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Yang HY, Liu HL, Tian LT, Song RP, Song X, Yin DL, Liang YJ, Qu LD, Jiang HC, Liu JR, Liu LX. Expression and prognostic value of ING3 in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:352-61. [PMID: 22550337 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor ING3 has been shown to be involved in tumor transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Some studies have demonstrated that ING3 is dysregulated in several types of cancers. However, the expression and function of ING3 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate ING3 expression in hepatic tumors and its clinical relevance in hepatic cancer. The expression of ING3 protein was examined in 120 dissected HCC tissues and 47 liver tissues adjacent to the tumor by immunohistochemical assays and confirmed by Western blot analysis in 20 paired frozen tumor and non-tumor liver tissues. The relationship between ING3 staining and clinico-pathological characteristics of HCC was further analyzed. The mRNA expression of ING3 in the dissected tissues was also analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and realtime PCR. Both mRNA and protein concentrations of ING3 were found to be downregulated in the majority of HCC tumors in comparison with matched non-tumor hepatic tissues. Analysis of the relationship between ING3 staining and clinico-pathological characteristics of HCC showed that the low expression of ING3 protein is correlated with more aggressive behavior of the tumor. Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated that patients with a low expression of ING3 have a significantly increased risk of shortened survival time. In addition, multivariate analysis suggested that the level of ING3 expression may be an independent prognostic factor. Our findings indicate that ING3 may be an important marker for human hepatocellular carcinoma progression and prognosis, as well as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Hao-Ling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District
| | - Lan-Tian Tian
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Rui-Peng Song
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Xuan Song
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Da-Long Yin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Ying-Jian Liang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Lian-Dong Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Experimental Animal Center, 427 Ma Duan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hong-Chi Jiang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
| | - Jia-Ren Liu
- Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lian-Xin Liu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education
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202
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Eurich D, Boas-Knoop S, Bahra M, Neuhaus R, Somasundaram R, Neuhaus P, Neumann U, Seehofer D. Role of IL28B polymorphism in the development of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, graft fibrosis, and posttransplant antiviral therapy. Transplantation 2012; 93:644-9. [PMID: 22411462 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318244f774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of liver graft disease is partially determined by individual genetic background. Interleukin 28B (IL28B) is strongly suspected to be involved in susceptibility for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, inflammation, and antiviral treatment response before and after liver transplantation (LT). Currently, the role of IL28B polymorphism (rs12979860) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear, and only limited data are available on the course of HCV recurrence. METHODS One hundred sixty-seven HCV-positive patients after LT were genotyped for IL28B (C→T; rs12979860). Sixty-one patients with histologically confirmed HCC in the explanted liver were compared with 106 patients without HCC regarding IL28B genotypes. Among patients with HCC, IL28B genotypes were correlated with tumor histology and pretransplant α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Furthermore, the role of IL28B polymorphism was evaluated regarding interferon-based treatment success and fibrosis progression after LT. RESULTS The prevalence of HCC in explanted livers was significantly higher among patients with TT genotype, suggesting a protective role of the C allele in HCC development (P=0.041). Median AFP level was closely to significance higher in the presence of T allele (P=0.052). Significant differences in IL28B genotype distribution were detected between AFP-negative and AFP-positive HCCs (<15 μg/L vs. >15 μg/L; P=0.008). Although no impact could be observed regarding acute cellular rejection (P=0.940), T allele was significantly associated with antiviral therapy failure (P=0.028) and faster development of advanced fibrosis (P=0.017) after LT. CONCLUSION IL28B polymorphism seems to be involved in the development of HCV-induced HCC and in the course of HCV recurrence after LT. T allele may be regarded as a genetic risk factor for HCV-related carcinogenesis, posttransplant fibrosis progression, and antiviral therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Eurich
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
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203
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Takata A, Otsuka M, Yoshikawa T, Kishikawa T, Kudo Y, Goto T, Yoshida H, Koike K. A miRNA machinery component DDX20 controls NF-κB via microRNA-140 function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:564-9. [PMID: 22445758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, but the molecular mechanisms in tumorigenesis remain largely unknown. Previously, a DEAD-box protein DDX20, a component of microRNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes, was identified as a liver tumor suppressor candidate in an oncogenomics-based in vivo RNAi screen. However, the molecular mechanisms were unknown. Here, we show that deficiency of DDX20 results in the enhancement of NF-κB activity, a crucial intracellular signaling pathway closely linked with hepatocarcinogenesis. While DDX20 normally suppresses NF-κB activity by regulating NF-κB-suppressing miRNA-140 function, this suppressive effect was lost in DDX20-deficient cells. The impairment of miRNA function due to DDX20 deficiency appears to be miRNA species-specific at the point of loading miRNAs into the RNA-induced silencing complex. These results indicate that DDX20 deficiency enhances NF-κB activity by impairing the NF-κB-suppressive action of microRNAs, and suggest that dysregulation of the microRNA machinery components may also be involved in pathogenesis in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Takata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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204
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhang H, Wang S, Han F, Yue L, Qu Y, Zhang Y, Liang H, Nie H, Li Y. MARVELD1 inhibited cell proliferation and enhance chemosensitivity via increasing expression of p53 and p16 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:716-22. [PMID: 22320884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that expression of MARVELD1 was remarkably downregulated in multiple tumor tissues, but unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its function has not been explored yet. In the present study, to uncover the underlying mechanism of MARVELD1 in the pathogenesis and development of HCC, we investigated the expression pattern of MARVELD1 and its effect on tumor proliferation in HCC. The results indicated the frequent downregulation of MARVELD1 in clinic samples and cell lines of HCC resulted from promoter methylation, as well as genetic deletion. Furthermore, treatment of MARVELD1 unexpressing Hep3B2.1-7 and PLC/PRF/5 cells with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine restored its expression. Overexpression of MARVELD1 suppressed the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas downregulation of endogenous MARVELD1 by shRNAs significantly enhanced these characters. MARVELD1 overexpression could enhance chemosensitivity of HCC cells to epirubicin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin. Corresponding to these results, the expression of p-ERK1/2 and cyclin D1 were decreased, whereas p16 and p53 were increased in MARVELD1-transfected cells. We also demonstrated that knockdown of MARVELD1 resulted in upregulation of p-ERK1/2 and cyclin D1, and downregulation of p16 and p53. Moreover, the effect of the decreased cell growth rate was significantly reversed when MARVELD1-overexpressing cells were trasfected with p53 or p16 siRNA. Our findings suggest that MARVELD1 is a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating proliferation, tumor growth and chemosensitivity of HCC cells via increasing p53 and p16 in vitro and in vivo. MARVELD1 may be a potential target for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youtao Yu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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205
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Jiang Z, Jhunjhunwala S, Liu J, Haverty PM, Kennemer MI, Guan Y, Lee W, Carnevali P, Stinson J, Johnson S, Diao J, Yeung S, Jubb A, Ye W, Wu TD, Kapadia SB, de Sauvage FJ, Gentleman RC, Stern HM, Seshagiri S, Pant KP, Modrusan Z, Ballinger DG, Zhang Z. The effects of hepatitis B virus integration into the genomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Genome Res 2012. [PMID: 22267523 DOI: 10.1101/gr.133926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV integration into the host genome has been reported, but its scale, impact and contribution to HCC development is not clear. Here, we sequenced the tumor and nontumor genomes (>80× coverage) and transcriptomes of four HCC patients and identified 255 HBV integration sites. Increased sequencing to 240× coverage revealed a proportionally higher number of integration sites. Clonal expansion of HBV-integrated hepatocytes was found specifically in tumor samples. We observe a diverse collection of genomic perturbations near viral integration sites, including direct gene disruption, viral promoter-driven human transcription, viral-human transcript fusion, and DNA copy number alteration. Thus, we report the most comprehensive characterization of HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Such widespread random viral integration will likely increase carcinogenic opportunities in HBV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Jiang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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206
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Jiang Z, Jhunjhunwala S, Liu J, Haverty PM, Kennemer MI, Guan Y, Lee W, Carnevali P, Stinson J, Johnson S, Diao J, Yeung S, Jubb A, Ye W, Wu TD, Kapadia SB, de Sauvage FJ, Gentleman RC, Stern HM, Seshagiri S, Pant KP, Modrusan Z, Ballinger DG, Zhang Z. The effects of hepatitis B virus integration into the genomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Genome Res 2012; 22:593-601. [PMID: 22267523 DOI: 10.1101/gr.133926.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV integration into the host genome has been reported, but its scale, impact and contribution to HCC development is not clear. Here, we sequenced the tumor and nontumor genomes (>80× coverage) and transcriptomes of four HCC patients and identified 255 HBV integration sites. Increased sequencing to 240× coverage revealed a proportionally higher number of integration sites. Clonal expansion of HBV-integrated hepatocytes was found specifically in tumor samples. We observe a diverse collection of genomic perturbations near viral integration sites, including direct gene disruption, viral promoter-driven human transcription, viral-human transcript fusion, and DNA copy number alteration. Thus, we report the most comprehensive characterization of HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Such widespread random viral integration will likely increase carcinogenic opportunities in HBV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Jiang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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207
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208
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Xie N, Huang K, Zhang T, Lei Y, Liu R, Wang K, Zhou S, Li J, Wu J, Wu H, Deng C, Zhao X, Nice EC, Huang C. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of host cell lipid rafts modified by HBV infection. J Proteomics 2012; 75:725-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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209
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Meng F, Glaser SS, Francis H, DeMorrow S, Han Y, Passarini JD, Stokes A, Cleary JP, Liu X, Venter J, Kumar P, Priester S, Hubble L, Staloch D, Sharma J, Liu CG, Alpini G. Functional analysis of microRNAs in human hepatocellular cancer stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:160-73. [PMID: 21352471 PMCID: PMC3116063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and cancer development. A rare population of hepatocellular cancer stem cells (HSCs) holds the extensive proliferative and self-renewal potential necessary to form a liver tumour. We postulated that specific transcriptional factors might regulate the expression of microRNAs and subsequently modulate the expression of gene products involved in phenotypic characteristics of HSCs. We evaluated the expression of microRNA in human HSCs by microarray profiling, and defined the target genes and functional effects of two groups of microRNA regulated by IL-6 and transcriptional factor Twist. A subset of highly chemoresistant and invasive HSCs was screened with aberrant expressions of cytokine IL-6 and Twist. We demonstrated that conserved let-7 and miR-181 family members were up-regulated in HSCs by global microarray-based microRNA profiling followed by validation with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Importantly, inhibition of let-7 increases the chemosensitivity of HSCs to sorafenib and doxorubicin whereas silencing of miR-181 led to a reduction in HSCs motility and invasion. Knocking down IL-6 and Twist in HSCs significantly reduced let-7 and miR-181 expression and subsequently inhibited chemoresistance and cell invasion. We showed that let-7 directly targets SOCS-1 and caspase-3, whereas miR-181 directly targets RASSF1A, TIMP3 as well as nemo-like kinase (NLK). In conclusion, alterations of IL-6- and Twist-regulated microRNA expression in HSCs play a part in tumour spreading and responsiveness to chemotherapy. Our results define a novel regulatory mechanism of let-7/miR-181s suggesting that let-7 and miR-181 may be molecular targets for eradication of hepatocellular malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyin Meng
- Department of Medicine and Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
- Research & Education, Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
- *Gianfranco ALPINI, Ph.D., Professor of Medicine and Director of the Scott & White Digestive Diseases Research Center, Dr. Nicholas C. Hightower Centennial Chair of Gastroenterology, Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White and Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 702 SW H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA. Tel.: +254-742-7044 or 254-742-7046; Fax: +254-724-9278 E-mail:
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- Department of Medicine and Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medicine and Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
- Research & Education, Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medicine and Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | - Yuyan Han
- Department of Medicine and Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | | | - Allison Stokes
- Research & Education, Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | | | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine and Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | | | - Sally Priester
- Research & Education, Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | - Levi Hubble
- Research & Education, Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | - Dustin Staloch
- Research & Education, Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
| | - Jay Sharma
- Research Division, Celprogen Inc.San Pedro, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine and Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White HospitalTemple, TX, USA
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care SystemTemple, TX, USA
- *Gianfranco ALPINI, Ph.D., Professor of Medicine and Director of the Scott & White Digestive Diseases Research Center, Dr. Nicholas C. Hightower Centennial Chair of Gastroenterology, Division Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Scott & White and Texas A & M Health Science Center College of Medicine, 702 SW H.K. Dodgen Loop, Temple, TX 76504, USA. Tel.: +254-742-7044 or 254-742-7046; Fax: +254-724-9278 E-mail:
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211
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Li S, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang C, Zhang R, Guo Z. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine expression predicts hepatocellular carcinoma outcome. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:338-342. [PMID: 22740908 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by increased oxidative stress and the production of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which is one of the main mutagenic modifications of DNA by oxidative stress. We analyzed the association of 8-OHdG with post-operative survival and revealed that low levels of 8-OHdG are associated with significantly shorter survival time. Moreover, levels of 8-OHdG were associated with HCC characteristics, including tumor size, tumor quantity, clinical staging, Child classification, portal vein thrombosis and ascites. These results suggest that oxidative damage is a useful prognostic marker in HCC when other clinical characteristics are present with 8-OHdG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmian Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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212
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Piao LS, Hur W, Kim TK, Hong SW, Kim SW, Choi JE, Sung PS, Song MJ, Lee BC, Hwang D, Yoon SK. CD133+ liver cancer stem cells modulate radioresistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 315:129-37. [PMID: 22079466 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD133 is a cancer stem-cell (CSC) marker associated with radioresistance and chemoresistance in various cancers. In the present study, CD133-expressing liver cancer cells following radiation exposure showed higher activation of MAPK/PI3K signaling pathway and reduction in reactive oxygen species levels compared to CD133- cells. The in vivo study with a xenograft model showed increased tumor formation in irradiated CD133+ cell-injected nude mice compared to the CD133- group, suggesting that CD133 contributes to radioresistance in HCC. Therefore, CD133-expressing liver cancer cells have anti-apoptotic and radioresistance properties that may be useful to improve anti-cancer treatments, including chemotherapy/radiotherapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Shu Piao
- WHO Collaborating Center of Viral Hepatitis, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Republic of Korea
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213
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Liu H, Xu J, Zhou L, Yun X, Chen L, Wang S, Sun L, Wen Y, Gu J. Hepatitis B virus large surface antigen promotes liver carcinogenesis by activating the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7547-57. [PMID: 21994334 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Of the three envelope glycoproteins encoded by hepatitis B virus (HBV) that are collectively referred to as HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), the large HBsAg (LHBs) glycoprotein is expressed preferentially in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. LHBs can act as an oncogene in transgenic mice, but how it contributes functionally to hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we determined the molecular and functional roles of LHBs during HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. LHBs increased tumor formation of hepatoma cells. Moreover, expression of LHBs but not other HBV envelope glycoproteins specifically promoted proliferation of hepatoma and hepatic cells in vitro. Mechanistic investigations revealed that these effects were caused by activation of the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway through proximal stimulation of PKCα/Raf1 signaling by LHBs. Proliferation induced by stable LHBs expression was associated with increased G(1)-S cell-cycle progression and apoptosis resistance mediated by Src kinase activation, as established in hepatocellular carcinoma clinical specimens. Importantly, LHBs-induced cellular proliferation and tumor formation were reversed by administration of the Src inhibitor saracatinib. Together, our findings suggest that LHBs promotes tumorigenesis of hepatoma cells by triggering a PKCα/Raf1 to Src/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, revealing novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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214
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Li S, Deng Y, Chen ZP, Huang S, Liao XC, Lin LW, Li H, Peng T, Qin X, Zhao JM. Genetic polymorphism of interleukin-16 influences susceptibility to HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:2083-8. [PMID: 22019522 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Interleukin-16 (IL16) as a multifunctional cytokine, plays a key role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as tumour growth and progression. Recently, genetic polymorphisms of IL16 have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to a range of cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the IL16 gene polymorphisms and determine whether these genetic factors are related to the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a Chinese population. METHODS We analyzed three polymorphisms of the IL16 gene (rs11556218T/G, rs4072111C/T and rs4778889T/C) in 206 patients with HBV-related HCC, 270 chronic hepatitis B patients and 264 healthy controls, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and DNA sequencing technology. RESULTS IL16 polymorphisms were not associated with risk of HCC when compared with healthy controls. However, IL16 polymorphisms were significantly associated with susceptibility to HBV-related HCC when using chronic hepatitis B patients as controls. The rs11556218T/G TG and GG genotypes were associated with significantly increased risk of HBV-related HCC compared with the TT genotype (OR = 1.96 and OR = 3.33). The data also revealed that subjects with the G allele appeared to have higher susceptibility to HBV-related HCC than those with the T allele (OR = 2.10). Under the dominant model genotype TG+GG appeared to be associated with an increased risk of HBV-related HCC (OR = 2.18). The rs4072111C/T TT genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of HBV-related HCC compared with the CC genotype (OR = 6.67). Polymorphisms of the IL16 gene were significantly associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B when using healthy subjects as controls. The rs11556218T/G TG and GG genotypes were associated with significantly decreased risk of chronic hepatitis B compared with the TT genotype (OR = 0.49 and OR = 0.29). The data also revealed that subjects with the G allele appeared to have lower susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B than those with the T allele (OR = 0.46). Under the dominant model genotype TG + GG appeared to have lower susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B (OR = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the genotypes and allele of IL16 SNPs were associated with chronic HBV infection and HCC. However, further investigation with a larger sample size and haplotype analysis with other SNPs may be required to validate the genetic effects of the IL16 polymorphisms on chronic HBV infection and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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215
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Na B, Huang Z, Wang Q, Qi Z, Tian Y, Lu CC, Yu J, Hanes MA, Kakar S, Huang EJ, Ou JHJ, Liu L, Yen TSB. Transgenic expression of entire hepatitis B virus in mice induces hepatocarcinogenesis independent of chronic liver injury. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26240. [PMID: 22022578 PMCID: PMC3192172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, is most commonly caused by chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, whether HBV plays any direct role in carcinogenesis, other than indirectly causing chronic liver injury by inciting the host immune response, remains unclear. We have established two independent transgenic mouse lines expressing the complete genome of a mutant HBV ("preS2 mutant") that is found at much higher frequencies in people with HCC than those without. The transgenic mice show evidence of stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and overexpression of cyclin D1 in hepatocytes. These mice do not show any evidence of chronic liver injury, but by 2 years of age a majority of the male mice develop hepatocellular neoplasms, including HCC. Unexpectedly, we also found a significant increase in hepatocarcinogenesis independent of necroinflammation in a transgenic line expressing the entire wildtype HBV. As in the mutant HBV mice, HCC was found only in aged--2-year-old--mice of the wildtype HBV line. The karyotype in all the three transgenic lines appears normal and none of the integration sites of the HBV transgene in the mice is near an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene. The significant increase of HCC incidence in all the three transgenic lines--expressing either mutant or wildtype HBV--therefore argues strongly that in absence of chronic necroinflammation, HBV can contribute directly to the development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Na
- Pathology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Pathology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Qian Wang
- Pathology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhongxia Qi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Tian
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cheng-Chan Lu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martha A. Hanes
- Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Kakar
- Pathology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Huang
- Pathology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J.-H. James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - T. S. Benedict Yen
- Pathology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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216
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Marra M, Sordelli IM, Lombardi A, Lamberti M, Tarantino L, Giudice A, Stiuso P, Abbruzzese A, Sperlongano R, Accardo M, Agresti M, Caraglia M, Sperlongano P. Molecular targets and oxidative stress biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview. J Transl Med 2011; 9:171. [PMID: 21985599 PMCID: PMC3213217 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and heterogeneous tumor with multiple genetic aberrations. Several molecular pathways involved in the regulation of proliferation and cell death are implicated in the hepatocarcinogenesis. The major etiological factors for HCC are both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus infection (HCV). Continuous oxidative stress, which results from the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by environmental factors or cellular mitochondrial dysfunction, has recently been associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. On the other hand, a distinctive pathological hallmark of HCC is a dramatic down-regulation of oxido-reductive enzymes that constitute the most important free radical scavenger systems represented by catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib represents the most promising target agent that has undergone extensive investigation up to phase III clinical trials in patients with advanced HCC. The combination with other target-based agents could potentiate the clinical benefits obtained by sorafenib alone. In fact, a phase II multicenter study has demonstrated that the combination between sorafenib and octreotide LAR (So.LAR protocol) was active and well tolerated in advanced HCC patients. The detection of molecular factors predictive of response to anti-cancer agents such as sorafenib and the identification of mechanisms of resistance to anti-cancer agents may probably represent the direction to improve the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ignazio M Sordelli
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Special Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Lamberti
- Departement of Experimental Medicine, Sezione di Medicina del lavoro, Igiene e Tossicologia Industriale, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Tarantino
- Interventional US Unit, Department of Medicine, S. Giovanni di Dio Hospital, 80059 Torre del Greco (Naples), Italy
| | - Aldo Giudice
- Animal Facility Unit, National Institute of Tumours "Fondazione G. Pascale" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Stiuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Abbruzzese
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Sperlongano
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Special Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Accardo
- Department of Morphopathology, II University Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Massimo Agresti
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Special Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sperlongano
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Special Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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217
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Zhou Q, Lui VWY, Yeo W. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Oncol 2011; 7:1149-67. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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218
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Liu Y, Lou G, Wu W, Zheng M, Shi Y, Zhao D, Chen Z. Involvement of the NF-κB pathway in multidrug resistance induced by HBx in a hepatoma cell line. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:e439-46. [PMID: 21914061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that hepatocellular cancer (HCC), especially HBV associated HCC, is highly resistant to chemotherapy. To investigate the molecular influence of HBx protein on multidrug resistance (MDR) in HCC and the potential role of the NF-κB pathway in this process. We established HBx-expressing cells by liposome-mediated transfection of the HBx into the HepG2 cell line. We found that HBx expression in HCC cells induces drug resistance against multiple drugs, a significantly lower apoptosis ratio in HepG2-HBx and HepG2.2.15 cells, compared with HepG2 and HepG2-3.1 cells (P < 0.05) after treating with 5-FU or adriamycin. And compared with the control group, the HBx-transfected cells showed a higher expression of MDR-associated and anti-apoptotic genes. Furthermore, we found that the NF-κB activity was remarkably high in the HBx-expressing cells as measured by p65 nuclear localization. In addition, the upregulated anti-apoptotic genes, Gadd45b and Survivin, in HBx-expressing HCC cells were downregulated by IMD-0354 treatment, which is the NF-κB pathway inhibitor. Taken together, these results suggest that HBx protein might be one of the causes for the occurrence of MDR in HCC, and the NF-κB pathway might be involved in this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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219
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Pei S, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chen X, Chen S. Inhibition of the replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro by pu-erh tea extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9927-9934. [PMID: 21870867 DOI: 10.1021/jf202376u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most widespread viral infections in the world and poses a significant global public health problem. The implementation of effective vaccination programs has resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of acute hepatitis B. Nevertheless, there is still a need for as many effective anti-HBV drugs as possible. In this study, the role of pu-erh tea extracts (PTE) against HBV was analyzed in vitro by using a stably HBV-transfected cell line HepG2 2.2.15. The MTT assay showed that PTE and its active components (tea polyphenols, theaflavins, and theanine) presented low cytotoxicity. ELISA analysis revealed that PTE effectively reduced the secretion of HBeAg, but any one of the active components alone showed weaker efficacy, suggesting that the anti-HBV activity of PTE might be a synergetic effect of different components. RT-PCR and luciferase assay showed that PTE suppressed HBV mRNA expression while leaving four HBV promoter transcriptional activities unchanged. Fluorescence quantitative PCR results demonstrated that PTE dramatically diminished HBV DNA produced in cell supernatants as well as encapsidated DNA in intracellular core particles. Finally, PTE significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. This study is the first to demonstrate that PTE possesses anti-HBV ability and could be used as a potential treatment against HBV infection with an additional merit of low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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220
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Li W, Jiang Y, Jin Q, Shi X, Jin J, Gao Y, Pan Y, Zhang H, Jiang J, Niu J. Expression and gene polymorphisms of interleukin 28B and hepatitis B virus infection in a Chinese Han population. Liver Int 2011; 31:1118-26. [PMID: 21745278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies found that genetic polymorphisms near the IL28B gene is strongly associated with sustained viral response and spontaneous viral clearance in chronically infected hepatitis C patients. AIMS We aimed to evaluate the effects of IL28B variations on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a Chinese Han population and to explore the association between IL28B polymorphisms and susceptibility to infection, viral clearance, disease progression, viral load and liver inflammation. METHODS We determined three IL28B single gene polymorphisms (rs12979860, rs12980275 and rs8099917) in 203 individuals with chronic HBV infection, 203 individuals with self-limited HBV infection and 203 individuals negative for all HBV seromarkers. Interleukin (IL)28B serum levels were evaluated in all subjects. Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 42 chronically HBV-infected individuals were subjected to whole-genome expression studies. RESULTS The association among genotype, allele and haplotype frequencies of IL28B with alanine aminotransferase levels and HBV DNA was established. However, no significant differences were observed in genotype or allele frequencies among chronically HBV-infected, self-limited and healthy subjects. The serum IL28B level was lower in patients with chronic HBV infection than in the self-limited HBV-infected or healthy subjects. The serum IL28B level was correlated with the subject's genotype. Gene expression micro-array analysis showed enhanced IL28B expression in patients with low HBV viral load. CONCLUSIONS Variability at the IL28B locus is associated with HBV viral load and hepatic inflammation. Genetic variation of IL28B may prevent HBV progression by reducing viral load and liver inflammation, providing a valuable gene therapy tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Li
- Department of Hepatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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221
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Takata A, Otsuka M, Kojima K, Yoshikawa T, Kishikawa T, Yoshida H, Koike K. MicroRNA-22 and microRNA-140 suppress NF-κB activity by regulating the expression of NF-κB coactivators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:826-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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222
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Eurich D, Boas-Knoop S, Morawietz L, Neuhaus R, Somasundaram R, Ruehl M, Neumann UP, Neuhaus P, Bahra M, Seehofer D. Association of mannose-binding lectin-2 gene polymorphism with the development of hepatitis C-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2011; 31:1006-12. [PMID: 21733090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of end-stage liver and graft disease is suspected to be partially determined by the individual genetic background. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important immunomodulatory factor, which is supposed to be involved in complement activation and oncogenesis. Genetic polymorphisms of MBL-2 alter MBL functionality. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of MBL-2 polymorphism (rs7096206) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on histological analysis of explanted livers in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT). METHODS One hundred and seventy-seven patients, who underwent LT for HCV-induced liver disease, were genotyped for MBL-2 by TaqMan genotyping assay. Sixty-two patients with histologically confirmed HCC were compared with 115 patients without HCC. MBL-2 genotypes were corelated with the growth patern, tumour size and pretransplant α-fetoprotein (AFP) level of HCC patients. RESULTS The prevalence of GG/GC genotypes was significantly higher among HCC patients compared with tumour-free explanted livers (P = 0.004; odds ratio 2.5; 1.3-4.8). GG/GC genotype group was significantly associated with the size of HCC (P = 0.022), higher pretransplant AFP level (P = 0.010) and bilobar tumour growth (P = 0.038). Furthermore, CC genotype was found to be significantly more frequent in AFP-negative HCCs (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Mannose-binding lectin-2 polymorphism seems to be involved in the development of pretransplant HCV-induced HCC and should be further investigated as potential risk factor for HCV-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Eurich
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
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223
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Gladych M, Wojtyla A, Rubis B. Human telomerase expression regulation. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:359-76. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since telomerase has been recognized as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells, it has become a very promising target for anti-cancer therapy. A correlation between short telomere length and increased mortality was revealed in many studies. The telomerase expression/activity appears to be one of the most crucial factors to study to improve cancer therapy and prevention. However, this multisubunit enzymatic complex can be regulated at various levels. Thus, several strategies have been proposed to control telomerase in cancer cells such as anti-sense technology against TR and TERT, ribozymes against TERT, anti-estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D, retinoic acid, quadruplex stabilizers, telomere and telomerase targeting agents, modulation of interaction with other proteins involved in the regulation of telomerase and telomeres, etc. However, the transcription control of key telomerase subunits seems to play the crucial role in whole complexes activity and cancer cells immortality. Thus, the research of telomerase regulation can bring significant insight into the knowledge concerning stem cells metabolism but also ageing. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of numerous telomerase regulation mechanisms at the transcription level in human that might become attractive anti-cancer therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gladych
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Wojtyla
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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224
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Abdel-Hamid NM, Nazmy MH, Mahmoud AW, Fawzy MA, Youssof M. A survey on herbal management of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2011; 3:175-83. [PMID: 21866249 PMCID: PMC3158906 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v3.i7.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we outline the different mechanisms mediating hepatocarcinogenesis. We also discuss possible targets of bioactive herbal agents at different stages of hepatocarcinogenesis and highlight their role at each individual stage. We gathered information on the most common herbal prescriptions and extracts thought to be useful in prevention or sensitization for chemotherapy in management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The value of this topic may seem questionable compared to the promise offered for HCC management by chemotherapy and radiation. However, we would recommend the use of herbal preparations not as alternatives to common chemo /and or radiotherapy, but rather for prevention among at-risk individuals, given that drug/herb interactions are still in need of extensive clarification. The bioactive constituents of various herbs seem to be promising targets for isolation, cancer activity screening and clinical evaluation. Finally, herbal preparations may offer a cost effective protective alternative to individuals known to have a high risk for HCC and possibly other cancers, through maintaining cell integrity, reversing oxidative stress and modulating different molecular pathways in preventing carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Mohie Abdel-Hamid
- Nabil Mohie Abdel-Hamid, Maiiada Hasan Nazmy, Ahmed Wahid Mahmoud, Michael Atef Fawzy, Marco Youssof, Biochemistry Department, Unit of Liver cancer research, Faulty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 002086, Egypt
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225
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Shu H, Zhang S, Kang X, Li S, Qin X, Sun C, Lu H, Liu Y. Protein expression and fucosylated glycans of the serum haptoglobin-{beta} subunit in hepatitis B virus-based liver diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:528-34. [PMID: 21606158 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation, which regulates the configuration and function of glycoproteins, is the most important post-translational modification. The aim of this study was to observe the differential patterns in glycan and protein parts of the serum haptoglobin-β subunit (Hp-β) purified from patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, liver cirrhosis (LC), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 2-D gel electrophoresis and multiplexed proteomics staining technique were employed to investigate whether the Hp-β glycan level was proportional to the protein level. Multi-lectin blot, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and western blot analysis were carried out to identify the glycoform of Hp-β quantitatively. Our experiments showed that the ratio of total serum Hp-β to the glycosylated form of Hp-β varied among the patients with different liver diseases. The total Hp-β protein expression level was much higher in HCC than LC, while an incremental proportion of fucosylated Hp-β was also observed in LC and HCC patients compared with that in HBV and healthy controls. Differential fucosylation was further identified as a Lewis X structure by HPLC and anti-human Sialyl-Lewis X antibody. In conclusion, the aberrant alternation of Hp-β glycan and total protein expression may be a promising biomarker for early hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shu
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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226
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Lu X, Guo H, Molter J, Miao H, Gerber L, Hu Y, Barnes EL, Vogel H, Lee Z, Luo G, Wang B. Alpha-fetoprotein-thymidine kinase-luciferase knockin mice: a novel model for dual modality longitudinal imaging of tumorigenesis in liver. J Hepatol 2011; 55:96-102. [PMID: 21354236 PMCID: PMC3465678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently a lethal disease and one of the few malignancies that is still increasing in incidence around the world. Better animal models are highly desired to investigate the molecular basis of HCC and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Alpha-fetoprotein (Afp) gene is expressed in fetal liver, silenced soon after birth, and highly re-expressed in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). We aimed to take advantage of the dramatic re-expression of the Afp gene in HCC to develop a hepatocarcinogenesis reporter (HCR) mouse model for dual-modality, longitudinal in vivo imaging of liver tumor development, and progression. METHODS Knock in mice were established by placing a thymidinekinase (tk)-luciferase (luc) reporter gene cassette under the transcriptional control of the endogenous Afp promoter. DEN, a liver carcinogen, was used to induce liver tumors, which was monitored by both luc-based bioluminescent (BL) and tk-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. RESULTS The expression profile of luc was identical to that of the endogenous Afp gene during development. As early as 2 months after the exposure to DEN, BLI revealed multifocal signals in the liver, long before the appearance of histologically apparent neoplastic lesions. By 6 months, BL and PET dual imaging showed strong signals in malignant HCC. By serendipity, a strong BL signal was also detected in adult testes, a previously unknown site of Afp expression. CONCLUSIONS The HCR model enables longitudinal monitoring of liver tumor development and progression, providing a powerful tool in developing chemoprevention and therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Lu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hong Guo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Joseph Molter
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hui Miao
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Lizabeth Gerber
- Rammelkamp Center for Research, Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Campus, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - Yiduo Hu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ellen L. Barnes
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhenghong Lee
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Guangbin Luo
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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227
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Nie H, Evans AA, London WT, Block TM, Ren XD. Quantification of complex precore mutations of hepatitis B virus by SimpleProbe real time PCR and dual melting analysis. J Clin Virol 2011; 51:234-40. [PMID: 21665530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) precore G1896A mutation is associated with Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion. This mutation and the adjacent G1899A mutation also appear to associate with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Quantitative mutant dynamics may help determine the potential of these mutants as clinical biomarkers. However, a reliable method to quantify either mutant is not available, partly because the viral genome has polymorphisms in general and the precore mutations are complex. OBJECTIVES (1) To develop a reliable and ultrasensitive assay for the quantification of HBV G1896A and/or G1899A mutants. (2) To obtain preliminary data on the quantities of the precore mutants in patients. STUDY DESIGN A SimpleProbe real time PCR assay was developed to quantify the HBV precore mutants. Dual melting analysis and a primer-probe partial overlap approach were used to increase detection accuracy. A wild-type selective PCR blocker was also developed to increase mutant detection sensitivity. RESULTS The assay correctly identified the precore sequence from all 62 patient samples analyzed. More than 97% of precore sequences in the GenBank can be recognized. Mutant detection sensitivity reached 0.001% using a wild type-selective PCR blocker. At least one precore mutant can be detected from all 20 HBeAg-positive individuals who were negative for precore mutations by DNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The reliability of this ultrasensitive mutation quantification assay was demonstrated. The same approaches may be useful for the detection of other clinically significant mutations. Evolution of the precore mutants warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Nie
- Department of Mcrobiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
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228
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Pollicino T, Saitta C, Raimondo G. Hepatocellular carcinoma: the point of view of the hepatitis B virus. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1122-32. [PMID: 21665892 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, University Hospital of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, Messina, Italy.
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229
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved with their hosts, which include all living species. This has been partly responsible for the development of highly advanced immune systems in the hosts. However, viruses too have evolved ways to regulate and evade the host's immune defence. In addition to mutational mechanisms that viruses employ to mimic the host genome and undergo latency to evade the host's recognition of the pathogen, they have also developed epigenetic mechanisms by which they can render the host's immune responses inactive to their antigens. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression is intrinsically active inside the host and is involved in regulating gene expression and cellular differentiation. Viral immune evasion strategies are an area of major concern in modern biomedical research. Immune evasion strategies may involve interference with the host antigen presentation machinery or host immune gene expression capabilities, and viruses, in these manners, introduce and propagate infection. The aim of this review is to elucidate the various epigenetic changes that viruses are capable of bringing about in their host in order to enhance their own survivability and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Adhya
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122 050, India
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230
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Cohen C, Holmberg SD, McMahon BJ, Block JM, Brosgart CL, Gish RG, London WT, Block TM. Is chronic hepatitis B being undertreated in the United States? J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:377-83. [PMID: 21143343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for development of end-stage liver disease, including cirrhosis, liver failure and primary liver cancer. There are now seven antiviral agents approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of chronic HBV infection. Despite the fact that there are between 1.4 and 2 million chronic HBV infections in the United States, fewer than 50,000 people per year receive prescriptions for HBV antiviral medications. This report discusses possible explanations for the disparity between the number of people who are chronically infected and the number of people who receive treatment. Explanations for this incongruence include the potentially large number of infected persons who are unscreened and thus remain undiagnosed, and lack of access, including insurance, education and referral to appropriate medical care, particularly for disproportionately infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cohen
- Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
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Ultrasensitive quantification of hepatitis B virus A1762T/G1764A mutant by a SimpleProbe PCR using a wild-type-selective PCR blocker and a primer-blocker-probe partial-overlap approach. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:2440-8. [PMID: 21562108 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02472-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrying the A1762T/G1764A double mutation in the basal core promoter (BCP) region is associated with HBe antigen seroconversion and increased risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Quantification of the mutant viruses may help in predicting the risk of HCC. However, the viral genome tends to have nucleotide polymorphism, which makes it difficult to design hybridization-based assays including real-time PCR. Ultrasensitive quantification of the mutant viruses at the early developmental stage is even more challenging, as the mutant is masked by excessive amounts of the wild-type (WT) viruses. In this study, we developed a selective inhibitory PCR (siPCR) using a locked nucleic acid-based PCR blocker to selectively inhibit the amplification of the WT viral DNA but not the mutant DNA. At the end of siPCR, the proportion of the mutant could be increased by about 10,000-fold, making the mutant more readily detectable by downstream applications such as real-time PCR and DNA sequencing. We also describe a primer-probe partial overlap approach which significantly simplified the melting curve patterns and minimized the influence of viral genome polymorphism on assay accuracy. Analysis of 62 patient samples showed a complete match of the melting curve patterns with the sequencing results. More than 97% of HBV BCP sequences in the GenBank database can be correctly identified by the melting curve analysis. The combination of siPCR and the SimpleProbe real-time PCR enabled mutant quantification in the presence of a 100,000-fold excess of the WT DNA.
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232
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Herceg Z, Paliwal A. Epigenetic mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma: how environmental factors influence the epigenome. Mutat Res 2011; 727:55-61. [PMID: 21514401 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms maintain heritable changes in gene expression and chromatin organization over many cell generations. Importantly, deregulated epigenetic mechanisms play a key role in a wide range of human malignancies, including liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which originates from the hepatocytes, is by far the most common liver cancer, with rates and aetiology that show considerable geographic variation. Various environmental agents and lifestyles known to be risk factors for HCC (such as infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), chronic alcohol intake, and aflatoxins) are suspected to promote its development by eliciting epigenetic changes, however the precise gene targets and underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Many recent studies have exploited conceptual and technological advances in epigenetics and epigenomics to investigate the role of epigenetic events induced by environmental factors in HCC tumors and non-tumor precancerous (cirrhotic) lesions. These studies have identified a large number of genes and pathways that are targeted by epigenetic deregulation (changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA-mediated gene silencing) during the development and progression of HCC. Frequent identification of aberrant epigenetic changes in specific genes in cirrhotic tissue is consistent with the notion that epigenetic deregulation of selected genes in pre-malignant lesions precedes and promotes the development of HCC. In addition, several lines of evidence argue that some environmental factors (such as HBV virus) may abrogate cellular defense systems, induce silencing of host genes and promote HCC development via an "epigenetic strategy". Finally, profiling studies reveal that HCC tumors and pre-cancerous lesions may exhibit epigenetic signatures associated with specific risk factors and tumor progression stage. Together, recent evidence underscores the importance of aberrant epigenetic events induced by environmental factors in liver cancer and highlights potential targets for biomarker discovery and future preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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233
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Tomimaru Y, Eguchi H, Wada H, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Tanemura M, Umeshita K, Kim T, Wakasa K, Doki Y, Mori M, Nagano H. IGFBP7 downregulation is associated with tumor progression and clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:319-27. [PMID: 21328580 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) functions in several cellular processes including proliferation, senescence and apoptosis. This study analyzed IGFBP7 function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by gene manipulation and investigated the prognostic significance of IGFBP7 expression in clinical HCC samples. In this study, we investigated changes in malignant potential such as cell growth and invasiveness in an HCC cell line, PLC/PRF/5, after transfection with shRNA against IGFBP7. The extent of apoptosis and cell cycle progression were examined after the transfection. The correlation between immunohistochemically determined IGFBP7 expression and long-term postoperative prognosis after curative resection was also investigated in clinical HCC specimens obtained from 104 patients. PLC/PRF/5 cells transfected with shRNA against IGFBP7 showed significantly more rapid growth and stronger invasiveness than control cells. Annexin V assays showed that the IGFBP7-depleted cells were significantly more resistant to apoptosis than the control cells, and showed decreased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. Cell cycle progression was more rapid in the IGFBP7-suppressed cells. In clinical HCC specimens, IGFBP7 expression was judged as positive in 67 patients (64.4%) and negative in the remaining 37 patients (35.6%). The IGFBP7 downregulation correlated significantly with poor postoperative prognosis, and IGFBP7 status was identified as an independent significant prognostic factor. Our results indicated that IGFBP7 expression correlated significantly with the malignant potential in HCC cells, suggesting that the expression could be a useful prognostic marker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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234
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Muñoz A, Chen JG, Egner PA, Marshall ML, Johnson JL, Schneider MF, Lu JH, Zhu YR, Wang JB, Chen TY, Kensler TW, Groopman JD. Predictive power of hepatitis B 1762T/1764A mutations in plasma for hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Qidong, China. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:860-5. [PMID: 21474708 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality with nearly 700,000 deaths occurring annually. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major contributor to HCC and acquired mutations in the HBV genome may accelerate its pathogenesis. In this study, a matched case-control investigation of 345 men who died of HCC and 625 controls were nested within a cohort of male hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers from Qidong, China. Matched preserving odds ratios (ORs) were used as a measure of association and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as a measure of precision. Real-time polymerase chain reaction allowed for a quantitative comparison of the levels of the HBV 1762(T)/1764(A) mutation in cases and controls. A total of 278 (81%) of the cases were positive for the HBV 1762(T)/1764(A) mutation compared with 250 (40%) of the controls. The matched preserving OR of 6.72 (95% CI: 4.66 to 9.68) strongly indicated that cases were significantly more probably than controls to have the mutation. Plasma levels of DNA harboring the HBV mutation were on average 15-fold higher in cases compared with controls (P < 0.001). Most strikingly, the level of the mutation in the 20 controls who later developed and died of HCC were on average 274-fold higher than controls who did not develop HCC. Thus, within this cohort of HBsAg carriers at high risk of developing HCC, individuals positive for the HBV 1762(T)/1764(A) mutation at enrollment were substantially more probably to subsequently develop HCC, with a higher concentration of the mutation in plasma enhancing predisposition for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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235
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Comunale MA, Wang M, Rodemich-Betesh L, Hafner J, Lamontagne A, Klein A, Marrero J, Di Bisceglie AM, Gish R, Block T, Mehta A. Novel changes in glycosylation of serum Apo-J in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1222-9. [PMID: 21467232 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the occurrence of HCC has more than doubled in the United States in the past decade. Early detection is considered key to reducing the mortality of HCC. METHODS Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography we have analyzed the glycosylation of Apo-J from healthy controls, patients with liver cirrhosis, or those with HCC. RESULTS Apo-J in the serum from patients with HCC had decreased levels of (β-1,4) triantennary N-linked glycan compared with the healthy controls or patients with liver cirrhosis. We analyzed this change in an independent cohort of 76 patients with HCC, 32 with cirrhosis, and 43 infected with hepatitis C virus using the Datura stramonium lectin (DSL), which binds to (β-1,4) triantennary N-linked glycan. The level of DSL-reactive Apo-J allowed us to differentiate HCC from cirrhosis with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.852. When Apo-J was combined with other serum biomarkers such as α-fetoprotein (AFP) and fucosylated kininogen by using a multivariate logistic regression model, the AUROC increased to 0.944, a value much greater than that observed with AFP alone (AUROC of 0.765). CONCLUSIONS The glycosylation of Apo-J is a useful marker when used alone or in combination with outer makers for the early detection of HCC. IMPACT The potential use of a combination of AFP, DSL-reactive Apo-J, and fucosylated kininogen as a biomarker of HCC would have great value in the management of patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Comunale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, USA
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236
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Masuda T, Miyoshi E. Cancer biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinomas: from traditional markers to recent topics. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:959-66. [PMID: 21428856 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) are the fifth most common tumor type and the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Some tumor markers for HCC, such as α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxyprothrombin, are used clinically. Recent advances in proteomics and glyco-proteomics might provide various types of novel tumor markers for HCC. While the clinical availability of these tumor markers is important, the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of tumor markers requires further clarification. Our group has investigated the glycobiology of tumor markers. In this review, we describe the impact of novel HCC markers and their possible implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Masuda
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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237
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Zhang S, Shu H, Luo K, Kang X, Zhang Y, Lu H, Liu Y. N-linked glycan changes of serum haptoglobin β chain in liver disease patients. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1621-8. [PMID: 21380457 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05020f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human haptoglobin is a serum glycoprotein secreted by the liver with four potential N-glycosylation sites on its β chain. Many studies have reported glycan changes of haptoglobin in diseases such as breast cancer and pancreatic cancer. The objective of our study is to analyze N-linked glycan alterations of serum haptoglobin β chain obtained from patients with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MALDI-QIT-TOF mass spectrometry revealed the intensity of m/z 1809.6, identified as a fucosylated glycan, was much higher in samples from patients with LC and HCC relative to the patients with HBV and healthy controls. Compared with LC patients, triantennary glycan was elevated and the biantennary structure was decreased in the haptoglobin β chain of HCC patients. Thus, alterations in the glycan structure of the haptoglobin β chain may constitute significant spectral signatures of cirrhosis and HCC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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238
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Wang FZ, Fei HR, Lian LH, Wang JM, Qiu YY. Hepatitis B x-interacting protein induces HepG2 cell proliferation through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:62-9. [PMID: 21239735 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B x-interacting protein (HBXIP), a co-factor of survivin, was originally identified by its binding with the C-terminus of the hepatitis B virus x protein (HBx). We have recently shown that HBXIP promotes the growth of both normal liver cells and hepatoma cells in vitro, but the molecular mechanisms of this have not been documented. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of HBXIP on the proliferation of HepG2 cells and the intracellular signaling pathway mediating these changes. Over-expression of the HBXIP gene promoted the proliferation of HepG2 cells, as shown by the MTT assay. We also showed that HBXIP induced cellular accumulation in the S phase concomitantly with up-regulation of cyclinD(1) and down-regulation of p21 and p53 levels. Moreover, HBXIP over-expression cells showed activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway; this activation was accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, blocked HBXIP-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and suppressed the cell cycle promotion induced by HBXIP in HepG2 cells. The increase in cyclinD(1) protein levels induced by HBXIP was inhibited when cells were incubated with LY294002. In conclusion, our data suggest that the proliferation of HepG2 cells promoted by HBXIP is associated with activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-ze Wang
- Department of Biology, Taishan Medical University, Chang Cheng Road, Taian 271016, PR China.
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239
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Xu J, Liu L, Tang H. Antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Potential to reduce the tumor recurrence rates and/or improve overall survival. Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:457-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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240
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The analysis of CD45 isoforms expression on HBV-specific T cells after liver transplantation. Med Oncol 2011; 29:899-908. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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241
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Su WW, Lee KT, Yeh YT, Soon MS, Wang CL, Yu ML, Wang SN. Association of circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 with hepatocellular carcinoma: one cross-sectional correlation study. J Clin Lab Anal 2011; 24:195-200. [PMID: 20486202 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies. This study aimed to investigate the association of changes in circulating IGF-1 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The radioimmunoassay was used to analyze serum IGF-1 levels of 65 HCC patients and 165 healthy subjects. Serum IGF-1 levels were significantly decreased in the HCC patients as compared with the healthy subjects (158.46+/-105.07 vs. 247.63+/-149.96 ng/mL, P<0.001). Furthermore, insulin resistance was significantly higher in the HCC patients than the healthy subjects (P=0.027). In addition, the significant correlations of serum IGF-1 levels with age and insulin resistance in the healthy subjects were not noted in the HCC patients. Intriguingly, individuals with hepatitis C virus (HCV), not hepatitis B virus, had remarkably decreased IGF-1 levels in both groups of the HCC patients and healthy subjects. Moreover, in the HCV subgroup, serum IGF-1 levels were significantly reduced in the HCC patients than the healthy subjects (113.14+/-71.28 vs. 172.42+/-74.02 ng/mL, P=0.003). In conclusion, decreased serum IGF-1 levels were associated with HCC and the decrease was remarkably noted in those patients concomitant with chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Su
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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242
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Potential targets for molecular imaging of apoptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Imaging Interv J 2011; 7:e5. [PMID: 21655114 PMCID: PMC3107687 DOI: 10.2349/biij.7.1.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers, which is mainly a concern in Southeast Asia. Apoptosis resistance in HCC is one of the significant factors for hepatocarcinogenesis and tumour progression. Recent advances of apoptosis resistance mechanisms in HCC could serve as potential targets for molecular imaging, which would be of considerable value to explore the molecular processes involved in HCC progression and to evaluate responses of certain anti-HCC therapies. Disruptions in the balance of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic processes have been found to be involved in apoptosis resistance in HCC. Loss of response to death receptors, transformation of growth factor-β induced apoptosis, upregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 subgroup, as well as downregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax subgroup and BH3-only subgroup, are associated with apoptosis resistance in HCC. Mutation of p53 gene, dysregulation of NF-κB and survivin are also of interest because of their contribution to HCC development. In this review, the aim is to identify potential targets for molecular imaging of apoptosis resistance in HCC.
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243
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the major form of primary liver cancer, is one of the most deadly human cancers. The pathogenesis of HCC is frequently linked with continuous hepatocyte death, inflammatory cell infiltration and compensatory liver regeneration. Understanding the molecular signaling pathways driving or mediating these processes during liver tumorigenesis is important for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for this dreadful disease. The classical IKKβ-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway has been shown to promote hepatocyte survival in both developing and adult livers. In addition, it also plays a crucial role in liver inflammatory responses by controlling the expression of an array of growth factors and cytokines. One of these cytokines is IL-6, which is best known for its role in the liver acute phase response. IL-6 exerts many of its functions via activation of STAT3, a transcription factor found to be important for HCC development. This review will focus on recent studies on the roles of NF-κB and STAT3 in liver cancer. Interactions between the two pathways and their potential as therapeutic targets will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin He
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0723, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
- Current address: Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1896 Rutherford Road, Carlsbad, CA 92008–7326. E-mail:
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0723, La Jolla, CA 92093-0723, USA
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244
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Liu AW, Cai J, Zhao XL, Jiang TH, He TF, Fu HQ, Zhu MH, Zhang SH. ShRNA-targeted MAP4K4 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:710-20. [PMID: 21196414 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP4K4) is overexpressed in many types of cancer. Herein, we aimed to investigate its expression pattern, clinical significance, and biological function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MAP4K4 expression was examined in 20 fresh HCCs and corresponding nontumor liver tissues. Immunohistochemistry for MAP4K4 was performed on additional 400 HCCs, of which 305 (76%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigens. The clinical significance of MAP4K4 expression was analyzed. MAP4K4 downregulation was performed in HCC cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B with high abundance of MAP4K4, and the effects of MAP4K4 silencing on cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were evaluated. Quantitative real-time PCR arrays were employed to identify the MAP4K4-regulated signaling pathways. RESULTS MAP4K4 was aberrantly overexpressed in HCCs relative to adjacent nontumor liver tissues. This overexpression was significantly associated with larger tumor size, increased histologic grade, advanced tumor stage, and intrahepatic metastasis, as well as worse overall survival and higher early recurrence rate. Knockdown of the MAP4K4 expression reduced cell proliferation, blocked cell cycle at S phase, and increased apoptosis. The antitumor effects of MAP4K4 silencing were also observed in vivo, manifested as retarded tumor xenograft growth. Furthermore, multiple tumor progression-related signaling pathways including JNK, NFκB, and toll-like receptors were repressed by MAP4K4 downregulation. CONCLUSIONS MAP4K4 overexpression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis of HCC patients, and inhibition of its expression might be of therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Wen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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245
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Mondal G, Chatterjee U, Chawla YK, Chatterjee BP. Alterations of glycan branching and differential expression of sialic acid on alpha fetoprotein among hepatitis patients. Glycoconj J 2010; 28:1-9. [PMID: 21161373 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The level of serum glycoproteins and their glycosylation pattern change in liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some of them, especially alpha fetoprotein (AFP), serve as useful biomarkers for HCC. The present investigation showed high level of AFP in hepatitis B cirrhosis (HBV-LC) and hepatitis C cirrhosis (HCV-LC) patients. However, increase of AFP level was not significantly high in chronic hepatitis B (HBV-CH) as determined by ELISA using monoclonal anti-human AFP (mAb-AFP). The differential expression of sialic acid linkage was observed in HBV-CH and HCV-LC by ELISA; the former bound strongly with Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), which has exclusive binding specificity for NeuAcα2-6-, whereas HCV-LC reacted preferably with Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) which recognizes NeuAcα2-3-. There was significantly high glycan branching in HBV-LC and HCV-LC in comparison to controls as illustrated by concanavalin A. This was further confirmed by Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (E-PHA) and Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA). Enhanced fucosylation of AFP was observed in HBV-LC, HCV-LC and HCC patients by ELISA using fucose binding Aleuria aurantia lectin; however, maximum binding was found in HCC. Fucosylation with α1-6 linkage was further confirmed by Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA). From the above results it is concluded that the changes in concentration of AFP, differential expression of sialic acid, increase of glycan branching and fucosylation have a prognostic value of hepatitis and it could be possible that lectin-based assay with AFP can aid in diagnosis of hepatitis diseases besides clinical examination and routine laboratory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Mondal
- Department of School of Management and Science, West Bengal University of Technology, Salt lake, Kolkata, 700064, India
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246
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Venook AP, Papandreou C, Furuse J, de Guevara LL. The Incidence and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global and Regional Perspective. Oncologist 2010; 15 Suppl 4:5-13. [PMID: 21115576 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2010-s4-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Venook
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, USA.
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247
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Lizzano RA, Yang B, Clippinger AJ, Bouchard MJ. The C-terminal region of the hepatitis B virus X protein is essential for its stability and function. Virus Res 2010; 155:231-9. [PMID: 20969903 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the human hepatitis B virus (HBV). Chronic HBV infections are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. While the mechanism of HBV-associated carcinoma remains undefined, it is thought to involve a combination of a continuous inflammatory response to HBV-infected hepatocytes and activities of HBV proteins such as the HBV X protein (HBx). HBx stimulates HBV replication; however, the mechanism by which HBx stimulates HBV replication remains incompletely understood. Studies performed with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in woodchucks demonstrated that a C-terminally truncated mutant of the WHV X protein could not stimulate WHV replication. However, whether the C-terminus of HBx is important for HBx-stimulation of HBV replication is unclear. We have constructed C-terminal truncation mutants of HBx and have demonstrated that the C-terminus of HBx impacts HBx stability, HBx activation of transcription, and HBx stimulation of HBV replication. These observations highlight the impact of the HBx C-terminus on HBx activities and the importance of directly analyzing HBx expression and functions in HBV-associated tumors that contain chromosomal integrants of HBV with truncations of the HBx gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Lizzano
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
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248
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Marotta P, Lucas K. Management of hepatitis B: a longitudinal national survey - impact of the Canadian Hepatitis B Consensus Guidelines. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2010; 24:537-42. [PMID: 21152457 PMCID: PMC2948762 DOI: 10.1155/2010/931326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver, and The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Canada, jointly developed the Canadian Chronic Hepatitis B (HBV) Consensus Guidelines to assist practitioners involved in the management of this complex disease. These guidelines were published in The Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology in June 2007 and distributed to all Canadian gastroenterologists and hepatologists. OBJECTIVE To assess the degree to which Canadian specialist physicians were able to incorporate the recommendations from the Canadian HBV Consensus Guidelines into their daily practice. METHODS A 30 min telephone survey probing the management strategies of 80 key HBV specialists was completed on three occasions, eight months apart, to longitudinally assess the impact of the Canadian HBV Consensus Guidelines on the management of HBV. The questionnaire detailed HBV practice patterns, the impact of the Canadian HBV Consensus Guidelines on clinical practice and HBV management. RESULTS The majority of specialists incorporated many of the published recommendations outlined in the Canadian HBV Consensus Guidelines into their daily practice for patients with HBV. However, because public drug coverage is a major hurdle in the management of HBV, patients are provided markedly different HBV treatments depending on whether they have public or private drug insurance coverage. CONCLUSIONS The management of HBV is growing in complexity and continues to evolve rapidly. The Canadian HBV Consensus Guidelines have served as a valuable tool for many physicians in the management of HBV. However, effective treatment algorithms continue to be rendered irrelevant by restrictive drug coverage issues. Coverage for effective therapies and, therefore, management of HBV, differs widely across Canada depending on therapy reimbursement criteria rather than patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Marotta
- Liver Transplant Unit, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario.
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Comunale MA, Rodemich-Betesh L, Hafner J, Wang M, Norton P, Di Bisceglie AM, Block T, Mehta A. Linkage specific fucosylation of alpha-1-antitrypsin in liver cirrhosis and cancer patients: implications for a biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12419. [PMID: 20811639 PMCID: PMC2928295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported increased levels of protein-linked fucosylation with the development of liver cancer and identified many of the proteins containing the altered glycan structures. One such protein is alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT). To advance these studies, we performed N-linked glycan analysis on the five major isoforms of A1AT and completed a comprehensive study of the glycosylation of A1AT found in healthy controls, patients with hepatitis C- (HCV) induced liver cirrhosis, and in patients infected with HCV with a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methodology/Principal Findings Patients with liver cirrhosis and liver cancer had increased levels of triantennary glycan-containing outer arm (α-1,3) fucosylation. Increases in core (α-1,6) fucosylation were observed only on A1AT from patients with cancer. We performed a lectin fluorophore-linked immunosorbent assay using Aleuria Aurantia lectin (AAL), specific for core and outer arm fucosylation in over 400 patients with liver disease. AAL-reactive A1AT was able to detect HCC with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 86%, which was greater than that observed with the current marker of HCC, alpha-fetoprotein. Glycosylation analysis of the false positives was performed; results indicated that these patients had increases in outer arm fucosylation but not in core fucosylation, suggesting that core fucosylation is cancer specific. Conclusions/Significance This report details the stepwise change in the glycosylation of A1AT with the progression from liver cirrhosis to cancer and identifies core fucosylation on A1AT as an HCC specific modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Comunale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lucy Rodemich-Betesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie Hafner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pamela Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adrian M. Di Bisceglie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis VA Medical Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy Block
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anand Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virus Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Uhde-Holzem K, Schlösser V, Viazov S, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Immunogenic properties of chimeric potato virus X particles displaying the hepatitis C virus hypervariable region I peptide R9. J Virol Methods 2010; 166:12-20. [PMID: 20138085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenic properties of chimeric potato virus X (PVX) particles engineered to display the synthetic R9 peptide have been evaluated. The R9 peptide is a consensus sequence derived from diverse variants of the hypervariable region 1 from the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein E2. Two different constructs were designed, with the R9 peptide expressed either as an indirect fusion via the ribosomal skip 2A (PVX(R9-2A)CP) sequence or as a direct PVX coat protein fusion (PVX(R9)CP). Systemic infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants was only achieved with PVX(R9-2A)CP constructs, and the presence of the R9 peptide was detected in extracts from these plants by ELISA, Western blot and electron microscopy using specific anti-R9 antibodies. The virus particles were recovered at yields of up to 125mg/kg from leaf material. BALB/c mice immunized with purified PVX(R9-2A)CP particles developed specific anti-R9 IgG titers of up to 1:50,000. Monoclonal anti-R9 antibodies were obtained from the spleen of a mouse immunized with PVX(R9-2A)CP particles and characterized by Western blot and electron microscopy. Sera from patients infected chronically with HCV were found to react specifically with PVX(R9-2A)CP particles in 35% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Uhde-Holzem
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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