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Sartore-Bianchi A, Gasparri F, Galvani A, Nici L, Darnowski JW, Barbone D, Fennell DA, Gaudino G, Porta C, Mutti L. Bortezomib inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB dependent survival and has potent in vivo activity in mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5942-51. [PMID: 17908991 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Purpose of this study has been the assessment of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) as a survival factor in human mesothelial cells (HMC), transformed HMC and malignant mesothelioma (MMe) cells. We aimed at verifying whether the proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib could abrogate NF-kappaB activity in MMe cells, leading to tumor cell death and may be established as a novel treatment for this aggressive neoplasm. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In HMC and MMe cells, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and DNA binding were studied by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, following treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). The IKK inhibitor Bay11-7082 was also tested to evaluate its effects on HMC, transformed HMC, and MMe cell viability upon exposure to asbestos fibers. Following Bortezomib treatment, cytotoxicity of MMe cells was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, whereas apoptosis and cell-cycle blockade were investigated by high-content analysis. Bortezomib was also given to mice bearing i.p. xenografts of MMe cells, and its effects on tumor growth were evaluated. RESULTS Here, we show that NF-kappaB activity is a constitutive survival factor in transformed HMC, MMe cells, and acts as a survival factor in HMC exposed to asbestos fibers. Bortezomib inhibits NF-kappaB activity in MMe cells and induces cell cycle blockade and apoptosis in vitro as well as tumor growth inhibition in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of NF-kappaB constitutive activation in MMe cells by Bortezomib resulted in in vitro cytotoxicity along with apoptosis and in vivo tumor regression. Our results support the use of Bortezomib in the treatment of MMe and has led to a phase II clinical trial currently enrolling in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sartore-Bianchi
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo University Hospital, 1-27100 Pavia [corrected] Italy
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202
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Cristaudo A, Foddis R, Vivaldi A, Guglielmi G, Dipalma N, Filiberti R, Neri M, Ceppi M, Paganuzzi M, Ivaldi GP, Mencoboni M, Canessa PA, Ambrosino N, Chella A, Mutti L, Puntoni R. Clinical significance of serum mesothelin in patients with mesothelioma and lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5076-81. [PMID: 17785560 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High levels of serum-soluble mesothelin family proteins (SMRP) have been found to be associated with malignant mesothelioma (MM), but not lung cancer (LC). To verify the clinical role of this marker for both these tumors, we tested serum SMRP in the largest population of thoracic cancers ever assembled. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SMRP blood concentrations were measured in 107 patients with MM, 215 patients with LC, 130 patients with benign respiratory diseases (BRD), and 262 controls. Statistical comparison between mean serum SMRP levels in all groups was done and receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to evaluate the performance of this marker. RESULTS SMRP levels were significantly higher in patients with MM and LC than in patients with benign respiratory diseases and controls (P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for serum SMRP discriminating MM and controls was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.83), with a best cutoff of 1.00 nmol/L (sensitivity, 68.2%; specificity, 80.5%). In both MM and LC, serum SMRP levels did not differ significantly between early and late stages. High SMRP levels proved to be an independent negative prognostic factor in patients with MM. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm that serum SMRP is a promising marker for the diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical monitoring of MM. We found that serum SMRP dosage may prove helpful in LC diagnosis as well. These data may also have positive repercussions on secondary preventive medical strategies for workers previously exposed to asbestos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Cristaudo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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203
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Ugolini D, Neri M, Ceppi M, Cesario A, Dianzani I, Filiberti R, Gemignani F, Landi S, Magnani C, Mutti L, Puntoni R, Bonassi S. Genetic susceptibility to malignant mesothelioma and exposure to asbestos: the influence of the familial factor. Mutat Res 2007; 658:162-71. [PMID: 17904414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asbestos is the principal etiological factor of malignant mesothelioma (MM), accounting for more than 80% of all tumor cases. However, other co-factors, including genetic susceptibility may play a role in the etiology of this disease, possibly modulating the effects of exposure to asbestos and other carcinogenic mineral fibers. The frequent report of familial clustering was the first indication supporting the involvement of genetic factors. Therefore, we performed an extensive literature search to evaluate existing studies reporting familial cases of MM. METHODS Published reports addressing the issue of familial susceptibility to MM have been searched through PubMed using keywords and free text tools. Eighty-two citations were retrieved and 20 of them actually reported a familial cluster of MM. Three more articles were identified through the references. The probability that the observed familial clusters of mesothelioma could have randomly occurred in exposed families was evaluated with the Family History Score Zi (FHSi). RESULTS The result of this analysis suggested that clustering of MM cases in families exposed to asbestos may be explained with the additional contribution of other familial factors. The FHSi allowed to reject the hypothesis of random occurrence of these clusters with a probability of a first type error ranging between 1 per cent and 1 per billion. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of the published materials supports the hypothesis that - although familial clustering of MM is largely attributable to shared asbestos exposure - the additional contribution of factors dealing with genetic susceptibility may play a role in the etiology of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Ugolini
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Biologia e Genetica, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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204
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Bertino P, Marconi A, Palumbo L, Bruni BM, Barbone D, Germano S, Dogan AU, Tassi GF, Porta C, Mutti L, Gaudino G. Erionite and asbestos differently cause transformation of human mesothelial cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:12-20. [PMID: 17354240 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive tumor associated with environmental or occupational exposure to asbestos fibers. Erionite is a fibrous zeolite, morphologically similar to asbestos and it is assumed to be even more carcinogenic. Onset and progression of MM has been suggested as the result of the cooperation between asbestos and other cofactors, such as SV40 virus infection. Nevertheless, several cases of MM were associated with environmental exposure to erionite in Turkey, where SV40 was never isolated in MM specimens. We show here that erionite is poorly cytotoxic, induces proliferating signals and high growth rate in human mesothelial cells (HMC). Long term exposure to erionite, but not to asbestos fibers, transforms HMC in vitro, regardless of the presence of SV40 sequences, leading to foci formation in cultured monolayers. Cells derived from foci display constitutive activation of Akt, NF-kappaB and Erk1/2, show prolonged survival and a deregulated cell cycle, involving cyclin D1 and E overexpression. Our results reveal that erionite is able per se to turn HMC into transformed highly proliferating cells and disclose the carcinogenic properties of erionite, prompting for a careful evaluation of environmental exposure to these fibers. The genetic predisposition to the effect of erionite is a separate subject for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bertino
- Department of DISCAFF and DFB Center, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
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205
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Lin WW, Karin M. A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1175-83. [PMID: 17476347 PMCID: PMC1857251 DOI: 10.1172/jci31537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1399] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been established that cancer can be promoted and/or exacerbated by inflammation and infections. Indeed, chronic inflammation orchestrates a tumor-supporting microenvironment that is an indispensable participant in the neoplastic process. The mechanisms that link infection, innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer are being unraveled at a fast pace. Important components in this linkage are the cytokines produced by activated innate immune cells that stimulate tumor growth and progression. In addition, soluble mediators produced by cancer cells recruit and activate inflammatory cells, which further stimulate tumor progression. However, inflammatory cells also produce cytokines that can limit tumor growth. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of inflammation-induced cytokines in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China.
Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China.
Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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206
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Riganti C, Orecchia S, Silvagno F, Pescarmona G, Betta PG, Gazzano E, Aldieri E, Ghigo D, Bosia A. Asbestos Induces Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Mesothelioma Cells via Rho Signaling Inhibition. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 36:746-56. [PMID: 17322126 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0011oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have observed that in three human malignant mesothelioma cell lines, crocidolite asbestos induced the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by inhibiting the RhoA signaling pathway. The incubation with crocidolite decreased the level of GTP-bound RhoA and the activity of Rho-dependent kinase, and induced the activation of Akt/PKB and IkBalpha kinase, leading to the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. The effects of crocidolite fibers on NF-kappaB activation and NO synthesis were mimicked by Y27632 (an inhibitor of the Rho-dependent kinases) and toxin B (an inhibitor of RhoA GTPase activity), while they were reverted by mevalonic acid, the product of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase. Furthermore, crocidolite, similarly to mevastatin, inhibited the synthesis of cholesterol and ubiquinone and the prenylation of RhoA: these effects were prevented in the presence of mevalonic acid. This suggests that crocidolite fibers might inhibit the synthesis of isoprenoid molecules at the level of the HMGCoA reductase reaction or of an upstream step, thus impairing the prenylation and subsequent activation of RhoA. Akt can stimulate NO synthesis via a double mechanism: it can activate the inducible NO synthase via the NF-kappaB pathway and the endothelial NO synthase via a direct phosphorylation. Our results suggest that crocidolite increases the NO levels in mesothelioma cells by modulating both NO synthase isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, and Interdepartmental Center G. Scansetti for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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207
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208
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is compelling evidence that the immune responses induced by crystalline silica particles are implicated in the development of silicosis. This article reviews recent observations which further delineate how innate and adaptive immunity are involved in this lung disease. RECENT FINDINGS First, silica particles are recognized to have pathogen-associated molecular patterns by the innate immune system. The MARCO receptor expressed on the surface of macrophages appears crucial for the recognition and the uptake of silica as well as the activation of these immune cells in silicosis. Additional data support a major role of inflammation (mast cells, B lymphocytes and TNFalpha) in the development of lung fibrosis but also cancer. Silica-induced acute inflammation is accompanied by thrombosis; strongly suggesting that inhaled silica particles may also induce extrapulmonary lesions. Surprisingly, a pronounced anti-inflammatory reaction may also contribute to silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice and represent an additional etiopathogenic pathway of silicosis. Interestingly, it has been proposed that the pulmonary expression of IL-9 (a T lymphocyte-related interleukin) or Heme oxygenase-1 (an anti-inflammatory molecule) attenuated silicotic disease progression in animals. SUMMARY New pathogenic routes involving innate receptors and antiinflammation as well as new antifibrotic immune mediators have been recently described in experimental silicosis, highlighting new potential therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Huaux
- Unit of Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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209
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Pietruska JR, Kane AB. SV40 oncoproteins enhance asbestos-induced DNA double-strand breaks and abrogate senescence in murine mesothelial cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3637-45. [PMID: 17440075 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SV40 virus has emerged as a potential cofactor with asbestos in the development of diffuse malignant mesothelioma, but its precise role in the pathogenesis of this tumor is unclear. SV40 large T antigen is known to inactivate cellular proteins involved in DNA damage and senescence, including p53 and pRb. We hypothesize that SV40 oncoproteins will sensitize mesothelial cells to DNA damage induced by asbestos or chemotherapeutic agents. SV40 oncoprotein expression in murine mesothelial cell lines enhanced spontaneous and asbestos-induced double-strand breaks, indicated by gamma-H2AX foci, and potentiated micronucleus formation. Mesothelial cells exposed to asbestos or bleomycin for 96 h acquired senescent-like morphology and displayed elevated senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, reduced bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation, and reduced colony formation. SV40 oncoprotein expression abrogated the senescent phenotype, and transfected cell lines showed an increase in both BrdUrd incorporation and colony formation after prolonged DNA damage. Murine mesothelial cell lines lacking wild-type p53 due to a point mutation or gene rearrangement also failed to senesce in response to asbestos or chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, stress-induced senescence in human mesothelial cell lines was impaired by SV40 oncoprotein expression (MeT-5A), p53 small interfering RNA, or spontaneous p53 mutation (REN). These studies suggest that exposure to DNA-damaging agents can induce senescence in both murine and human mesothelioma cell lines and suggest a major, although not exclusive, role for p53 in this response. SV40 virus may contribute to mesothelioma progression by impairing stress-induced senescence, in part through p53 inactivation, thereby favoring survival and proliferation of mesothelial cells that have sustained DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie R Pietruska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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210
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Carbone M, Albelda SM, Broaddus VC, Flores RM, Hillerdal G, Jaurand MC, Kjaerheim K, Pass HI, Robinson B, Tsao A. Eighth international mesothelioma interest group. Oncogene 2007; 26:6959-67. [PMID: 17496929 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The eighth International Mesothelioma Interest Group (IMIG) meeting was held in Chicago, IL, United States, in 19-22 October 2006 to discuss mesothelioma - the cancer often linked to asbestos exposure. It is a very aggressive malignancy with a median survival of less than 1 year from diagnosis. Millions of people have been exposed worldwide to asbestos, especially during the second half of the twentieth century when asbestos use increased significantly. The tons of asbestos utilized in the past remain a health hazard for current and future generations because asbestos is difficult to be disposed off. This makes asbestos and mesothelioma research a public health issue in addition to a medical problem. Moreover, the very high costs of asbestos litigation have a significant impact on the whole economy. In the United States, up until 2001, defendant companies had paid 54 billion dollars in claims and estimated future liabilities ranged from 145 to 210 billion. Therefore, asbestos research is of great interest to a large audience that includes patients, millions of asbestos-exposed individuals, scientists, physicians, public health officials, politicians, unions of asbestos workers, lawyers and the public at large. During the past few years, there has been significant progress in understanding the process of mineral fiber carcinogenesis and mesothelioma pathogenesis. With improved understanding of the pathogenesis of mesothelioma, new diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic options are being developed. A total of 247 papers were presented at the IMIG: the abstracts of these presentations were published in Lung Cancer, Supplement 1, October 2006. Here, experts in different disciplines critically review some of the most exciting presentations of the IMIG meeting. The result is a comprehensive review of the research field of asbestos carcinogenesis and mesothelioma, and of the progress that has been made in recent years in both basic and clinical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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211
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Pham CG, Bubici C, Zazzeroni F, Knabb JR, Papa S, Kuntzen C, Franzoso G. Upregulation of Twist-1 by NF-kappaB blocks cytotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3920-35. [PMID: 17403902 PMCID: PMC1900008 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01219-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB/Rel transcription factors are central to controlling programmed cell death (PCD). Activation of NF-kappaB blocks PCD induced by numerous triggers, including ligand engagement of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) family receptors. The protective activity of NF-kappaB is also crucial for oncogenesis and cancer chemoresistance. Downstream of TNF-Rs, this activity of NF-kappaB has been linked to the suppression of reactive oxygen species and the c-Jun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) cascade. The mechanism by which NF-kappaB inhibits PCD triggered by chemotherapeutic drugs, however, remains poorly understood. To understand this mechanism, we sought to identify unrecognized protective genes that are regulated by NF-kappaB. Using an unbiased screen, we identified the basic-helix-loop-helix factor Twist-1 as a new mediator of the protective function of NF-kappaB. Twist-1 is an evolutionarily conserved target of NF-kappaB, blocks PCD induced by chemotherapeutic drugs and TNF-alpha in NF-kappaB-deficient cells, and is essential to counter this PCD in cancer cells. The protective activity of Twist-1 seemingly halts PCD independently of interference with cytotoxic JNK, p53, and p19(ARF) signaling, suggesting that it mediates a novel protective mechanism activated by NF-kappaB. Indeed, our data indicate that this activity involves a control of inhibitory Bcl-2 phosphorylation. The data also suggest that Twist-1 and -2 play an important role in NF-kappaB-dependent chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can G Pham
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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212
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Rosas Pérez I, Serrano J, Alfaro-Moreno E, Baumgardner D, García-Cuellar C, Martín Del Campo JM, Raga GB, Castillejos M, Colín RD, Osornio Vargas AR. Relations between PM10 composition and cell toxicity: a multivariate and graphical approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:1218-28. [PMID: 17188738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have used particle mass and size as metrics to link airborne particles with deleterious health effects. Recent evidence suggests that particle composition can play an important role in PM-toxicity; however, little is known about the specific participation of components (individually or acting in groups) present in such a complex mixture that accounts for toxicity. This work explores relationships among PM(10) components in order to identify their covariant structure and how they vary in three sites in Mexico City. Relationships between PM(10) with cell toxicity and geographical location were also explored. PM(10) was analyzed for elemental composition, organic and elemental carbon, endotoxins and the induction of inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6, TNFalpha and p53. PM(10) variables were evaluated with principal component analysis and one-way ANOVA. The inhibition of cell proliferation, IL-6 and TNFalpha were evaluated with factorial ANOVA and p53 with the Welch test. The results indicate that there is heterogeneity in particle mass, composition and toxicity in samples collected at different sites. Multivariate analysis identified three major groups: (1) S/K/Ca/Ti/Mn/Fe/Zn/Pb; (2) Cl/Cr/Ni/Cu; and (3) endotoxins, organic and elemental carbon. Groups 1 and 3 showed significant differences among sites. Factorial ANOVA modeling indicated that cell proliferation was affected by PM concentration; TNFalpha and IL-6 by the interaction of concentration and site, and p53 was different by site. Radial plots suggest the existence of complex interactions between components, resulting in characteristic patterns of toxicity by site. We conclude that interactions of PM(10) components determine specific cellular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Rosas Pérez
- Laboratorio de Aerobiología, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México, DF, México
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213
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Abstract
Human sarcoma cells can be killed by radio- and chemotherapy, but tumor cells acquiring resistance frequently kill the patient. A keen understanding of the intracellular course of oncogenic cascades leads to the discovery of small molecular inhibitors of the involved phosphorylated kinases. Targeted therapy complements chemotherapy. Oncogene silencing is feasible by small interfering RNA. The restoration of some of the mutated or deleted tumor-suppressor genes (p53, Rb, PTEN, hSNF, INK/ARF and WT) by demethylation or reacetylation of their histones has been accomplished. Genetically engineered or naturally oncolytic viruses selectively lyse tumors and leave healthy tissues intact. Adeno- or retroviral vectors deliver genes of immunological costimulators, tumor antigens, chemo- or cytokines and/or tumor-suppressor proteins into tumor (sarcoma) cells. Suicide gene delivery results in apoptosis induction. Genes of enzymes that target prodrugs as their substrates render tumor cells highly susceptible to chemotherapy, with the prodrug to be targeted intracellularly. It will be combinations of sophisticated surgical removal of the nonencapsulated and locally invasive primary sarcomas, advanced forms of radiotherapy to the involved sites and immunotherapy with sarcoma vaccines that will cure primary sarcomas. Adoptive immunotherapy with immune lymphocytes will be operational in metastatic disease only when populations of regulatory T cells are controlled. Targeted therapy with small molecular inhibitors of oncogene cascades, the driving forces of sarcoma cells, alteration of the tumor stroma from a supportive to a tumor-hostile environment, reactivation or replacement of wild-type tumor-suppressor genes, and radio-chemotherapy (with much reduced toxicity) will eventually accomplish the cure of metastatic sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Sinkovics
- The University of South Florida, Cancer Institute of St Joseph's Hospital, HL Moffitt Cancer Center, The University of South Florida College of Medicine, FL, USA.
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214
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Nymark P, Lindholm PM, Korpela MV, Lahti L, Ruosaari S, Kaski S, Hollmén J, Anttila S, Kinnula VL, Knuutila S. Gene expression profiles in asbestos-exposed epithelial and mesothelial lung cell lines. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:62. [PMID: 17331233 PMCID: PMC1821332 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asbestos has been shown to cause chromosomal damage and DNA aberrations. Exposure to asbestos causes many lung diseases e.g. asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma, and lung cancer, but the disease-related processes are still largely unknown. We exposed the human cell lines A549, Beas-2B and Met5A to crocidolite asbestos and determined time-dependent gene expression profiles by using Affymetrix arrays. The hybridization data was analyzed by using an algorithm specifically designed for clustering of short time series expression data. A canonical correlation analysis was applied to identify correlations between the cell lines, and a Gene Ontology analysis method for the identification of enriched, differentially expressed biological processes. RESULTS We recognized a large number of previously known as well as new potential asbestos-associated genes and biological processes, and identified chromosomal regions enriched with genes potentially contributing to common responses to asbestos in these cell lines. These include genes such as the thioredoxin domain containing gene (TXNDC) and the potential tumor suppressor, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kD-interacting protein gene (BNIP3L), GO-terms such as "positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade" and "positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent", and chromosomal regions such as 2p22, 9p13, and 14q21. We present the complete data sets as Additional files. CONCLUSION This study identifies several interesting targets for further investigation in relation to asbestos-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela M Lindholm
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko V Korpela
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Salla Ruosaari
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Samuel Kaski
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hollmén
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Laboratory of Computer and Information Science, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sisko Anttila
- Health and Work Ability, Biological Mechanisms and Prevention of Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vuokko L Kinnula
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Knuutila
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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215
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Carbone M, Emri S, Dogan AU, Steele I, Tuncer M, Pass HI, Baris YI. A mesothelioma epidemic in Cappadocia: scientific developments and unexpected social outcomes. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:147-54. [PMID: 17251920 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In Cappadocia, Turkey, an unprecedented mesothelioma epidemic causes 50% of all deaths in three small villages. Initially linked solely to the exposure to a fibrous mineral, erionite, recent studies by scientists from Turkey and the United States have shown that erionite causes mesothelioma mostly in families that are genetically predisposed to mineral fibre carcinogenesis. This manuscript reports, through the eyes of one of the researchers, the resulting scientific advances that have come from these studies and the social improvements that were brought about by both the scientists and members of the Turkish Government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carbone
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Thoracic Oncology Program, Honolulu, Hawaii 96816, USA.
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216
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Abstract
Widespread asbestos exposure during the past century has been linked to the dramatic increased incidence of malignant mesothelioma (MM), a malignancy that was so rare until 1950-1960 that some pathologists questioned its existence. Although asbestos has been clearly linked to MM pathogenesis, until recently the mechanisms of asbestos carcinogenesis in humans have remained obscure. Recent results revealed that asbestos carcinogenesis in humans and in rodents is linked to the activation of the AP-1 pathway, which induces cell division, and to the secretion of TNF-alpha (and the expression of its receptor) by mesothelial cells and by nearby macrophages exposed to asbestos. In mesothelial cells, TNF-alpha signaling through NF-kappaB activation prevents apoptosis and cell death, allowing mesothelial cells to survive the genetic damage induced by asbestos and divide. In addition, mutagenic oxygen radicals released mainly by lung macrophages may contribute to asbestos carcinogenesis. Very recent results indicate that mineral fiber carcinogenesis can be influenced by genetics and microbial infections. Genetic susceptibility to the mineral fiber erionite has been demonstrated in some Turkish families and causes a MM epidemic in Cappadocia, Turkey. In these mesothelioma families, exposure to minimal amounts of erionite or asbestos appears sufficient to cause mesothelioma. Recent results (Kroczynska B, et al: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, in press), demonstrate that SV40 and crocidolite asbestos are cocarcinogens and that, in the presence of SV40, significantly lower amounts of asbestos suffice to induce MM. These findings indicate that the risk varies among asbestos- and erionite-exposed individuals because of their genetic background or because of exposure to other carcinogens. Moreover, these data provide a rationale for the observation that only a fraction of heavily exposed asbestos workers developed mesothelioma, and novel targets for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA.
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217
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Kroczynska B, Cutrone R, Bocchetta M, Yang H, Elmishad AG, Vacek P, Ramos-Nino M, Mossman BT, Pass HI, Carbone M. Crocidolite asbestos and SV40 are cocarcinogens in human mesothelial cells and in causing mesothelioma in hamsters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14128-33. [PMID: 16966607 PMCID: PMC1599923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604544103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a fraction of subjects exposed to asbestos develop malignant mesothelioma (MM), suggesting that additional factors may render some individuals more susceptible. We tested the hypothesis that asbestos and Simian virus (SV40) are cocarcinogens. Asbestos and SV40 in combination had a costimulatory effect in inducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity in both primary Syrian hamster mesothelial cells (SHM) and primary human mesothelial cells (HM). Ap-1 activity caused the expression and activation of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1 and MMP-9, which in turn led to cell invasion. Experiments using siRNA and chemical inhibitors confirmed the specificity of these results. The same effects were observed in HM and SHM. Experiments in hamsters showed strong cocarcinogenesis between asbestos and SV40: SV40 did not cause MM, asbestos caused MM in 20% of hamsters, and asbestos and SV40 together caused MM in 90% of hamsters. Significantly lower amounts of asbestos were sufficient to cause MM in animals infected with SV40. Our results indicate that mineral fibers and viruses can be cocarcinogens and suggest that lower amounts of asbestos may be sufficient to cause MM in individuals infected with SV40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kroczynska
- *Thoracic Oncology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Rochelle Cutrone
- *Thoracic Oncology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Maurizio Bocchetta
- *Thoracic Oncology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Haining Yang
- *Thoracic Oncology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Amira G. Elmishad
- *Thoracic Oncology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | | | - Maria Ramos-Nino
- Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05404; and
| | - Brooke T. Mossman
- Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05404; and
| | - Harvey I. Pass
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, New York University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Michele Carbone
- *Thoracic Oncology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
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