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Yoon No D, Lee KH, Lee J, Lee SH. 3D liver models on a microplatform: well-defined culture, engineering of liver tissue and liver-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3822-37. [PMID: 26279012 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00611b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The liver, the largest organ in the human body, is a multi-functional organ with diverse metabolic activities that plays a critical role in maintaining the body and sustaining life. Although the liver has excellent regenerative and recuperative properties, damages caused by chronic liver diseases or viral infection may lead to permanent loss of liver functions. Studies of liver disease mechanism have focused on drug screening and liver tissue engineering techniques, including strategies based on in vitro models. However, conventional liver models are plagued by a number of limitations, which have motivated the development of 'liver-on-a-chip' and microplatform-based bioreactors that can provide well-defined microenvironments. Microtechnology is a promising tool for liver tissue engineering and liver system development, as it can mimic the complex in vivo microenvironment and microlevel ultrastructure, by using a small number of human cells under two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. These systems provided by microtechnology allow improved liver-specific functions and can be expanded to encompass diverse 3D culture methods, which are critical for the maintenance of liver functions and recapitulation of the features of the native liver. In this review, we provide an overview of microtechnologies that have been used for liver studies, describe biomimetic technologies for constructing microscale 2D and 3D liver models as well as liver-on-a-chip systems and microscale bioreactors, and introduce applications of liver microtechnology and future trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yoon No
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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202
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Yu J, Cilfone NA, Large EM, Sarkar U, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR, Hughes DJ, Lauffenburger DA, Griffith LG, Stokes CL, Cirit M. Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Approaches Applied to Microphysiological Systems (MPS): Data Interpretation and Multi-MPS Integration. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 4:585-94. [PMID: 26535159 PMCID: PMC4625863 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our goal in developing Microphysiological Systems (MPS) technology is to provide an improved approach for more predictive preclinical drug discovery via a highly integrated experimental/computational paradigm. Success will require quantitative characterization of MPSs and mechanistic analysis of experimental findings sufficient to translate resulting insights from in vitro to in vivo. We describe herein a systems pharmacology approach to MPS development and utilization that incorporates more mechanistic detail than traditional pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models. A series of studies illustrates diverse facets of our approach. First, we demonstrate two case studies: a PK data analysis and an inflammation response--focused on a single MPS, the liver/immune MPS. Building on the single MPS modeling, a theoretical investigation of a four-MPS interactome then provides a quantitative way to consider several pharmacological concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the design of multi-MPS interactome operation and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - N A Cilfone
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E M Large
- CN Bio Innovations Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - U Sarkar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J S Wishnok
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D J Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - D A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - L G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA ; Center of Gynepathology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - C L Stokes
- Stokes Consulting Redwood City, California, USA
| | - M Cirit
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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203
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Kang YBA, Sodunke TR, Lamontagne J, Cirillo J, Rajiv C, Bouchard MJ, Noh M. Liver sinusoid on a chip: Long-term layered co-culture of primary rat hepatocytes and endothelial cells in microfluidic platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:2571-82. [PMID: 25994312 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the generation of microfluidic platforms for the co-culture of primary hepatocytes and endothelial cells; these platforms mimic the architecture of a liver sinusoid. This paper describes a progressional study of creating such a liver sinusoid on a chip system. Primary rat hepatocytes (PRHs) were co-cultured with primary or established endothelial cells in layers in single and dual microchannel configurations with or without continuous perfusion. Cell viability and maintenance of hepatocyte functions were monitored and compared for diverse experimental conditions. When primary rat hepatocytes were co-cultured with immortalized bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) in a dual microchannel with continuous perfusion, hepatocytes maintained their normal morphology and continued to produce urea for at least 30 days. In order to demonstrate the utility of our microfluidic liver sinusoid platform, we also performed an analysis of viral replication for the hepatotropic hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV replication, as measured by the presence of cell-secreted HBV DNA, was successfully detected. We believe that our liver model closely mimics the in vivo liver sinusoid and supports long-term primary liver cell culture. This liver model could be extended to diverse liver biology studies and liver-related disease research such as drug induced liver toxicology, cancer research, and analysis of pathological effects and replication strategies of various hepatotropic infectious agents. .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Temitope R Sodunke
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cirillo
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline Rajiv
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Moses Noh
- Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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204
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Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural constructs for predicting neural toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12516-21. [PMID: 26392547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516645112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-based in vitro models that reflect human physiology have the potential to reduce the number of drug failures in clinical trials and offer a cost-effective approach for assessing chemical safety. Here, human embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived neural progenitor cells, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and microglia/macrophage precursors were combined on chemically defined polyethylene glycol hydrogels and cultured in serum-free medium to model cellular interactions within the developing brain. The precursors self-assembled into 3D neural constructs with diverse neuronal and glial populations, interconnected vascular networks, and ramified microglia. Replicate constructs were reproducible by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and expressed neurogenesis, vasculature development, and microglia genes. Linear support vector machines were used to construct a predictive model from RNA-Seq data for 240 neural constructs treated with 34 toxic and 26 nontoxic chemicals. The predictive model was evaluated using two standard hold-out testing methods: a nearly unbiased leave-one-out cross-validation for the 60 training compounds and an unbiased blinded trial using a single hold-out set of 10 additional chemicals. The linear support vector produced an estimate for future data of 0.91 in the cross-validation experiment and correctly classified 9 of 10 chemicals in the blinded trial.
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205
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A microfluidically perfused three dimensional human liver model. Biomaterials 2015; 71:119-131. [PMID: 26322723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Within the liver, non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) are critically involved in the regulation of hepatocyte polarization and maintenance of metabolic function. We here report the establishment of a liver organoid that integrates NPCs in a vascular layer composed of endothelial cells and tissue macrophages and a hepatic layer comprising stellate cells co-cultured with hepatocytes. The three-dimensional liver organoid is embedded in a microfluidically perfused biochip that enables sufficient nutrition supply and resembles morphological aspects of the human liver sinusoid. It utilizes a suspended membrane as a cell substrate mimicking the space of Disse. Luminescence-based sensor spots were integrated into the chip to allow online measurement of cellular oxygen consumption. Application of microfluidic flow induces defined expression of ZO-1, transferrin, ASGPR-1 along with an increased expression of MRP-2 transporter protein within the liver organoids. Moreover, perfusion was accompanied by an increased hepatobiliary secretion of 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein and an enhanced formation of hepatocyte microvilli. From this we conclude that the perfused liver organoid shares relevant morphological and functional characteristics with the human liver and represents a new in vitro research tool to study human hepatocellular physiology at the cellular level under conditions close to the physiological situation.
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206
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Balakrishnan S, Suma MS, Raju SR, Bhargav SDB, Arunima S, Das S, Ananthasuresh GK. A Scalable Perfusion Culture System with Miniature Peristaltic Pumps for Live-Cell Imaging Assays with Provision for Microfabricated Scaffolds. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:343-57. [PMID: 26309810 PMCID: PMC4534047 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2015.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a perfusion culture system with miniature bioreactors and peristaltic pumps. The bioreactors are designed for perfusion, live-cell imaging studies, easy incorporation of microfabricated scaffolds, and convenience of operation in standard cell culture techniques. By combining with miniature peristaltic pumps—one for each bioreactor to avoid cross-contamination and to maintain desired flow rate in each—we have made a culture system that facilitates perfusion culture inside standard incubators. This scalable system can support multiple parallel perfusion experiments. The major components are fabricated by three-dimensional printing using VeroWhite, which we show to be amenable to ex vivo cell culture. Furthermore, the components of the system can be reused, thus making it economical. We validate the system and illustrate its versatility by culturing primary rat hepatocytes, live imaging the growth of mouse fibroblasts (NIH 3T3) on microfabricated ring-scaffolds inserted into the bioreactor, performing perfusion culture of breast cancer cells (MCF7), and high-magnification imaging of hepatocarcinoma cells (HuH7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath Balakrishnan
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; Saumitra Das's laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M S Suma
- M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilpa R Raju
- M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Santosh D B Bhargav
- M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Arunima
- Saumitra Das's laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Saumitra Das
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; Saumitra Das's laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G K Ananthasuresh
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India . ; M D Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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207
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Sison-Young RLC, Mitsa D, Jenkins RE, Mottram D, Alexandre E, Richert L, Aerts H, Weaver RJ, Jones RP, Johann E, Hewitt PG, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Goldring CEP, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Comparative Proteomic Characterization of 4 Human Liver-Derived Single Cell Culture Models Reveals Significant Variation in the Capacity for Drug Disposition, Bioactivation, and Detoxication. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:412-24. [PMID: 26160117 PMCID: PMC4583060 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro preclinical models for the assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are usually based on cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes (cPHH) or human hepatic tumor-derived cell lines; however, it is unclear how well such cell models reflect the normal function of liver cells. The physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological phenotyping of available cell-based systems is necessary in order to decide the testing purpose for which they are fit. We have therefore undertaken a global proteomic analysis of 3 human-derived hepatic cell lines (HepG2, Upcyte, and HepaRG) in comparison with cPHH with a focus on drug metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins (DMETs), as well as Nrf2-regulated proteins. In total, 4946 proteins were identified, of which 2722 proteins were common across all cell models, including 128 DMETs. Approximately 90% reduction in expression of cytochromes P450 was observed in HepG2 and Upcyte cells, and approximately 60% in HepaRG cells relative to cPHH. Drug transporter expression was also lower compared with cPHH with the exception of MRP3 and P-gp (MDR1) which appeared to be significantly expressed in HepaRG cells. In contrast, a high proportion of Nrf2-regulated proteins were more highly expressed in the cell lines compared with cPHH. The proteomic database derived here will provide a rational basis for the context-specific selection of the most appropriate ‘hepatocyte-like’ cell for the evaluation of particular cellular functions associated with DILI and, at the same time, assist in the construction of a testing paradigm which takes into account the in vivo disposition of a new drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena L C Sison-Young
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dimitra Mitsa
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Mottram
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | | | | | - Hélène Aerts
- Biologie Servier, 905 Route de Saran, 45520, Gidy, France
| | | | - Robert P Jones
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Esther Johann
- North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Philip G Hewitt
- Merck KGaA, Merck Serono, Non-Clinical Safety, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; and
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher E P Goldring
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - B Kevin Park
- *Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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208
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Zhang W, Gu Y, Hao Y, Sun Q, Konior K, Wang H, Zilberberg J, Lee WY. Well plate-based perfusion culture device for tissue and tumor microenvironment replication. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2854-2863. [PMID: 26021852 PMCID: PMC4470735 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There are significant challenges in developing in vitro human tissue and tumor models that can be used to support new drug development and evaluate personalized therapeutics. The challenges include: (1) working with primary cells which are often difficult to maintain ex vivo, (2) mimicking native microenvironments from which primary cells are harvested, and (3) the lack of culture devices that can support these microenvironments to evaluate drug responses in a high-throughput manner. Here we report a versatile well plate-based perfusion culture device that was designed, fabricated and used to: (1) ascertain the role of perfusion in facilitating the expansion of human multiple myeloma cells and evaluate drug response of the cells, (2) preserve the physiological phenotype of primary murine osteocytes by reconstructing the 3D cellular network of osteocytes, and (3) circulate primary murine T cells through a layer of primary murine intestine epithelial cells to recapitulate the interaction of the immune cells with the epithelial cells. Through these diverse case studies, we demonstrate the device's design features to support: (1) the convenient and spatiotemporal placement of cells and biomaterials into the culture wells of the device; (2) the replication of tissues and tumor microenvironments using perfusion, stromal cells, and/or biomaterials; (3) the circulation of non-adherent cells through the culture chambers; and (4) conventional tissue and cell characterization by plate reading, histology, and flow cytometry. Future challenges are identified and discussed from the perspective of manufacturing the device and making its operation for routine and wide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Y Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Y Hao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Q Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - K Konior
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - J Zilberberg
- Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, 40 Prospect Ave, Hackensack, NJ, 07601, USA
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center
| | - W Y Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
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209
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Yasotharan S, Pinto S, Sled JG, Bolz SS, Günther A. Artery-on-a-chip platform for automated, multimodal assessment of cerebral blood vessel structure and function. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2660-9. [PMID: 25990299 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact microfluidic platform for the automated, multimodal assessment of intact small blood vessels. Mouse olfactory artery segments were reversibly loaded onto a microfluidic device and kept under physiological (i.e., close to in vivo) environmental conditions. For immunohistochemical endpoint protein analysis, automated on chip fixation and staining of the artery eliminated the need for any subsequent tissue sectioning or processing outside the chip. In a first case study, we demonstrate the blood vessel abluminal structure based on the positions of smooth muscle cell nuclei, actin filaments and voltage gated calcium channels. In a second case study we incubated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with a calcium-sensitive dye to simultaneously assess time-dependent, agonist-induced calcium and diameter changes of pressurized resistance arteries. We expect the presented microfluidic platform to promote routine on-chip staining and quantitative fluorescence imaging of intact blood vessels from different vascular beds, tissue engineered vascular constructs and vascularized microtissues. The at least tenfold reduction in required aliquot volumes for functional assessment and staining was achieved by on-board fluid manipulation of the syringe-pump free platform and may promote its applications for screening of newly synthesized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjesh Yasotharan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada.
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210
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Lee DH, Bae CY, Kwon S, Park JK. User-friendly 3D bioassays with cell-containing hydrogel modules: narrowing the gap between microfluidic bioassays and clinical end-users' needs. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2379-2387. [PMID: 25857752 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00239g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-containing hydrogel modules as cell-hydrogel microunits for creating a physiologically relevant 3D in vivo-like microenvironment with multiple cell types and unique extracellular matrix (ECM) compositions facilitate long-term cell maintenance and bioassays. To date, there have been many important advances in microfluidic bioassays, which incorporate hydrogel scaffolds into surface-accessible microchambers, driven by the strong demand for the application of spatiotemporally defined biochemical stimuli to construct in vivo-like conditions and perform real-time imaging of cell-matrix interactions. In keeping with the trend of fostering collaborations among biologists, clinicians, and microfluidic engineers, it is essential to create a simpler approach for coupling cell-containing hydrogel modules and an automated bioassay platform in a user-friendly format. In this article, we review recent progress in hydrogel-incorporated microfluidics for long-term cell maintenance and discuss some of the simpler and user-friendly 3D bioassay techniques combined with cell-containing hydrogel modules that can be applied to mutually beneficial collaborations with non-engineers. We anticipate that this modular and user-friendly format interfaced with existing laboratory infrastructure will help address several clinical questions in ways that extend well beyond the current 2D cell-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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211
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Zhang J, Wu J, Li H, Chen Q, Lin JM. An in vitro liver model on microfluidic device for analysis of capecitabine metabolite using mass spectrometer as detector. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:322-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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212
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Sarkar U, Rivera-Burgos D, Large EM, Hughes DJ, Ravindra KC, Dyer RL, Ebrahimkhani MR, Wishnok JS, Griffith LG, Tannenbaum SR. Metabolite profiling and pharmacokinetic evaluation of hydrocortisone in a perfused three-dimensional human liver bioreactor. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1091-9. [PMID: 25926431 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to cause liver injury primarily involving inflammatory cells such as Kupffer cells, but few in vitro culture models are applicable for investigation of inflammatory effects on drug metabolism. We have developed a three-dimensional human microphysiological hepatocyte-Kupffer cell coculture system and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids on liver cultures. LPS was introduced to the cultures to elicit an inflammatory response and was assessed by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α. A sensitive and specific reversed-phase-ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry method was used to evaluate hydrocortisone disappearance and metabolism at near physiologic levels. For this, the systems were dosed with 100 nM hydrocortisone and circulated for 2 days; hydrocortisone was depleted to approximately 30 nM, with first-order kinetics. Phase I metabolites, including tetrahydrocortisone and dihydrocortisol, accounted for 8-10% of the loss, and 45-52% consisted of phase II metabolites, including glucuronides of tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone. Pharmacokinetic parameters, i.e., half-life, rate of elimination, clearance, and area under the curve, were 23.03 hours, 0.03 hour(-1), 6.6 × 10(-5) l⋅hour(-1), and 1.03 (mg/l)*h, respectively. The ability of the bioreactor to predict the in vivo clearance of hydrocortisone was characterized, and the obtained intrinsic clearance values correlated with human data. This system offers a physiologically relevant tool for investigating hepatic function in an inflamed liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Sarkar
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Dinelia Rivera-Burgos
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Emma M Large
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - David J Hughes
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Kodihalli C Ravindra
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Rachel L Dyer
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - John S Wishnok
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
| | - Steven R Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering (U.S., D.R.-B., K.C.R., R.L.D., M.R.E., J.S.W., L.G.G., S.R.T.), Department of Chemistry (S.R.T.), and Department of Mechanical Engineering (L.G.G.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and CN Bio Innovations, Oxford University Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (E.M.L., D.J.H.)
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Bhatia SN, Ingber DE. Microfluidic organs-on-chips. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 32:760-72. [PMID: 25093883 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1935] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An organ-on-a-chip is a microfluidic cell culture device created with microchip manufacturing methods that contains continuously perfused chambers inhabited by living cells arranged to simulate tissue- and organ-level physiology. By recapitulating the multicellular architectures, tissue-tissue interfaces, physicochemical microenvironments and vascular perfusion of the body, these devices produce levels of tissue and organ functionality not possible with conventional 2D or 3D culture systems. They also enable high-resolution, real-time imaging and in vitro analysis of biochemical, genetic and metabolic activities of living cells in a functional tissue and organ context. This technology has great potential to advance the study of tissue development, organ physiology and disease etiology. In the context of drug discovery and development, it should be especially valuable for the study of molecular mechanisms of action, prioritization of lead candidates, toxicity testing and biomarker identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta N Bhatia
- 1] Department of Electrical Engineering &Computer Science, Koch Institute and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- 1] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Vascular Biology Program, Departments of Pathology &Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Suter-Dick L, Alves PM, Blaauboer BJ, Bremm KD, Brito C, Coecke S, Flick B, Fowler P, Hescheler J, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Jennings P, Kelm JM, Manou I, Mistry P, Moretto A, Roth A, Stedman D, van de Water B, Beilmann M. Stem cell-derived systems in toxicology assessment. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1284-96. [PMID: 25675366 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial sectors perform toxicological assessments of their potential products to ensure human safety and to fulfill regulatory requirements. These assessments often involve animal testing, but ethical, cost, and time concerns, together with a ban on it in specific sectors, make appropriate in vitro systems indispensable in toxicology. In this study, we summarize the outcome of an EPAA (European Partnership of Alternatives to Animal Testing)-organized workshop on the use of stem cell-derived (SCD) systems in toxicology, with a focus on industrial applications. SCD systems, in particular, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, provide physiological cell culture systems of easy access and amenable to a variety of assays. They also present the opportunity to apply the vast repository of existing nonclinical data for the understanding of in vitro to in vivo translation. SCD systems from several toxicologically relevant tissues exist; they generally recapitulate many aspects of physiology and respond to toxicological and pharmacological interventions. However, focused research is necessary to accelerate implementation of SCD systems in an industrial setting and subsequent use of such systems by regulatory authorities. Research is required into the phenotypic characterization of the systems, since methods and protocols for generating terminally differentiated SCD cells are still lacking. Organotypical 3D culture systems in bioreactors and microscale tissue engineering technologies should be fostered, as they promote and maintain differentiation and support coculture systems. They need further development and validation for their successful implementation in toxicity testing in industry. Analytical measures also need to be implemented to enable compound exposure and metabolism measurements for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. The future of SCD toxicological tests will combine advanced cell culture technologies and biokinetic measurements to support regulatory and research applications. However, scientific and technical hurdles must be overcome before SCD in vitro methods undergo appropriate validation and become accepted in the regulatory arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Suter-Dick
- 1University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Paula M Alves
- 2iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,3Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bas J Blaauboer
- 4Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Dieter Bremm
- 5Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery-Global Early Development, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Catarina Brito
- 2iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,3Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra Coecke
- 6European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, EURL ECVAM, Ispra, Italy
| | - Burkhard Flick
- 7BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Hescheler
- 9Institut for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Paul Jennings
- 11Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Irene Manou
- 13European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), B-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pratibha Mistry
- 14Syngenta Ltd., Product Safety, Jealott's Hill International Research Station, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Angelo Moretto
- 15Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,16Centro Internazionale per gli Antiparassitari e la Prevenzione Sanitaria, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Adrian Roth
- 17F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Donald Stedman
- 18Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bob van de Water
- 19Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Usta OB, McCarty WJ, Bale S, Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Golberg I, Yarmush ML. Microengineered cell and tissue systems for drug screening and toxicology applications: Evolution of in-vitro liver technologies. TECHNOLOGY 2015; 3:1-26. [PMID: 26167518 PMCID: PMC4494128 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547815300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver performs many key functions, the most prominent of which is serving as the metabolic hub of the body. For this reason, the liver is the focal point of many investigations aimed at understanding an organism's toxicological response to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Because so many drug failures have involved direct liver toxicity or other organ toxicity from liver generated metabolites, the pharmaceutical industry has constantly sought superior, predictive in-vitro models that can more quickly and efficiently identify problematic drug candidates before they incur major development costs, and certainly before they are released to the public. In this broad review, we present a survey and critical comparison of in-vitro liver technologies along a broad spectrum, but focus on the current renewed push to develop "organs-on-a-chip". One prominent set of conclusions from this review is that while a large body of recent work has steered the field towards an ever more comprehensive understanding of what is needed, the field remains in great need of several key advances, including establishment of standard characterization methods, enhanced technologies that mimic the in-vivo cellular environment, and better computational approaches to bridge the gap between the in-vitro and in-vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O B Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - W J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - R Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - A Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - I Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - M L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Neiman JAS, Raman R, Chan V, Rhoads MG, Raredon MSB, Velazquez JJ, Dyer RL, Bashir R, Hammond PT, Griffith LG. Photopatterning of hydrogel scaffolds coupled to filter materials using stereolithography for perfused 3D culture of hepatocytes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:777-87. [PMID: 25384798 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models that recapitulate the liver's structural and functional complexity could prolong hepatocellular viability and function to improve platforms for drug toxicity studies and understanding liver pathophysiology. Here, stereolithography (SLA) was employed to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds with open channels designed for post-seeding and perfused culture of primary hepatocytes that form 3D structures in a bioreactor. Photopolymerizable polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels were fabricated coupled to chemically activated, commercially available filters (polycarbonate and polyvinylidene fluoride) using a chemistry that permitted cell viability, and was robust enough to withstand perfused culture of up to 1 µL/s for at least 7 days. SLA energy dose, photoinitiator concentrations, and pretreatment conditions were screened to determine conditions that maximized cell viability and hydrogel bonding to the filter. Multiple open channel geometries were readily achieved, and included ellipses and rectangles. Rectangular open channels employed for subsequent studies had final dimensions on the order of 350 µm by 850 µm. Cell seeding densities and flow rates that promoted cell viability were determined. Perfused culture of primary hepatocytes in hydrogel scaffolds in the presence of soluble epidermal growth factor (EGF) prolonged the maintenance of albumin production throughout the 7-day culture relative to 2D controls. This technique of bonding hydrogel scaffolds can be employed to fabricate soft scaffolds for a number of bioreactor configurations and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139
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217
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Villasante A, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Tissue-engineered models of human tumors for cancer research. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:257-68. [PMID: 25662589 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1009442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug toxicity often goes undetected until clinical trials, which are the most costly and dangerous phase of drug development. Both the cultures of human cells and animal studies have limitations that cannot be overcome by incremental improvements in drug-testing protocols. A new generation of bioengineered tumors is now emerging in response to these limitations, with potential to transform drug screening by providing predictive models of tumors within their tissue context, for studies of drug safety and efficacy. An area that could greatly benefit from these models is cancer research. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors first describe the engineered tumor systems, using Ewing's sarcoma as an example of human tumor that cannot be predictably studied in cell culture and animal models. Then, they discuss the importance of the tissue context for cancer progression and outline the biomimetic principles for engineering human tumors. Finally, they discuss the utility of bioengineered tumor models for cancer research and address the challenges in modeling human tumors for use in drug discovery and testing. EXPERT OPINION While tissue models are just emerging as a new tool for cancer drug discovery, they are already demonstrating potential for recapitulating, in vitro, the native behavior of human tumors. Still, numerous challenges need to be addressed before we can have platforms with a predictive power appropriate for the pharmaceutical industry. Some of the key needs include the incorporation of the vascular compartment, immune system components, and mechanical signals that regulate tumor development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Villasante
- Columbia University, Department of Biomedical Engineering , New York, NY 10032 , USA
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218
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Gao R, Wu W, Xiang J, Lv Y, Zheng X, Chen Q, Wang H, Wang B, Liu Z, Ma F. Hepatocyte culture in autologous decellularized spleen matrix. Organogenesis 2015; 11:16-29. [PMID: 25664568 PMCID: PMC4594376 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2015.1011908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Using decellularized scaffold to reengineer liver tissue is a promising alternative therapy for end-stage liver diseases. Though the decellularized human liver matrix is the ideal scaffold for reconstruction of the liver theoretically, the shortage of liver donors is still an obstacle for potential clinical application. Therefore, an appropriate alternative scaffold is needed. In the present study, we used a tissue engineering approach to prepare a rat decellularized spleen matrix (DSM) and evaluate the effectiveness of this DSM for primary rat hepatocytes culture. METHODS Rat decellularized spleen matrix (DSM) was prepared by perfusion of a series of detergents through spleen vasculature. DSM was characterized by residual DNA and specific extracellular matrix distribution. Thereafter, primary rat hepatocytes were cultured in the DSM in a 3-dimensional dynamic culture system, and liver cell survival and biological functions were evaluated by comparison with 3-dimensional sandwich culture and also with cultured in decellularized liver matrix (DLM). RESULTS Our research found that DSM did not exhibit any cellular components, but preserved the main extracellular matrix and the intact vasculature evaluated by DNA detection, histology, immunohistochemical staining, vessel corrosion cast and upright metallurgical microscope. Moreover, the method of DSM preparation procedure was relatively simple with high success rate (100%). After seeding primary hepatocytes in DSM, the cultured hepatocytes survived inside DSM with albumin synthesis and urea secretion within 10 d. Additionally, hepatocytes in dynamic culture medium had better biological functions at day 10 than that in sandwich culture. Albumin synthesis was 85.67 ± 6.34 μg/10(7) cell/24h in dynamic culture in DSM compared to 62.43 ± 4.59 μg/10(7) cell/24h in sandwich culture (P < 0.01) and to 87.54 ± 5.25 μg/10(7) cell/24h in DLM culture (P > 0.05); urea release was 32.14 ± 8.62 μg/10(7) cell/24h in dynamic culture in DSM compared to 20.47 ± 4.98 μg/10(7) cell/24h in sandwich culture (P < 0.05) and to 37.38 ± 7.29 μg/10(7) cell/24h cultured in DLM (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that DSM can be prepared successfully using a tissue engineering approach. The DSM is an appropriate scaffold for primary hepatocytes culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanquan Wu
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junxi Xiang
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinglong Zheng
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Haohua Wang
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Institute of Advanced Surgical Techniques and Tissue Engineering Research; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; First Hospital of Medical College; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Sung KE, Beebe DJ. Microfluidic 3D models of cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:68-78. [PMID: 25017040 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in medicine and biomedical sciences, cancer still remains a major health issue. Complex interactions between tumors and their microenvironment contribute to tumor initiation and progression and also contribute to the development of drug resistant tumor cell populations. The complexity and heterogeneity of tumors and their microenvironment make it challenging to both study and treat cancer. Traditional animal cancer models and in vitro cancer models are limited in their ability to recapitulate human structures and functions, thus hindering the identification of appropriate drug targets and therapeutic strategies. The development and application of microfluidic 3D cancer models have the potential to overcome some of the limitations inherent to traditional models. This review summarizes the progress in microfluidic 3D cancer models, their benefits, and their broad application to basic cancer biology, drug screening, and drug discovery.
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220
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Precise manipulation of cell behaviors on surfaces for construction of tissue/organs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 124:97-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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221
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Nam KH, Smith AST, Lone S, Kwon S, Kim DH. Biomimetic 3D Tissue Models for Advanced High-Throughput Drug Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:201-15. [PMID: 25385716 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214557813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most current drug screening assays used to identify new drug candidates are 2D cell-based systems, even though such in vitro assays do not adequately re-create the in vivo complexity of 3D tissues. Inadequate representation of the human tissue environment during a preclinical test can result in inaccurate predictions of compound effects on overall tissue functionality. Screening for compound efficacy by focusing on a single pathway or protein target, coupled with difficulties in maintaining long-term 2D monolayers, can serve to exacerbate these issues when using such simplistic model systems for physiological drug screening applications. Numerous studies have shown that cell responses to drugs in 3D culture are improved from those in 2D, with respect to modeling in vivo tissue functionality, which highlights the advantages of using 3D-based models for preclinical drug screens. In this review, we discuss the development of microengineered 3D tissue models that accurately mimic the physiological properties of native tissue samples and highlight the advantages of using such 3D microtissue models over conventional cell-based assays for future drug screening applications. We also discuss biomimetic 3D environments, based on engineered tissues as potential preclinical models for the development of more predictive drug screening assays for specific disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hwan Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, The Korea Basic Science Institute, Deajeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Alec S T Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saifullah Lone
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bale SS, Golberg I, Jindal R, McCarty WJ, Luitje M, Hegde M, Bhushan A, Usta OB, Yarmush ML. Long-term coculture strategies for primary hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2014; 21:413-22. [PMID: 25233394 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes and their in vitro models are essential tools for preclinical screening studies for drugs that affect the liver. Most of the current models primarily focus on hepatocytes alone and lack the contribution of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), which are significant through both molecular and the response of the NPCs themselves. Models that incorporate NPCs alongside hepatocytes hold the power to enable more realistic recapitulation and elucidation of cell interactions and cumulative drug response. Hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) account for ∼ 80% of the liver mass where the LSECs line the walls of blood vessels, and act as a barrier between hepatocytes and blood. Culturing LSECs with hepatocytes to generate multicellular physiologically relevant in vitro liver models has been a major hurdle since LSECs lose their phenotype rapidly after isolation. To this end, we describe the application of collagen gel (1) in a sandwich and (2) as an intervening extracellular matrix layer to coculture hepatocytes with LSECs for extended periods. These coculture configurations provide environments wherein hepatocyte and LSECs, through cell-cell contacts and/or secretion factors, lead to enhanced function and stability of the cocultures. Our results show that in these configurations, hepatocytes and LSECs maintained their phenotypes when cultured together as a mixture, and showed stable secretion and metabolic activity for up to 4 weeks. Immunostaining for sinusoidal endothelial 1 (SE-1) antibody demonstrated retention of LSEC phenotype during the culture period. In addition, LSECs cultured alone maintained high viability and SE-1 expression when cultured within a collagen sandwich configuration up to 4 weeks. Albumin production of the cocultures was 10-15 times higher when LSECs were cultured as a bottom layer (with an intervening collagen layer) and as a mixture in a sandwich configuration, and native CYP 1A1/2 activity was at least 20 times higher than monoculture controls. Together, these data suggest that collagen gel-based hepatocyte-LSEC cocultures are highly suitable models for stabilization and long-term culture of both cell types. In summary, these results indicate that collagen gel-based hepatocyte-LSEC coculture models are promising for in vitro toxicity testing, and liver model development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- 1 Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children , Boston, Massachusetts
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Illa X, Vila S, Yeste J, Peralta C, Gracia-Sancho J, Villa R. A novel modular bioreactor to in vitro study the hepatic sinusoid. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111864. [PMID: 25375141 PMCID: PMC4222955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a unique, versatile bioreactor consisting of two plates and a modified commercial porous membrane suitable for in vitro analysis of the liver sinusoid. The modular bioreactor allows i) excellent control of the cell seeding process; ii) cell culture under controlled shear stress stimulus, and; iii) individual analysis of each cell type upon completion of the experiment. The advantages of the bioreactor detailed here are derived from the modification of a commercial porous membrane with an elastomeric wall specifically moulded in order to define the cell culture area, to act as a gasket that will fit into the bioreactor, and to provide improved mechanical robustness. The device presented herein has been designed to simulate the in vivo organization of a liver sinusoid and tested by co-culturing endothelial cells (EC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC). The results show both an optimal morphology of the endothelial cells as well as an improvement in the phenotype of stellate cells, most probably due to paracrine factors released from endothelial cells. This device is proposed as a versatile, easy-to-use co-culture system that can be applied to biomedical research of vascular systems, including the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Illa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Vila
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Yeste
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Institut d′Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
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van Wenum M, Chamuleau RAFM, van Gulik TM, Siliakus A, Seppen J, Hoekstra R. Bioartificial liversin vitroandin vivo: tailoring biocomponents to the expanding variety of applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1745-60. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.950651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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225
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Conde I, Donato MT. Competency of different cell models to predict human hepatotoxic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1553-68. [PMID: 25297626 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.967680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The liver is the most important target for drug-induced toxicity. This vulnerability results from functional liver features and its role in the metabolic elimination of most drugs. Drug-induced liver injury is a significant leading cause of acute, chronic liver disease and an important safety issue when developing new drugs. AREAS COVERED This review describes the advantages and limitations of hepatic cell-based models for early safety risk assessment during drug development. These models include hepatocytes cultured as monolayer, collagen-sandwich; emerging complex 3D configuration; liver-derived cell lines; stem cell-derived hepatocytes. EXPERT OPINION In vitro toxicity assays performed in hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines can potentially provide rapid and cost-effective early feedback to identify toxic candidates for compound prioritization. However, their capacity to predict hepatotoxicity depends critically on cells' functional performance. In an attempt to improve and prolong functional properties of cultured cells, different strategies to recreate the in vivo hepatocyte environment have been explored. 3D cultures, co-cultures of hepatocytes with other cell types and microfluidic devices seem highly promising for toxicological studies. Moreover, hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells are emerging cell-based systems that may provide a stable source of hepatocytes to reliably screen metabolism and toxicity of candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS LA Fe) , Torre A Avda. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia , Spain +34 961246619 ;
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226
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Methods to study the tumor microenvironment under controlled oxygen conditions. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:556-563. [PMID: 25282035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex heterogeneous assembly composed of a variety of cell types and physical features. One such feature, hypoxia, is associated with metabolic reprogramming, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and therapeutic resistance. Many questions remain regarding the effects of hypoxia on these outcomes; however, only a few experimental methods enable both precise control over oxygen concentration and real-time imaging of cell behavior. Recent efforts with microfluidic platforms offer a promising solution to these limitations. In this review, we discuss conventional methods and tools used to control oxygen concentration for cell studies, and then highlight recent advances in microfluidic-based approaches for controlling oxygen in engineered platforms.
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227
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Maher SP, Crouse RB, Conway AJ, Bannister EC, Achyuta AKH, Clark AY, Sinatra FL, Cuiffi JD, Adams JH, Kyle DE, Saadi WM. Microphysical space of a liver sinusoid device enables simplified long-term maintenance of chimeric mouse-expanded human hepatocytes. Biomed Microdevices 2014; 16:727-36. [PMID: 24907052 PMCID: PMC4152623 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
While many advanced liver models support hepatic phenotypes necessary for drug and disease studies, these models are characterized by intricate features such as co-culture with one of more supporting cell types or advanced media perfusion systems. These systems have helped elucidate some of the critical biophysical features missing from standard well-plate based hepatocyte culture, but their advanced designs add to their complexity. Additionally, regardless of the culture system, primary hepatocyte culture systems suffer from reproducibility issues due to phenotypic variation and expensive, limited supplies of donor lots. Here we describe a microfluidic bilayer device that sustains primary human hepatocyte phenotypes, including albumin production, factor IX production, cytochrome P450 3A4 drug metabolism and bile canaliculi formation for at least 14 days in a simple monoculture format with static media. Using a variety of channel architectures, we describe how primary cell phenotype is promoted by spatial confinement within the microfluidic channel, without the need for perfusion or co-culture. By sourcing human hepatocytes expanded in the Fah, Rag2, and Il2rg-knockout (FRG™-KO) humanized mouse model, utilizing a few hundred hepatocytes within each channel, and maintaining hepatocyte function for weeks in vitro within a relatively simple model, we demonstrate a basic primary human hepatocyte culture system that addresses many of the major hurdles in human hepatocyte culture research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. Maher
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd ste 304, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Richard B. Crouse
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Amy J. Conway
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Emilee C. Bannister
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Anil Kumar H. Achyuta
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Amy Y. Clark
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Francy L. Sinatra
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Joseph D. Cuiffi
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - John H. Adams
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd ste 304, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Dennis E. Kyle
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd ste 304, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Wajeeh M. Saadi
- Bioengineering Center at USF, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 3802 Spectrum Blvd ste 201, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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228
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Abstract
Interest in "engineering liver" arises from multiple communities: therapeutic replacement; mechanistic models of human processes; and drug safety and efficacy studies. An explosion of micro- and nanofabrication, biomaterials, microfluidic, and other technologies potentially affords unprecedented opportunity to create microphysiological models of the human liver, but engineering design principles for how to deploy these tools effectively toward specific applications, including how to define the essential constraints of any given application (available sources of cells, acceptable cost, and user-friendliness), are still emerging. Arguably less appreciated is the parallel growth in computational systems biology approaches toward these same problems-particularly in parsing complex disease processes from clinical material, building models of response networks, and in how to interpret the growing compendium of data on drug efficacy and toxicology in patient populations. Here, we provide insight into how the complementary paths of engineering liver-experimental and computational-are beginning to interplay toward greater illumination of human disease states and technologies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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229
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Mitragotri S, Burke PA, Langer R. Overcoming the challenges in administering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:655-72. [PMID: 25103255 PMCID: PMC4455970 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1073] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The formulation and delivery of biopharmaceutical drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins, poses substantial challenges owing to their large size and susceptibility to degradation. In this Review we highlight recent advances in formulation and delivery strategies--such as the use of microsphere-based controlled-release technologies, protein modification methods that make use of polyethylene glycol and other polymers, and genetic manipulation of biopharmaceutical drugs--and discuss their advantages and limitations. We also highlight current and emerging delivery routes that provide an alternative to injection, including transdermal, oral and pulmonary delivery routes. In addition, the potential of targeted and intracellular protein delivery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 92106, USA
| | - Paul A Burke
- Burke Bioventures LLC, 277 Broadway, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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230
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Eddie SL, Kim JJ, Woodruff TK, Burdette JE. Microphysiological modeling of the reproductive tract: a fertile endeavor. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1192-202. [PMID: 24737736 PMCID: PMC4156579 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214529387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical toxicity testing in animal models is a cornerstone of the drug development process, yet it is often unable to predict adverse effects and tolerability issues in human subjects. Species-specific responses to investigational drugs have led researchers to utilize human tissues and cells to better estimate human toxicity. Unfortunately, human cell-derived models are imperfect because toxicity is assessed in isolation, removed from the normal physiologic microenvironment. Microphysiological modeling often referred to as 'organ-on-a-chip' or 'human-on-a-chip' places human tissue into a microfluidic system that mimics the complexity of human in vivo physiology, thereby allowing for toxicity testing on several cell types, tissues, and organs within a more biologically relevant environment. Here we describe important concepts when developing a repro-on-a-chip model. The development of female and male reproductive microfluidic systems is critical to sex-based in vitro toxicity and drug testing. This review addresses the biological and physiological aspects of the male and female reproductive systems in vivo and what should be considered when designing a microphysiological human-on-a-chip model. Additionally, interactions between the reproductive tract and other systems are explored, focusing on the impact of factors and hormones produced by the reproductive tract and disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Eddie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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231
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Wikswo JP. The relevance and potential roles of microphysiological systems in biology and medicine. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1061-72. [PMID: 25187571 PMCID: PMC4330974 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214542068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS), consisting of interacting organs-on-chips or tissue-engineered, 3D organ constructs that use human cells, present an opportunity to bring new tools to biology, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, and toxicology. This issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine describes the ongoing development of MPS that can serve as in-vitro models for bone and cartilage, brain, gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, microvasculature, reproductive tract, skeletal muscle, and skin. Related topics addressed here are the interconnection of organs-on-chips to support physiologically based pharmacokinetics and drug discovery and screening, and the microscale technologies that regulate stem cell differentiation. The initial motivation for creating MPS was to increase the speed, efficiency, and safety of pharmaceutical development and testing, paying particular regard to the fact that neither monolayer monocultures of immortal or primary cell lines nor animal studies can adequately recapitulate the dynamics of drug-organ, drug-drug, and drug-organ-organ interactions in humans. Other applications include studies of the effect of environmental toxins on humans, identification, characterization, and neutralization of chemical and biological weapons, controlled studies of the microbiome and infectious disease that cannot be conducted in humans, controlled differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into specific adult cellular phenotypes, and studies of the dynamics of metabolism and signaling within and between human organs. The technical challenges are being addressed by many investigators, and in the process, it seems highly likely that significant progress will be made toward providing more physiologically realistic alternatives to monolayer monocultures or whole animal studies. The effectiveness of this effort will be determined in part by how easy the constructs are to use, how well they function, how accurately they recapitulate and report human pharmacology and toxicology, whether they can be generated in large numbers to enable parallel studies, and if their use can be standardized consistent with the practices of regulatory science.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wikswo
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, The Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, VU Station B 351807, Nashville, TN 37235-1807, USA
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232
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Jin G, Yang GH, Kim G. Tissue engineering bioreactor systems for applying physical and electrical stimulations to cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:935-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- GyuHyun Jin
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon South Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Yang
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon South Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon South Korea
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233
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Bao G, Bazilevs Y, Chung JH, Decuzzi P, Espinosa HD, Ferrari M, Gao H, Hossain SS, Hughes TJR, Kamm RD, Liu WK, Marsden A, Schrefler B. USNCTAM perspectives on mechanics in medicine. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140301. [PMID: 24872502 PMCID: PMC4208360 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Over decades, the theoretical and applied mechanics community has developed sophisticated approaches for analysing the behaviour of complex engineering systems. Most of these approaches have targeted systems in the transportation, materials, defence and energy industries. Applying and further developing engineering approaches for understanding, predicting and modulating the response of complicated biomedical processes not only holds great promise in meeting societal needs, but also poses serious challenges. This report, prepared for the US National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, aims to identify the most pressing challenges in biological sciences and medicine that can be tackled within the broad field of mechanics. This echoes and complements a number of national and international initiatives aiming at fostering interdisciplinary biomedical research. This report also comments on cultural/educational challenges. Specifically, this report focuses on three major thrusts in which we believe mechanics has and will continue to have a substantial impact. (i) Rationally engineering injectable nano/microdevices for imaging and therapy of disease. Within this context, we discuss nanoparticle carrier design, vascular transport and adhesion, endocytosis and tumour growth in response to therapy, as well as uncertainty quantification techniques to better connect models and experiments. (ii) Design of biomedical devices, including point-of-care diagnostic systems, model organ and multi-organ microdevices, and pulsatile ventricular assistant devices. (iii) Mechanics of cellular processes, including mechanosensing and mechanotransduction, improved characterization of cellular constitutive behaviour, and microfluidic systems for single-cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuri Bazilevs
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jae-Hyun Chung
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Department of Translational Imaging, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute in Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Translational Imaging, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute in Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Shaolie S Hossain
- Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas J R Hughes
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1229, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Mechanical Engineering, Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wing Kam Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Alison Marsden
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard Schrefler
- Centre for Mechanics of Biological Materials, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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234
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Bricks T, Paullier P, Legendre A, Fleury MJ, Zeller P, Merlier F, Anton PM, Leclerc E. Development of a new microfluidic platform integrating co-cultures of intestinal and liver cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:885-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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235
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Vivares A, Salle-Lefort S, Arabeyre-Fabre C, Ngo R, Penarier G, Bremond M, Moliner P, Gallas JF, Fabre G, Klieber S. Morphological behaviour and metabolic capacity of cryopreserved human primary hepatocytes cultivated in a perfused multiwell device. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:29-44. [PMID: 25068923 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.944612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The quantitative prediction of the pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug from data obtained using human in vitro systems remains a significant challenge i.e. prediction of metabolic clearance in humans and estimation of the relative contribution of enzymes involved in the clearance. This has become particularly problematic for low turnover compounds. 2. Having human hepatocytes with stable cellular function over several days that adequately mimic the complexity of the physiological environment would be a major advance. Thus, we evaluated human hepatocytes, maintained in culture during 7 days in the microfluidic LiverChip™ system, in terms of morphological appearance, relative mRNA expression of phase I and II enzymes and transporters as a function of time, and metabolic capacity using probe substrates. 3. The results showed that mRNA levels of the major genes for enzymes involved in drug metabolism were well-maintained over a 7-day period of culture. Furthermore, after 4 days of culture, in the Liverchip™ device, human hepatocytes exhibited higher or similar CYPs activities compared to 1 day of culture in 2D-static conditions. 4. The functional data were supported by light/electron microscopies and immunohistochemistry showing viable tissue structure and well-differentiated human hepatocytes: presence of cell junctions, glycogen storage, and bile canaliculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Vivares
- Drug Disposition Domain, Disposition, Safety and Animal Research Scientific Core Plateform, SANOFI R&D , Montpellier , France
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236
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous hurdles presented by the complexity of the liver's structure and function, advances in liver physiology, stem cell biology and reprogramming, and the engineering of tissues and devices are accelerating the development of cell-based therapies for treating liver disease and liver failure. This State of the Art Review discusses both the near- and long-term prospects for such cell-based therapies and the unique challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science at MIT, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, David H. Koch Institute at MIT, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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237
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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238
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Yahya WNW, Kadri NA, Ibrahim F. Cell patterning for liver tissue engineering via dielectrophoretic mechanisms. SENSORS 2014; 14:11714-34. [PMID: 24991941 PMCID: PMC4168452 DOI: 10.3390/s140711714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the most common treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. However, liver transplantation is greatly limited by a shortage of donors. Liver tissue engineering may offer an alternative by providing an implantable engineered liver. Currently, diverse types of engineering approaches for in vitro liver cell culture are available, including scaffold-based methods, microfluidic platforms, and micropatterning techniques. Active cell patterning via dielectrophoretic (DEP) force showed some advantages over other methods, including high speed, ease of handling, high precision and being label-free. This article summarizes liver function and regenerative mechanisms for better understanding in developing engineered liver. We then review recent advances in liver tissue engineering techniques and focus on DEP-based cell patterning, including microelectrode design and patterning configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Nurlina Wan Yahya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Nahrizul Adib Kadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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239
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Reconfigurable microfluidic hanging drop network for multi-tissue interaction and analysis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4250. [PMID: 24977495 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of multiple three-dimensional microtissues into microfluidic networks enables new insights in how different organs or tissues of an organism interact. Here, we present a platform that extends the hanging-drop technology, used for multi-cellular spheroid formation, to multifunctional complex microfluidic networks. Engineered as completely open, 'hanging' microfluidic system at the bottom of a substrate, the platform features high flexibility in microtissue arrangements and interconnections, while fabrication is simple and operation robust. Multiple spheroids of different cell types are formed in parallel on the same platform; the different tissues are then connected in physiological order for multi-tissue experiments through reconfiguration of the fluidic network. Liquid flow is precisely controlled through the hanging drops, which enable nutrient supply, substance dosage and inter-organ metabolic communication. The possibility to perform parallelized microtissue formation on the same chip that is subsequently used for complex multi-tissue experiments renders the developed platform a promising technology for 'body-on-a-chip'-related research.
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240
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Hegde M, Jindal R, Bhushan A, Bale SS, McCarty WJ, Golberg I, Usta OB, Yarmush ML. Dynamic interplay of flow and collagen stabilizes primary hepatocytes culture in a microfluidic platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2033-9. [PMID: 24770663 PMCID: PMC4036071 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The creation of stable flow cultures of hepatocytes is highly desirable for the development of platforms for drug toxicity screening, bio-artificial liver support devices, and models for investigating liver physiology and pathophysiology. Given that hepatocytes cultured using the collagen overlay or in 'sandwich' configuration maintain a wide range of differentiated functions, we describe a simple method for adapting this culture configuration within a microfluidic device. The device design consists of a porous membrane sandwiched between two layers of PDMS resulting in a two-chambered device. In the bottom chamber, hepatocytes are cultured in the collagen sandwich configuration, while the top chamber is accessible for flow. We demonstrate that hepatocytes cultured under flow exhibit higher albumin and urea secretions and induce cytochrome P450 1A1 activity in comparison to static cultures. Furthermore, over two weeks, hepatocytes cultured under flow show a well-connected cellular network with bile canaliculi formation, whereas static cultures show formation of gaps in the cellular network that progressively increase over time. Although enhanced functional response of hepatocytes cultured under flow has been observed in multiple prior studies, the exact mechanism for this flow induced effect remains unknown. In our work, we identified that hepatocytes secrete a higher level of collagen in the flow cultures; inhibiting collagen secretion within the flow cultures reduced albumin secretion and restored the appearance of gaps in the cellular network similar to the static cultures. These results demonstrate the importance of the increased collagen secretion by hepatocytes cultured under flow as a mechanism to maintain a well-connected cellular network and a differentiated function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit Jindal
- corresponding authors: Dr. Rohit Jindal, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, . Dr. Martin L. Yarmush, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin L. Yarmush
- corresponding authors: Dr. Rohit Jindal, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, . Dr. Martin L. Yarmush, Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, 51 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114,
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241
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Sakai Y, Hattori K, Yanagawa F, Sugiura S, Kanamori T, Nakazawa K. Detachably assembled microfluidic device for perfusion culture and post-culture analysis of a spheroid array. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:971-9. [PMID: 24802801 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices permit perfusion culture of three-dimensional (3D) tissue, mimicking the flow of blood in vascularized 3D tissue in our body. Here, we report a microfluidic device composed of a two-part microfluidic chamber chip and multi-microwell array chip able to be disassembled at the culture endpoint. Within the microfluidic chamber, an array of 3D tissue aggregates (spheroids) can be formed and cultured under perfusion. Subsequently, detailed post-culture analysis of the spheroids collected from the disassembled device can be performed. This device facilitates uniform spheroid formation, growth analysis in a high-throughput format, controlled proliferation via perfusion flow rate, and post-culture analysis of spheroids. We used the device to culture spheroids of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells under two controlled perfusion flow rates. HepG2 spheroids exhibited greater cell growth at higher perfusion flow rates than at lower perfusion flow rates, and exhibited different metabolic activity and mRNA and protein expression under the different flow rate conditions. These results show the potential of perfusion culture to precisely control the culture environment in microfluidic devices. The construction of spheroid array chambers allows multiple culture conditions to be tested simultaneously, with potential applications in toxicity and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan; Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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242
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Vu LT, Less RR, Rajagopalan P. The promise of organotypic hepatic and gastrointestinal models. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:406-13. [PMID: 24845962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the design and assembly of in vitro organotypic liver and gastrointestinal (GI) models can accelerate our understanding of metabolism, nutrient absorption, and the effect of microbial flora. Such models can provide comprehensive information on how of environmental toxins, drugs, and pharmaceuticals interact with and within these organs. Information obtained from such models could elucidate the complicated cascades of signaling mechanisms that occur in vivo. Because experiments on large-scale animal models are expensive and resource intensive, the design of organotypic models has renewed significance. The challenges and approaches to designing liver and GI models are similar. Because these organs are in close proximity and interact continually, we have described recent design considerations to guide future tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rebekah R Less
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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243
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Ebrahimkhani MR, Young CL, Lauffenburger DA, Griffith LG, Borenstein JT. Approaches to in vitro tissue regeneration with application for human disease modeling and drug development. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:754-62. [PMID: 24793141 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reliable in vitro human disease models that capture the complexity of in vivo tissue behaviors are crucial to gain mechanistic insights into human disease and enable the development of treatments that are effective across broad patient populations. The integration of stem cell technologies, tissue engineering, emerging biomaterials strategies and microfabrication processes, as well as computational and systems biology approaches, is enabling new tools to generate reliable in vitro systems to study the molecular basis of human disease and facilitate drug development. In this review, we discuss these recently developed tools and emphasize opportunities and challenges involved in combining these technologies toward regenerative science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carissa L Young
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Borenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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244
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Buck LD, Inman SW, Rusyn I, Griffith LG. Co-regulation of primary mouse hepatocyte viability and function by oxygen and matrix. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1018-27. [PMID: 24222008 PMCID: PMC4110975 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although oxygen and extracellular matrix cues both influence differentiation state and metabolic function of primary rat and human hepatocytes, relatively little is known about how these factors together regulate behaviors of primary mouse hepatocytes in culture. To determine the effects of pericellular oxygen tension on hepatocellular function, we employed two methods of altering oxygen concentration in the local cellular microenvironment of cells cultured in the presence or absence of an extracellular matrix (Matrigel) supplement. By systematically altering medium depth and gas phase oxygen tension, we created multiple oxygen regimes (hypoxic, normoxic, and hyperoxic) and measured the local oxygen concentrations in the pericellular environment using custom-designed oxygen microprobes. From these measurements of oxygen concentrations, we derived values of oxygen consumption rates under a spectrum of environmental contexts, thus providing the first reported estimates of these values for primary mouse hepatocytes. Oxygen tension and matrix microenvironment were found to synergistically regulate hepatocellular survival and function as assessed using quantitative image analysis for cells stained with vital dyes, and assessment of secretion of albumin. Hepatocellular viability was affected only at strongly hypoxic conditions. Surprisingly, albumin secretion rates were greatest at a moderately supra-physiological oxygen concentration, and this effect was mitigated at still greater supra-physiological concentrations. Matrigel enhanced the effects of oxygen on retention of function. This study underscores the importance of carefully controlling cell density, medium depth, and gas phase oxygen, as the effects of these parameters on local pericellular oxygen tension and subsequent hepatocellular function are profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenna D. Buck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S. Walker Inman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Linda G. Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
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245
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Bale SS, Vernetti L, Senutovitch N, Jindal R, Hegde M, Gough A, McCarty WJ, Bakan A, Bhushan A, Shun TY, Golberg I, DeBiasio R, Usta BO, Taylor DL, Yarmush ML. In vitro platforms for evaluating liver toxicity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1180-1191. [PMID: 24764241 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a heterogeneous organ with many vital functions, including metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs and is highly susceptible to injury from these substances. The etiology of drug-induced liver disease is still debated although generally regarded as a continuum between an activated immune response and hepatocyte metabolic dysfunction, most often resulting from an intermediate reactive metabolite. This debate stems from the fact that current animal and in vitro models provide limited physiologically relevant information, and their shortcomings have resulted in "silent" hepatotoxic drugs being introduced into clinical trials, garnering huge financial losses for drug companies through withdrawals and late stage clinical failures. As we advance our understanding into the molecular processes leading to liver injury, it is increasingly clear that (a) the pathologic lesion is not only due to liver parenchyma but is also due to the interactions between the hepatocytes and the resident liver immune cells, stellate cells, and endothelial cells; and (b) animal models do not reflect the human cell interactions. Therefore, a predictive human, in vitro model must address the interactions between the major human liver cell types and measure key determinants of injury such as the dosage and metabolism of the drug, the stress response, cholestatic effect, and the immune and fibrotic response. In this mini-review, we first discuss the current state of macro-scale in vitro liver culture systems with examples that have been commercialized. We then introduce the paradigm of microfluidic culture systems that aim to mimic the liver with physiologically relevant dimensions, cellular structure, perfusion, and mass transport by taking advantage of micro and nanofabrication technologies. We review the most prominent liver-on-a-chip platforms in terms of their physiological relevance and drug response. We conclude with a commentary on other critical advances such as the deployment of fluorescence-based biosensors to identify relevant toxicity pathways, as well as computational models to create a predictive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundhar Bale
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Lawrence Vernetti
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Nina Senutovitch
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Rohit Jindal
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Manjunath Hegde
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Albert Gough
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - William J McCarty
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Ahmet Bakan
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Abhinav Bhushan
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Tong Ying Shun
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Inna Golberg
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - Richard DeBiasio
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Berk Osman Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh PA 15260.,University of Pittsburgh Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Pittsburgh PA 15260
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine (CEM) at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston MA 02114
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246
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Kim D, Wu X, Young AT, Haynes CL. Microfluidics-based in vivo mimetic systems for the study of cellular biology. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:1165-73. [PMID: 24555566 PMCID: PMC3993883 DOI: 10.1021/ar4002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The human body is a complex network of molecules,
organelles, cells,
tissues, and organs: an uncountable number of interactions and transformations
interconnect all the system’s components. In addition to these
biochemical components, biophysical components, such as pressure,
flow, and morphology, and the location of all of these interactions
play an important role in the human body. Technical difficulties have
frequently limited researchers from observing cellular biology as
it occurs within the human body, but some state-of-the-art analytical
techniques have revealed distinct cellular behaviors that occur only
in the context of the interactions. These types of findings have inspired
bioanalytical chemists to provide new tools to better understand these
cellular behaviors and interactions. What blocks us from understanding
critical biological interactions
in the human body? Conventional approaches are often too naïve
to provide realistic data and in vivo whole animal studies give complex
results that may or may not be relevant for humans. Microfluidics
offers an opportunity to bridge these two extremes: while these studies
will not model the complexity of the in vivo human system, they can
control the complexity so researchers can examine critical factors
of interest carefully and quantitatively. In addition, the use of
human cells, such as cells isolated from donated blood, captures human-relevant
data and limits the use of animals in research. In addition, researchers
can adapt these systems easily and cost-effectively to a variety of
high-end signal transduction mechanisms, facilitating high-throughput
studies that are also spatially, temporally, or chemically resolved.
These strengths should allow microfluidic platforms to reveal critical
parameters in the human body and provide insights that will help with
the translation of pharmacological advances to clinical trials. In this Account, we describe selected microfluidic innovations
within the last 5 years that focus on modeling both biophysical and
biochemical interactions in cellular communication, such as flow and
cell–cell networks. We also describe more advanced systems
that mimic higher level biological networks, such as organ on-a-chip
and animal on-a-chip models. Since the first papers in the early 1990s,
interest in the bioanalytical use of microfluidics has grown significantly.
Advances in micro-/nanofabrication technology have allowed researchers
to produce miniaturized, biocompatible assay platforms suitable for
microfluidic studies in biochemistry and chemical biology. Well-designed
microfluidic platforms can achieve quick, in vitro analyses on pico-
and femtoliter volume samples that are temporally, spatially, and
chemically resolved. In addition, controlled cell culture techniques
using a microfluidic platform have produced biomimetic systems that
allow researchers to replicate and monitor physiological interactions.
Pioneering work has successfully created cell–fluid, cell–cell,
cell–tissue, tissue–tissue, even organ-like level interfaces.
Researchers have monitored cellular behaviors in these biomimetic
microfluidic environments, producing validated model systems to understand
human pathophysiology and to support the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ashlyn T. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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247
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Astashkina A, Grainger DW. Critical analysis of 3-D organoid in vitro cell culture models for high-throughput drug candidate toxicity assessments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:1-18. [PMID: 24613390 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug failure due to toxicity indicators remains among the primary reasons for staggering drug attrition rates during clinical studies and post-marketing surveillance. Broader validation and use of next-generation 3-D improved cell culture models are expected to improve predictive power and effectiveness of drug toxicological predictions. However, after decades of promising research significant gaps remain in our collective ability to extract quality human toxicity information from in vitro data using 3-D cell and tissue models. Issues, challenges and future directions for the field to improve drug assay predictive power and reliability of 3-D models are reviewed.
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248
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Esch MB, Smith AS, Prot JM, Oleaga C, Hickman JJ, Shuler ML. How multi-organ microdevices can help foster drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:158-69. [PMID: 24412641 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multi-organ microdevices can mimic tissue-tissue interactions that occur as a result of metabolite travel from one tissue to other tissues in vitro. These systems are capable of simulating human metabolism, including the conversion of a pro-drug to its effective metabolite as well as its subsequent therapeutic actions and toxic side effects. Since tissue-tissue interactions in the human body can play a significant role in determining the success of new pharmaceuticals, the development and use of multi-organ microdevices present an opportunity to improve the drug development process. The devices have the potential to predict potential toxic side effects with higher accuracy before a drug enters the expensive phase of clinical trials as well as to estimate efficacy and dose response. Multi-organ microdevices also have the potential to aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies by providing a platform for testing in the context of human metabolism (as opposed to animal models). Further, when operated with human biopsy samples, the devices could be a gateway for the development of individualized medicine. Here we review studies in which multi-organ microdevices have been developed and used in a ways that demonstrate how the devices' capabilities can present unique opportunities for the study of drug action. We will also discuss challenges that are inherent in the development of multi-organ microdevices. Among these are how to design the devices, and how to create devices that mimic the human metabolism with high authenticity. Since single organ devices are testing platforms for tissues that can later be combined with other tissues within multi-organ devices, we will also mention single organ devices where appropriate in the discussion.
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249
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Roth A, Singer T. The application of 3D cell models to support drug safety assessment: opportunities & challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:179-89. [PMID: 24378580 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The selection of drug candidates early in development has become increasingly important to minimize the use of animals and to avoid costly failures of drugs later in development. In vitro systems to predict and assess organ toxicity have so far been of limited value due to difficulties in demonstrating in vivo-relevant toxicity at a cell culture level. To overcome the limitations of single-cell type monolayer cultures and short-lived primary cell preparations, researchers have created novel 3-dimensional culture systems which appear to more closely resemble in vivo biology. These could become a key for the pharmaceutical industry in the evaluation of drug candidates. However, the value and acceptance of those new models in standard drug safety applications have yet to be demonstrated. This review aims to provide an overview of the different approaches undertaken in the field of pre-clinical safety assessment, organ toxicity, in particular, with an emphasis on examples and technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Singer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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250
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Ebrahimkhani MR, Neiman JAS, Raredon MSB, Hughes DJ, Griffith LG. Bioreactor technologies to support liver function in vitro. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:132-57. [PMID: 24607703 PMCID: PMC4144187 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver is a central nexus integrating metabolic and immunologic homeostasis in the human body, and the direct or indirect target of most molecular therapeutics. A wide spectrum of therapeutic and technological needs drives efforts to capture liver physiology and pathophysiology in vitro, ranging from prediction of metabolism and toxicity of small molecule drugs, to understanding off-target effects of proteins, nucleic acid therapies, and targeted therapeutics, to serving as disease models for drug development. Here we provide perspective on the evolving landscape of bioreactor-based models to meet old and new challenges in drug discovery and development, emphasizing design challenges in maintaining long-term liver-specific function and how emerging technologies in biomaterials and microdevices are providing new experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Ebrahimkhani
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Shepard Neiman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Micha Sam B Raredon
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Linda G Griffith
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Gynepathology Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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