201
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Gachet MS, Schubert A, Calarco S, Boccard J, Gertsch J. Targeted metabolomics shows plasticity in the evolution of signaling lipids and uncovers old and new endocannabinoids in the plant kingdom. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41177. [PMID: 28120902 PMCID: PMC5264637 DOI: 10.1038/srep41177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable absence of arachidonic acid (AA) in seed plants prompted us to systematically study the presence of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, oleic acid, jasmonic acid (JA), N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and endocannabinoids (ECs) in 71 plant species representative of major phylogenetic clades. Given the difficulty of extrapolating information about lipid metabolites from genetic data we employed targeted metabolomics using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS to study these signaling lipids in plant evolution. Intriguingly, the distribution of AA among the clades showed an inverse correlation with JA which was less present in algae, bryophytes and monilophytes. Conversely, ECs co-occurred with AA in algae and in the lower plants (bryophytes and monilophytes), thus prior to the evolution of cannabinoid receptors in Animalia. We identified two novel EC-like molecules derived from the eicosatetraenoic acid juniperonic acid, an omega-3 structural isomer of AA, namely juniperoyl ethanolamide and 2-juniperoyl glycerol in gymnosperms, lycophytes and few monilophytes. Principal component analysis of the targeted metabolic profiles suggested that distinct NAEs may occur in different monophyletic taxa. This is the first report on the molecular phylogenetic distribution of apparently ancient lipids in the plant kingdom, indicating biosynthetic plasticity and potential physiological roles of EC-like lipids in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Salomé Gachet
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Schubert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Serafina Calarco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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202
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Soethoudt M, Grether U, Fingerle J, Grim TW, Fezza F, de Petrocellis L, Ullmer C, Rothenhäusler B, Perret C, van Gils N, Finlay D, MacDonald C, Chicca A, Gens MD, Stuart J, de Vries H, Mastrangelo N, Xia L, Alachouzos G, Baggelaar MP, Martella A, Mock ED, Deng H, Heitman LH, Connor M, Di Marzo V, Gertsch J, Lichtman AH, Maccarrone M, Pacher P, Glass M, van der Stelt M. Cannabinoid CB 2 receptor ligand profiling reveals biased signalling and off-target activity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:13958. [PMID: 28045021 PMCID: PMC5216056 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) represents a promising therapeutic target for various forms of tissue injury and inflammatory diseases. Although numerous compounds have been developed and widely used to target CB2R, their selectivity, molecular mode of action and pharmacokinetic properties have been poorly characterized. Here we report the most extensive characterization of the molecular pharmacology of the most widely used CB2R ligands to date. In a collaborative effort between multiple academic and industry laboratories, we identify marked differences in the ability of certain agonists to activate distinct signalling pathways and to cause off-target effects. We reach a consensus that HU910, HU308 and JWH133 are the recommended selective CB2R agonists to study the role of CB2R in biological and disease processes. We believe that our unique approach would be highly suitable for the characterization of other therapeutic targets in drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Soethoudt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grenzachterstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Fingerle
- Department of Biochemistry, NMI, University Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Travis W. Grim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Luciano de Petrocellis
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Christoph Ullmer
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grenzachterstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Benno Rothenhäusler
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grenzachterstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Camille Perret
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Grenzachterstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Noortje van Gils
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - David Finlay
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Christa MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Marianela Dalghi Gens
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Henk de Vries
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolina Mastrangelo
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Lizi Xia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Alachouzos
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marc P. Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Martella
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Elliot D. Mock
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, C.N.R., Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio Olivetti, Pozzuoli 80078, Italy
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1220 East Broad Street, PO Box 980613, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, Rome 00143, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute of Health/NIAAA, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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203
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Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Elezgarai I, Rico-Barrio I, Zarandona I, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A. Targeting the endocannabinoid system: future therapeutic strategies. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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204
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Synthesis of Phytocannabinoids. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 103:37-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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205
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Fonseca BM, Teixeira NA, Correia-da-Silva G. Cannabinoids as Modulators of Cell Death: Clinical Applications and Future Directions. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 173:63-88. [PMID: 28425013 DOI: 10.1007/112_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are bioactive lipids that modulate various physiological processes through G-protein-coupled receptors (CB1 and CB2) and other putative targets. By sharing the activation of the same receptors, some phytocannabinoids and a multitude of synthetic cannabinoids mimic the effects of endocannabinoids. In recent years, a growing interest has been dedicated to the study of cannabinoids properties for their analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In addition to these well-recognized effects, various studies suggest that cannabinoids may affect cell survival, cell proliferation or cell death. These observations indicate that cannabinoids may play an important role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis and, thus, may contribute to tissue remodelling and cancer treatment. For a long time, the study of cannabinoid receptor signalling has been focused on the classical adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. However, this pathway does not totally explain the wide array of biological responses to cannabinoids. In addition, the diversity of receptors and signalling pathways that endocannabinoids modulate offers an interesting opportunity for the development of specific molecules to disturb selectively the endogenous system. Moreover, emerging evidences suggest that cannabinoids ability to limit cell proliferation and to induce tumour-selective cell death may offer a novel strategy in cancer treatment. This review describes the main properties of cannabinoids in cell death and attempts to clarify the different pathways triggered by these compounds that may help to understand the complexity of respective molecular mechanisms and explore the potential clinical benefit of cannabinoids use in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Fonseca
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - N A Teixeira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - G Correia-da-Silva
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Bioquímica, Departamento Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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206
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Kantae V, Ogino S, Noga M, Harms AC, van Dongen RM, Onderwater GLJ, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM, van der Stelt M, Ferrari MD, Hankemeier T. Quantitative profiling of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines in human CSF using nano LC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:615-624. [PMID: 27999147 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, a class of lipid messengers, have emerged as crucial regulators of synaptic communication in the CNS. Dysregulation of these compounds has been implicated in many brain disorders. Although some studies have identified and quantified a limited number of target compounds, a method that provides comprehensive quantitative information on endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is currently lacking, as measurements are challenging due to low concentrations under normal physiological conditions. Here we developed and validated a high-throughput nano LC-ESI-MS/MS platform for the simultaneous quantification of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), ten related NAEs, and eight additional putatively annotated NAEs in human CSF. Requiring only 200 μl of CSF, our method has limits of detection from 0.28 to 61.2 pM with precisions of relative SD <15% for most compounds. We applied our method to CSF from 45 healthy humans and demonstrated potential age and gender effects on concentrations of endocannabinoids and NAEs. Notably, our results show that docosahexaenoylethanolamide concentrations increase with age in males. Our method may offer new opportunities to gain insight into regulatory functions of endocannabinoids in the context of (ab)normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shinji Ogino
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Noga
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M van Dongen
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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207
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Le Boisselier R, Alexandre J, Lelong-Boulouard V, Debruyne D. Focus on cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 101:220-229. [PMID: 27861784 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of a multitude of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) has generated a wealth of new information, suggesting the usefulness of state-of-the-art on lato sensu cannabinoids. By modulating a plurality of neurotransmission pathways, the endocannabinoid system is involved in many physiological processes that are increasingly explored. SCs desired and adverse effects are considered to be more intense than those observed with cannabis smoking, which is partly explained by the full agonist activity and higher affinity for cannabinoid receptors. Neurological and cardiovascular side effects observed after cannabinoid poisoning generally respond to conventional supportive care, but severe outcomes may occur in a minority of cases, mainly observed with SCs. The likelihood of severe abuse and addiction produced by SCs are of concern for the scientific community also interested in the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Le Boisselier
- University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependance - Addictovigilance (CEIP-A), F-14033, Caen, France.,University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Department of Pharmacology, Caen, France
| | - J Alexandre
- University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Department of Pharmacology, Caen, France.,Normandy University, UNICAEN, University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - V Lelong-Boulouard
- University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Department of Pharmacology, Caen, France.,Normandy University, UNICAEN, University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Inserm U 1075 COMETE Caen, France
| | - D Debruyne
- University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependance - Addictovigilance (CEIP-A), F-14033, Caen, France.,University Hospital Centre Côte de Nacre, Department of Pharmacology, Caen, France.,Medical School, Normandy University, Caen, France
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208
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Karhson DS, Hardan AY, Parker KJ. Endocannabinoid signaling in social functioning: an RDoC perspective. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e905. [PMID: 27676446 PMCID: PMC5048207 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Core deficits in social functioning are associated with various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, yet biomarker identification and the development of effective pharmacological interventions has been limited. Recent data suggest the intriguing possibility that endogenous cannabinoids, a class of lipid neuromodulators generally implicated in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, may contribute to species-typical social functioning. Systematic study of the endogenous cannabinoid signaling could, therefore, yield novel approaches to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of atypical social functioning. This article provides a critical review of the major components of the endogenous cannabinoid system (for example, primary receptors and effectors-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and the contributions of cannabinoid signaling to social functioning. Data are evaluated in the context of Research Domain Criteria constructs (for example, anxiety, chronic stress, reward learning, motivation, declarative and working memory, affiliation and attachment, and social communication) to enable interrogation of endogenous cannabinoid signaling in social functioning across diagnostic categories. The empirical evidence reviewed strongly supports the role for dysregulated cannabinoid signaling in the pathophysiology of social functioning deficits observed in brain disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and bipolar disorder. Moreover, these findings indicate that the endogenous cannabinoid system holds exceptional promise as a biological marker of, and potential treatment target for, neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Karhson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A Y Hardan
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K J Parker
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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209
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Vanderschuren LJMJ, Achterberg EJM, Trezza V. The neurobiology of social play and its rewarding value in rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:86-105. [PMID: 27587003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the young of many mammalian species, including humans, a vigorous and highly rewarding social activity is abundantly expressed, known as social play behaviour. Social play is thought to be important for the development of social, cognitive and emotional processes and their neural underpinnings, and it is disrupted in pediatric psychiatric disorders. Here, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the brain mechanisms of social play behaviour, with a focus on its rewarding properties. Opioid, endocannabinoid, dopamine and noradrenaline systems play a prominent role in the modulation of social play. Of these, dopamine is particularly important for the motivational properties of social play. The nucleus accumbens has been identified as a key site for opioid and dopamine modulation of social play. Endocannabinoid influences on social play rely on the basolateral amygdala, whereas noradrenaline modulates social play through the basolateral amygdala, habenula and prefrontal cortex. In sum, social play behaviour is the result of coordinated activity in a network of corticolimbic structures, and its monoamine, opioid and endocannabinoid innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - E J Marijke Achterberg
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
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210
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Holm NB, Noble C, Linnet K. JWH-018 ω-OH, a shared hydroxy metabolite of the two synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and AM-2201, undergoes oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes in vitro forming the carboxylic acid metabolite. Toxicol Lett 2016; 259:35-43. [PMID: 27421777 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are new psychoactive substances (NPS) acting as agonists at the cannabinoid receptors. The aminoalkylindole-type synthetic cannabinoid naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) was among the first to appear on the illicit drug market and its metabolism has been extensively investigated. The N-pentyl side chain is a major site of human cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated oxidative metabolism, and the ω-carboxylic acid metabolite appears to be a major in vivo human urinary metabolite. This metabolite is, however, not formed to any significant extent in human liver microsomal (HLM) incubations raising the possibility that the discrepancy is due to involvement of cytosolic enzymes. Here we demonstrate in incubations with human liver cytosol (HLC), that JWH-018 ω-OH, but not the JWH-018 parent compound, is a substrate for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes. The sole end-product identified in HLC was the JWH-018 ω-COOH metabolite, while trapping tests with methoxyamine proved the presence of the aldehyde intermediate. ADH/ALDH and UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases (UGT) enzymes may therefore both act on the JWH-018 ω-OH substrate. Finally, we note that for [1-(5-fluoropentyl)indol-3-yl]-naphthalen-1-yl-methanone (AM-2201), the ω-fluorinated analog of JWH-018, a high amount of JWH-018 ω-OH was formed in HLM incubated without NADPH, suggesting that the oxidative defluorination is efficiently catalyzed by non-CYP enzyme(s). The pathway presented here may therefore be especially important for N-(5-fluoropentyl) substituted synthetic cannabinoids, because the oxidative defluorination can occur even if the CYP-mediated metabolism preferentially takes place on other parts of the molecule than the N-alkyl side chain. Controlled clinical studies in humans are ultimately required to demonstrate the in vivo importance of the oxidation pathway presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Bjerre Holm
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carolina Noble
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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211
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Morales P, Gómez-Cañas M, Navarro G, Hurst DP, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Lagartera L, Pazos R, Goya P, Reggio PH, Guaza C, Franco R, Fernández-Ruiz J, Jagerovic N. Chromenopyrazole, a Versatile Cannabinoid Scaffold with in Vivo Activity in a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6753-6771. [PMID: 27309150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A combination of molecular modeling and structure-activity relationship studies has been used to fine-tune CB2 selectivity in the chromenopyrazole ring, a versatile CB1/CB2 cannabinoid scaffold. Thus, a series of 36 new derivatives covering a wide range of structural diversity has been synthesized, and docking studies have been performed for some of them. Biological evaluation of the new compounds includes, among others, cannabinoid binding assays, functional studies, and surface plasmon resonance measurements. The most promising compound [43 (PM226)], a selective and potent CB2 agonist isoxazole derivative, was tested in the acute phase of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), a well-established animal model of primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Compound 43 dampened neuroinflammation by reducing microglial activation in the TMEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Cañas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Francisco J Carrillo-Salinas
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lagartera
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Pazos
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Grupo de Neuroinmunología Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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212
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Carreras J, Kirillova MS, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of (-)-Cannabimovone and Structural Reassignment of Anhydrocannabimovone through Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7121-5. [PMID: 27119910 PMCID: PMC5053274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of cannabimovone from Cannabis sativa and anhydrocannabimovone was achieved by means of a highly stereoselective gold(I)-catalyzed cycloisomerization. The results led to reassignment of the structure of anhydrocannabimovone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mariia S Kirillova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel⋅li Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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213
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Carreras J, Kirillova MS, Echavarren AM. Synthesis of (−)-Cannabimovone and Structural Reassignment of Anhydrocannabimovone through Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carreras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Mariia S. Kirillova
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Antonio M. Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ); Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology; Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química, Orgànica; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/ Marcel⋅li Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
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214
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Curran HV, Freeman TP, Mokrysz C, Lewis DA, Morgan CJA, Parsons LH. Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:293-306. [PMID: 27052382 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In an increasing number of states and countries, cannabis now stands poised to join alcohol and tobacco as a legal drug. Quantifying the relative adverse and beneficial effects of cannabis and its constituent cannabinoids should therefore be prioritized. Whereas newspaper headlines have focused on links between cannabis and psychosis, less attention has been paid to the much more common problem of cannabis addiction. Certain cognitive changes have also been attributed to cannabis use, although their causality and longevity are fiercely debated. Identifying why some individuals are more vulnerable than others to the adverse effects of cannabis is now of paramount importance to public health. Here, we review the current state of knowledge about such vulnerability factors, the variations in types of cannabis, and the relationship between these and cognition and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Mokrysz
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Celia J A Morgan
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, University of Exeter, Perry Road, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Loren H Parsons
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2001, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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215
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Lutz B, Marsicano G, Maldonado R, Hillard CJ. The endocannabinoid system in guarding against fear, anxiety and stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 16:705-18. [PMID: 26585799 DOI: 10.1038/nrn4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has emerged as a central integrator linking the perception of external and internal stimuli to distinct neurophysiological and behavioural outcomes (such as fear reaction, anxiety and stress-coping), thus allowing an organism to adapt to its changing environment. eCB signalling seems to determine the value of fear-evoking stimuli and to tune appropriate behavioural responses, which are essential for the organism's long-term viability, homeostasis and stress resilience; and dysregulation of eCB signalling can lead to psychiatric disorders. An understanding of the underlying neural cell populations and cellular processes enables the development of therapeutic strategies to mitigate behavioural maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Group Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux 33077, France.,University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratori de Neurofarmacologia, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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216
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Abstract
In this review, I will consider the dual nature of Cannabis and cannabinoids. The duality arises from the potential and actuality of cannabinoids in the laboratory and clinic and the 'abuse' of Cannabis outside the clinic. The therapeutic areas currently best associated with exploitation of Cannabis-related medicines include pain, epilepsy, feeding disorders, multiple sclerosis and glaucoma. As with every other medicinal drug of course, the 'trick' will be to maximise the benefit and minimise the cost. After millennia of proximity and exploitation of the Cannabis plant, we are still playing catch up with an understanding of its potential influence for medicinal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England, United Kingdom.
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217
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Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are endogenous lipids able to activate cannabinoid receptors, the primary molecular targets of the cannabis (Cannabis sativa) active principle Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. During the last 20 years, several N-acylethanolamines and acylesters have been shown to act as eCBs, and a complex array of receptors, metabolic enzymes, and transporters (that altogether form the so-called eCB system) has been shown to finely tune their manifold biological activities. It appears now urgent to develop methods and protocols that allow to assay in a specific and quantitative manner the distinct components of the eCB system, and that can properly localize them within the cell. A brief overview of eCBs and of the proteins that bind, transport, and metabolize these lipids is presented here, in order to put in a better perspective the relevance of methodologies that help to disclose molecular details of eCB signaling in health and disease. Proper methodological approaches form also the basis for a more rationale and effective drug design and therapeutic strategy to combat human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy. .,European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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218
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Rapid Changes in CB1 Receptor Availability in Cannabis Dependent Males after Abstinence from Cannabis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:60-67. [PMID: 26858993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widespread use of cannabis, the increasing legalization of "medical" cannabis, the increasing potency of cannabis and the growing recreational use of synthetic cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) full agonists underscores the importance of elucidating the effects of cannabinoids on the CB1R system. Exposure to cannabinoids is known to result in CB1R downregulation. However, the precise time course of changes in CB1R availability in cannabis dependent subjects (CDs) following short and intermediate term abstinence has not been determined. METHODS Using High Resolution Research Tomography (HRRT) and [11C]OMAR, CB1R availability as indexed by the volume of distribution (VT) [11C]OMAR was measured in male CDs (n=11) and matched healthy controls (HCs) (n=19). CDs were scanned at baseline (while they were neither intoxicated nor in withdrawal), and after 2 days and 28 days of monitored abstinence. HCs were scanned at baseline and a subset (n=4) was rescanned 28 days later. RESULTS Compared to HCs, [11C]OMAR VT was 15% lower in CDs (effect size Cohen's d=-1.11) at baseline in almost all brain regions. However, these group differences in CB1R availability were no longer evident after just 2 days of monitored abstinence from cannabis. There was a robust negative correlation between CB1R availability and withdrawal symptoms after 2 days of abstinence. Finally, there were no significant group differences in CB1R availability in CDs after 28 days of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis dependence is associated with CB1R downregulation, which begins to reverse surprisingly rapidly upon termination of cannabis use and may continue to increase over time.
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219
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Fraga D, Zanoni CIS, Zampronio AR, Parada CA, Rae GA, Souza GEP. Endocannabinoids, through opioids and prostaglandins, contribute to fever induced by key pyrogenic mediators. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:204-211. [PMID: 26291402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the contribution of endocannabinoids on the cascade of mediators involved in LPS-induced fever and to verify the participation of prostaglandins and endogenous opioids in fever induced by anandamide (AEA). Body temperature (Tc) of male Wistar rats was recorded over 6h, using a thermistor probe. Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of PGE2 and β-endorphin were measured by ELISA after the administration of AEA. Intracerebroventricular administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (5μg, i.c.v.), reduced the fever induced by IL-1β (3ng, i.c.v.), TNF-α (250ng, i.c.v.), IL-6 (300ng, i.c.v.), corticotrophin release factor (CRH; 2.5μg, i.c.v.) and endothelin (ET)-1 (1pmol, i.c.v.), but not the fever induced by PGE2 (250ng, i.c.v.) or PGF2α (250ng, i.c.v.). Systemic administration of indomethacin (2mgkg(-1), i.p.) or celecoxib (5mgkg(-1), p.o.) reduced the fever induced by AEA (1μg, i.c.v.), while naloxone (1mgkg(-1), s.c.) abolished it. The increases of PGE2 and β-endorphin concentration in the CSF induced by AEA were abolished by the pretreatment of rats with AM251. These results suggest that endocannabinoids are intrinsically involved in the pyretic activity of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6), CRH and ET-1 but not the PGE2 or PGF2α induced fevers. However, anandamide via CB1 receptor activation induces fever that is dependent on the synthesis of prostaglandin and opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fraga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul, Coxim, MS, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane I S Zanoni
- Laboratory of Neuropathic Pain, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos A Parada
- Biology Institute, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giles A Rae
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Glória E P Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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220
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Bedlack RS, Joyce N, Carter GT, Paganoni S, Karam C. Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurol Clin 2015; 33:909-36. [PMID: 26515629 PMCID: PMC4712627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the severity of their illness and lack of effective disease-modifying agents, it is not surprising that most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) consider trying complementary and alternative therapies. Some of the most commonly considered alternative therapies include special diets, nutritional supplements, cannabis, acupuncture, chelation, and energy healing. This article reviews these in detail. The authors also describe 3 models by which physicians may frame discussions about alternative therapies: paternalism, autonomy, and shared decision making. Finally, the authors review a program called ALSUntangled, which uses shared decision making to review alternative therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bedlack
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27702, USA.
| | - Nanette Joyce
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4860 Y Street Suite 3850, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gregory T Carter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Luke's Rehabilitation Institute, 711 South Cowley, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Sabrina Paganoni
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston VA Health Care System, Harvard Medical School, Massachussets General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chafic Karam
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7025, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA
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221
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Abstract
Brain endocannabinoid (eCB) signalling influences the motivation for natural rewards (such as palatable food, sexual activity and social interaction) and modulates the rewarding effects of addictive drugs. Pathological forms of natural and drug-induced reward are associated with dysregulated eCB signalling that may derive from pre-existing genetic factors or from prolonged drug exposure. Impaired eCB signalling contributes to dysregulated synaptic plasticity, increased stress responsivity, negative emotional states and cravings that propel addiction. Understanding the contributions of eCB disruptions to behavioural and physiological traits provides insight into the eCB influence on addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren H Parsons
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York City, New York 10029, USA
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222
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Fatty acids, endocannabinoids and inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:96-107. [PMID: 26325095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
From their phylogenetic and pharmacological classification it might be inferred that cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands constitute a rather specialised and biologically distinct signalling system. However, the opposite is true and accumulating data underline how much the endocannabinoid system is intertwined with other lipid and non-lipid signalling systems. Endocannabinoids per se have many structural congeners, and these molecules exist in dynamic equilibria with different other lipid-derived mediators, including eicosanoids and prostamides. With multiple crossroads and shared targets, this creates a versatile system involved in fine-tuning different physiological and metabolic processes, including inflammation. A key feature of this 'expanded' endocannabinoid system, or 'endocannabinoidome', is its subtle orchestration based on interactions between a relatively small number of receptors and multiple ligands with different but partly overlapping activities. Following an update on the role of the 'endocannabinoidome' in inflammatory processes, this review continues with possible targets for intervention at the level of receptors or enzymes involved in formation or breakdown of endocannabinoids and their congeners. Although its pleiotropic character poses scientific challenges, the 'expanded' endocannabinoid system offers several opportunities for prevention and therapy of chronic diseases. In this respect, successes are more likely to come from 'multiple-target' than from 'single-target' strategies.
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223
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Haj CG, Sumariwalla PF, Hanuš L, Kogan NM, Yektin Z, Mechoulam R, Feldmann M, Gallily R. HU-444, a Novel, Potent Anti-Inflammatory, Nonpsychotropic Cannabinoid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:66-75. [PMID: 26272937 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a component of cannabis, which does not cause the typical marijuana-type effects, but has a high potential for use in several therapeutic areas. In contrast to Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), it binds very weakly to the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It has potent activity in both in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory assays. Thus, it lowers the formation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, and was found to be an oral antiarthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis in vivo. However, in acidic media, it can cyclize to the psychoactive Δ(9)-THC. We report the synthesis of a novel CBD derivative, HU-444, which cannot be converted by acid cyclization into a Δ(9)-THC-like compound. In vitro HU-444 had anti-inflammatory activity (decrease of reactive oxygen intermediates and inhibition of TNF-α production by macrophages); in vivo it led to suppression of production of TNF-α and amelioration of liver damage as well as lowering of mouse collagen-induced arthritis. HU-444 did not cause Δ(9)-THC-like effects in mice. We believe that HU-444 represents a potential novel drug for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christeene G Haj
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Percy F Sumariwalla
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Lumír Hanuš
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Natalya M Kogan
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Zhana Yektin
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Mark Feldmann
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
| | - Ruth Gallily
- Institute for Drug Research (C.G.H., L.H., N.M.K., R.M.) and Lautenberg Center for Immunology (Z.Y., R.G.), Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Hammersmith, London, United Kingdom (P.F.S., M.F.)
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Manduca A, Morena M, Campolongo P, Servadio M, Palmery M, Trabace L, Hill MN, Vanderschuren LJMJ, Cuomo V, Trezza V. Distinct roles of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol in social behavior and emotionality at different developmental ages in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1362-74. [PMID: 25914159 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To date, our understanding of the relative contribution and potential overlapping roles of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the regulation of brain function and behavior is still limited. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of systemic administration of JZL195, that simultaneously increases AEA and 2-AG signaling by inhibiting their hydrolysis, in the regulation of socio-emotional behavior in adolescent and adult rats. JZL195, administered at the dose of 0.01mg/kg, increased social play behavior, that is the most characteristic social activity displayed by adolescent rats, and increased social interaction in adult animals. At both ages, these behavioral effects were antagonized by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A and were associated with increased brain levels of 2-AG, but not AEA. Conversely, at the dose of 1mg/kg, JZL195 decreased general social exploration in adolescent rats without affecting social play behavior, and induced anxiogenic-like effects in the elevated plus-maze test both in adolescent and adult animals. These effects, mediated by activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors, were paralleled by simultaneous increase in AEA and 2-AG levels in adolescent rats, and by an increase of only 2-AG levels in adult animals. These findings provide the first evidence for a role of 2-AG in social behavior, highlight the different contributions of AEA and 2-AG in the modulation of emotionality at different developmental ages and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of AEA and 2-AG hydrolysis is a useful approach to investigate the role of these endocannabinoids in neurobehavioral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Manduca
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Morena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Servadio
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Palmery
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy.
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226
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Klotter F, Studer A. Eine kurze und divergente Totalsynthese von (+)-Machaeriol B, (+)-Machaeriol D, (+)-Δ8-THC und zugehörigen Analoga. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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227
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Klotter F, Studer A. Short and Divergent Total Synthesis of (+)-Machaeriol B, (+)-Machaeriol D, (+)-Δ8-THC, and Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8547-50. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Prenderville JA, Kelly ÁM, Downer EJ. The role of cannabinoids in adult neurogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3950-63. [PMID: 25951750 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes underpinning post-developmental neurogenesis in the mammalian brain continue to be defined. Such processes involve the proliferation of neural stem cells and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), neuronal migration, differentiation and integration into a network of functional synapses within the brain. Both intrinsic (cell signalling cascades) and extrinsic (neurotrophins, neurotransmitters, cytokines, hormones) signalling molecules are intimately associated with adult neurogenesis and largely dictate the proliferative activity and differentiation capacity of neural cells. Cannabinoids are a unique class of chemical compounds incorporating plant-derived cannabinoids (the active components of Cannabis sativa), the endogenous cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid ligands, and these compounds are becoming increasingly recognized for their roles in neural developmental processes. Indeed, cannabinoids have clear modulatory roles in adult neurogenesis, probably through activation of both CB1 and CB2 receptors. In recent years, a large body of literature has deciphered the signalling networks involved in cannabinoid-mediated regulation of neurogenesis. This timely review summarizes the evidence that the cannabinoid system is intricately associated with neuronal differentiation and maturation of NPCs and highlights intrinsic/extrinsic signalling mechanisms that are cannabinoid targets. Overall, these findings identify the central role of the cannabinoid system in adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and the lateral ventricles and hence provide insight into the processes underlying post-developmental neurogenesis in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Prenderville
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Áine M Kelly
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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229
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Cannabidiol rescues acute hepatic toxicity and seizure induced by cocaine. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:523418. [PMID: 25999668 PMCID: PMC4427116 DOI: 10.1155/2015/523418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a commonly abused illicit drug that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The most severe and common complications are seizures, ischemic strokes, myocardial infarction, and acute liver injury. Here, we demonstrated that acute cocaine intoxication promoted seizure along with acute liver damage in mice, with intense inflammatory infiltrate. Considering the protective role of the endocannabinoid system against cell toxicity, we hypothesized that treatment with an anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor, URB597, or with a phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), protects against cocaine toxicity. URB597 (1.0 mg/kg) abolished cocaine-induced seizure, yet it did not protect against acute liver injury. Using confocal liver intravital microscopy, we observed that CBD (30 mg/kg) reduced acute liver inflammation and damage induced by cocaine and prevented associated seizure. Additionally, we showed that previous liver damage induced by another hepatotoxic drug (acetaminophen) increased seizure and lethality induced by cocaine intoxication, linking hepatotoxicity to seizure dynamics. These findings suggest that activation of cannabinoid system may have protective actions on both liver and brain induced by cocaine, minimizing inflammatory injury promoted by cocaine, supporting its further clinical application in the treatment of cocaine abuse.
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230
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Brucki SMD, Frota NA, Schestatsky P, Souza AH, Carvalho VN, Manreza MLG, Mendes MF, Comini-Frota E, Vasconcelos C, Tumas V, Ferraz HB, Barbosa E, Jurno ME. Cannabinoids in neurology – Brazilian Academy of Neurology. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2015; 73:371-4. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20150041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of cannabidiol in some neurological conditions was allowed by Conselho Regional de Medicina de São Paulo and by Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Specialists on behalf of Academia Brasileira de Neurologia prepared a critical statement about use of cannabidiol and other cannabis derivatives in neurological diseases.
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231
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Maccarrone M, Bab I, Bíró T, Cabral GA, Dey SK, Di Marzo V, Konje JC, Kunos G, Mechoulam R, Pacher P, Sharkey KA, Zimmer A. Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:277-96. [PMID: 25796370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, the psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis sativa, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was isolated. Nearly 30 years later the endogenous counterparts of THC, collectively termed endocannabinoids (eCBs), were discovered: N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) (AEA) in 1992 and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in 1995. Since then, considerable research has shed light on the impact of eCBs on human health and disease, identifying an ensemble of proteins that bind, synthesize, and degrade them and that together form the eCB system (ECS). eCBs control basic biological processes including cell choice between survival and death and progenitor/stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Unsurprisingly, in the past two decades eCBs have been recognized as key mediators of several aspects of human pathophysiology and thus have emerged to be among the most widespread and versatile signaling molecules ever discovered. Here some of the pioneers of this research field review the state of the art of critical eCB functions in peripheral organs. Our community effort is aimed at establishing consensus views on the relevance of the peripheral ECS for human health and disease pathogenesis, as well as highlighting emerging challenges and therapeutic hopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Maccarrone
- Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Itai Bab
- Bone Laboratory, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel; Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Guy A Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sudhansu K Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Council of Research, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Justin C Konje
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - George Kunos
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University Medical Faculty, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Pal Pacher
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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232
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Harkany T, Hurd YL, Keimpema E. Endocannabinoids and fetal organ development: a conflict of misconstrued concepts and policies? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Friedman Brain Institute, Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Pharmacology & Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1:A1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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233
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Tudge L, Williams C, Cowen PJ, McCabe C. Neural effects of cannabinoid CB1 neutral antagonist tetrahydrocannabivarin on food reward and aversion in healthy volunteers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu094. [PMID: 25542687 PMCID: PMC4438540 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in the regulation of reward and aversion in the brain may underlie disorders such as obesity and eating disorders. We previously showed that the cannabis receptor subtype (CB1) inverse agonist rimonabant, an antiobesity drug withdrawn due to depressogenic side effects, diminished neural reward responses yet increased aversive responses (Horder et al., 2010). Unlike rimonabant, tetrahydrocannabivarin is a neutral CB1 receptor antagonist (Pertwee, 2005) and may therefore produce different modulations of the neural reward system. We hypothesized that tetrahydrocannabivarin would, unlike rimonabant, leave intact neural reward responses but augment aversive responses. METHODS We used a within-subject, double-blind design. Twenty healthy volunteers received a single dose of tetrahydrocannabivarin (10mg) and placebo in randomized order on 2 separate occasions. We measured the neural response to rewarding (sight and/or flavor of chocolate) and aversive stimuli (picture of moldy strawberries and/or a less pleasant strawberry taste) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Volunteers rated pleasantness, intensity, and wanting for each stimulus. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups in subjective ratings. However, tetrahydrocannabivarin increased responses to chocolate stimuli in the midbrain, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, and putamen. Tetrahydrocannabivarin also increased responses to aversive stimuli in the amygdala, insula, mid orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, and putamen. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are the first to show that treatment with the CB1 neutral antagonist tetrahydrocannabivarin increases neural responding to rewarding and aversive stimuli. This effect profile suggests therapeutic activity in obesity, perhaps with a lowered risk of depressive side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ciara McCabe
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (Mr Tudge and Dr McCabe); Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (Ms Williams and Prof Cowen).
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234
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Chiurchiù V, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Cannabinoid Signaling and Neuroinflammatory Diseases: A Melting pot for the Regulation of Brain Immune Responses. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:268-80. [PMID: 25601726 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the central nervous system (CNS) as an immune-privileged site, essentially due to the presence of the blood brain barrier, appears to be overly simplistic. Indeed, within healthy CNS immune activities are permitted and are required for neuronal function and host defense, not only due to the presence of the resident innate immune cells of the brain, but also by virtue of a complex cross-talk of the CNS with peripheral immune cells. Nonetheless, long-standing and persisting neuroinflammatory responses are most often detrimental and characterize several neuroinflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A growing body of evidence suggests that Cannabis sativa-derived phytocannabinoids, as well as synthetic cannabinoids, are endowed with significant immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, both in peripheral tissues and in the CNS, through the activation of cannabinoid receptors. In this review, the immunomodulatory effects of cannabinoid signaling on the most relevant brain immune cells will be discussed. In addition, the impact of cannabinoid regulation on the overall integration of the manifold brain immune responses will also be highlighted, along with the implication of these compounds as potential agents for the management of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- School of Medicine and Center of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
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