201
|
Kontos CK, Scorilas A, Papavassiliou AG. The role of transcription factors in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 51:1563-71. [PMID: 23612552 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating genetic and epigenetic modifications lead to alterations in gene expression, resulting in dysregulation of cellular homeostasis. The transcriptional machinery comprises many factors that cooperate to modulate gene expression. "Crosstalk" between DNA-bound transcription factors may have synergistic or antagonistic effects on the rate of transcription. The aberrant expression of several transcription regulators in the vast majority of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases and various malignancies, as well as their involvement in many cancer-related processes such as cell growth regulation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, renders transcription factors very appealing as potential molecular biomarkers and as candidates for targeted therapy. In the present mini-review, we provide a brief overview of the transcriptional machinery and summarize current knowledge regarding the implication of key transcription factors such as AP-1, NF-κB, STATs, HOX proteins, and histone modifiers, in human diseases, with emphasis on cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos K Kontos
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
202
|
Ramamoorthi G, Sivalingam N. Molecular mechanism of TGF-β signaling pathway in colon carcinogenesis and status of curcumin as chemopreventive strategy. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7295-305. [PMID: 24668546 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the third most common cancer in man, the second most common cancer in women worldwide, and the second leading cause of mortality in the USA. There are a number of molecular pathways that have been implicated in colon carcinogenesis, including TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. TGF-β (transforming growth factor-beta) signaling pathway has the potential to regulate various biological processes including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix modeling, and immune response. TGF-β signaling pathway acts as a tumor suppressor, but alterations in TGF-β signaling pathway promotes colon cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Here we review the role of TGF-β signaling cascade in colon carcinogenesis and multiple molecular targets of curcumin in colon carcinogenesis. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of curcumin on TGF-β signaling pathway-induced colon carcinogenesis may ultimately lead to novel and more effective treatments for colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Ramamoorthi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamilnadu, India,
| | | |
Collapse
|
203
|
Munson J, Bonner M, Fried L, Hofmekler J, Arbiser J, Bellamkonda R. Identifying new small molecule anti-invasive compounds for glioma treatment. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2200-9. [PMID: 24067366 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a disease with poor survival rates after diagnosis. Treatment of the disease involves debulking of the tumor, which is limited by the degree of invasiveness of the disease. Therefore, a treatment to halt the invasion of glioma is desirable for clinical implementation. There have been several candidate compounds targeting specific aspects of invasion, including cell adhesions, matrix degradation, and cytoskeletal rearrangement, but they have failed clinically for a variety of reasons. New targets against glioma invasion include upstream mediators of these classical targets in an effort to better inhibit invasion with more specificity for cancer. Included in these treatments is a new class of compounds inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species by targeting the NADPH oxidases. These compounds stand to inhibit multiple pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B and Akt. By conducting a screen of compounds thought to inhibit these pathways, a new compound to halt invasion was found that may have a beneficial effect against glioma, based on recent publications. Further, there are still limitations to the treatment of glioblastoma regardless of the discovery of new targets and compounds that should be addressed to better the therapies against this deadly cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
204
|
Jamal MS, Parveen S, Beg MA, Suhail M, Chaudhary AGA, Damanhouri GA, Abuzenadah AM, Rehan M. Anticancer compound plumbagin and its molecular targets: a structural insight into the inhibitory mechanisms using computational approaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87309. [PMID: 24586269 PMCID: PMC3937309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) is a naphthoquinone derivative from the roots of plant Plumbago zeylanica and belongs to one of the largest and diverse groups of plant metabolites. The anticancer and antiproliferative activities of plumbagin have been observed in animal models as well as in cell cultures. Plumbagin exerts inhibitory effects on multiple cancer-signaling proteins, however, the binding mode and the molecular interactions have not yet been elucidated for most of these protein targets. The present study is the first attempt to provide structural insights into the binding mode of plumbagin to five cancer signaling proteins viz. PI3Kγ, AKT1/PKBα, Bcl-2, NF-κB, and Stat3 using molecular docking and (un)binding simulation analysis. We validated plumbagin docking to these targets with previously known important residues. The study also identified and characterized various novel interacting residues of these targets which mediate the binding of plumbagin. Moreover, the exact modes of inhibition when multiple mode of inhibition existed was also shown. Results indicated that the engaging of these important interacting residues in plumbagin binding leads to inhibition of these cancer-signaling proteins which are key players in the pathogenesis of cancer and thereby ceases the progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S. Jamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Parveen
- Bareilly College, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Mohd A. Beg
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel G. A. Chaudhary
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi A. Damanhouri
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rehan
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
205
|
Shono Y, Tuckett AZ, Ouk S, Liou HC, Altan-Bonnet G, Tsai JJ, Oyler JE, Smith OM, West ML, Singer NV, Doubrovina E, Pankov D, Undhad CV, Murphy GF, Lezcano C, Liu C, O'Reilly RJ, van den Brink MRM, Zakrzewski JL. A small-molecule c-Rel inhibitor reduces alloactivation of T cells without compromising antitumor activity. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:578-91. [PMID: 24550032 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Preventing unfavorable GVHD without inducing broad suppression of the immune system presents a major challenge of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We developed a novel strategy to ameliorate GVHD while preserving graft-versus-tumor (GVT) activity by small molecule-based inhibition of the NF-κB family member c-Rel. Underlying mechanisms included reduced alloactivation, defective gut homing, and impaired negative feedback on interleukin (IL)-2 production, resulting in optimal IL-2 levels, which, in the absence of competition by effector T cells, translated into expansion of regulatory T cells. c-Rel activity was dispensable for antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) activation, allowing c-Rel-deficient T cells to display normal GVT activity. In addition, inhibition of c-Rel activity reduced alloactivation without compromising antigen-specific cytotoxicity of human T cells. Finally, we were able to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of systemic c-Rel inhibitor administration. Our findings validate c-Rel as a promising target for immunomodulatory therapy and demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of pharmaceutical inhibition of c-Rel activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shono
- Departments of 1Immunology, 2Computational Biology and Immunology, 3Pediatrics, and 4Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; 5Department of Immunology, Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York; 6Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and 7Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
206
|
Jones MR, Liu C, Wilson AK. Molecular dynamics studies of the protein-protein interactions in inhibitor of κB kinase-β. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:562-72. [PMID: 24437505 DOI: 10.1021/ci400720n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the inhibitor of κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ) oligomer initiates a cascade that results in the translocation of transcription factors involved in mediating immune responses. Dimerization of IKKβ is required for its activation. Coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the conformation-activity and structure-activity relationships within the oligomer assembly of IKKβ that are impacted upon activation, mutation, and binding of ATP. Intermolecular interactions, free energies, and conformational changes were compared among several conformations, including a monomer, two different dimers, and the tetramer. Modifications to the activation segment induce conformational changes that disrupt dimerization and suggest that the multimeric assembly mediates a global stability for the enzyme that influences the activity of IKKβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76203-5017, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
207
|
Du HF, Ou LP, Song XD, Fan YR, Yang X, Tan B, Quan Z, Luo CL, Wu XH. Nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway is involved in phospholipase Cε-regulated proliferation in human renal cell carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 389:265-75. [PMID: 24510280 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cε (PLCε), a downstream effector of small GTPase superfamily, has been identified to play a crucial role in tumorigenesis. Previously, our studies have showed that PLCε promotes proliferation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PLCε enhances the survival phenotype of RCC cells are still not fully instructed. In the present study, we first demonstrated that PLCε was highly expressed and had a close correlation with Ki67 protein expression in RCC tissue samples. Further, we found that downregulation of PLCε expression repressed growth and induced apoptosis in RCC cells. In addition, we reported a mechanism by which knockdown of PLCε gene potently suppressed the nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) signaling pathway through action on inhibitor of κB kinase. Moreover, silencing PLCε gene decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, which was a downstream growth factor of NF-κB signaling pathway. Finally, downregulation of VEGF was severely enhanced by treatment cells with NF-κB specific inhibitor BAY11-7028 in PLCε knockdown cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that PLCε promotes RCC cell growth via NF-κB-mediated upregulation of VEGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Fei Du
- The Key Laboratory of Diagnostics Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
208
|
Matsuzaki S, Serada S, Morimoto A, Ueda Y, Yoshino K, Kimura T, Naka T. Annexin A4 is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of platinum-resistant cancers. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:403-14. [PMID: 24479491 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.882323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Platinum drugs are widely used for the treatment of testicular, bladder, ovarian, colorectal, lung and prostate cancers. With regard to ovarian cancer in particular, the prognosis is poor for tumours that are (or have become) platinum-resistant. Determining the mechanism underlying platinum resistance may aid in the identification of therapeutic targets for the treatment of platinum-resistant tumours. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview of the characteristics and functions of Annexin (Anx) A4, the mechanism of Anx A4-induced platinum resistance, the association between platinum resistance and platinum transporters, recent reports that Anx A4 overexpression promotes the efflux of platinum drugs via platinum transporters and the association between other Anxs and chemoresistance. The reader will gain an understanding of recent studies on the mechanism of Anx A4-induced chemoresistance. Anx A4 represents a therapeutic target for the treatment of Anx A4-overexpressing platinum-resistant tumours. EXPERT OPINION Anx A4 is overexpressed in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC), and enhanced Anx A4 expression induces platinum resistance. Recent studies showed that Anx A4 is also associated with platinum resistance in cancers other than ovarian CCC. Furthermore, other Anxs are reportedly associated with chemoresistance, suggesting a relationship between the Anx family and chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Matsuzaki
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
209
|
Kansal S, Bhatnagar A, Agnihotri N. Fish oil suppresses cell growth and metastatic potential by regulating PTEN and NF-κB signaling in colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84627. [PMID: 24416253 PMCID: PMC3885588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis in eukaryotic tissues is tightly regulated by an intricate balance of the prosurvival and antisurvival signals. The tumor suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), a dual-specificity phosphatase, plays a functional role in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. NF-κB and its downstream regulators (such as VEGF) play a central role in prevention of apoptosis, promotion of inflammation and tumor growth. Therefore, we thought to estimate the expression of PTEN, Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), NF-κBp50, NF-κBp65 and VEGF to evaluate the effect of supplementation of fish oil on apoptotic and inflammatory signaling in colon carcinoma. Male wistar rats in Group I received purified diet while Group II and III received modified diet supplemented with FO∶CO(1∶1)&FO∶CO(2.5∶1) respectively. These were further subdivided into controls receiving ethylenediamine-tetra acetic-acid and treated groups received dimethylhydrazine-dihydrochloride (DMH)/week for 4 weeks. Animals sacrificed 48 hours after last injection constituted initiation phase and that sacrificed after 16 weeks constituted post-initiation phase. We have analysed expression of PTEN, NF-κBp50, NF-κBp65 by flowcytometer and nuclear localization of NF-κB by immunofluorescence. PARP and VEGF were assessed by immunohistochemistry. In the initiation phase, animals receiving DMH have shown increased % of apoptotic cells, PTEN, PARP, NF-κBp50, NF-κBp65 and VEGF however in post-initiation phase no significant alteration in apoptosis with decreased PTEN and increased PARP, NF-κBp50, NF-κBp65 and VEGF were observed as compared to control animals. On treatment with both ratios of fish oil in both the phases, augmentation in % of apoptotic cells, decreased PTEN, PARP, NF-κBp50, NF-κBp65 and VEGF were documented with respect to DMH treated animals with effect being more exerted with higher ration in post-initiation phase. Hence, fish oil activates apoptosis, diminishes DNA damage and inhibits inflammatory signalling in a dose and time dependent manner so as to inhibit progression of colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shevali Kansal
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
210
|
Meng Q, Zhi T, Chao Y, Nie E, Xu X, Shi Q, Hua L, Wang L, Zhan W, Wang Y, Zhou X, Yu R. Bex2 controls proliferation of human glioblastoma cells through NF-κB signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 53:262-70. [PMID: 24390962 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and fatal human brain malignancy in adults with highly proliferative capacity. Despite advances in surgery and adjuvant therapy, the median survival of patients has changed little over recent decades. Identifying molecules critical for glioma development is significant for devising effective targeted therapy. We previously reported that Bex2, a member of the brain expressed X-linked gene family, promoted the progression of glioma by promoting cell proliferation. In the present study, we investigated the main mechanism of Bex2 promoting the proliferation of glioblastoma cells. We found that Bex2 downregulation inhibited glioma cell proliferation and the expression of NF-κB p65, but Bex2 overexpression promoted them. Similarly, the proliferation of glioma cells was inhibited by p65 downregulation but increased by p65 overexpression. In addition, Bex2 overexpression-induced cell proliferation was abolished by p65 downregulation. Furthermore, Bex2 with nuclear localization signal deleted no longer promoted p65 expression. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Bex2 promotes proliferation of human glioblastoma cells via NF-κB signaling pathway and Bex2 nuclear location is critical for p65 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
211
|
Bruno A, Pagani A, Magnani E, Rossi T, Noonan DM, Cantelmo AR, Albini A. Inflammatory angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment as targets for cancer therapy and prevention. Cancer Treat Res 2014; 159:401-426. [PMID: 24114493 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to aberrant transformed cells, tumors are tissues that contain host components, including stromal cells, vascular cells (ECs) and their precursors, and immune cells. All these constituents interact with each other at the cellular and molecular levels, resulting in the production of an intricate and heterogeneous complex of cells and matrix defined as the tumor microenvironment. Several pathways involved in these interactions have been investigated both in pathological and physiological scenarios, and diverse molecules are currently targets of chemotherapeutic and preventive drugs. Many phytochemicals and their derivatives show the ability to inhibit tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis, exerting effects on the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will outline the principal players and mechanisms involved in the tumor microenvironment network and we will discuss some interesting compounds aimed at interrupting these interactions and blocking tumor insurgence and progression. The considerations provided will be crucial for the design of new preventive approaches to the reduction in cancer risk that need to be applied to large populations composed of apparently healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Bruno
- Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, MultiMedica Onlus, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
212
|
Kamble SM, Goyal SN, Patil CR. Multifunctional pentacyclic triterpenoids as adjuvants in cancer chemotherapy: a review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective adjuvants in chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarika M. Kamble
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, India
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, India
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Drug Discovery Laboratory
- Department of Pharmacology
- R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, India
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Li Y, Wu Y, Guan Y, Wang Z, Zhang L. Hydroxysafflor yellow A induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by blocking NFκB/p65 pathway and disrupting mitochondrial transmembrane potential. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and the possible effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) on the induction of apoptosis in the human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YuYing Li
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan, China
| | - Yanzi Wu
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan, China
| | - Yingying Guan
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan, China
| | - ZhuanHua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Pratanwanich N, Lió P. Pathway-based Bayesian inference of drug–disease interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 10:1538-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
215
|
Du Y, Teng X, Wang N, Zhang X, Chen J, Ding P, Qiao Q, Wang Q, Zhang L, Yang C, Yang Z, Chu Y, Du X, Zhou X, Hu W. NF-κB and enhancer-binding CREB protein scaffolded by CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 proteins regulate CD59 protein expression to protect cells from complement attack. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2711-24. [PMID: 24338025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system can be activated spontaneously for immune surveillance or induced to clear invading pathogens, in which the membrane attack complex (MAC, C5b-9) plays a critical role. CD59 is the sole membrane complement regulatory protein (mCRP) that restricts MAC assembly. CD59, therefore, protects innocent host cells from attacks by the complement system, and host cells require the constitutive and inducible expression of CD59 to protect themselves from deleterious destruction by complement. However, the mechanisms that underlie CD59 regulation remain largely unknown. In this study we demonstrate that the widely expressed transcription factor Sp1 may regulate the constitutive expression of CD59, whereas CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 bridge NF-κB and CREB, which surprisingly functions as an enhancer-binding protein to induce the up-regulation of CD59 during in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered complement activation, thus conferring host defense against further MAC-mediated destruction. Moreover, individual treatment with LPS, TNF-α, and the complement activation products (sublytic MAC (SC5b-9) and C5a) could increase the expression of CD59 mainly by activating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways. Together, our findings identify a novel gene regulation mechanism involving CBP/p300, NF-κB, and CREB; this mechanism suggests potential drug targets for controlling various complement-related human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Du
- From the Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
216
|
Abstract
MOTIVATION Microarray data analysis is often applied to characterize disease populations by identifying individual genes linked to the disease. In recent years, efforts have shifted to focus on sets of genes known to perform related biological functions (i.e. in the same pathways). Evaluating gene sets reduces the need to correct for false positives in multiple hypothesis testing. However, pathways are often large, and genes in the same pathway that do not contribute to the disease can cause a method to miss the pathway. In addition, large pathways may not give much insight to the cause of the disease. Moreover, when such a method is applied independently to two datasets of the same disease phenotypes, the two resulting lists of significant pathways often have low agreement. RESULTS We present a powerful method, PFSNet, that identifies smaller parts of pathways (which we call subnetworks), and show that significant subnetworks (and the genes therein) discovered by PFSNet are up to 51% (64%) more consistent across independent datasets of the same disease phenotypes, even for datasets based on different platforms, than previously published methods. We further show that those methods which initially declared some large pathways to be insignificant would declare subnetworks detected by PFSNet in those large pathways to be significant, if they were given those subnetworks as input instead of the entire large pathways. AVAILABILITY http://compbio.ddns.comp.nus.edu.sg:8080/pfsnet/
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lim
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, 13 Computing Drive, Singapore 117417
| | | |
Collapse
|
217
|
Chang C, Zhao W, Xie B, Deng Y, Han T, Cui Y, Dai Y, Zhang Z, Gao J, Guo H, Yan J. Pao Pereira Extract Suppresses Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cell Growth, Survival, and Invasion Through Inhibition of NFκB Signaling. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 13:249-58. [PMID: 24287876 DOI: 10.1177/1534735413510557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pao extract, derived from bark of Amazonian tree Pao Pereira, is commonly used in South American medicine. A recent study showed that Pao extract repressed androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cell growth. We hypothesize that Pao extract asserts its anticancer effects on metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Pao extract suppressed CRPC PC3 cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Pao extract treatment induced cell cycle inhibitors, p21 and p27, and repressed PCNA, Cyclin A and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, Pao extract also induced the upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, reduction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and XIAP expression, which were associated with the cleavage of PARP protein. Moreover, Pao extract treatment blocked PC3 cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, Pao extract suppressed phosphorylation levels of AKT and NFκB/p65, NFκB DNA binding activity, and luciferase reporter activity. Pao inhibited TNFα-induced relocation of NFκB/p65 to the nucleus, NFκB/p65 transcription activity, and MMP9 activity as shown by zymography. Consistently, NFκB/p65 downstream targets involved in proliferation (Cyclin D1), survival (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and XIAP), and metastasis (VEGFa, MMP9, and GROα/CXCL1) were also downregulated by Pao extract. Finally, forced expression of NFκB/p65 reversed the growth inhibitory effect of Pao extract. Overall, Pao extract induced cell growth arrest, apoptosis, partially through inhibiting NFκB activation in prostate cancer cells. These data suggest that Pao extract may be beneficial for protection against CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yongming Deng
- Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China Nanjing Urology Research Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Han
- Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China Nanjing Urology Research Center, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | - Jimin Gao
- Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China Nanjing Urology Research Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
V VP, C G. Protective effect of marine mangrove Rhizophora apiculata on acetic acid induced experimental colitis by regulating anti-oxidant enzymes, inflammatory mediators and nuclear factor-kappa B subunits. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:124-34. [PMID: 24269623 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes inflammation and ulcer in the lining of the large intestine. In this study we investigate the effect of Rhizophora apiculata (R. apiculata) on acetic acid induced colitis in mouse model. Experimental animals were randomized into four groups: normal untreated, colitis control, R. apiculata treated group and sulfasalazine treated group. R. apiculata significantly (p<0.01) decreased macroscopic score and wet weight of damaged colon compared to colitis control. This effect was confirmed biochemically by significant (p<0.01) reduction of colitis associated increase in myeloperoxidase activity. R. apiculata significantly (p<0.05) increased anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels compared to colitis control. R. apiculata significantly (p<0.01) reduced lipid peroxides (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory mediators such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions compared to colitis control. R. apiculata treatment significantly (p<0.01) inhibits the translocation of NF-kB p65 and p50 subunits. Taken together these findings suggest that R. apiculata prevents acetic acid induced colitis in experimental mouse model and may serve as an excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that could potentially be useful as a (natural) therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Prabhu V
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Guruvayoorappan C
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
von Holstein SL. Tumours of the lacrimal gland. Epidemiological, clinical and genetic characteristics. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91 Thesis 6:1-28. [PMID: 24893972 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumours of the lacrimal gland are rare, but the prognosis may be grave. To date, no population-based incidence and distribution data on lacrimal gland tumours exist. In addition, almost nothing is known about the genetic profile of epithelial tumours of the lacrimal gland. We collected specimens and clinical files on all biopsied lacrimal gland lesions in Denmark over a 34-year period and re-evaluated the diagnosis to provide updated population-based incidence rates and epidemiological characteristics. Clinical data regarding symptoms, clinical examinations, treatment and follow-up were collected for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), pleomorphic adenoma (PA), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca-ex-PA) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Using RT-PCR, FISH, immunohistochemistry, Q-PCR and high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (arrayCGH) we explored the genetic characteristics including copy number alterations (CNA) in ACC, PA, Ca-ex-PA and MEC. The incidence of biopsied lacrimal gland lesions was 1.3/1,000,000/year, and ~50% were neoplastic lesions. Of these, 55% were malignant tumours with epithelial tumours as the most frequent. The overall incidence was increasing, and this was caused by an increase in biopsied non-neoplastic lesions. We found that 10/14 ACCs either expressed the MYB-NFIB fusion gene and/or had rearrangements of MYB. All ACCs expressed the MYB protein. ACC was characterized by recurrent copy number losses involving 6q, 12q and 17q and gains involving 19q, 8q and 11q. ArrayCGH revealed an apparently normal genomic profile in 11/19 PAs. The remaining 8 PAs had recurrent copy number losses involving 1p, 6q, 8q and 13q and gain involving 9p. PA expressed PLAG1 in all tumours whereas only 2/29 tumours expressed HMGA2. Ca-ex-PA was characterized by recurrent copy number gain involving 22q. PLAG1 was expressed in 3/5 Ca-ex-PA whereas none of these tumours expressed HMGA2. MEC expressed the CRTC1-MAML2, and this fusion was found to be tumour-specific for lacrimal gland MEC. In conclusion, lacrimal gland lesions that require pathological evaluation are rare in the Danish population, and the incidence rate of biopsied benign lesions is increasing. Epithelial tumours of the lacrimal gland are molecularly very similar to their salivary gland counterparts in the expression of the tumour-specific fusion genes and in their genomic imbalances as demonstrated by arrayCGH. MYB-NFIB is a useful biomarker for ACC and MYB, and its downstream target genes may be potential therapeutic targets for these tumours.
Collapse
|
220
|
Jia L, Xing J, Ding Y, Shen Y, Shi X, Ren W, Wan M, Guo J, Zheng S, Liu Y, Liang X, Su D. Hyperuricemia causes pancreatic β-cell death and dysfunction through NF-κB signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78284. [PMID: 24205181 PMCID: PMC3808354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating clinical evidence suggests that hyperuricemia is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. However, it is still unclear whether elevated levels of uric acid can cause direct injury of pancreatic β-cells. In this study, we examined the effects of uric acid on β-cell viability and function. Uric acid solution or normal saline was administered intraperitoneally to mice daily for 4 weeks. Uric acid-treated mice exhibited significantly impaired glucose tolerance and lower insulin levels in response to glucose challenge than did control mice. However, there were no significant differences in insulin sensitivity between the two groups. In comparison to the islets in control mice, the islets in the uric acid–treated mice were markedly smaller in size and contained less insulin. Treatment of β-cells in vitro with uric acid activated the NF-κB signaling pathway through IκBα phosphorylation, resulting in upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and excessive nitric oxide (NO) production. Uric acid treatment also increased apoptosis and downregulated Bcl-2 expression in Min6 cells. In addition, a reduction in insulin secretion under glucose challenge was observed in the uric acid–treated mouse islets. These deleterious effects of uric acid on pancreatic β-cells were attenuated by benzbromarone, an inhibitor of uric acid transporters, NOS inhibitor L-NMMA, and Bay 11–7082, an NF-κB inhibitor. Further investigation indicated that uric acid suppressed levels of MafA protein through enhancing its degradation. Collectively, our data suggested that an elevated level of uric acid causes β-cell injury via the NF-κB-iNOS-NO signaling axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jia
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yachen Shen
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xuhui Shi
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; and Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianjin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital; Shanghai Diabetes Institute; and Shanghai Clinical Center of Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujing Zheng
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiubin Liang
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongming Su
- Center of Metabolic Disease Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Center of Cellular Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Zheng M, Jiang J, Tang YL, Liang XH. Oncogene and non-oncogene addiction in inflammation-associated cancers. Future Oncol 2013; 9:561-73. [PMID: 23560378 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers originate in tissues that are chronically inflamed, and the inflammatory microenvironment is considered to promote the progression of malignancy, including initiation, growth, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. The molecular mechanism of inflammation-induced progression of cancers has been widely discussed. Oncogene and non-oncogene addiction have been proposed as two distinct but complementary theories to explain the initiation and development of cancers. Furthermore, they also play a role in cancer-associated inflammation. A solid understanding of oncogene and non-oncogene addiction in cancer-associated inflammatory microenvironments will help to exploit cancer drug targets for cancer prevention and clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
222
|
Uddin S, Hussain AR, Khan OS, Al-Kuraya KS. Role of dysregulated expression of leptin and leptin receptors in colorectal carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:871-9. [PMID: 24014051 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a multifunctional adipose-derived cytokine that plays a critical role in bodyweight homeostasis and energy balance. Plasma level of leptin is an indicator of the amount of energy stored in adipose tissues. Recently, leptin and leptin receptor dysregulation have been reported in a variety of malignant cells including colorectal cancers (CRCs). There are growing evidence that leptin may be the link between obesity and CRC carcinogenesis. Leptin influence the growth and proliferation of cancer cells via activation of various growth and survival signaling pathways including JAK/STAT, PI3-kinase/AKT, and/or MAP kinases. In this review, current understanding of leptin and its receptor's roles in the pathogenesis of colonogenic cancer has been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Uddin
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
223
|
Luna M, Rodríguez-Méndez AJ, Luna-Acosta JL, Carranza M, Arámburo C. Expression and function of chicken bursal growth hormone (GH). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 190:182-7. [PMID: 23684966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has several effects on the immune system. Our group has shown that GH is produced in the chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF) where it may act as an autocrine/paracrine modulator that participates in B-cell differentiation and maturation. The time course of GH mRNA and protein expression in the BF suggests that GH may be involved in development and involution of the BF, since GH is known to be present mainly in B lymphocytes and epithelial cells. In addition, as GH is anti-apoptotic in other tissues, we assessed the possibility that GH promotes cell survival in the BF. This work focused on determining the mechanism by which GH can inhibit apoptosis of B cells and if the PI3K/Akt pathway is activated. Bursal cell cultures were treated with a range of GH concentrations (0.1-100nM). The addition of 10nM GH significantly increased viability (16.7±0.6%) compared with the control and decreased caspase-3 activity to 40.6±6.5% of the control. Together, these data indicate that GH is produced locally in the BF and that the presence of exogenous GH in B cell cultures has antiapoptotic effects and increases B cell survival, probably through the PI3k/Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
224
|
Hoesel B, Schmid JA. The complexity of NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:86. [PMID: 23915189 PMCID: PMC3750319 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2335] [Impact Index Per Article: 212.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB family of transcription factors has an essential role in inflammation and innate immunity. Furthermore, NF-κB is increasingly recognized as a crucial player in many steps of cancer initiation and progression. During these latter processes NF-κB cooperates with multiple other signaling molecules and pathways. Prominent nodes of crosstalk are mediated by other transcription factors such as STAT3 and p53 or the ETS related gene ERG. These transcription factors either directly interact with NF-κB subunits or affect NF-κB target genes. Crosstalk can also occur through different kinases, such as GSK3-β, p38, or PI3K, which modulate NF-κB transcriptional activity or affect upstream signaling pathways. Other classes of molecules that act as nodes of crosstalk are reactive oxygen species and miRNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant modes of crosstalk and cooperativity between NF-κB and other signaling molecules during inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Hoesel
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Schmid
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Zhang JT, Jiang XH, Xie C, Cheng H, Da Dong J, Wang Y, Fok KL, Zhang XH, Sun TT, Tsang LL, Chen H, Sun XJ, Chung YW, Cai ZM, Jiang WG, Chan HC. Downregulation of CFTR promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and is associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2961-2969. [PMID: 23916755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process involving the breakdown of cell-cell junctions and loss of epithelial polarity, is closely related to cancer development and metastatic progression. While the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a Cl(-) and HCO3(-) conducting anion channel expressed in a wide variety of epithelial cells, has been implicated in the regulation of epithelial polarity, the exact role of CFTR in the pathogenesis of cancer and its possible involvement in EMT process have not been elucidated. Here we report that interfering with CFTR function either by its specific inhibitor or lentiviral miRNA-mediated knockdown mimics TGF-β1-induced EMT and enhances cell migration and invasion in MCF-7. Ectopic overexpression of CFTR in a highly metastatic MDA-231 breast cancer cell line downregulates EMT markers and suppresses cell invasion and migration in vitro, as well as metastasis in vivo. The EMT-suppressing effect of CFTR is found to be associated with its ability to inhibit NFκB targeting urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), known to be involved in the regulation of EMT. More importantly, CFTR expression is found significantly downregulated in primary human breast cancer samples, and is closely associated with poor prognosis in different cohorts of breast cancer patients. Taken together, the present study has demonstrated a previously undefined role of CFTR as an EMT suppressor and its potential as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ting Zhang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Hua Jiang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ji Nan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jian Da Dong
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Wang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Lam Fok
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Hu Zhang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Ting Sun
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lai Ling Tsang
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hao Chen
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Juan Sun
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiu Wa Chung
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi Ming Cai
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Guo Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Surgery, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Hsiao Chang Chan
- Epithelial Cell Biology Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ji Nan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, China; Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
226
|
Sun L, Mathews LA, Cabarcas SM, Zhang X, Yang A, Zhang Y, Young MR, Klarmann KD, Keller JR, Farrar WL. Epigenetic regulation of SOX9 by the NF-κB signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer stem cells. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1454-66. [PMID: 23592398 PMCID: PMC3775871 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Pancreatic cancer can be localized, locally advanced, or metastatic. The median 1- and 5-year survival rates are 25% and 6%, respectively. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation play a significant role during both normal human development and cancer progression. To investigate epigenetic regulation of genes in the tumor-initiating population of pancreatic cancer cells, which are also termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), we conducted epigenetic arrays in PANC1 and HPAC pancreatic cancer cell lines and compared the global DNA methylation status of CpG promoters in invasive cells, demonstrated to be CSCs, to their noninvasive counterparts, or non-CSCs. Our results suggested that the NF-κB pathway is one of the most activated pathways in pancreatic CSCs. In agreement with this, we determined that upon treatment with NF-κB pathway inhibitors, the stem cell-like properties of cells are significantly disrupted. Moreover, SOX9, demethylated in CSCs, is shown to play a crucial role in the invasion process. Additionally, we found a potential NF-κB binding site located in the SOX9 promoter and determined that the NF-κB subunit p65 positively regulates SOX9 expression by binding to its promoter directly. This interaction can be efficiently blocked by NF-κB inhibitors. Thus, our work establishes a link between the classic NF-κB signaling transduction pathway and the invasiveness of pancreatic CSCs, which may result in the identification of novel signals and molecules that function at an epigenetic level, and could potentially be targeted for pharmaceutical investigations and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Cancer Stem Cell Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
227
|
Fang Y, Chen H, Hu Y, Djukic Z, Tevebaugh W, Shaheen NJ, Orlando RC, Hu J, Chen X. Gastroesophageal reflux activates the NF-κB pathway and impairs esophageal barrier function in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G58-65. [PMID: 23639809 PMCID: PMC3725692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00438.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of the esophageal epithelium is a major defense against gastroesophageal reflux disease. Previous studies have shown that reflux damage is reflected in a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance associated with tight junction alterations in the esophageal epithelium. To develop novel therapies, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms whereby contact with a refluxate impairs esophageal barrier function. In this study, surgical models of duodenal and mixed reflux were developed in mice. Mouse esophageal epithelium was analyzed by gene microarray. Gene set enrichment analysis showed upregulation of inflammation-related gene sets and the NF-κB pathway due to reflux. Significance analysis of microarrays revealed upregulation of NF-κB target genes. Overexpression of NF-κB subunits (p50 and p65) and NF-κB target genes (matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -9, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) confirmed activation of the NF-κB pathway in the esophageal epithelium. In addition, real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining also showed downregulation and mislocalization of claudins-1 and -4. In a second animal experiment, treatment with an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7085 (20 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ ip for 10 days), counteracted the effects of duodenal and mixed reflux on epithelial resistance and NF-κB-regulated cytokines. We conclude that gastroesophageal reflux activates the NF-κB pathway and impairs esophageal barrier function in mice and that targeting the NF-κB pathway may strengthen esophageal barrier function against reflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- 1Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; ,2Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Hao Chen
- 2Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Yuhui Hu
- 2Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Zorka Djukic
- 3Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Whitney Tevebaugh
- 2Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- 3Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- 3Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jianguo Hu
- 1Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China;
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- 2Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina; and ,3Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
von Holstein SL, Fehr A, Persson M, Therkildsen MH, Prause JU, Heegaard S, Stenman G. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland: MYB gene activation, genomic imbalances, and clinical characteristics. Ophthalmology 2013; 120:2130-8. [PMID: 23725736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate genetic alterations in lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) with emphasis on the MYB-NFIB fusion oncogene and its downstream targets, MYB rearrangements, and copy number alterations in relation to clinical data and survival. DESIGN Experimental study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS Fourteen patients with primary lacrimal gland ACC were included. As a control, we also studied the expression of MYB-NFIB in 19 non-ACC lacrimal gland tumors. METHODS The expression and identity of MYB-NFIB fusion transcripts were studied using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequence analyses. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the expression of MYB/MYB-NFIB target genes. High-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (arrayCGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to study copy number alterations and MYB rearrangements. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES mRNA or protein expression of MYB-NFIB, MYB, and its down stream targets; copy number alterations; and genomic rearrangements. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 43 years (equal gender distribution), and the median time of survival was 8.6 years. The MYB-NFIB fusion was expressed in 7 of 14 ACCs. In contrast, all non-ACC tumors were fusion-negative. All 13 ACCs tested stained positive for the MYB protein, and for the MYB targets KIT and BCL2, 12 were positive for MYC and CCNE1, and 9 were positive for CCNB1. Rearrangements of MYB were detected in 8 of 13 cases, including 2 cases with gain of an apparently intact MYB gene. The arrayCGH analysis revealed recurrent copy number alterations with losses involving 6q23-q27, 12q12-q14.1, and 17p13.3-p12, and gains involving 19q12, 19q13.31-qter, 8q24.13-q24.21, 11q12.3-q14.1, and 6q23.3. Neither MYB-NFIB fusion nor any copy number alteration correlated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Lacrimal gland ACCs are frequently positive for the MYB-NFIB fusion, overexpress MYB and its downstream targets, and have genomic profiles characterized by losses involving 6q, 12q, and 17p, and gains involving 19q, 8q, and 11q. Our findings show that lacrimal gland ACCs are genetically and clinically similar to their salivary gland counterparts and that MYB-NFIB is a clinically useful diagnostic biomarker for ACC. Our data also suggest that MYB and its downstream targets are potential therapeutic targets for these tumors. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L von Holstein
- Eye Pathology Section, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
229
|
Fang Y, Chen H, Hu Y, Djukic Z, Tevebaugh W, Shaheen NJ, Orlando RC, Hu J, Chen X. Gastroesophageal reflux activates the NF-κB pathway and impairs esophageal barrier function in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013. [PMID: 23639809 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of the esophageal epithelium is a major defense against gastroesophageal reflux disease. Previous studies have shown that reflux damage is reflected in a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance associated with tight junction alterations in the esophageal epithelium. To develop novel therapies, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms whereby contact with a refluxate impairs esophageal barrier function. In this study, surgical models of duodenal and mixed reflux were developed in mice. Mouse esophageal epithelium was analyzed by gene microarray. Gene set enrichment analysis showed upregulation of inflammation-related gene sets and the NF-κB pathway due to reflux. Significance analysis of microarrays revealed upregulation of NF-κB target genes. Overexpression of NF-κB subunits (p50 and p65) and NF-κB target genes (matrix metalloproteinases-3 and -9, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) confirmed activation of the NF-κB pathway in the esophageal epithelium. In addition, real-time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining also showed downregulation and mislocalization of claudins-1 and -4. In a second animal experiment, treatment with an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7085 (20 mg·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ ip for 10 days), counteracted the effects of duodenal and mixed reflux on epithelial resistance and NF-κB-regulated cytokines. We conclude that gastroesophageal reflux activates the NF-κB pathway and impairs esophageal barrier function in mice and that targeting the NF-κB pathway may strengthen esophageal barrier function against reflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
230
|
Sah RP, Dudeja V, Dawra RK, Saluja AK. Cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis does not require intra-acinar activation of trypsinogen in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1076-1085.e2. [PMID: 23354015 PMCID: PMC3928043 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Premature activation of trypsinogen activation can cause pancreatic injury and has been associated with chronic pancreatitis (CP). Mice that lack intra-acinar activation of trypsinogen, such as trypsinogen-7-null (T(-/-)) and cathepsin B-null (CB(-/-)) mice, have been used to study trypsin-independent processes of CP development. We compared histologic features and inflammatory responses of pancreatic tissues from these mice with those from wild-type mice after the development of CP. METHODS CP was induced in wild-type, T(-/-), and CB(-/-) mice by twice-weekly induction of acute pancreatitis for 10 weeks; acute pancreatitis was induced by hourly intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg × 6). Pancreatic samples were collected and evaluated by histologic and immunohistochemical analyses. Normal human pancreas samples, obtained from the islet transplant program at the University of Minnesota, were used as controls and CP samples were obtained from surgical resections. RESULTS Compared with pancreatic tissues from wild-type mice, those from T(-/-) and CB(-/-) mice had similar levels of atrophy, histomorphologic features of CP, and chronic inflammation. All samples had comparable intra-acinar activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, a transcription factor that regulates the inflammatory response, immediately after injection of cerulein. Pancreatic tissue samples from patients with CP had increased activation of NF-κB (based on nuclear translocation of p65 in acinar cells) compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Induction of CP in mice by cerulein injection does not require intra-acinar activation of trypsinogen. Pancreatic acinar cells of patients with CP have increased levels of NF-κB activation compared with controls; regulation of the inflammatory response by this transcription factor might be involved in the pathogenesis of CP.
Collapse
|
231
|
Ettou S, Humbrecht C, Benet B, Billot K, d'Allard D, Mariot V, Goodhardt M, Kosmider O, Mayeux P, Solary E, Fontenay M. Epigenetic Control of NF-κB-Dependent FAS Gene Transcription during Progression of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:724-35. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
232
|
Okai I, Wang L, Gong L, Arko-Boham B, Hao L, Zhou X, Qi X, Hu J, Shao S. Overexpression of JAKMIP1 associates with Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activation and promotes cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2013; 67:228-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
233
|
|
234
|
Yu X, Park EJ, Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM, Sun D. Synthesis of 2-arylindole derivatives and evaluation as nitric oxide synthase and NFκB inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 10:8835-47. [PMID: 23044819 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of small molecule drug-like inhibitors blocking both nitric oxide synthase and NFκB could offer a synergistic therapeutic approach in the prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer. During the course of evaluating the biological potential of a commercial compound library, 2-phenylindole (1) displayed inhibitory activity against nitrite production and NFκB with IC(50) values of 38.1 ± 1.8 and 25.4 ± 2.1 μM, respectively. Based on this lead, synthesis and systematic optimization have been undertaken in an effort to find novel and more potent nitric oxide synthase and NFκB inhibitors with antiinflammatory and cancer preventive potential. First, chemical derivatizations of 1 and 2-phenylindole-3-carboxaldehyde (4) were performed to generate a panel of N-alkylated indoles and 3-oxime derivatives 2–7. Second, a series of diversified 2-arylindole derivatives (10) were synthesized from an array of substituted 2-iodoanilines (8) and terminal alkynes (9) by applying a one-pot palladium catalyzed Sonogashira-type alkynylation and base-assisted cycloaddition. Subsequent biological evaluations revealed 3-carboxaldehyde oxime and cyano substituted 2-phenylindoles 5 and 7 exhibited the strongest nitrite inhibitory activities (IC(50) = 4.4 ± 0.5 and 4.8 ± 0.4 μM, respectively); as well as NFκB inhibition (IC(50) = 6.9 ± 0.8 and 8.5 ± 2.0 μM, respectively). In addition, the 6′-MeO-naphthalen-2′-yl indole derivative 10at displayed excellent inhibitory activity against NFκB with an IC(50) value of 0.6 ± 0.2 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xufen Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
235
|
Curcumin enhances the effect of chemotherapy against colorectal cancer cells by inhibition of NF-κB and Src protein kinase signaling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57218. [PMID: 23451189 PMCID: PMC3579779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Development of treatment resistance and adverse toxicity associated with classical chemotherapeutic agents highlights the need for safer and effective therapeutic approaches. Herein, we examined the effectiveness of a combination treatment regimen of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and curcumin in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Methods Wild type HCT116 cells and HCT116+ch3 cells (complemented with chromosome 3) were treated with curcumin and 5-FU in a time- and dose-dependent manner and evaluated by cell proliferation assays, DAPI staining, transmission electron microscopy, cell cycle analysis and immunoblotting for key signaling proteins. Results The individual IC50 of curcumin and 5-FU were approximately 20 µM and 5 µM in HCT116 cells and 5 µM and 1 µM in HCT116+ch3 cells, respectively (p<0.05). Pretreatment with curcumin significantly reduced survival in both cells; HCT116+ch3 cells were considerably more sensitive to treatment with curcumin and/or 5-FU than wild-type HCT116 cells. The IC50 values for combination treatment were approximately 5 µM and 1 µM in HCT116 and 5 µM and 0.1 µM in HCT116+ch3, respectively (p<0.05). Curcumin induced apoptosis in both cells by inducing mitochondrial degeneration and cytochrome c release. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the anti-proliferative effect of curcumin and/or 5-FU was preceded by accumulation of CRC cells in the S cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis. Curcumin potentiated 5-FU-induced expression or cleavage of pro-apoptotic proteins (caspase-8, -9, -3, PARP and Bax), and down-regulated anti-apoptotic (Bcl-xL) and proliferative (cyclin D1) proteins. Although 5-FU activated NF-κB/PI-3K/Src pathway in CRC cells, this was down-regulated by curcumin treatment through inhibition of IκBα kinase activation and IκBα phosphorylation. Conclusions Combining curcumin with conventional chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-FU could provide more effective treatment strategies against chemoresistant colon cancer cells. The mechanisms involved may be mediated via NF-κB/PI-3K/Src pathways and NF-κB regulated gene products.
Collapse
|
236
|
Chung MY, Lim TG, Lee KW. Molecular mechanisms of chemopreventive phytochemicals against gastroenterological cancer development. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:984-993. [PMID: 23467658 PMCID: PMC3582010 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i7.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Commonly used cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, often have side effects and a complete cure is sometimes impossible. Therefore, prevention, suppression, and/or delaying the onset of the disease are important. The onset of gastroenterological cancers is closely associated with an individual’s lifestyle. Thus, changing lifestyle, specifically the consumption of fruits and vegetables, can help to protect against the development of gastroenterological cancers. In particular, naturally occurring bioactive compounds, including curcumin, resveratrol, isothiocyanates, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and sulforaphane, are regarded as promising chemopreventive agents. Hence, regular consumption of these natural bioactive compounds found in foods can contribute to prevention, suppression, and/or delay of gastroenterological cancer development. In this review, we will summarize natural phytochemicals possessing potential antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities, which are exerted by regulating or targeting specific molecules against gastroenterological cancers, including esophageal, gastric and colon cancers.
Collapse
|
237
|
Chu YF, Wise ML, Gulvady AA, Chang T, Kendra DF, Jan-Willem van Klinken B, Shi Y, O'Shea M. In vitro antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of seven common oats. Food Chem 2013; 139:426-31. [PMID: 23561127 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oats are gaining increasing scientific and public interest for their purported antioxidant-associated health benefits. Most reported studies focused on specific oat extracts or particular oat components, such as β-glucans, tocols (vitamin E), or avenanthramides. Studies on whole oats with respect to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are still lacking. Here the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from whole oat groats of seven common varieties were evaluated. All oat varieties had very similar oxygen radical absorption capacity compared with other whole grains. In an anti-inflammatory assay, oat variety CDC Dancer inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation by 27.5% at 2 mg/ml, whereas variety Deiter showed 13.7% inhibition at a comparable dose. Avenanthramide levels did not correlate with the observed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations are needed to pinpoint the specific antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, and potential synergistic and/or matrix effects that may help explain the mechanisms of oat's anti-inflammatory actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Chu
- PepsiCo R&D Nutrition, 617 W. Main Street, Barrington, IL 60010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
238
|
Zhang KJ, Wang M. Potential effects of CRM1 inhibition in mantle cell lymphoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 24:374-87. [PMID: 23357869 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2012.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive histotype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The disease has no known cure, which prompts the urgent need for novel therapeutic agents. Chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1) may play a role in human neoplasia and serve as a novel target of cancer treatment. This study summarizes MCL pathogenesis and determines the involvement of CRM1 in the regulation of several vital signaling pathways contributing to MCL pathogenesis, including the pathways of cell cycle progression, DNA damage response, phosphoinositide kinase-3, nuclear factor-κB activation, and chromosomal stability. A preclinical study is also presented to compare the CRM1 status in MCL cell lines and primary MCL cells with normal B cells, as well as the therapeutic efficiency of CRM1 inhibition in MCL in vitro and in vivo, which make these agents potential targets of novel MCL treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, China; ; Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Combination chemotherapy of serine protease inhibitor nafamostat mesilate with oxaliplatin targeting NF-κB activation for pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 333:89-95. [PMID: 23348695 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed if nafamostat mesilate may enhance anti-tumor effects of oxaliplatin on Panc-1 cells and pancreatic cancer mouse model. In combination treatment with nafamostat mesilate and oxaliplatin, NF-κB activation was inhibited by suppressing IκBα phosphorylation, and caspase-8-mediated apoptosis was more prominent than that treated with oxaliplatin alone, both in vitro and in vivo. Nafamostat mesilate reduced proliferation rate of Panc-1 cells as compared with oxaliplatin alone in vitro and enhanced oxaliplatin-induced tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Combination chemotherapy using nafamostat mesilate and oxaliplatin induces synergistic cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer and could be a novel strategy for treatment.
Collapse
|
240
|
Zanella F, Dos Santos NR, Link W. Moving to the core: spatiotemporal analysis of Forkhead box O (FOXO) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Traffic 2013; 14:247-58. [PMID: 23231504 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear translocation of proteins is an essential aspect of normal cell function, and defects in this process have been detected in many disease-associated conditions. The detection and quantification of nuclear translocation was significantly boosted by the association of robotized microscopy with automated image analysis, a technology designated as high-content screening. Image-based high-content screening and analysis provides the means to systematically observe cellular translocation events in time and space in response to chemical or genetic perturbation at large scale. This approach yields powerful insights into the regulation of complex signaling networks independently of preconceived notions of mechanistic relationships. In this review, we briefly overview the different mechanisms involved in nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking. In addition, we discuss high-content approaches used to interrogate the mechanistic and spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular signaling events using Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as important and clinically relevant examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Zanella
- School of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0613, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Brown I, Cascio MG, Rotondo D, Pertwee RG, Heys SD, Wahle KW. Cannabinoids and omega-3/6 endocannabinoids as cell death and anticancer modulators. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:80-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
242
|
Sharma RK, Otsuka M, Gaba G, Mehta S. Inhibitors of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κβ)-DNA binding. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21852f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
243
|
Inflammation and apoptosis in malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma: the role of the bridge molecules, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor κB. Am J Otolaryngol 2013; 34:22-30. [PMID: 22951321 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the early events in the neoplastic progression of the sinonasal inverted papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma from the viewpoint of chronic inflammation and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 118 archival slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin from 45 patients were graded according to histopathology (grades I-IV). Their representative portions were transferred to a tissue microarray, sections of which were stained immunohistochemically for cyclooxygenase-2, p53, bax, bcl-2, and nuclear factor κB. RESULTS Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was positively correlated with histopathologic grade, with higher expression in advanced grades. p53s were detected in all cores from advanced grades (III, IV), but not in early grades (I, II). The expressions of nuclear factor κB, bax, and bcl-2 were not correlated with the grade. CONCLUSIONS A p53 mutation seems be a critical event for the malignant transformation of the sinonasal inverted papilloma. Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated inflammatory signals, activated as a consequence of the p53 mutation, may contribute to promoting the proliferation of the advanced sinonasal inverted papilloma.
Collapse
|
244
|
Banerjee S, Sahoo AK, Chattopadhyay A, Ghosh SS. Hydrogel nanocarrier encapsulated recombinant IκBα as a novel anticancer protein therapeutics. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23181j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
245
|
Khan MKA, Ansari IA, Khan MS, Arif JM. Dietary phytochemicals as potent chemotherapeutic agents against breast cancer: Inhibition of NF-κB pathway via molecular interactions in rel homology domain of its precursor protein p105. Pharmacogn Mag 2013; 9:51-7. [PMID: 23661994 PMCID: PMC3647395 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary phytochemicals consist of a wide variety of biologically active compounds that are ubiquitous in plants, many of which have been reported to have anti-tumor as well as anti-inflammatory properties. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we aimed to validate these findings by using docking protocols and explicate the possible mechanism of action for a dataset of nine phytochemicals namely boswellic acid, 1-caffeoylquinic acid, ellagic acid, emodin, genistein, guggulsterone, quercetin, resveratrol, and sylibinin from different plants against the nuclear factor- kappaB (NF-κB) precursor protein p105, an important transcription factor reported to be overexpressed in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2-D structures of all phytochemicals were retrieved from PubChem Compound database and their subsequent conversion into 3-D structures was performed by using online software system CORINA. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the NF-κB precursor p105 was extracted from Brookhaven Protein Data Bank. Molecular docking simulation study was carried out by using AutoDock Tools 4.0. RESULTS Our results showed significant binding affinity of different phytochemicals with the Rel homology domain of the NF-κB precursor protein p105. Quercetin and 1-caffeoylquinic acid were found to be very effective inhibitors against target molecule as they showed binding energy of -12.11 and -11.50 Kcal/mol, respectively. The order of affinity of other ligands with p105 was found as follows: guggulsterone > sylibinin > emodin > resveratrol > genistein > boswellic acid > ellagic acid. CONCLUSION Our in silico study has explored the possible chemopreventive mechanism of these phytochemicals against the NF-κB precursor protein p105 and deciphered that quercetin, 1-caffeoylquinic acid and guggulsterone were the potent inhibitors against target molecule. In addition, large scale preclinical and clinical trials are needed to explore the role of these chemotherapeutic molecules against the NF-κB precursor protein p105 in cure and prevention of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K. A. Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Irfan A. Ansari
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M. Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jamal M. Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
|
247
|
Tinsley HN, Grizzle WE, Abadi A, Keeton A, Zhu B, Xi Y, Piazza GA. New NSAID targets and derivatives for colorectal cancer chemoprevention. Recent Results Cancer Res 2013; 191:105-20. [PMID: 22893202 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30331-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies provide strong evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can prevent numerous types of cancers, especially colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, the depletion of physiologically important prostaglandins due to cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition results in potentially fatal toxicities that preclude the long-term use of NSAIDs for cancer chemoprevention. While studies have shown an involvement of COX-2 in colorectal tumorigenesis, other studies suggest that a COX-independent target may be at least partially responsible for the antineoplastic activity of NSAIDs. For example, certain NSAID derivatives have been identified that do not inhibit COX-2 but have demonstrated efficacy to suppress carcinogenesis with potential for reduced toxicity. A number of alternative targets have also been reported to account for the tumor cell growth inhibitory activity of NSAIDs, including the inhibition of cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterases (cGMP PDEs), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the suppression of the apoptosis inhibitor protein, survivin, and others. Here, we review several promising mechanisms that are being targeted to develop safer and more efficacious NSAID derivatives for colon cancer chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Tinsley
- Department of Biology, University of Montevallo, Montevallo, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
248
|
Park JH, Yoon DS, Choi HJ, Hahm DH, Oh SM. Phosphorylation of IκBα at serine 32 by T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase is essential for chemoresistance against doxorubicin in cervical cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3585-93. [PMID: 23250755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphokine-activated killer cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) is known to be up-regulated in cancer cells and appears to contribute to cancer cell proliferation and survival. However, the molecular mechanism by which TOPK regulates cancer cell survival still remains elusive. Here we show that TOPK directly interacted with and phosphorylated IκBα at Ser-32, leading to p65 nuclear translocation and NF-κB activation. We also revealed that doxorubicin promoted the interaction between nonphosphorylated or phosphorylated TOPK and IκBα and that TOPK-mediated IκBα phosphorylation was enhanced in response to doxorubicin. Also, exogenously overexpressed TOPK augmented transcriptional activity driven by either NF-κB or inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) promoters. On the other hand, NF-κB activity including IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation, as well as cIAP2 gene expression, was markedly diminished in TOPK knockdown HeLa cervical cancer cells. Moreover, doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis was noticeably increased in TOPK knockdown HeLa cells, compared with control cells, which resulted from caspase-dependent signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that TOPK is a molecular target of doxorubicin and mediates doxorubicin chemoresistance of HeLa cells, suggesting a novel mechanism for TOPK barrier of doxorubicin-mediated cervical cancer cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
249
|
Luco S, Delmas O, Vidalain PO, Tangy F, Weil R, Bourhy H. RelAp43, a member of the NF-κB family involved in innate immune response against Lyssavirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1003060. [PMID: 23271966 PMCID: PMC3521698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors are crucial for many cellular processes. NF-κB is activated by viral infections to induce expression of antiviral cytokines. Here, we identified a novel member of the human NF-κB family, denoted RelAp43, the nucleotide sequence of which contains several exons as well as an intron of the RelA gene. RelAp43 is expressed in all cell lines and tissues tested and exhibits all the properties of a NF-κB protein. Although its sequence does not include a transactivation domain, identifying it as a class I member of the NF-κB family, it is able to potentiate RelA-mediated transactivation and stabilize dimers comprising p50. Furthermore, RelAp43 stimulates the expression of HIAP1, IRF1, and IFN-β - three genes involved in cell immunity against viral infection. It is also targeted by the matrix protein of lyssaviruses, the agents of rabies, resulting in an inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, our data provide the description of a novel functional member of the NF-κB family, which plays a key role in the induction of anti-viral innate immune response. The homeostasis of living cells is tightly regulated by signaling pathways, most of them being pleiotropic, which makes their understanding crucial in biology. One of them, the NF-κB pathway, includes a family of transcription factors involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and cell immunity. In this study, we identified a novel human member of the NF-κB family that we named RelAp43. It shares all the main characteristics of the already known NF-κB family members. Moreover, we demonstrated that RelAp43 induced specifically the expression of genes involved in the innate immune response against viruses. Interestingly, we showed that RelAp43 is specifically targeted by the matrix protein of rabies virus, which contributes to the pathogenesis of the virus and its escape from innate immune response. Taken together, our data provide the description of a novel functional member of the NF-κB family, which is involved in the induction of innate immune response against virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Luco
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delmas
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Frédéric Tangy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génomique virale et vaccination, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weil
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Signalisation moléculaire et Activation cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l'Hôte, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
250
|
Martínez-Gil L, Ayllon J, Ortigoza MB, García-Sastre A, Shaw ML, Palese P. Identification of small molecules with type I interferon inducing properties by high-throughput screening. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49049. [PMID: 23145065 PMCID: PMC3492183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of virus that are resistant to current anti-viral drugs, combined with the introduction of new viral pathogens for which no therapeutics are available, creates an urgent need for the development of novel broad spectrum antivirals. Type I interferon (IFN) can, by modulating the cellular expression profile, stimulate a non-specific antiviral state. The antiviral and adjuvant properties of IFN have been extensively demonstrated; however, its clinical application has been so far limited. We have developed a human cell-based assay that monitors IFN-β production for use in a high throughput screen. Using this assay we screened 94,398 small molecules and identified 18 compounds with IFN-inducing properties. Among these, 3 small molecules (C3, E51 and L56) showed activity not only in human but also in murine and canine derived cells. We further characterized C3 and showed that this molecule is capable of stimulating an anti-viral state in human-derived lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, the IFN-induction by C3 is not diminished by the presence of influenza A virus NS1 protein or hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease, which make this molecule an interesting candidate for the development of a new type of broad-spectrum antiviral. In addition, the IFN-inducing properties of C3 also suggest its potential use as vaccine adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martínez-Gil
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan Ayllon
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mila Brum Ortigoza
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Global Health and Emerging Pathogens, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|