling pathway. In contrast to the outside-in signaling pathway, which relies on the TNF-induced upregulation of surface molecules on endothelium, inside-out signaling should also be present in an endothelium-free environment. Using single-cell force spectroscopy, we show here that stimulating Jurkat cells with TNF significantly reinforces their adhesion to fibronectin in a biomimetic in vitro assay for cell-surface contact times of about 1.5 seconds, whereas for larger contact times the effect disappears. Analysis of single-molecule ruptures further demonstrates that TNF strengthens sub-cellular single rupture events at short cell-surface contact times. Hence, our results provide quantitative evidence for the significant impact of TNF-induced inside-out signaling in the T-lymphocyte initial adhesion machinery.
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211
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Bacchelli C, Moretti FA, Carmo M, Adams S, Stanescu HC, Pearce K, Madkaikar M, Gilmour KC, Nicholas AK, Woods CG, Kleta R, Beales PL, Qasim W, Gaspar HB. Mutations in linker for activation of T cells (LAT) lead to a novel form of severe combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:634-642.e5. [PMID: 27522155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signaling through the T-cell receptor (TCR) is critical for T-cell development and function. Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a transmembrane adaptor signaling molecule that is part of the TCR complex and essential for T-cell development, as demonstrated by LAT-deficient mice, which show a complete lack of peripheral T cells. OBJECTIVE We describe a pedigree affected by a severe combined immunodeficiency phenotype with absent T cells and normal B-cell and natural killer cell numbers. A novel homozygous frameshift mutation in the gene encoding for LAT was identified in this kindred. METHODS Genetic, molecular, and functional analyses were used to identify and characterize the LAT defect. Clinical and immunologic analysis of patients was also performed and reported. RESULTS Homozygosity mapping was used to identify potential defective genes. Sanger sequencing of the LAT gene showed a mutation that resulted in a premature stop codon and protein truncation leading to complete loss of function and loss of expression of LAT in the affected family members. We also demonstrate loss of LAT expression and lack of TCR signaling restoration in LAT-deficient cell lines reconstituted with a synthetic LAT gene bearing this severe combined immunodeficiency mutation. CONCLUSION For the first time, the results of this study show that inherited LAT deficiency should be considered in patients with combined immunodeficiency with T-cell abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bacchelli
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico A Moretti
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marlene Carmo
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Adams
- Bone Marrow Transplantation, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Horia C Stanescu
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerra Pearce
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, National Institute of Immunohematology, ICMR, Mumbai, India
| | - Kimberly C Gilmour
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline K Nicholas
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phil L Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Bobby Gaspar
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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212
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Biology and clinical application of CAR T cells for B cell malignancies. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:6-17. [PMID: 27262700 PMCID: PMC5512169 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells have generated broad interest in oncology following a series of dramatic clinical successes in patients with chemorefractory B cell malignancies. CAR therapy now appears to be on the cusp of regulatory approval as a cell-based immunotherapy. We review here the T cell biology and cell engineering research that led to the development of second generation CARs, the selection of CD19 as a CAR target, and the preclinical studies in animal models that laid the foundation for clinical trials targeting CD19+ malignancies. We further summarize the status of CD19 CAR clinical therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, including their efficacy, toxicities (cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity and B cell aplasia) and current management in humans. We conclude with an overview of recent pre-clinical advances in CAR design that argues favorably for the advancement of CAR therapy to tackle other hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors.
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213
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Chkhikvishvili I, Sanikidze T, Gogia N, Enukidze M, Machavariani M, Kipiani N, Vinokur Y, Rodov V. Constituents of French Marigold (Tagetes patula L.) Flowers Protect Jurkat T-Cells against Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4216285. [PMID: 27433287 PMCID: PMC4940552 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4216285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) are widely used in folk medicine, in particular for treating inflammation-related disorders. However, cellular mechanisms of this activity demand further investigation. In the present work, we studied the potential of T. patula compounds to alleviate the oxidative stress in hydrogen peroxide-challenged human lymphoblastoid Jurkat T-cells. Crude extracts of marigold flowers and purified fractions containing flavonoids patuletin, quercetagetin, and quercetin and their derivatives, as well as the carotenoid lutein, were brought in contact with Jurkat cells challenged with 25 or 50 μM H2O2. Hydrogen peroxide caused oxidative stress in the cells, manifested as generation of superoxide and peroxyl radicals, reduced viability, arrested cell cycle, and enhanced apoptosis. The stress was alleviated by marigold ingredients that demonstrated high radical-scavenging capacity and enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes involved in neutralization of reactive oxygen species. Flavonoid fraction rich in quercetin and quercetagetin showed the highest cytoprotective activity, while patuletin in high dose exerted a cytotoxic effect associated with its anticancer potential. T. patula compounds enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant interleukin-10 (IL-10) in Jurkat cells. Both direct radical-scavenging capacity and stimulation of protective cellular mechanisms can underlay the anti-inflammatory properties of marigold flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irakli Chkhikvishvili
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 Vazha Pshavela Avenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Sanikidze
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 Vazha Pshavela Avenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nunu Gogia
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 Vazha Pshavela Avenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maia Enukidze
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 Vazha Pshavela Avenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marine Machavariani
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 Vazha Pshavela Avenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Kipiani
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 Vazha Pshavela Avenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Yakov Vinokur
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Victor Rodov
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, P.O. Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Keller B, Zaidman I, Yousefi OS, Hershkovitz D, Stein J, Unger S, Schachtrup K, Sigvardsson M, Kuperman AA, Shaag A, Schamel WW, Elpeleg O, Warnatz K, Stepensky P. Early onset combined immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in patients with loss-of-function mutation in LAT. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1185-99. [PMID: 27242165 PMCID: PMC4925012 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keller et al. describe for the first time human LAT deficiency, which causes severe immune dysregulation with autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and progressive immunodeficiency. The adapter protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a critical signaling hub connecting T cell antigen receptor triggering to downstream T cell responses. In this study, we describe the first kindred with defective LAT signaling caused by a homozygous mutation in exon 5, leading to a premature stop codon deleting most of the cytoplasmic tail of LAT, including the critical tyrosine residues for signal propagation. The three patients presented from early childhood with combined immunodeficiency and severe autoimmune disease. Unlike in the mouse counterpart, reduced numbers of T cells were present in the patients. Despite the reported nonredundant role of LAT in Ca2+ mobilization, residual T cells were able to induce Ca2+ influx and nuclear factor (NF) κB signaling, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling was completely abolished. This is the first report of a LAT-related disease in humans, manifesting by a progressive combined immune deficiency with severe autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baerbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irina Zaidman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - O Sascha Yousefi
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dov Hershkovitz
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Jerry Stein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Susanne Unger
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Hematopoiesis Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Amir A Kuperman
- Blood Coagulation Service and Pediatric Hematology Clinic, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 22100, Israel Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 5290002, Israel
| | - Avraham Shaag
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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215
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CAR models: next-generation CAR modifications for enhanced T-cell function. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2016; 3:16014. [PMID: 27231717 PMCID: PMC4871190 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells genetically targeted with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to B-cell malignancies have demonstrated tremendous clinical outcomes. With the proof in principle for CAR T cells as a therapy for B-cell malignancies being established, current and future research is being focused on adapting CAR technology to other cancers, as well as enhancing its efficacy and/or safety. The modular nature of the CAR, extracellular antigen-binding domain fused to a transmembrane domain and intracellular T-cell signaling domains, allows for optimization by replacement of the various components. These modifications are creating a whole new class of therapeutic CARs. In this review, we discuss the recent major advances in CAR design and how these modifications will impact its clinical application.
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216
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Zynda ER, Grimm MJ, Yuan M, Zhong L, Mace TA, Capitano M, Ostberg JR, Lee KP, Pralle A, Repasky EA. A role for the thermal environment in defining co-stimulation requirements for CD4(+) T cell activation. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2340-54. [PMID: 26131730 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1049782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of normal core body temperature is vigorously defended by long conserved, neurovascular homeostatic mechanisms that assist in heat dissipation during prolonged, heat generating exercise or exposure to warm environments. Moreover, during febrile episodes, body temperature can be significantly elevated for at least several hours at a time. Thus, as blood cells circulate throughout the body, physiologically relevant variations in surrounding tissue temperature can occur; moreover, shifts in core temperature occur during daily circadian cycles. This study has addressed the fundamental question of whether the threshold of stimulation needed to activate lymphocytes is influenced by temperature increases associated with physiologically relevant increases in temperature. We report that the need for co-stimulation of CD4+ T cells via CD28 ligation for the production of IL-2 is significantly reduced when cells are exposed to fever-range temperature. Moreover, even in the presence of sufficient CD28 ligation, provision of extra heat further increases IL-2 production. Additional in vivo and in vitro data (using both thermal and chemical modulation of membrane fluidity) support the hypothesis that the mechanism by which temperature modulates co-stimulation is linked to increases in membrane fluidity and membrane macromolecular clustering in the plasma membrane. Thermally-regulated changes in plasma membrane organization in response to physiological increases in temperature may assist in the geographical control of lymphocyte activation, i.e., stimulating activation in lymph nodes rather than in cooler surface regions, and further, may temporarily and reversibly enable CD4+ T cells to become more quickly and easily activated during times of infection during fever.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- CD28, cluster of differentiation 28
- CD3, cluster of differentiation 3
- CD4, cluster of differentiation 4
- CD8, cluster of differentiation 8
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- CTxB, cholera toxin B subunit
- Ct, cycle threshold
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay
- EtOH, ethanol
- FITC, fluoroisothiocyanate
- GM1, monosialotetrahexosylganglioside
- IDEAS, imagestream data exploration and analysis software
- IL-2, interleukin 2
- LA, latrunculin A
- MβCD, methyl-β-cyclodextrin
- PD-1, Programmed cell death-1
- PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- T cell activation
- T cell co-stimulation
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TDI, time delay integration
- TMA-DPH, trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene
- WBH, whole body hyperthermia.
- fever
- hyperthermia
- immune response
- membrane fluidity
- pMHC, peptide-major histocompatibility complexes
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Zynda
- a Department of Cell Stress Biology ; Roswell Park Cancer Institute ; Buffalo , NY USA
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217
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Kim JY, Cheng X, Alborzinia H, Wölfl S. Modified STAP conditions facilitate bivalent fate decision between pluripotency and apoptosis in Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:585-91. [PMID: 26972255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Low extracellular pH (pHe) is not only the result of cancer metabolism, but a factor of anti-cancer drug efficacy and cancer immunity. In this study, the consequences of acidic stress were evaluated by applying STAP protocol on Jurkat T-lymphocytes (2.0 × 10(6) cells/ml, 25 min in 37 °C). We detected apoptotic process exclusively in pH 3.3 treated cells within 8 h with western blotting (WB). This programmed cell death led to significant drop of cell viability in 72 h measured by MTT assay resulting PI positive population on flow cytometry (FCM) at day 7. Quantified RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) data indicated that all of above mentioned responses are irrelevant to expression of OCT4 gene variants. Interestingly enough, pluripotent cells represented by positive alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining survived acidic stress and consequently proportion of AP positive cells was significantly increased after pH 3.3 treatment (day 7). In general, acidic treatment led to an apoptotic condition for Jurkat T-lymphocytes, which occurred independent of OCT4 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kim
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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218
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Chakravarti D, Cho JH, Weinberg BH, Wong NM, Wong WW. Synthetic biology approaches in cancer immunotherapy, genetic network engineering, and genome editing. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:504-17. [PMID: 27068224 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into cells and their contents have provided evolving insight into the emergence of complex biological behaviors. Capitalizing on this knowledge, synthetic biology seeks to manipulate the cellular machinery towards novel purposes, extending discoveries from basic science to new applications. While these developments have demonstrated the potential of building with biological parts, the complexity of cells can pose numerous challenges. In this review, we will highlight the broad and vital role that the synthetic biology approach has played in applying fundamental biological discoveries in receptors, genetic circuits, and genome-editing systems towards translation in the fields of immunotherapy, biosensors, disease models and gene therapy. These examples are evidence of the strength of synthetic approaches, while also illustrating considerations that must be addressed when developing systems around living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deboki Chakravarti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Ma, USA.
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219
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Bambakidis T, Dekker SE, Sillesen M, Liu B, Johnson CN, Jin G, de Vries HE, Li Y, Alam HB. Resuscitation with Valproic Acid Alters Inflammatory Genes in a Porcine Model of Combined Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1514-21. [PMID: 26905959 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock (TBI+HS) elicit a complex inflammatory response that contributes to secondary brain injury. There is currently no proven pharmacologic treatment for TBI+HS, but modulation of the epigenome has been shown to be a promising strategy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, modulates the expression of cerebral inflammatory gene profiles in a large animal model of TBI+HS. Ten Yorkshire swine were subjected to computer-controlled TBI+HS (40% blood volume). After 2 h of shock, animals were resuscitated with Hextend (HEX) or HEX+VPA (300 mg/kg, n = 5/group). Six hours after resuscitation, brains were harvested, RNA was isolated, and gene expression profiles were measured using a porcine microarray. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® (IPA), gene ontology (GO), Parametric Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (PGSEA), and DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) were used for pathway analysis. Key microarray findings were verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). IPA analysis revealed that VPA significantly down-regulated the complement system (p < 0.001), natural killer cell communication (p < 0.001), and dendritic cell maturation (p < 0.001). DAVID analysis indicated that a cluster of inflammatory pathways held the highest rank and gene enrichment score. Real-time PCR data confirmed that VPA significantly down-expressed genes that ultimately regulate nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB)-mediated production of cytokines, such as TYROBP, TREM2, CCR1, and IL-1β. This high-throughput analysis of cerebral gene expression shows that addition of VPA to the resuscitation protocol significantly modulates the expression of inflammatory pathways in a clinically realistic model of TBI+HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Bambakidis
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Simone E Dekker
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,2 Department of Anesthesiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Sillesen
- 3 Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Baoling Liu
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig N Johnson
- 4 DNA Sequencing Core, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Guang Jin
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Helga E de Vries
- 5 Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yongqing Li
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hasan B Alam
- 1 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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220
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Su X, Ditlev JA, Hui E, Xing W, Banjade S, Okrut J, King DS, Taunton J, Rosen MK, Vale RD. Phase separation of signaling molecules promotes T cell receptor signal transduction. Science 2016; 352:595-9. [PMID: 27056844 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of various cell surface receptors triggers the reorganization of downstream signaling molecules into micrometer- or submicrometer-sized clusters. However, the functional consequences of such clustering have been unclear. We biochemically reconstituted a 12-component signaling pathway on model membranes, beginning with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and ending with actin assembly. When TCR phosphorylation was triggered, downstream signaling proteins spontaneously separated into liquid-like clusters that promoted signaling outputs both in vitro and in human Jurkat T cells. Reconstituted clusters were enriched in kinases but excluded phosphatases and enhanced actin filament assembly by recruiting and organizing actin regulators. These results demonstrate that protein phase separation can create a distinct physical and biochemical compartment that facilitates signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Su
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jonathon A Ditlev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wenmin Xing
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sudeep Banjade
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julia Okrut
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David S King
- HHMI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jack Taunton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael K Rosen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) Summer Institute, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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221
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Jutz S, Leitner J, Schmetterer K, Doel-Perez I, Majdic O, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Paster W, Huppa JB, Steinberger P. Assessment of costimulation and coinhibition in a triple parameter T cell reporter line: Simultaneous measurement of NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1. J Immunol Methods 2016; 430:10-20. [PMID: 26780292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the T cell receptor complex reprograms T cells for proliferation, cytokine production and differentiation towards effector cells. This process depends on activating costimulatory signals and is counteracted by coinhibitory molecules. Three transcription factors, namely NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1, have a major role in inducing the transcriptional program that is required for T cell activation and differentiation. Here we describe the generation of a triple parameter reporter based on the human Jurkat T cell line, where response elements for NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 drive the expression of the fluorescent proteins CFP, eGFP and mCherry, respectively. The emission spectra of these proteins allow simultaneous assessment of NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 activity in response to stimulation. Ligation of the TCR complex induced moderate reporter activity, which was strongly enhanced upon coengagement of the costimulatory receptors CD2 or CD28. Moreover, we have generated and tested triple parameter reporter cells that harbor costimulatory and inhibitory receptors not endogenously expressed in the Jurkat cells. In these experiments we could show that engagement of the costimulatory molecule 4-1BB enhances NF-κB and AP-1 activity, whereas coinhibition via PD-1 or BTLA strongly reduced the activation of NF-κB and NFAT. Engagement of BTLA significantly inhibited AP-1, whereas PD-1 had little effect on the activation of this transcription factor. Our triple parameter reporter T cell line is an excellent tool to assess the effect of costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors on NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 activity and has a wide range of applications beyond the evaluation of costimulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jutz
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iago Doel-Perez
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Majdic
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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222
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Conley JM, Gallagher MP, Berg LJ. T Cells and Gene Regulation: The Switching On and Turning Up of Genes after T Cell Receptor Stimulation in CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:76. [PMID: 26973653 PMCID: PMC4770016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) is directly regulated by the dose and affinity of peptide antigen. The strength of TCR signaling drives a multitude of T cell functions from development to differentiation. CD8 T cells differentiate into a diverse pool of effector and memory cells after activation, a process that is critical for pathogen clearance and is highly regulated by TCR signal strength. T cells rapidly alter their gene expression upon activation. Multiple signaling pathways downstream of the TCR activate transcription factors, which are critical for this process. The dynamics between proximal TCR signaling, transcription factor activation and CD8 T cell function are discussed here. We propose that inducible T cell kinase (ITK) acts as a rheostat for gene expression. This unique regulation of TCR signaling by ITK provides a possible signaling mechanism for the promotion of a diverse T cell repertoire in response to pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Conley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Michael P Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
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223
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Bufi N, Saitakis M, Dogniaux S, Buschinger O, Bohineust A, Richert A, Maurin M, Hivroz C, Asnacios A. Human Primary Immune Cells Exhibit Distinct Mechanical Properties that Are Modified by Inflammation. Biophys J 2016; 108:2181-90. [PMID: 25954876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are key modulators of the immune response. Their activation requires cell-cell interaction with different myeloid cell populations of the immune system called antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although T lymphocytes have recently been shown to respond to mechanical cues, in particular to the stiffness of their environment, little is known about the rigidity of APCs. In this study, single-cell microplate assays were performed to measure the viscoelastic moduli of different human myeloid primary APCs, i.e., monocytes (Ms, storage modulus of 520 +90/-80 Pa), dendritic cells (DCs, 440 +110/-90 Pa), and macrophages (MPHs, 900 +110/-100 Pa). Inflammatory conditions modulated these properties, with storage moduli ranging from 190 Pa to 1450 Pa. The effect of inflammation on the mechanical properties was independent of the induction of expression of commonly used APC maturation markers, making myeloid APC rigidity an additional feature of inflammation. In addition, the rigidity of human T lymphocytes was lower than that of all myeloid cells tested and among the lowest reported (Young's modulus of 85 ± 5 Pa). Finally, the viscoelastic properties of myeloid cells were dependent on both their filamentous actin content and myosin IIA activity, although the relative contribution of these parameters varied within cell types. These results indicate that T lymphocytes face different cell rigidities when interacting with myeloid APCs in vivo and that this mechanical landscape changes under inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bufi
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Pavillon Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 932, Immunité et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Pavillon Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 932, Immunité et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Oscar Buschinger
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Bohineust
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Pavillon Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 932, Immunité et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alain Richert
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Pavillon Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 932, Immunité et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Pavillon Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 932, Immunité et Cancer, Paris, France.
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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224
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A CRISPR-Based Toolbox for Studying T Cell Signal Transduction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:5052369. [PMID: 27057542 PMCID: PMC4753324 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5052369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful technology to perform genome editing in a variety of cell types. To facilitate the application of Cas9 in mapping T cell signaling pathways, we generated a toolbox for large-scale genetic screens in human Jurkat T cells. The toolbox has three different Jurkat cell lines expressing distinct Cas9 variants, including wild-type Cas9, dCas9-KRAB, and sunCas9. We demonstrated that the toolbox allows us to rapidly disrupt endogenous gene expression at the DNA level and to efficiently repress or activate gene expression at the transcriptional level. The toolbox, in combination with multiple currently existing genome-wide sgRNA libraries, will be useful to systematically investigate T cell signal transduction using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic screens.
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225
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Mitochondrial Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase-Dependent Phospholipid Synthesis Modulates Phospholipid Mass and IL-2 Production in Jurkat T Cells. Lipids 2016; 51:291-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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226
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Nguyen TD, Carrascal M, Vidal-Cortes O, Gallardo O, Casas V, Gay M, Phan VC, Abian J. The phosphoproteome of human Jurkat T cell clones upon costimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies. J Proteomics 2016; 131:190-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bhakkiyalakshmi E, Suganya N, Sireesh D, Krishnamurthi K, Saravana Devi S, Rajaguru P, Ramkumar KM. Carvacrol induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic and Jurkat T lymphoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 772:92-8. [PMID: 26724845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of carvacrol, a phenolic monoterpenoid on the induction of apoptosis in HL-60 (Human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells) and Jurkat (human T lymphocyte cells) cells. Carvacrol showed a potent cytotoxic effect on both cells with dose-dependent increase in the level of free radical formation as measured by an oxidation sensitive fluorescent dye, 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) levels. The reduction in the level of antioxidants such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.05) was observed in carvacrol-treated cells. The major cytotoxic effect appears to be intervened by the induction of apoptotic cell death as assessed by annexin-V labeling assay using flow cytometry. Western blot analysis showed that Bax expression was increased, whereas Bcl-2 expression was significantly decreased in carvacrol exposed HL-60 cells and Jurkat cells. Further studies revealed that the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential of intact cells was accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. Our results found that the potential mechanism of cellular apoptosis induced by carvacrol is mediated by caspase-3 and is associated with the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of free radicals, and depletion of the intracellular antioxidant pool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kannan Krishnamurthi
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Sivanesan Saravana Devi
- Environmental Health Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
| | - Palanisamy Rajaguru
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University - BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, India
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228
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Son S, Stevens MM, Chao HX, Thoreen C, Hosios AM, Schweitzer LD, Weng Y, Wood K, Sabatini D, Vander Heiden MG, Manalis S. Cooperative nutrient accumulation sustains growth of mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17401. [PMID: 26620632 PMCID: PMC4665017 DOI: 10.1038/srep17401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination of metabolic processes to allow increased nutrient uptake and utilization for macromolecular synthesis is central for cell growth. Although studies of bulk cell populations have revealed important metabolic and signaling requirements that impact cell growth on long time scales, whether the same regulation influences short-term cell growth remains an open question. Here we investigate cell growth by monitoring mass accumulation of mammalian cells while rapidly depleting particular nutrients. Within minutes following the depletion of glucose or glutamine, we observe a growth reduction that is larger than the mass accumulation rate of the nutrient. This indicates that if one particular nutrient is depleted, the cell rapidly adjusts the amount that other nutrients are accumulated, which is consistent with cooperative nutrient accumulation. Population measurements of nutrient sensing pathways involving mTOR, AKT, ERK, PKA, MST1, or AMPK, or pro-survival pathways involving autophagy suggest that they do not mediate this growth reduction. Furthermore, the protein synthesis rate does not change proportionally to the mass accumulation rate over these time scales, suggesting that intracellular metabolic pools buffer the growth response. Our findings demonstrate that cell growth can be regulated over much shorter time scales than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carson Thoreen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | - Yaochung Weng
- Computational and Systems Biology Initiative, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kris Wood
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA
| | - David Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA
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229
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Abstract
The proliferation of specific lymphocytes is the central tenet of the clonal selection paradigm. Antigen recognition by T cells triggers a series of events that produces expanded clones of differentiated effector cells. TCR signaling events are detectable within seconds and minutes and are likely to continue for hours and days in vivo. Here, I review the work done on the importance of TCR signals in the later part of the expansion phase of the primary T cell response, primarily regarding the regulation of the cell cycle in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. The results suggest a degree of programing by early signals for effector differentiation, particularly in the CD8(+) T cell compartment, with optimal expansion supported by persistent antigen presentation later on. Differences to CD4(+) T cell expansion and new avenues toward a molecular understanding of cell cycle regulation in lymphocytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Obst
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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230
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Tomkowicz B, Walsh E, Cotty A, Verona R, Sabins N, Kaplan F, Santulli-Marotto S, Chin CN, Mooney J, Lingham RB, Naso M, McCabe T. TIM-3 Suppresses Anti-CD3/CD28-Induced TCR Activation and IL-2 Expression through the NFAT Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140694. [PMID: 26492563 PMCID: PMC4619610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TIM-3 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3) is a member of the TIM family of proteins that is preferentially expressed on Th1 polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Recent studies indicate that TIM-3 serves as a negative regulator of T cell function (i.e. T cell dependent immune responses, proliferation, tolerance, and exhaustion). Despite having no recognizable inhibitory signaling motifs, the intracellular tail of TIM-3 is apparently indispensable for function. Specifically, the conserved residues Y265/Y272 and surrounding amino acids appear to be critical for function. Mechanistically, several studies suggest that TIM-3 can associate with interleukin inducible T cell kinase (ITK), the Src kinases Fyn and Lck, and the p85 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) adaptor protein to positively or negatively regulate IL-2 production via NF-κB/NFAT signaling pathways. To begin to address this discrepancy, we examined the effect of TIM-3 in two model systems. First, we generated several Jurkat T cell lines stably expressing human TIM-3 or murine CD28-ECD/human TIM-3 intracellular tail chimeras and examined the effects that TIM-3 exerts on T cell Receptor (TCR)-mediated activation, cytokine secretion, promoter activity, and protein kinase association. In this model, our results demonstrate that TIM-3 inhibits several TCR-mediated phenotypes: i) NF-kB/NFAT activation, ii) CD69 expression, and iii) suppression of IL-2 secretion. To confirm our Jurkat cell observations we developed a primary human CD8+ cell system that expresses endogenous levels of TIM-3. Upon TCR ligation, we observed the loss of NFAT reporter activity and IL-2 secretion, and identified the association of Src kinase Lck, and PLC-γ with TIM-3. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that TIM-3 is a negative regulator of TCR-function by attenuating activation signals mediated by CD3/CD28 co-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tomkowicz
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BT); (TM)
| | - Eileen Walsh
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Adam Cotty
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Raluca Verona
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Nina Sabins
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Fred Kaplan
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Sandy Santulli-Marotto
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Chen-Ni Chin
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Jill Mooney
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Russell B. Lingham
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Michael Naso
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
| | - Timothy McCabe
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BT); (TM)
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231
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Antiproliferative Activity of T. welwitschii Extract on Jurkat T Cells In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:817624. [PMID: 26557698 PMCID: PMC4628718 DOI: 10.1155/2015/817624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triumfetta welwitschii is a plant used traditionally for the treatment of fever and diarrhoea. Previous work has shown that T. welwitschii has antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate T. welwitschii extract for anticancer activity against Jurkat T cells. The Jurkat T cell line is used to study acute T cell leukaemia. An antiproliferation assay, determination of induction of apoptosis, the determination of the effect of the combination of the extract and GSH, and effects of the extract on DNA leakage were conducted. T. welwitschii was found to decrease cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. T. welwitschii caused apoptosis in the Jurkat T cells as shown by DNA fragmentation. When T. welwitschii was combined with reduced GSH, it was found that the growth of the Jurkat T cells was significantly reduced compared to untreated cells after 72 h of treatment. This was unexpected, as cancer cells have elevated levels of GSH compared to normal cells. The results of this study show that T. welwitschii is a potential source of compounds that may serve as leads for anticancer compounds.
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232
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Bui VC, Nguyen TH. The role of CD4 on mechanical properties of live cell membrane. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:239-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Chien Bui
- Center for Innovation Competence - Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE); University of Greifswald; 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Thi-Huong Nguyen
- Center for Innovation Competence - Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases (ZIK HIKE); University of Greifswald; 17489 Greifswald Germany
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Trichloroethylene and Its Oxidative Metabolites Enhance the Activated State and Th1 Cytokine Gene Expression in Jurkat Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10575-86. [PMID: 26343699 PMCID: PMC4586629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an occupational and ubiquitous environmental contaminant, and TCE exposure will increase the risk of autoimmune diseases and allergic diseases. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of TCE-related immune disorders, but the effect of TCE and its oxidative metabolites, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA), on the activation of human T cells is still unknown. In this study, Jurkat cells were pre-treated with TCE, TCA and DCA overnight and then stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin for another 4, 8 and 24 hours. IL-2 secretion was detected by ELISA; the expressions of CD25 and CD69 were tested by flow cytometry; and IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA expression levels were investigated by real-time PCR. The results showed that TCE and its oxidative metabolites, TCA and DCA, significantly enhanced IL-2 releasing and the expression of T cell activation markers, CD25 and CD69. Consistent with this result, these compounds markedly up-regulated the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 mRNA. Collectively, these findings suggest that TCE and its metabolites, TCA and DCA, might enhance the activation of T cells and disrupt various activities of peripheral T cells.
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234
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Gonzales GB, Van Camp J, Vissenaekens H, Raes K, Smagghe G, Grootaert C. Review on the Use of Cell Cultures to Study Metabolism, Transport, and Accumulation of Flavonoids: From Mono-Cultures to Co-Culture Systems. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Gent 9000 Belgium
- Dept. of Industrial Biological Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Kortrijk 8500 Belgium
- Dept. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Hanne Vissenaekens
- Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Katleen Raes
- Dept. of Industrial Biological Science, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Kortrijk 8500 Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Dept. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Dept. of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent Univ; Gent 9000 Belgium
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235
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Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) interacts with CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) in mitochondria to repress oxidative phosphorylation. BMC Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26210498 PMCID: PMC4515320 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cancer cells exhibit reduced mitochondrial respiration as part of metabolic reprogramming to support tumor growth. Mitochondrial localization of several protein tyrosine kinases is linked to this characteristic metabolic shift in solid tumors, but remains largely unknown in blood cancer. Lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) is a key T-cell kinase and widely implicated in blood malignancies. The purpose of our study is to determine whether and how Lck contributes to metabolic shift in T-cell leukemia through mitochondrial localization. METHODS We compared the human leukemic T-cell line Jurkat with its Lck-deficient derivative Jcam cell line. Differences in mitochondrial respiration were measured by the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial superoxide. Detailed mitochondrial structure was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Lck localization was evaluated by subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy. Proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins co-precipitated with Lck in leukemic T-cells. Protein interaction was validated by biochemical co-precipitation and confocal microscopy, followed by in situ proximity ligation assay microscopy to confirm close-range (<16 nm) interaction. RESULTS Jurkat cells have abnormal mitochondrial structure and reduced levels of mitochondrial respiration, which is associated with the presence of mitochondrial Lck and lower levels of mitochondrion-encoded electron transport chain proteins. Proteomics identified CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) as the novel Lck-interacting protein. Lck association with CRIF1 in Jurkat mitochondria was confirmed biochemically and by microscopy, but did not lead to CRIF1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Consistent with the role of CRIF1 in functional mitoribosome, shRNA-mediated silencing of CRIF1 in Jcam resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction similar to that observed in Jurkat. Reduced interaction between CRIF1 and Tid1, another key component of intramitochondrial translational machinery, in Jurkat further supports the role of mitochondrial Lck as a negative regulator of CRIF1 through competitive binding. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating the role of mitochondrial Lck in metabolic reprogramming of leukemic cells. Mechanistically, it is distinct from other reported mitochondrial protein tyrosine kinases. In a kinase-independent manner, mitochondrial Lck interferes with mitochondrial translational machinery through competitive binding to CRIF1. These findings may reveal novel approaches in cancer therapy by targeting cancer cell metabolism.
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236
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of cAMP in regulating T cell activation and function has been controversial. cAMP is generally known as an immunosuppressant, but it is also required for generating optimal immune responses. As the effect of cAMP is likely to depend on its cellular context, the current study investigated whether the mechanism of activation of Gαs and adenylyl cyclase influences their effect on T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated interleukin-2 (IL-2) mRNA levels. METHODS The effect of blocking Gs-coupled receptor (GsPCR)-mediated Gs activation on TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA levels in CD4(+) T cells was compared with that of knocking down Gαs expression or inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity. The effect of knocking down Gαs expression on TCR-stimulated cAMP accumulation was compared with that of blocking GsPCR signaling. RESULTS ZM-241385, an antagonist to the Gs-coupled A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR), enhanced TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA levels in primary human CD4(+) T helper cells and in Jurkat T cells. A dominant negative Gαs construct, GαsDN3, also enhanced TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA levels. Similar to GsPCR antagonists, GαsDN3 blocked GsPCR-dependent activation of both Gαs and Gβγ. In contrast, Gαs siRNA and 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA), an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, decreased TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA levels. Gαs siRNA, but not GαsDN3, decreased TCR-stimulated cAMP synthesis. Potentiation of IL-2 mRNA levels by ZM-241385 required at least two days of TCR stimulation, and addition of ddA after three days of TCR stimulation enhanced IL-2 mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS GsPCRs play an inhibitory role in the regulation of TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA levels whereas Gαs and cAMP can play a stimulatory one. Additionally, TCR-dependent activation of Gαs does not appear to involve GsPCRs. These results suggest that the context of Gαs/cAMP activation and the stage of T cell activation and differentiation determine the effect on TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA levels.
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237
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Vahedi S, Chueh FY, Dutta S, Chandran B, Yu CL. Nuclear lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase and its interaction with CR6-interacting factor 1 promote the survival of human leukemic T cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:43-50. [PMID: 25997448 PMCID: PMC4484609 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and hyperactivation of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) have been associated with leukemia development. We previously showed that, other than its known function as a cytoplasmic signal transducer, Lck also acts as a nuclear transcription factor in mouse leukemic cells. In the present study, we demonstrated the presence of nuclear Lck in human leukemic T cells and in primary cells. We further established a positive correlation between Lck nuclear localization and its kinase activity. Proteomic analysis identified CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) as one of the Lck-interacting proteins. CRIF1 and Lck association in the nucleus was confirmed both by immunofluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation in human leukemic T cells. Close-range interaction between Lck and CRIF1 was validated by in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA). Consistent with the role of nuclear CRIF1 as a tumor suppressor, CRIF1 silencing promotes leukemic T cell survival in the absence of growth factors. This protective effect can be recapitulated by endogenous Lck or reconstituted Lck in leukemic T cells. All together, our results support a novel function of nuclear Lck in promoting human leukemic T cell survival through interaction with a tumor suppressor. It has important implications in defining a paradigm shift of non-canonical protein tyrosine kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrooz Vahedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Fu-Yu Chueh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sujoy Dutta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Chao-Lan Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Lhuillier C, Barjon C, Niki T, Gelin A, Praz F, Morales O, Souquere S, Hirashima M, Wei M, Dellis O, Busson P. Impact of Exogenous Galectin-9 on Human T Cells: CONTRIBUTION OF THE T CELL RECEPTOR COMPLEX TO ANTIGEN-INDEPENDENT ACTIVATION BUT NOT TO APOPTOSIS INDUCTION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16797-811. [PMID: 25947381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.661272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (gal-9) is a multifunctional β-galactoside-binding lectin, frequently released in the extracellular medium, where it acts as a pleiotropic immune modulator. Despite its overall immunosuppressive effects, a recent study has reported bimodal action of gal-9 on human resting blood T cells with apoptosis occurring in the majority of them, followed by a wave of activation and expansion of Th1 cells in the surviving population. Our knowledge of the signaling events triggered by exogenous gal-9 in T cells remains limited. One of these events is cytosolic calcium (Ca(2+)) release reported in some murine and human T cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of Ca(2+) mobilization to apoptotic and nonapoptotic effects of exogenous gal-9 in human T cells. We found that the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex and the Lck kinase were required for Ca(2+) mobilization but not for apoptosis induction in Jurkat cells. These data were confirmed in human CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood as follows: a specific Lck chemical inhibitor abrogated Ca(2+) mobilization but not apoptosis induction. Moreover, Lck activity was also required for the production of Th1-type cytokines, i.e. interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which resulted from gal-9 stimulation in peripheral CD4(+) T cells. These findings indicate that gal-9 acts on T cells by two distinct pathways as follows: one mimicking antigen-specific activation of the TCR with a mandatory contribution of proximal elements of the TCR complex, especially Lck, and another resulting in apoptosis that is independent of this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Toshiro Niki
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Aurore Gelin
- the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Praz
- INSERM, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France, the Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR-S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Morales
- CNRS, UMR 8161 Groupe IRCV, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue du Pr. Calmette, 59021 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Souquere
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, UMR 8122, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France, and
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- the Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan, the GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0301, Japan
| | - Ming Wei
- the Cellvax, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, INSERM, UMR-S 757, Bâtiment 440/443, Rue des Adèles, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- From the Université Paris-Sud, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400, Orsay, France, the CNRS, UMR 8126, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France,
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Vettermann C, Victor HP, Sun Y, Plewa C, Gupta S. A signaling-enhanced chimeric receptor to activate the ICOS pathway in T cells. J Immunol Methods 2015; 424:14-9. [PMID: 25956037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) signaling pathway in T cells is difficult to assess with bioassays, because most T cell lines do not constitutively express ICOS. Additionally, engagement of ICOS by its natural ligand B7 related protein 1 (B7RP1) is insufficient to elicit ICOS signaling, but requires simultaneous costimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) to be effective. Here we describe a genetically engineered human T cell line that expresses a chimeric receptor (ICOS-CD3) consisting of full-length human ICOS fused at its C-terminal end to the cytoplasmic domain of human CD3 zeta. When engaged by B7RP1, ICOS-CD3 initiated signaling independently of TCR costimulation and induced substantially more IL-2 secretion in Jurkat T cells compared to wildtype ICOS. We demonstrate that this signaling-enhanced chimeric receptor can be used in simple and sensitive bioassays to detect bioactive B7RP1, anti-B7RP1 drugs, and the presence of corresponding neutralizing anti-drug antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vettermann
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department of Bioanalytical Sciences/PKDM, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Hannah P Victor
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department of Bioanalytical Sciences/PKDM, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Cherylene Plewa
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department of Bioanalytical Sciences/PKDM, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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240
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Ortutay Z, Oksanen A, Aittomäki S, Ortutay C, Pesu M. Proprotein convertase FURIN regulates T cell receptor-induced transactivation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:73-83. [PMID: 25926688 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0514-257rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen emergence rapidly stimulates T cells, which leads to changes in cytokine production, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Some of the key molecules involved in these events, such as TGF-β1 and NOTCH1, are synthesized initially as inactive precursors and are proteolytically activated during T cell activation. PCSKs regulate proprotein maturation by catalyzing the proteolytic cleavage of their substrates. The prototype PCSK FURIN is induced upon TCR activation, and its expression in T cells is critical for the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that FURIN regulates T cell activation. Our data demonstrate that IL-2 is increased initially in FURIN-deficient mouse CD4(+) T cells, but the TCR-induced IL-2 mRNA expression is not sustained in the absence of FURIN. Accordingly, the inhibition of FURIN in human Jurkat T cell lines also results in a decrease in IL-2 production, whereas the overexpression of WT FURIN is associated with elevated IL-2 levels. In Jurkat cells, FURIN is dispensable for immediate TCR signaling steps, such as ERK, ZAP70, or LAT phosphorylation. However, with the use of gene reporter assays, we demonstrate that FURIN regulates the AP-1, NFAT, and NF-κB transcription factors. Finally, by performing a transcription factor-binding site enrichment analysis on FURIN-dependent transcriptomes, we identify the FURIN-regulated transcription factors in mouse CD4(+) T cell subsets. Collectively, our work confirms the hypothesis that the TCR-regulated protease FURIN plays an important role in T cell activation and that it can specifically modulate TCR-activated transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna Oksanen
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saara Aittomäki
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Csaba Ortutay
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marko Pesu
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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241
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Weiss A, Stobo JD. Commentary: "The Role of T3 Surface Molecules in the Activation of Human Cells: A Two-Stimulus Requirement for IL-2 Production Reflects Events Occurring at a Pretranslational Level". Front Immunol 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 25954271 PMCID: PMC4404948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - John D Stobo
- Office of the President, University of California , Oakland, CA , USA
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242
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Combinatorial proteomic analysis of intercellular signaling applied to the CD28 T-cell costimulatory receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1594-603. [PMID: 25829543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503286112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic characterization of intercellular signaling approximating the physiological conditions of stimulation that involve direct cell-cell contact is challenging. We describe a proteomic strategy to analyze physiological signaling mediated by the T-cell costimulatory receptor CD28. We identified signaling pathways activated by CD28 during direct cell-cell contact by global analysis of protein phosphorylation. To define immediate CD28 targets, we used phosphorylated forms of the CD28 cytoplasmic region to obtain the CD28 interactome. The interaction profiles of selected CD28-interacting proteins were further characterized in vivo for amplifying the CD28 interactome. The combination of the global phosphorylation and interactome analyses revealed broad regulation of CD28 and its interactome by phosphorylation. Among the cellular phosphoproteins influenced by CD28 signaling, CapZ-interacting protein (CapZIP), a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, was implicated by functional studies. The combinatorial approach applied herein is widely applicable for characterizing signaling networks associated with membrane receptors with short cytoplasmic tails.
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243
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Kane
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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244
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Differential characteristics of CD133(+) and CD133 (-) Jurkat cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:556-61. [PMID: 25630537 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematological disease including malignancy of T cell precursors. There are some T-ALL patients that are drug-resistant. A major cause of treatment failure in cancers can be associated with the existence of cancer stem cells. The identification of these cell populations helps us to clarify resistance mechanisms and rely on special markers for recognizing cancer stem cells. CD133 is one of the markers that is used for the identification of cancer stem cells. In this study, we evaluated CD133(+) and CD133(-) characteristic cells in Jurkat cells by assay proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis. CD133(+) and CD133(-) Jurkat cells were separated and immediately analyzed for proliferation, invasion, and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Proliferation, invasion, and resistance to chemotherapy of CD133(+) Jurkat cells were significantly more than CD133(-) Jurkat cells. Also, our results showed that CD133(+) Jurkat cells expressed ABCG2 gene more than CD133(-) Jurkat cells. In conclusion, CD133 marker could be introduced as a specific marker of cancer stem cells in Jurkat cell line.
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245
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Yost EA, Hynes TR, Hartle CM, Ott BJ, Berlot CH. Inhibition of G-protein βγ signaling enhances T cell receptor-stimulated interleukin 2 transcription in CD4+ T helper cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116575. [PMID: 25629163 PMCID: PMC4309538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling modulates the expression of cytokines that are drug targets for immune disorders. However, although GPCRs are common targets for other diseases, there are few GPCR-based pharmaceuticals for inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeting G-protein βγ (Gβγ) complexes could provide a useful new approach for modulating interleukin 2 (IL-2) levels in CD4+ T helper cells. Gallein, a small molecule inhibitor of Gβγ, increased levels of T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated IL-2 mRNA in primary human naïve and memory CD4+ T helper cells and in Jurkat human CD4+ leukemia T cells. Gβ1 and Gβ2 mRNA accounted for >99% of Gβ mRNA, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of Gβ1 but not Gβ2 enhanced TCR-stimulated IL-2 mRNA increases. Blocking Gβγ enhanced TCR-stimulated increases in IL-2 transcription without affecting IL-2 mRNA stability. Blocking Gβγ also enhanced TCR-stimulated increases in nuclear localization of nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), NFAT transcriptional activity, and levels of intracellular Ca2+. Potentiation of IL-2 transcription required continuous Gβγ inhibition during at least two days of TCR stimulation, suggesting that induction or repression of additional signaling proteins during T cell activation and differentiation might be involved. The potentiation of TCR-stimulated IL-2 transcription that results from blocking Gβγ in CD4+ T helper cells could have applications for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A. Yost
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Thomas R. Hynes
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Cassandra M. Hartle
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Braden J. Ott
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
| | - Catherine H. Berlot
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822-2623, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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246
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Werner M, Schmoldt D, Hilbrig F, Jérôme V, Raup A, Zambrano K, Hübner H, Buchholz R, Freitag R. High cell density cultivation of human leukemia T cells (Jurkat cells) in semipermeable polyelectrolyte microcapsules. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Werner
- Chair for Process BiotechnologyUniversität Bayreuth, Bayreuth Germany
| | - Daria Schmoldt
- Chair for Process BiotechnologyUniversität Bayreuth, Bayreuth Germany
| | - Frank Hilbrig
- Chair for Process BiotechnologyUniversität Bayreuth, Bayreuth Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Chair for Process BiotechnologyUniversität Bayreuth, Bayreuth Germany
| | - Alexander Raup
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen Germany
| | - Kenny Zambrano
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Hübner
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen Germany
| | - Rainer Buchholz
- Institute of Bioprocess EngineeringFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process BiotechnologyUniversität Bayreuth, Bayreuth Germany
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247
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Callahan MK, Masters G, Pratilas CA, Ariyan C, Katz J, Kitano S, Russell V, Gordon RA, Vyas S, Yuan J, Gupta A, Wigginton JM, Rosen N, Merghoub T, Jure-Kunkel M, Wolchok JD. Paradoxical activation of T cells via augmented ERK signaling mediated by a RAF inhibitor. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:70-9. [PMID: 24416731 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RAF inhibitors selectively block ERK signaling in BRAF-mutant melanomas and have defined a genotype-guided approach to care for this disease. RAF inhibitors have the opposite effect in BRAF wild-type tumor cells, where they cause hyperactivation of ERK signaling. Here, we predict that RAF inhibitors can enhance T cell activation, based upon the observation that these agents paradoxically activate ERK signaling in BRAF wild-type cells. To test this hypothesis, we have evaluated the effects of the RAF inhibitor BMS908662 on T cell activation and signaling in vitro and in vivo. We observe that T cell activation is enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner and that this effect corresponds with increased ERK signaling, consistent with paradoxical activation of the pathway. Furthermore, we find that the combination of BMS908662 with CTLA-4 blockade in vivo potentiates T cell expansion, corresponding with hyperactivation of ERK signaling in T cells detectable ex vivo. Lastly, this combination demonstrates superior anti-tumor activity, compared to either agent alone, in two transplantable tumor models. This study provides clear evidence that RAF inhibitors can modulate T cell function by potentiating T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Paradoxical activation of ERK signaling in T cells offers one mechanism to explain the enhanced antitumor activity seen when RAF inhibitors are combined with CTLA-4 blockade in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Callahan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Christine A Pratilas
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Charlotte Ariyan
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jessica Katz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Shigehisa Kitano
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Valerie Russell
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ruth Ann Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Shachi Vyas
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ashok Gupta
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | | | - Neal Rosen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch, New York, NY 10065.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065.,Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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248
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Jouy F, Müller SA, Wagner J, Otto W, von Bergen M, Tomm JM. Integration of conventional quantitative and phospho-proteomics reveals new elements in activated Jurkat T-cell receptor pathway maintenance. Proteomics 2014; 15:25-33. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Jouy
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stephan A. Müller
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Juliane Wagner
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Wolfgang Otto
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Metabolomics; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering; University of Aalborg; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Janina M. Tomm
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
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249
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Haucke E, Navarrete-Santos A, Simm A, Silber RE, Hofmann B. Glycation of extracellular matrix proteins impairs migration of immune cells. Wound Repair Regen 2014; 22:239-45. [PMID: 24635174 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune response during aging and diabetes is disturbed and may be due to the altered migration of immune cells in an aged tissue. Our study should prove the hypothesis that age and diabetes-related advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have an impact on the migration and adhesion of human T-cells. To achieve our purpose, we used in vitro AGE-modified proteins (soluble albumin and fibronectin [FN]), as well as human collagen obtained from bypass graft. A Boyden chamber was used to study cell migration. Migrated Jurkat T-cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and cell adhesion by crystal violet staining. Actin polymerization was determined by phalloidin-Alexa-fluor 488-labeled antibody and fluorescence microscopy. We found that significantly fewer cells (50%, p = 0.003) migrated through methylglyoxal modified FN. The attachment to FN in the presence of AGE-bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also reduced (p < 0.05). In ex vivo experiments, isolated collagen from human vein graft material negatively affected the migration of the cells depending on the grade of AGE modification of the collagen. Collagen with a low AGE level reduced the cell migration by 30%, and collagen with a high AGE level by 60%. Interaction of the cells with an AGE-modified matrix, but not with soluble AGEs like BSA-AGE per se, was responsible for a disturbed migration. The reduced migration was accompanied by an impaired actin polymerization. We conclude that AGEs-modified matrix protein inhibits cell migration and adhesion of Jurkat T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Haucke
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University, Halle, Saale, Germany
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250
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Pseudorabies virus triggers glycoprotein gE-mediated ERK1/2 activation and ERK1/2-dependent migratory behavior in T cells. J Virol 2014; 89:2149-56. [PMID: 25473050 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02549-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The interaction between viruses and immune cells of the host may lead to modulation of intracellular signaling pathways and to subsequent changes in cellular behavior that are of benefit for either virus or host. ERK1/2 (extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2) signaling represents one of the key cellular signaling axes. Here, using wild-type and gE null virus, recombinant gE, and gE-transfected cells, we show that the gE glycoprotein of the porcine Varicellovirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) triggers ERK1/2 phosphorylation in Jurkat T cells and primary porcine T lymphocytes. PRV-induced ERK1/2 signaling resulted in homotypic T cell aggregation and increased motility of T lymphocytes. Our study reveals a new function of the gE glycoprotein of PRV and suggests that PRV, through activation of ERK1/2 signaling, has a substantial impact on T cell behavior. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are known to be highly successful in evading the immune system of their hosts, subverting signaling pathways of the host to their own advantage. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway, being involved in many cellular processes, represents a particularly attractive target for viral manipulation. Glycoprotein E (gE) is an important virulence factor of alphaherpesviruses, involved in viral spread. In this study, we show that gE has the previously uncharacterized ability to trigger ERK1/2 phosphorylation in T lymphocytes. We also show that virus-induced ERK1/2 signaling leads to increased migratory behavior of T cells and that migratory T cells can spread the infection to susceptible cells. In conclusion, our results point to a novel function for gE and suggest that virus-induced ERK1/2 activation may trigger PRV-carrying T lymphocytes to migrate and infect other cells susceptible to PRV replication.
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