201
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Massion PP, Carbone DP. The molecular basis of lung cancer: molecular abnormalities and therapeutic implications. Respir Res 2003; 4:12. [PMID: 14641911 PMCID: PMC314397 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-4-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related death in the western world. Its incidence is highly correlated with cigarette smoking, and about 10% of long-term smokers will eventually be diagnosed with lung cancer, underscoring the need for strengthened anti-tobacco policies. Among the 10% of patients who develop lung cancer without a smoking history, the environmental or inherited causes of lung cancer are usually unclear. There is no validated screening method for lung cancer even in high-risk populations and the overall five-year survival has not changed significantly in the last 20 years. However, major progress has been made in the understanding of the disease and we are beginning to see this knowledge translated into the clinic. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the cascade of events associated with lung cancer development. From subclinical DNA damage to overt invasive disease, the mechanisms leading to clinically and molecularly heterogeneous tumors are being unraveled. These lesions allow cells to escape the normal regulation of cell division, apoptosis and invasion. While all subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer have historically been treated the same, stage-for-stage, recent technological advances have allowed a better understanding of the molecular classification of the disease and provide hypotheses for molecular early detection and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre P Massion
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee, U.S.A. 37232-6838
| | - David P Carbone
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville Tennessee, U.S.A. 37232-6838
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202
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Tarnawski AS, Jones MK. Inhibition of angiogenesis by NSAIDs: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:627-36. [PMID: 13679997 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-003-0479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2003] [Accepted: 07/07/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillary blood vessels, is a fundamental process essential for reproduction and embryonic development. It is crucial to the healing of tissue injury because it provides essential oxygen and nutrients to the healing site. Angiogenesis is also required for cancer growth and progression since tumor growth requires an increased nutrient and oxygen supply. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely used drugs worldwide for treating pain, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and more recently for colon cancer prevention. However, NSAIDs produce gastrointestinal ulcers and delay ulcer healing. Recently NSAIDs have been demonstrated to inhibit angiogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are only beginning to be elucidated. The inhibition of angiogenesis by NSAIDs is a causal factor in the delay of ulcer healing, and it is becoming clear that this is also likely to be one of the mechanisms by which NSAIDs can reduce or prevent cancer growth. Based on the experimental data and the literature, the mechanisms by which NSAIDs inhibit angiogenesis appear to be multifactorial and likely include local changes in angiogenic growth factor expression, alteration in key regulators and mediators of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), increased endothelial cell apoptosis, inhibition of endothelial cell migration, recruitment of inflammatory cells and platelets, and/or thromboxane A2 mediated effects. Some of these mechanisms include: inhibition of mitogen-activated protein (Erk2) kinase activity; suppression of cell cycle proteins; inhibition of early growth response (Egr-1) gene activation; interference with hypoxia inducible factor 1 and VEGF gene activation; increased production of the angiogenesis inhibitor, endostatin; inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and spreading; and induction of endothelial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Tarnawski
- Gastroenterology Section, VA Medical Center, 5901 E. Seventh Street, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.
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203
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Yamamoto K, Kitayama W, Denda A, Morisaki A, Kuniyasu H, Kirita T. Inhibitory effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, nimesulide and etodolac, on the development of squamous cell dysplasias and carcinomas of the tongue in rats initiated with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Cancer Lett 2003; 199:121-9. [PMID: 12969784 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the effects of selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, nimesulide and etodolac, on early stages of tongue carcinogenesis due to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide(4-NQO). Fischer 344 rats, 6 weeks old, were given 15 ppm of 4-NQO in their drinking water for 8 weeks followed by diet containing either nimesulide or etodolac at the doses of 150 and 300 ppm for 16 weeks. Rats were sacrificed at 24 weeks and tongue lesions were histologically examined. Nimesulide dose-dependently reduced the incidence and multiplicity of squamous cell dysplasias and carcinomas (SCCs), with significance at the 300 ppm dose. This suppression was associated with an increased incidence and multiplicity of hyperplasias. Etodolac exhibited similar but less extensive suppressive effects. The results suggest that COX-2 is involved in the progression of hyperplasia to dysplasia and from dysplasia to SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
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204
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Mohan S, Epstein JB. Carcinogenesis and cyclooxygenase: the potential role of COX-2 inhibition in upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Oral Oncol 2003; 39:537-46. [PMID: 12798395 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(03)00035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is upregulated in a number of epithelial cancers, including in upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) premalignant and malignant lesions. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the potential of COX-2 inhibition in prevention of UADT premalignant and malignant disease. A Medline and Cancerlit literature search was conducted for the period 1993-2002, and identified literature was reviewed. There is evidence from in vitro studies, as well as animal models, that inhibition of COX-2 may suppress carcinogenesis by affecting a number of pathways of carcinogenesis, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. Preliminary studies of gastro-intestinal (GI) carcinogenesis suggest that COX-2 inhibitors may represent an approach to the chemoprevention of epithelial cancers. COX-2 inhibitors may have a potential role in chemoprevention of UADT cancer, and clinical trials appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivani Mohan
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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205
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Stoeltzing O, Liu W, Reinmuth N, Fan F, Parikh AA, Bucana CD, Evans DB, Semenza GL, Ellis LM. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiogenesis by an insulin-like growth factor-I receptor autocrine loop in human pancreatic cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1001-11. [PMID: 12937141 PMCID: PMC1868239 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) was recently shown to modulate angiogenesis by up-regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We hypothesized that inhibiting IGF-IR function would inhibit angiogenesis and growth of pancreatic cancer in vivo and sought to identify major signaling pathways regulated by IGF-IR in pancreatic cancer cells. Human pancreatic cancer cells (L3.6pl) were stably transfected with a dominant-negative form of IGF-IR (IGF-IR DN) or an empty vector (pcDNA). In vitro, IGF-IR DN cells exhibited a decrease in both constitutive and inducible phosphorylation of IGF-IR and Erk1/2. Constitutive expression of nuclear hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and secreted VEGF (P < 0.01) protein levels also were significantly lower in IGF-IR DN cells than in pcDNA cells. In vivo, IGF-IR inhibition led to decreases in pancreatic tumor volume and weight, vessel density, and tumor cell proliferation (P < 0.01 for all) and increases in tumor cell apoptosis (P < 0.02). Our results suggest that autocrine activation of the IGF-IR system significantly affects VEGF expression and angiogenesis in human pancreatic cancer. Thus, IGF-IR may be a valid target in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Stoeltzing
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wenbiao Liu
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Niels Reinmuth
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fan Fan
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander A. Parikh
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Corazon D. Bucana
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas B. Evans
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregg L. Semenza
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lee M. Ellis
- From the Departments of Cancer Biology*and Surgical Oncology,†The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; and the Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine,‡The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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206
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Abstract
On the strength of in vitro, in vivo, observational, and clinical data, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-also referred to as COX inhibitors-have emerged as lead compounds for cancer prevention, and possible adjuncts to cancer therapy. Thus far, the routine use of NSAIDs for these indications is limited, largely owing to toxicity concerns, the paucity of efficacy data for any specific target organ, and uncertainties with regard to the most appropriate regimen (i.e., the best agent, formulation, dose, route of administration, and duration). Strategies to address these concerns primarily aim to improve the therapeutic index (i.e., benefit:risk ratio) of COX inhibitors by 1) minimizing systemic exposures whenever feasible, 2) achieving greater mechanistic specificity, 3) coadministering agents that provide prophylaxis against common toxicities, and 4) coadministering other effective anticancer agents. Clinical trials testing most of these strategies have been completed or are under way. The National Cancer Institute has a substantial research portfolio dedicated to the identification, testing, and development of NSAIDs as preventive and therapeutic anticancer agents. Discovering how to apply NSAIDs in persons with-or at risk for-cancer, although challenging, has the potential for considerable clinical and public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Umar
- Gastrointestinal & Other Cancers Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7317, USA
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207
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Gallo O, Schiavone N, Papucci L, Sardi I, Magnelli L, Franchi A, Masini E, Capaccioli S. Down-regulation of nitric oxide synthase-2 and cyclooxygenase-2 pathways by p53 in squamous cell carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:723-32. [PMID: 12875991 PMCID: PMC1868223 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyze the correlation between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 activities and p53 gene status in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) in vivo and in vitro. In a series of 43 HNSCCs we observed an up-regulation of both iNOS and COX-2 pathways in tumor tissues and both activities were correlated each other (rs = 0.612 and P = 0.0002). We also found that p53-mutated HNSCCs (25 cases, 58.1%) showed higher levels of iNOS activity and cGMP in comparison with wild-type p53 tumors (18 cases, 41.9%) (P = 0.0005 and P = 0.01), as well as higher iNOS immunohistochemical expression (P = 0.03). Analogously, higher PgE2 levels were documented in p53-mutated HNSCCs when compared with wild-type p53 tumors (P = 0.015) and COX-2 protein expression was higher in p53-mutated HNSCCs (P = 0.007). A431 cancer cells expressing a p53 temperature-sensitive mutant showed an approximately 1.9- and 2.6-fold decrease in spontaneous NO(2-)/NO(3-) and PgE2 synthesis at permissive temperature, respectively, when compared with the same cells at nonpermissive temperature (P
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gallo
- Department of Oto-Neuro-Ophthalmologic Surgery, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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208
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209
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Ballaz S, Mulshine JL. The Potential Contributions of Chronic Inflammation to Lung Carcinogenesis. Clin Lung Cancer 2003; 5:46-62. [PMID: 14596704 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2003.n.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A number of lines of evidence suggests that chronic inflammation contributes to the process of carcinogenesis. In this article, this theme is explored with particular emphasis on the involvement of inflammation in the development of lung cancer. A number of molecular pathways activated in chronic inflammation may contribute to lung carcinogenesis. The challenge is to conceptualize a cohesive picture of this complex biology that allows for effective pharmaceutical intervention. Initial therapeutic efforts involve strategies to block single pathways, such as with cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. However, the more that is learned about the consequences of COX activity, the more evident are the relationships of this enzyme to other classes of regulatory molecules such as the potent nuclear factor-kB. In light of this emerging picture, more global intervention strategies, such as with drug combinations, may be essential for success. Further basic study is essential to sort out possible molecular relationships and to permit elucidation of the most critical regulatory circuits. Given the complexity of these molecular interactions, well-designed clinical trials that specifically evaluate the precise effects of particular antiinflammatory drugs on lung carcinogenesis will also be critical to sort out the complexity and to validate successful approaches to arresting lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ballaz
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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210
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McCarty MF. A wholly nutritional 'multifocal angiostatic therapy' for control of disseminated cancer. Med Hypotheses 2003; 61:1-15. [PMID: 12781633 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of effort is now being devoted to the development of new drugs that hopefully will control the spread of inoperable cancer by safely inhibiting tumor-evoked angiogenesis. However, there is growing evidence that certain practical nutritional measures have the potential to slow tumor angiogenesis, and it is reasonable to anticipate that, by combining several measures that work in distinct but complementary ways to impede the angiogenic process, a clinically useful 'multifocal angiostatic therapy' (MAT) might be devised. Several measures which might reasonably be included in such a protocol are discussed below, and include: a low-fat, low-glycemic index vegan diet, which may down-regulate the systemic IGF-I activity that supports angiogenesis; supplemental omega-3-rich fish oil, which has been shown to inhibit endothelial expression of Flk-1, a functionally crucial receptor for VEGF, and also can suppress tumor production of pro-angiogenic eicosanoids; high-dose selenium, which has recently been shown to inhibit tumor production of VEGF; green tea polyphenols, which can suppress endothelial responsiveness to both VEGF and fibroblast growth factor; and high-dose glycine, whose recently reported angiostatic activity may reflect inhibition of endothelial cell mitosis, possibly mediated by activation of glycine-gated chloride channels. In light of evidence that tumor-evoked angiogenesis has a high requirement for copper, copper depletion may have exceptional potential as an angiostatic measure, and is most efficiently achieved with the copper-chelating drug tetrathiomolybdate. If logistical difficulties make it difficult to acquire this experimental drug, high-dose zinc supplementation can achieve a slower depletion of the body's copper pool, and in any case can be used as maintenance therapy to maintain an adequate level of copper depletion. A provisional protocol is offered for a nutritionally based MAT entailing a vegan diet and supplemental intakes of fish oil, selenium, green tea polyphenols, glycine, and zinc. Inasmuch as cox-2 is overexpressed in many cancers, and cAMP can boost tumor production of various angiogenic factors as well as autogenous growth factors, adjunctive use of cox-2-specific NSAIDS may be warranted in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F McCarty
- Pantox Laboratories, San Diego, California 92129, USA
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211
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Vidal S, Kovacs K, Bell D, Horvath E, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pituitary tumors. Cancer 2003; 97:2814-21. [PMID: 12767095 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a role in progression of colon, breast, pancreas, and lung carcinomas. The authors investigated COX-2 expression in pituitary tumors. METHODS Expression of COX-2 was evaluated in 164 surgically removed human pituitary tumors. Correlation of COX-2 with MIB-1, a cell proliferation marker, as well as angiogenesis, patient age, gender, tumor type, size, invasiveness, and metastatic potential was investigated. RESULTS Cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity was confined to the cytoplasm of tumor cells, whereas the nuclei were unlabeled. Few normal peritumoral adenohypophysial cells showed slight COX-2 cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. The staining intensity and the percentage of immunopositive cells were higher in tumors. Most pituitary tumors (96%) were COX-2-immunopositive. Expression was strong in 60 (44%), moderate in 39 (28%), and weak in 32 (24%). Male gonadotroph adenomas and null cell adenomas showed a high level of COX-2 expression. Growth hormone-producing adenomas, prolactin-producing adenomas, thyrotropic hormone-producing adenomas, female gonadotroph adenomas, silent adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing adenomas, and silent subtype 3 adenomas had a low level of COX-2 expression. Significant correlation was demonstrated with patient age, but not with tumor size, invasiveness, and MIB-1 labeling indices. Expression was medium to high in 76% of macroadenomas and in only 45% of microadenomas. Strong correlations were noted with angiogenesis markers, such as microvessel density and surface density. CONCLUSIONS Correlation with angiogenesis suggests that COX-2 may be involved in the regulation of angiogenesis in pituitary tumors. Phamacologic inhibition of COX-2 activity might suppress angiogenesis in pituitary tumors and may provide a novel approach for medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Vidal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michaels Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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212
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Michaelis UR, Fisslthaler B, Medhora M, Harder D, Fleming I, Busse R. Cytochrome P450 2C9-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids induce angiogenesis via cross-talk with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). FASEB J 2003; 17:770-2. [PMID: 12586744 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0640fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenase products, such as 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET), stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. We set out to identify the signal transduction cascade linking EET generation to enhanced proliferation and angiogenesis. In human endothelial cells overexpressing CYP 2C9, cell number was increased compared with control cells and was inhibited by the CYP 2C9 inhibitor, sulfaphenazole. CYP 2C9 overexpression was associated with the activation of Akt and an increase in cyclin D1 expression, effects that were abolished by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor inhibitor, AG1478, which also prevented the CYP 2C9-induced increase in cell proliferation. Stimulation of EGF receptor overexpressing cells with 11,12-EET or transfection of these cells with CYP 2C9 enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. Endothelial tube formation in a fibrin gel was significantly enhanced (6-fold) in CYP 2C9 overexpressing cells and was comparable with the tube formation induced by EGF. In the chick chorioallantoic membrane, 11,12-EET stimulated vessel formation (3.5-fold) and induced vessel convergence, an effect that was abolished by cotreatment with either an EGF receptor-neutralizing antibody or AG1478. These results indicate that CYP 2C9-derived EETs stimulate angiogenesis by a mechanism involving the activation of the EGF receptor.
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MESH Headings
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/metabolism
- 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid/pharmacology
- Allantois/blood supply
- Animals
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Line
- Chick Embryo
- Chorion/blood supply
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Humans
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Quinazolines
- Receptor Cross-Talk/physiology
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ruth Michaelis
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Klinikum der J.W.G.-Universität, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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213
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Hawk ET, Viner JL, Umar A, Anderson WF, Sigman CC, Guyton KZ. Cancer and the Cyclo-oxygenase Enzyme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.2165/00024669-200302010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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214
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Zeng Q, McCauley LK, Wang CY. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibits anoikis by induction of activator protein 1-dependent cyclooxygenase-2. Implication in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50137-42. [PMID: 12393863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoikis, also called suspension-induced apoptosis, plays an important role in tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Recently we found that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibited anoikis of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-signaling pathway. However, the anti-apoptotic effectors that were regulated by the ERK-signaling pathway were unknown. Here we report that HGF-mediated inhibition of anoikis was dependent on activator protein-1 activity through the activation of the ERK-signaling pathway. Using a combination of microarray analysis and Northern blot analysis, we found that an anti-apoptotic gene cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) was induced by HGF in an activator protein-1-dependent fashion. Inhibition of Cox-2 activity partially abolished HGF-mediated cell survival, and overexpression of Cox-2 in HNSCC cells provided resistance against anoikis. Moreover, HNSCC cells stably expressing Cox-2 had aggressive tumor growth in a nude mouse model compared with control cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Cox-2 plays an important role in HGF-mediated anoikis resistance. HGF may stimulate the progression and growth of HNSCC in vivo by induction of Cox-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Apoptosis, Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Michigan, 1011 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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215
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Gallo O, Fabbroni V, Sardi I, Magnelli L, Boddi V, Franchi A. Correlation between nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-2 pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299:517-24. [PMID: 12459168 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interactions between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) and in two carcinoma cell lines. HNSCCs showed an up-regulation of both pathways which were strongly correlated with each other (p=0.02) and with tumor vascularization (p=0.0001 and p=0.008, respectively). In carcinoma cells, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and EGF treatment up-regulated both pathways. NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) inhibited this up-regulation. LPS or EGF induced iNOS expression that was not altered by NOS or COX-2 inhibitors. Conversely, LPS or EGF promoted COX-2 expression that was decreased by L-NAME. The NO donor S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) up-regulated COX-2 pathway and this effect was reduced by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue. Thus, in squamous carcinoma cells, NO increases the activity of COX-2 pathway and this effect is probably mediated by endocellular cGMP level, with potential implications on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gallo
- Department of Oto-Neuro-Ophthalmologic Surgery, University of Florence Medical School, 50134 Florence, Italy
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216
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Abstract
Bisphosphonates are stable analogues of pyrophosphate (PPi), an endogenous regulator of bone mineralisation. A number of placebo-controlled trials have demonstrated their positive impact on skeletal-related events (SRE) that occur as a consequence of metastatic or myelomatous bone disease. Based upon their chemical structure bisphosphonates can be classified into nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, (N-bisphosphonates) (for example zoledronate and pamidronate) and non-nitrogen containing (for example, clodronate and etidronate), which more closely resemble PPi. Clinical trials investigating bisphosphonates in the preventative setting have shown bisphosphonates to not only delay occurrence of bone metastases in certain cancers, but in one trial, occurrence of non-osseous lesions was delayed, and survival was prolonged. Other trials however have shown the opposite. Likewise, in animal models of cancer and metastases, conflicting results have been obtained. In vitro work has concentrated on bisphosphonates direct action upon tumour cells and has found a variety of anti-tumour effects such as apoptosis induction, inhibition of cell growth, inhibition of invasive behaviour and inhibition of angiogenic factors. Furthermore it would appear that bisphosphonates have the potential to enhance anti-tumour activity of known cytotoxic drugs. Ongoing research aims to assess this further, in addition to determining more precisely the role of adjuvant bisphosphonates in cancers such as breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Neville-Webbe
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Centre, Sheffield, UK.
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217
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Konno H, Baba M, Shoji T, Ohta M, Suzuki S, Nakamura S. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with uPAR levels and is responsible for poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2002; 19:527-34. [PMID: 12405290 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020392309715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering recent findings that cyclooxygensase-2 (COX-2) is involved in the progression of colorectal carcinoma (CRC), the role of COX-2 in promoting invasion and angiogenesis was investigated by evaluating the relationship of COX-2 expression to various clinicopathological variables, including plasminogen activating system (PA system) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Tumor tissues from 71 patients with CRC were assayed to determine the antigen levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 (PAI-1 and PAI-2), as well as immunohistochemical expression of VEGF. COX-2 was assayed immunohistochemically in 56 patients. COX-2 expression was detected in cancer cells and it was also expressed by stromal cells in some patients. Fourteen patients (25%) were COX-2 positive, whereas 42 were negative. COX-2 expression was significantly related to lymphatic invasion (P = 0.0317), but was not related to microvessel density or VEGF expression. In the PA system, uPAR antigen levels were significantly higher in tumors with COX-2 expression than in tumors without (P = 0.0233). Univariate analysis showed that significant prognostic variables for survival were tumor size, lymph node involvement, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, liver metastasis, high uPAR level, and COX-2 expression, but only liver metastasis was an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.0065) in multivariate analysis. COX-2 expression was a more important prognostic indicator than any other factor except liver metastasis (P = 0.0526). The significant relationship between the presence of COX-2 protein and uPAR antigen levels contributed to the enhancement of tumor invasion and the poor outcome in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konno
- Second Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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218
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor enhances whereas prostaglandin E2 inhibits the production of interferon-induced protein of 10 kDa in epidermoid carcinoma A431. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:1080-9. [PMID: 12445196 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced protein of 10 kDa (IP-10) induces antitumor immunity. Cyclooxygenase-2 and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are overexpressed in tumor cells, which may suppress antitumor immunity. We examined the in vitro effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS398 on IP-10 production in human epidermoid carcinoma A431. NS398 enhanced interferon-gamma-induced IP-10 secretion, mRNA expression, and promoter activation in A431, and exogenous PGE2 antagonized the enhancement. Interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) on IP-10 promoter was responsible for the transcriptional regulation by NS398 and PGE2. NS398 enhanced interferon-gamma-induced transcription through ISRE and binding of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1alpha (STAT1alpha to ISRE in A431, and PGE2 antagonized the enhancement. NS398 enhanced interferon-gamma-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1alpha, Janus tyrosine kinase 1, and Janus tyrosine kinase 2, and PGE2 antagonized the enhancement. PGE2-mediated suppression of IP-10 synthesis was counteracted by adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536 and protein kinase A inhibitor H-89, and PGE2 receptor EP4 antagonist AH23848B. AH23848B, SQ22536, and H-89 counteracted the PGE2-mediated suppression of ISRE-dependent transcription, STAT1alpha binding to ISRE, and tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1alpha, Janus tyrosine kinase 1, and Janus tyrosine kinase 2. PGE2 increased intracellular cAMP level and protein kinase A activity in A431 pretreated with NS398, and AH23848B blocked the effects of PGE2. These results suggest that A431-derived PGE2 may generate cAMP signal via EP4 in A431, which may activate protein kinase A, and may resultantly inhibit interferon-gamma-induced STAT1alpha activation and IP-10 synthesis. The results also suggest that NS398 may restore IP-10 synthesis by preventing PGE2 production in A431 and thus may be therapeutically useful for skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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219
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Lin DT, Subbaramaiah K, Shah JP, Dannenberg AJ, Boyle JO. Cyclooxygenase-2: a novel molecular target for the prevention and treatment of head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2002; 24:792-9. [PMID: 12203806 DOI: 10.1002/hed.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandins, is overexpressed in a variety of premalignant and malignant conditions, including oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Increased levels of COX-2 may contribute to carcinogenesis by modulating xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, immune surveillance, and angiogenesis. In experimental models, newly developed selective COX-2 inhibitors suppress the formation of tumors, including tongue cancer. These findings provided a rationale for a number of chemoprevention trials that are underway. Selective COX-2 inhibitors also suppress the growth and metastases of established tumors and enhance the anticancer activity of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy in experimental animals. In this review, evidence is presented that inhibition of COX-2 represents a promising strategy to prevent or possibly treat human head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick T Lin
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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220
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Gallo O, Masini E, Bianchi B, Bruschini L, Paglierani M, Franchi A. Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 pathway and angiogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2002; 33:708-14. [PMID: 12196922 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2002.125376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins play a critical role in tumor development and growth by regulating numerous biologic processes, including tumor angiogenesis, with clear prognostic and therapeutic implications. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway activation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). COX-2 activity was analyzed in 52 consecutive patients by assessing protein expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PgE(2)) levels and was then correlated to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and tumor angiogenesis. We evaluated the prognostic impact of these parameters by Kaplan-Meier and Cox survival analysis. COX-2 expression by tumor cells was closely correlated to VEGF expression and to tumor vascularization. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with COX-2 tumor overexpression and with higher PgE(2) tumor levels had significantly shorter overall survival estimates (P = 0.022 and P = 0.033, respectively). Analogously, patients with more-vascularized tumors had worse survival than those with less-vascularized cancers (P = 0.032). Cox multivariate analysis demonstrated that the most significant prognostic factors were presence of lymph node metastasis, tumor vascularization, COX-2 protein expression, and PgE(2) tumor levels. This study demonstrates a close correlation between COX-2 pathway, VEGF expression, and tumor angiogenesis in HNSCC. In addition, COX-2 overexpression and higher tumor vascularization appear to predict a shorter survival in patients with head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Gallo
- Department of Oto-Neuro-Ophthalmologic Surgery, University of Florence Medical School, Florence, Italy
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221
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. Ketoconazole suppresses prostaglandin E(2)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human epidermoid carcinoma A-431 cells. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:174-81. [PMID: 12164941 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 has been reported in skin cancer cells, and may be involved in carcinogenesis. Prostaglandin E2, the end product of cyclooxygenase-2-induced catalysis, autoamplifies the cyclooxygenase-2 expression. It is suggested that an anti-mycotic drug, ketoconazole may inhibit carcinogenesis. We herein investigated if ketoconazole may inhibit prostaglandin E2-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human epidermoid carcinoma A-431 cells. Ketoconazole suppressed prostaglandin E2-induced cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression and promoter activation in A-431; the suppressive effects of ketoconazole were counteracted by cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog. Analyses using deleted or mutated cyclooxygenase-2 promoters revealed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element (- 59 to - 53 bp) on the promoter was involved in prostaglandin E2-induced stimulation and ketoconazole-induced inhibition of the promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein and activating transcription factor-1 may constitutively bind to cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element on cyclooxygenase-2 promoter. Prostaglandin E2 increased the proportion of phosphorylated forms among total bound cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein/activating transcription factor-1, and the effect was suppressed by ketoconazole. Prostaglandin E2 induced the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein and activating transcription factor-1, and the phosphorylation was suppressed by cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) inhibitor, indicating protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation. Ketoconazole suppressed the prostaglandin E2-induced phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein/activating transcription factor-1. Prostaglandin E2 increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate level by activating adenylate cyclase in A-431, and the increase was suppressed by ketoconazole. These results suggest that ketoconazole may suppress prostaglandin E2-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by inhibiting the cyclic adenosine monophosphate signal in A-431, and stress its anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kanda
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University, School of Medicine, 11-1 Kaga-2, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan.
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222
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX), also known as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, is the key enzyme required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. Two COX isoforms have been identified, COX-1 and COX-2. In many situations, the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (e.g., in gastric mucosa), whereas COX-2 is highly inducible (e.g., at sites of inflammation and cancer). Traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit both enzymes, and a new class of COX-2 selective inhibitors (COXIBs) preferentially inhibit the COX-2 enzyme. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of COX-1 and COX-2 in normal physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Turini
- Department of Nutrition, Nestlé Research Center, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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223
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Davies G, Martin LA, Sacks N, Dowsett M. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), aromatase and breast cancer: a possible role for COX-2 inhibitors in breast cancer chemoprevention. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:669-78. [PMID: 12075734 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdf125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in chemoprevention in oncology using suppressants of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis has been stimulated by epidemiological observations that the use of aspirin and other non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with reduced incidence of some cancers, including cancer of the breast. The main target of NSAID activity is the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. Two isoforms of COX have been identified: COX-1, the constitutive isoform; and COX-2. the inducible form of the enzyme. COX-2 can undergo rapid induction in response to many factors such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, growth factors, cytokines and phorbol esters. COX-2 is overexpressed in some malignancies including carcinoma of the breast. It has been suggested that such enhanced expression may lead to increased angiogenesis such that the inhibition of COX-2 might have a general anticancer effect via decreased blood vessel formation. In addition, an association between COX-2, its main product PGE2 and aromatase activity in human breast cancer suggests that such inhibitors might have an additional, specific prophylactic mechanism for this tumour. New COX-2 inhibitors are already licensed for use in the treatment of arthritis and are well tolerated. Their potential role in chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis in rats has already been investigated. What remains to be seen is if these findings can be extrapolated to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Davies
- Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
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224
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Ferrandina G, Lauriola L, Distefano MG, Zannoni GF, Gessi M, Legge F, Maggiano N, Mancuso S, Capelli A, Scambia G, Ranelletti FO. Increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression is associated with chemotherapy resistance and poor survival in cervical cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:973-81. [PMID: 11844819 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.20.4.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and its association with clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome in patients with cervical cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 84 patients with stage IB to IVA cervical cancer. Patients with early-stage cases (n = 21) underwent radical surgery, whereas patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) (n = 63) were first administered neoadjuvant cisplatin-based treatment and subjected to surgery in case of response. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded sections with rabbit antiserum against COX-2. RESULTS COX-2--integrated density values in the overall population ranged from 1.2 to 82.3, with mean plus minus SE values of 27.4 plus minus 2.4. According to the chosen cutoff value, 36 (42.9%) of 84 patients were scored as COX-2 positive. COX-2 levels were shown to be highly associated with tumor susceptibility to neoadjuvant treatment. COX-2 showed a progressive increase from mean plus minus SE values of 19.9 plus minus 8.0 in complete responders through 31.5 plus minus 3.5 in partial responses to 44.8 plus minus 3.9 in patients who were not responsive (P =.0054). When logistic regression was applied, only advanced stage and COX-2 positivity retained independent roles in predicting a poor chance of response to treatment. COX-2--positive patients had a shorter overall survival (OS) rate than COX-2--negative patients. In patients with LACC, the 2-year OS rate was 38% in COX-2--positive versus 85% in COX-2--negative patients (P =.0001). In the multivariate analysis, only advanced stage and COX-2 positivity retained independent negative prognostic roles for OS. CONCLUSION The assessment of COX-2 status could provide additional information to identify patients with cervical cancer with a poor chance of response to neoadjuvant treatment and unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferrandina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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225
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Rosen LS, Li WW. Angiogenesis and Colorectal Cancer. COLORECTAL CANCER 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-160-2_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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226
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Franchi A, Gallo O, Paglierani M, Sardi I, Magnelli L, Masini E, Santucci M. Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in laryngeal neoplasia: correlation with angiogenesis. Head Neck 2002; 24:16-23. [PMID: 11774398 DOI: 10.1002/hed.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitric oxide (NO) pathway plays a relevant role in angiogenesis and tumor progression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. The aim of this study was to assess whether the NO pathway may be correlated with angiogenesis in the transition from laryngeal dysplasia to invasive carcinoma. METHODS We investigated the expression of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in 26 laryngeal precancerous lesions and 35 squamous cell carcinomas with respect to microvessel density. In addition, we determined iNOS activity and cGMP levels in specimens from SCCs. RESULTS There was a significant increase of iNOS levels detected immunohistochemically passing from hyperplastic/mild dysplastic to moderate/severe dysplastic lesions to SCC (p =.04). Accordingly, Northern and Western analyses demonstrated higher iNOS mRNA and protein levels in SCCs than dysplastic mucosa. iNOS expression was significantly correlated with microvessel counts both in the group of preneoplastic lesions (p =.02) and in the group of SCCs (p =.01). In addition, iNOS activity was correlated with iNOS immunohistochemical expression (p =.1) and was significantly associated with increased vascularization (p =.03) in SCCs. Similarly, iNOS expression was significantly correlated with cGMP levels in SCC (p =.02) and increased tumor vascularization correlated with higher cGMP levels (rs =.4; p =.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the NO pathway may play a relevant role in the angiogenesis associated with the progression from laryngeal dysplasia to laryngeal SCC.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Biopsy, Needle
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Culture Techniques
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- Larynx/blood supply
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/enzymology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/analysis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Observer Variation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precancerous Conditions/enzymology
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Probability
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Statistics, Nonparametric
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Franchi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G. B. Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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227
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Cianchi F, Cortesini C, Bechi P, Fantappiè O, Messerini L, Vannacci A, Sardi I, Baroni G, Boddi V, Mazzanti R, Masini E. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis in human colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:1339-47. [PMID: 11729113 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recent studies have shown that cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and its products, prostaglandins (PGs), may be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production correlate with microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, and tumor metastasis in human colorectal cancer. METHODS Tumor samples and adjacent normal mucosa were obtained from 31 surgical specimens. Immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, VEGF, and CD31 was analyzed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. COX-2 and COX-1 proteins were determined by Western blot analysis. COX-2 and VEGF messenger RNA expressions were evaluated using Northern blot analysis. PGE(2) production was determined by specific radioimmunoassay. RESULTS The immunohistochemical expressions of both COX-2 and VEGF were significantly correlated with microvessel density (P = 0.02 and P = 0.002, respectively). A significant correlation was found between COX-2 and VEGF expression (P = 0.004). Western analysis confirmed the up-regulation of COX-2 protein expression. COX-2 and VEGF genes were overexpressed in tumor specimens as compared with normal mucosa. PGE(2) levels were significantly higher in metastatic tumors than in nonmetastatic ones (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS COX-2 is related to tumor angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. It is likely that VEGF is one of the most important mediators of the COX-2 angiogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cianchi
- Department of General Surgery, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
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228
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Pai R, Szabo IL, Soreghan BA, Atay S, Kawanaka H, Tarnawski AS. PGE(2) stimulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells via ERK2/JNK1 signaling pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:923-8. [PMID: 11527387 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an essential role in the initiation and regulation of angiogenesis-a crucial component of wound healing and cancer growth. Prostaglandins (PGs) stimulate angiogenesis but the precise mechanisms of their pro-angiogenic actions remain unexplained. We investigated whether prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) can induce VEGF expression in rat gastric microvascular endothelial cells (RGMEC) and the signaling pathway(s) involved. We demonstrated that PGE(2) significantly increased ERK2 and JNK1 activation and VEGF mRNA and protein expression. Incubation of RGMEC with PD 98059 (MEK kinase inhibitor) significantly reduced PGE(2)-induced ERK2 activity, VEGF mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, PD 98059 treatment almost completely abolished JNK1 activation. Our data suggest that PGE(2)-stimulates VEGF expression in RGMEC via transactivation of JNK1 by ERK2. One potential implication of this finding is that increased PG levels in cancers could facilitate tumor growth by stimulating VEGF synthesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pai
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California 90822, USA
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