201
|
Biernacki K, McLennan SN, Terrett G, Labuschagne I, Rendell PG. Decision-making ability in current and past users of opiates: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:342-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
202
|
Shenhav A, Cohen JD, Botvinick MM. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1286-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
203
|
Ramchandran K, Colbert AE, Brown KG, Denburg NL, Tranel D. Exploring the Neuropsychological Antecedents of Transformational Leadership: the Role of Executive Function. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-016-0051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
204
|
Multifaceted Contributions by Different Regions of the Orbitofrontal and Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Probabilistic Reversal Learning. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1996-2006. [PMID: 26865622 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3366-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Different subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contribute to the ability to respond flexibly to changes in reward contingencies, with the medial versus orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) subregions contributing differentially to processes such as set-shifting and reversal learning. To date, the manner in which these regions may facilitate reversal learning in situations involving reward uncertainty remains relatively unexplored. We investigated the involvement of five distinct regions of the rat OFC (lateral and medial) and medial PFC (prelimbic, infralimbic, and anterior cingulate) on probabilistic reversal learning wherein "correct" versus "incorrect" responses were rewarded on 80% and 20% of trials, respectively. Contingencies were reversed repeatedly within a session. In well trained rats, inactivation of the medial or lateral OFC induced dissociable impairments in performance (indexed by fewer reversals completed) when outcomes were probabilistic, but not when they were assured. Medial OFC inactivation impaired probabilistic learning during the first discrimination, increased perseverative responding and reduced sensitivity to positive and negative feedback, suggestive of a deficit in incorporating information about previous action outcomes to guide subsequent behavior. Lateral OFC inactivation preferentially impaired performance during reversal phases. In contrast, prelimbic inactivation caused an apparent improvement in performance by increasing the number of reversals completed. This was associated with enhanced sensitivity to recently rewarded actions and reduced sensitivity to negative feedback. Infralimbic inactivation had no effect, whereas the anterior cingulate appeared to play a permissive role in this form of reversal learning. These results clarify the dissociable contributions of different regions of the frontal lobes to probabilistic learning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to adjust behavior in response to changes involving uncertain or probabilistic reward contingencies is an essential survival skill that is impaired in a variety of psychiatric disorders. It is well established that different forms of cognitive flexibility are mediated by anatomically distinct regions of the frontal lobes when reinforcement contingencies are assured, however, less is known about the contribution of these regions to probabilistic reinforcement learning. Here we show that different regions of the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortex make distinct contributions to probabilistic reversal learning. These findings provide novel information about the complex interplay between frontal lobe regions in mediating these processes and accordingly provide insight into possible pathophysiology that underlies impairments in cognitive flexibility observed in mental illnesses.
Collapse
|
205
|
Vinckier F, Gaillard R, Palminteri S, Rigoux L, Salvador A, Fornito A, Adapa R, Krebs MO, Pessiglione M, Fletcher PC. Confidence and psychosis: a neuro-computational account of contingency learning disruption by NMDA blockade. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:946-55. [PMID: 26055423 PMCID: PMC5414075 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A state of pathological uncertainty about environmental regularities might represent a key step in the pathway to psychotic illness. Early psychosis can be investigated in healthy volunteers under ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist. Here, we explored the effects of ketamine on contingency learning using a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants performed an instrumental learning task, in which cue-outcome contingencies were probabilistic and reversed between blocks. Bayesian model comparison indicated that in such an unstable environment, reinforcement learning parameters are downregulated depending on confidence level, an adaptive mechanism that was specifically disrupted by ketamine administration. Drug effects were underpinned by altered neural activity in a fronto-parietal network, which reflected the confidence-based shift to exploitation of learned contingencies. Our findings suggest that an early characteristic of psychosis lies in a persistent doubt that undermines the stabilization of behavioral policy resulting in a failure to exploit regularities in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Vinckier
- Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Motivation, Brain, and Behavior Lab, Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM U975, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC-P6, UMR S 1127, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - R Gaillard
- Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences U894, INSERM; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - S Palminteri
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris, France
- Institute of Cognitive Neurosciences (ICN), University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - L Rigoux
- Motivation, Brain, and Behavior Lab, Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM U975, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC-P6, UMR S 1127, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - A Salvador
- Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences U894, INSERM; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A Fornito
- Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - R Adapa
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Addenbrooke‘s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - M O Krebs
- Service de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de "Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques", Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences U894, INSERM; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - M Pessiglione
- Motivation, Brain, and Behavior Lab, Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM U975, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC-P6, UMR S 1127, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - P C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge and Peterborough Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Processing structure in language and music: a case for shared reliance on cognitive control. Psychon Bull Rev 2016; 22:637-52. [PMID: 25092390 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-014-0712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between structural processing in music and language has received increasing interest in the past several years, spurred by the influential Shared Syntactic Integration Resource Hypothesis (SSIRH; Patel, Nature Neuroscience, 6, 674-681, 2003). According to this resource-sharing framework, music and language rely on separable syntactic representations but recruit shared cognitive resources to integrate these representations into evolving structures. The SSIRH is supported by findings of interactions between structural manipulations in music and language. However, other recent evidence suggests that such interactions also can arise with nonstructural manipulations, and some recent neuroimaging studies report largely nonoverlapping neural regions involved in processing musical and linguistic structure. These conflicting results raise the question of exactly what shared (and distinct) resources underlie musical and linguistic structural processing. This paper suggests that one shared resource is prefrontal cortical mechanisms of cognitive control, which are recruited to detect and resolve conflict that occurs when expectations are violated and interpretations must be revised. By this account, musical processing involves not just the incremental processing and integration of musical elements as they occur, but also the incremental generation of musical predictions and expectations, which must sometimes be overridden and revised in light of evolving musical input.
Collapse
|
207
|
Leszkowicz E, Linden DEJ, Maio GR, Ihssen N. Neural evidence of motivational conflict between social values. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:494-505. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1183517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Leszkowicz
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Niklas Ihssen
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Besnard J, Le Gall D, Chauviré V, Aubin G, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Allain P. Discrepancy between social and nonsocial decision-making under uncertainty following prefrontal lobe damage: the impact of an interactionist approach. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:430-447. [PMID: 27109748 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1182066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in decision-making are thought to contribute significantly to socio-behavioral impairments of patients with frontal lobe damage. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis of whether the inappropriate social behavior of patients with frontal lesions can be viewed as the product of a general failure of decision-making ability or as the result of socio-cognitive impairment. We studied a group of patients with prefrontal lesions (FL patients, n = 15) and a group of matched healthy controls (n = 30) on the Iowa Gambling task (IGT) of nonsocial decision-making, environmental dependency phenomena (EDP) during social interaction, and the "reading the mind in the eyes" and "character intention task" of theory of mind (TOM) tasks. The FL patients were impaired in both TOM and EDP protocols but, surprisingly, they behaved appropriately in the IGT. In addition, FL patients with EDP did not differ in executive functioning, IGT and TOM measures from those who did not demonstrate these behavioral disorders. The right orbitofrontal cortex was associated with social decision-making deficits. By adopting an interactionist approach, this study raises the possibility of identifying components of social and nonsocial decision-making, which could be helpful in understanding the behavioral disorders of FL patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Besnard
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - D Le Gall
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - V Chauviré
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - G Aubin
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France.,c Rehabilitation Unit , Regional Center for Functional Rehabilitation , Angers , France
| | - F Etcharry-Bouyx
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| | - P Allain
- a LUNAM Université, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638) , University of Angers , Angers , France.,b Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology , University Hospital of Angers , Angers , France
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Sutcliffe G, Harneit A, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Neuroimaging Intermediate Phenotypes of Executive Control Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:218-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
210
|
Aznar S, Hervig MES. The 5-HT2A serotonin receptor in executive function: Implications for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:63-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
211
|
Neural circuitry involved in quitting after repeated failures: role of the cingulate and temporal parietal junction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24713. [PMID: 27097529 PMCID: PMC4838821 DOI: 10.1038/srep24713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The more times people fail the more likely they are to give up, however little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this impact of repeated failure on decision making. Here we have used a visual shape discrimination task with computer-controlled feedback combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural circuits involved. The behavioral task confirmed that the more times subjects experienced failure the more likely they were to give up, with three successive failures being the key threshold and the majority of subjects reaching the point where they decided to quit and try a new stimulus set after three or four failures. The fMRI analysis revealed activity changes in frontal, parietal, temporal, limbic and striatal regions, especially anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and temporal parietal junction (TPJ) associated with the number of previous failures experienced. Furthermore, their parameter estimates were predictive of subjects’ quitting rate. Thus, subjects reach the point where they decide to quit after three/four failures and this is associated with differential changes in brain regions involved in error monitoring and reward which regulate both failure detection and changes in decision-making strategy.
Collapse
|
212
|
d'Acremont M, Bossaerts P. Neural Mechanisms Behind Identification of Leptokurtic Noise and Adaptive Behavioral Response. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:1818-1830. [PMID: 26850528 PMCID: PMC4785960 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale human interaction through, for example, financial markets causes ceaseless random changes in outcome variability, producing frequent and salient outliers that render the outcome distribution more peaked than the Gaussian distribution, and with longer tails. Here, we study how humans cope with this evolutionary novel leptokurtic noise, focusing on the neurobiological mechanisms that allow the brain, 1) to recognize the outliers as noise and 2) to regulate the control necessary for adaptive response. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging, while participants tracked a target whose movements were affected by leptokurtic noise. After initial overreaction and insufficient subsequent correction, participants improved performance significantly. Yet, persistently long reaction times pointed to continued need for vigilance and control. We ran a contrasting treatment where outliers reflected permanent moves of the target, as in traditional mean-shift paradigms. Importantly, outliers were equally frequent and salient. There, control was superior and reaction time was faster. We present a novel reinforcement learning model that fits observed choices better than the Bayes-optimal model. Only anterior insula discriminated between the 2 types of outliers. In both treatments, outliers initially activated an extensive bottom-up attention and belief network, followed by sustained engagement of the fronto-parietal control network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu d'Acremont
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- AIG–Science, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Bossaerts
- Faculty of Business and Economics, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Russo JF, Sheth SA. Deep brain stimulation of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Neurosurg Focus 2016; 38:E11. [PMID: 26030699 DOI: 10.3171/2015.3.focus1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain is estimated to affect 3%-4.5% of the worldwide population. It is associated with significant loss of productive time, withdrawal from the workforce, development of mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, and disruption of family and social life. Current medical therapeutics often fail to adequately treat chronic neuropathic pain. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting subcortical structures such as the periaqueductal gray, the ventral posterior lateral and medial thalamic nuclei, and the internal capsule has been investigated for the relief of refractory neuropathic pain over the past 3 decades. Recent work has identified the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) as a new potential neuromodulation target given its central role in cognitive and affective processing. In this review, the authors briefly discuss the history of DBS for chronic neuropathic pain in the United States and present evidence supporting dACC DBS for this indication. They review existent literature on dACC DBS and summarize important findings from imaging and neurophysiological studies supporting a central role for the dACC in the processing of chronic neuropathic pain. The available neurophysiological and empirical clinical evidence suggests that dACC DBS is a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Russo
- 1Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and.,2Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- 2Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Lamar M, Ajilore O, Leow A, Charlton R, Cohen J, GadElkarim J, Yang S, Zhang A, Davis R, Penney D, Libon DJ, Kumar A. Cognitive and connectome properties detectable through individual differences in graphomotor organization. Neuropsychologia 2016; 85:301-9. [PMID: 27037044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether graphomotor organization during a digitized Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) would be associated with cognitive and/or brain structural differences detected with a tractography-derived structural connectome of the brain. 72 non-demented/non-depressed adults were categorized based on whether or not they used 'anchor' digits (i.e., 12, 3, 6, 9) before any other digits while completing dCDT instructions to "draw the face of a clock with all the numbers and set the hands to 10 after 11". 'Anchorers' were compared to 'non-anchorers' across dCDT, additional cognitive measures and connectome-based metrics. In the context of grossly intact clock drawings, anchorers required fewer strokes to complete the dCDT and outperformed non-anchorers on executive functioning and learning/memory/recognition tasks. Anchorers had higher local efficiency for the left medial orbitofrontal and transverse temporal cortices as well as the right rostral anterior cingulate and superior frontal gyrus versus non-anchorers suggesting better regional integration within local networks involving these regions; select aspects of which correlated with cognition. Results also revealed that anchorers' exhibited a higher degree of modular integration among heteromodal regions of the ventral visual processing stream versus non-anchorers. Thus, an easily observable graphomotor distinction was associated with 1) better performance in specific cognitive domains, 2) higher local efficiency suggesting better regional integration, and 3) more sophisticated modular integration involving the ventral ('what') visuospatial processing stream. Taken together, these results enhance our knowledge of the brain-behavior relationships underlying unprompted graphomotor organization during dCDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lamar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Olusola Ajilore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Alex Leow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| | - Rebecca Charlton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Psychology, Goldsmith's University, London, England SE14 6NW, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Johnson GadElkarim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shaolin Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Randall Davis
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Dana Penney
- The Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA 01805, United States
| | - David J Libon
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, School of Osteopathic Medicine-Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, United States
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Crone EA, van Duijvenvoorde ACK, Peper JS. Annual Research Review: Neural contributions to risk-taking in adolescence--developmental changes and individual differences. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:353-68. [PMID: 26889896 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk-taking, which involves voluntary choices for behaviors where outcomes remain uncertain, undergoes considerable developmental changes during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. In addition, risk-taking is thought to be a key element of many externalizing disorders, such as ADHD, delinquency, conduct disorder, and substance abuse. In this review, we will discuss the potential adaptive and nonadaptive properties of risk-taking in childhood and adolescence. FINDINGS We propose that the changes in brain architecture and function are a crucial element underlying these developmental trajectories. We first identify how subcortical and cortical interactions are important for understanding risk-taking behavior in adults. Next, we show how developmental changes in this network underlie changes in risk-taking behavior. Finally, we explore how these differences can be important for understanding externalizing behavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that longitudinal studies are of crucial importance for understanding these developmental trajectories, and many of these studies are currently underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline A Crone
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna C K van Duijvenvoorde
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiska S Peper
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Gohil K, Dippel G, Beste C. Questioning the role of the frontopolar cortex in multi-component behavior--a TMS/EEG study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22317. [PMID: 26924655 PMCID: PMC4770427 DOI: 10.1038/srep22317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control is central to many every day situations. There, we usually have to combine different actions to achieve a task goal. Several lines of research indicated that areas in the prefrontal cortex determine cognitive control in situations requiring multi-component behavior. One of this is the frontopolar cortex (FPC). However, direct non-correlative evidence for this notion is widely lacking. In the current study we test the importance of the FPC for the implementation of action cascading processes in a TMS/EEG study. The data, however, clearly show that the FPC does not modulate behavioral or neurophysiological parameters reflecting action cascading, which is in contrast to the findings of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The results are supported by a Bayesian analysis of the data. The results suggest that a possible role of the FPC in multi-component behavior needs to be refined. At least in situations, where multi-component behavior is achieved by stopping and switching processes and does not impose high demands on working memory processes the FPC seems to play no role in the implementation of this major cognitive control function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krutika Gohil
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriel Dippel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Sutterer MJ, Bruss J, Boes AD, Voss MW, Bechara A, Tranel D. Canceled connections: Lesion-derived network mapping helps explain differences in performance on a complex decision-making task. Cortex 2016; 78:31-43. [PMID: 26994344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies of patients with brain damage have highlighted a broad neural network of limbic and prefrontal areas as important for adaptive decision-making. However, some patients with damage outside these regions have impaired decision-making behavior, and the behavioral impairments observed in these cases are often attributed to the general variability in behavior following brain damage, rather than a deficit in a specific brain-behavior relationship. A novel approach, lesion-derived network mapping, uses healthy subject resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) data to infer the areas that would be connected with each patient's lesion area in healthy adults. Here, we used this approach to investigate whether there was a systematic pattern of connectivity associated with decision-making performance in patients with focal damage in areas not classically associated with decision-making. These patients were categorized a priori into "impaired" or "unimpaired" groups based on their performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Lesion-derived network maps based on the impaired patients showed overlap in somatosensory, motor and insula cortices, to a greater extent than patients who showed unimpaired IGT performance. Akin to the classic concept of "diaschisis" (von Monakow, 1914), this focus on the remote effects that focal damage can have on large-scale distributed brain networks has the potential to inform not only differences in decision-making behavior, but also other cognitive functions or neurological syndromes where a distinct phenotype has eluded neuroanatomical classification and brain-behavior relationships appear highly heterogeneous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sutterer
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Joel Bruss
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle W Voss
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
218
|
Dong G, Potenza MN. Risk-taking and risky decision-making in Internet gaming disorder: Implications regarding online gaming in the setting of negative consequences. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 73:1-8. [PMID: 26656573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) continue gaming despite adverse consequences. However, the precise mechanism underlying this behavior remains unknown. In this study, data from 20 IGD subjects and 16 otherwise comparable healthy control subjects (HCs) were recorded and compared when they were undergoing risk-taking and risky decision-making during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During risk-taking and as compared to HCs, IGD subjects selected more risk-disadvantageous trials and demonstrated less activation of the anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate and middle temporal gyrus. During risky decision-making and as compared to HCs, IGD subjects showed shorter response times and less activations of the inferior frontal and superior temporal gyri. Taken together, data suggest that IGD subjects show impaired executive control in selecting risk-disadvantageous choices, and they make risky decisions more hastily and with less recruitment of regions implicated in impulse control. These results suggest a possible neurobiological underpinning for why IGD subjects may exhibit poor control over their game-seeking behaviors even when encountering negative consequences and provide possible therapeutic targets for interventions in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center, CASAColumbia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
219
|
The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cognitive inhibition. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1537-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
220
|
Human ventromedial prefrontal lesions alter incentivisation by reward. Cortex 2016; 76:104-20. [PMID: 26874940 PMCID: PMC4786053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although medial frontal brain regions are implicated in valuation of rewards, evidence from focal lesions to these areas is scant, with many conflicting results regarding motivation and affect, and no human studies specifically examining incentivisation by reward. Here, 19 patients with isolated, focal damage in ventral and medial prefrontal cortex were selected from a database of 453 individuals with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Using a speeded saccadic task based on the oculomotor capture paradigm, we manipulated the maximum reward available on each trial using an auditory incentive cue. Modulation of behaviour by motivation permitted quantification of reward sensitivity. At the group level, medial frontal damage was overall associated with significantly reduced effects of reward on invigorating saccadic velocity and autonomic (pupil) responses compared to age-matched, healthy controls. Crucially, however, some individuals instead showed abnormally strong incentivisation effects for vigour. Increased sensitivity to rewards within the lesion group correlated with damage in subgenual ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) areas, which have recently become the target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in depression. Lesion correlations with clinical apathy suggested that the apathy associated with prefrontal damage is in fact reduced by damage at those coordinates. Reduced reward sensitivity showed a trend to correlate with damage near nucleus accumbens. Lesions did not, on the other hand, influence reward sensitivity of cognitive control, as measured by distractibility. Thus, although medial frontal lesions may generally reduce reward sensitivity, damage to key subregions paradoxically protect from this effect.
Collapse
|
221
|
Umemoto A, Holroyd C. Exploring individual differences in task switching. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 229:189-212. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
222
|
Fellows LK. The Neuroscience of Human Decision-Making Through the Lens of Learning and Memory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 37:231-251. [PMID: 28213812 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We are called upon to make decisions, large and small, many times a day. Whether in the voting booth, the stock exchange, or the cafeteria line, we identify potential options, estimate and compare their subjective values, and make a choice. Decision-making has only recently become a focus for cognitive neuroscience. The last two decades have seen rapid progress in our understanding of the brain basis of at least some aspects of this rather complex aspect of cognition. This work has provided fresh perspectives on poorly understood brain regions, such as orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum. It has led to interesting interdisciplinary exchanges with diverse fields, notably economics, but also ecology and political science, among others. The novel perspectives arising from these exchanges have begun to be related to better understood aspects of cognition. In particular, it is increasingly clear that decision-making is tightly interlinked with learning and memory. Key early insights in decision neuroscience came from what were essentially reinforcement learning tasks. Recent work has made similar links to aspects of declarative memory. Indeed, decision-making can be seen as the link between memory of the past and future actions. This chapter reviews selected topics in decision neuroscience, with a particular focus on the links to learning and memory, and a particular emphasis on regions within prefrontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley K Fellows
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Operskalski JT, Paul EJ, Colom R, Barbey AK, Grafman J. Lesion Mapping the Four-Factor Structure of Emotional Intelligence. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:649. [PMID: 26858627 PMCID: PMC4726907 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to an individual’s ability to process and respond to emotions, including recognizing the expression of emotions in others, using emotions to enhance thought and decision making, and regulating emotions to drive effective behaviors. Despite their importance for goal-directed social behavior, little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying specific facets of EI. Here, we report findings from a study investigating the neural bases of these specific components for EI in a sample of 130 combat veterans with penetrating traumatic brain injury. We examined the neural mechanisms underlying experiential (perceiving and using emotional information) and strategic (understanding and managing emotions) facets of EI. Factor scores were submitted to voxel-based lesion symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. The results indicate that two facets of EI (perceiving and managing emotions) engage common and distinctive neural systems, with shared dependence on the social knowledge network, and selective engagement of the orbitofrontal and parietal cortex for strategic aspects of emotional information processing. The observed pattern of findings suggests that sub-facets of experiential and strategic EI can be characterized as separable but related processes that depend upon a core network of brain structures within frontal, temporal and parietal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Operskalski
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Erick J Paul
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Colom
- Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA; Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of IllinoisChampaign, IL, USA
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Brain Injury Research Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Guillaume S, Gorwood P, Jollant F, Van den Eynde F, Courtet P, Richard-Devantoy S. Impaired decision-making in symptomatic anorexia and bulimia nervosa patients: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3377-3391. [PMID: 26497047 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171500152x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired decision-making is a potential neurocognitive phenotype of eating disorders. It is therefore important to disentangle the decision-making deficits associated with the eating disorder subtypes and determine whether this putative impairment is a state or trait marker of the disease or more related to starvation. We systematically reviewed the literature on decision-making in eating disorders and conducted a meta-analysis to explore its role in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED). METHOD A search of the Medline and EMBASE databases and article references was performed. A total of 23 studies (2044 participants) met the selection criteria. When the Iowa gambling task (IGT) was used in at least three of the studies, a meta-analysis was run. RESULTS IGT performance was significantly worse in patients with an eating disorder diagnosis (AN, BN or BED) compared with healthy controls, indicating that eating disorders have a negative effect on decision-making. Hedges' g effect sizes were moderate to large (-0.72 in AN, -0.62 in BN, and -1.26 in BED). Recovered AN patients had IGT scores similar to those of healthy controls. Restrictive AN patients had significantly lower IGT net scores than purging AN patients, and both AN subtypes had worse performances than healthy controls. Age and body mass index did not explain results. CONCLUSIONS Decision-making was significantly altered in patients with eating disorders. Poor decision-making was more pronounced during the acute phase than in the recovered state of AN. Nutritional status during the acute phase of the disease did not seem to influence decision-making skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Guillaume
- Université Montpellier I & CHU Montpellier & Inserm,U1061,Montpellier,France
| | - P Gorwood
- CMME (Groupe Hospitalier Sainte-Anne),Université Paris Descartes,Paris,France
| | - F Jollant
- Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute,McGill Group for Suicide Studies,McGill University,Montréal (Québec),Canada
| | - F Van den Eynde
- Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute,McGill University,Montréal (Québec),Canada
| | - P Courtet
- Université Montpellier I & CHU Montpellier & Inserm,U1061,Montpellier,France
| | - S Richard-Devantoy
- Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute,McGill Group for Suicide Studies,McGill University,Montréal (Québec),Canada
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Cognition-related brain networks underpin the symptoms of unipolar depression: Evidence from a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 61:53-65. [PMID: 26562681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review sources the latest neuroimaging evidence for the role of cognition-related brain networks in depression, and relates their abnormal functioning to symptoms of the disorder. Using theoretically informed and rigorous inclusion criteria, we integrate findings from 59 functional neuroimaging studies of adults with unipolar depression using a narrative approach. Results demonstrate that two distinct neurocognitive networks, the autobiographic memory network (AMN) and the cognitive control network (CCN), are central to the symptomatology of depression. Specifically, hyperactivity of the introspective AMN is linked to pathological brooding, self-blame, rumination. Anticorrelated under-engagement of the CCN is associated with indecisiveness, negative automatic thoughts, poor concentration, distorted cognitive processing. Downstream effects of this imbalance include reduced regulation of networks linked to the vegetative and affective symptoms of depression. The configurations of these networks can change between individuals and over time, plausibly accounting for both the variable presentation of depressive disorders and their fluctuating course. Framing depression as a disorder of neurocognitive networks directly links neurobiology to psychiatric practice, aiding researchers and clinicians alike.
Collapse
|
226
|
Simon NW, Wood J, Moghaddam B. Action-outcome relationships are represented differently by medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex neurons during action execution. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:3374-85. [PMID: 26467523 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00884.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal representations of action-outcome relationships are necessary for flexible adaptation of motivated behavior in dynamic environments. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is implicated in flexible planning and execution of goal-directed actions, but little is known about how information about action-outcome relationships is represented across functionally distinct regions of PFC. Here, we observe distinct patterns of action-evoked single unit activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during a task in which the relationship between outcomes and actions was independently manipulated. The mPFC encoded changes in the number of actions required to earn a reward, but not fluctuations in outcome magnitude. In contrast, OFC neurons decreased firing rates as outcome magnitude was increased, but were insensitive to changes in action requirement. A subset of OFC neurons also tracked outcome availability. Pre-outcome anticipatory activity in both mPFC and OFC was altered when reward expectation was reduced, but did not differ with outcome magnitude. These data provide novel evidence that PFC regions encode distinct information about the relationship between actions and impending outcomes during action execution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Simon
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jesse Wood
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bita Moghaddam
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Fan X, Wang Y, Wang K, Liu S, Liu Y, Ma J, Li S, Jiang T. Anatomical specificity of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in glioblastomas: a voxel-based mapping analysis. Neuroradiology 2015; 58:69-75. [PMID: 26453565 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a common genetic alteration in malignant gliomas and contributes to the angiogenesis of tumors. This study aimed to investigate the anatomical specificity of VEGF expression levels in glioblastomas using voxel-based neuroimaging analysis. METHODS Clinical information, MR scans, and immunohistochemistry stains of 209 patients with glioblastomas were reviewed. All tumor lesions were segmented manually and subsequently registered to standard brain space. Voxel-based regression analysis was performed to correlate the brain regions of tumor involvement with the level of VEGF expression. Brain regions identified as significantly associated with high or low VEGF expression were preserved following permutation correction. RESULTS High VEGF expression was detected in 123 (58.9 %) of the 209 patients. Voxel-based statistical analysis demonstrated that high VEGF expression was more likely in tumors located in the left frontal lobe and the right caudate and low VEGF expression was more likely in tumors that occurred in the posterior region of the right lateral ventricle. CONCLUSION Voxel-based neuroimaging analysis revealed the anatomic specificity of VEGF expression in glioblastoma, which may further our understanding of genetic heterogeneity during tumor origination. This finding provides primary theoretical support for potential future application of customized antiangiogenic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowu Li
- Department of Neuroradiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, Beijing Academy of Critical Illness in Brain, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Alexopoulos GS, Manning K, Kanellopoulos D, McGovern A, Seirup JK, Banerjee S, Gunning F. Cognitive control, reward-related decision making and outcomes of late-life depression treated with an antidepressant. Psychol Med 2015; 45:3111-3120. [PMID: 26169527 PMCID: PMC4631680 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive processes consist of at least two sets of functions: one concerned with cognitive control and the other with reward-related decision making. Abnormal performance in both sets occurs in late-life depression. This study tested the hypothesis that only abnormal performance in cognitive control tasks predicts poor outcomes of late-life depression treated with escitalopram. METHOD We studied older subjects with major depression (N = 53) and non-depressed subjects (N = 30). Executive functions were tested with the Iowa Gambling Test (IGT), Stroop Color-Word Test, Tower of London (ToL), and Dementia Rating Scale - Initiation/Perseveration domain (DRS-IP). After a 2-week placebo washout, depressed subjects received escitalopram (target daily dose: 20 mg) for 12 weeks. RESULTS There were no significant differences between depressed and non-depressed subjects on executive function tests. Hierarchical cluster analysis of depressed subjects identified a Cognitive Control cluster (abnormal Stroop, ToL, DRS-IP), a Reward-Related cluster (IGT), and an Executively Unimpaired cluster. Decline in depression was greater in the Executively Unimpaired (t = -2.09, df = 331, p = 0.0375) and the Reward-Related (t = -2.33, df = 331, p = 0.0202) clusters than the Cognitive Control cluster. The Executively Unimpaired cluster (t = 2.17, df = 331, p = 0.03) and the Reward-Related cluster (t = 2.03, df = 331, p = 0.0433) had a higher probability of remission than the Cognitive Control cluster. CONCLUSIONS Dysfunction of cognitive control functions, but not reward-related decision making, may influence the decline of symptoms and the probability of remission of late-life depression treated with escitalopram. If replicated, simple to administer cognitive control tests may be used to select depressed older patients at risk for poor outcomes to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors who may require structured psychotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Manning
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Psychiatry
| | | | | | | | | | - Faith Gunning
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Psychiatry
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Fields SA, Ramos A, Reynolds BA. Delay discounting and health risk behaviors: the potential role of stress. Curr Opin Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
230
|
Neural structures involved in visual search guidance by reward-enhanced contextual cueing of the target location. Neuroimage 2015; 124:887-897. [PMID: 26427645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial contextual cueing reflects an incidental form of learning that occurs when spatial distractor configurations are repeated in visual search displays. Recently, it was reported that the efficiency of contextual cueing can be modulated by reward. We replicated this behavioral finding and investigated its neural basis with fMRI. Reward value was associated with repeated displays in a learning session. The effect of reward value on context-guided visual search was assessed in a subsequent fMRI session without reward. Structures known to support explicit reward valuation, such as ventral frontomedial cortex and posterior cingulate cortex, were modulated by incidental reward learning. Contextual cueing, leading to more efficient search, went along with decreased activation in the visual search network. Retrosplenial cortex played a special role in that it showed both a main effect of reward and a reward×configuration interaction and may thereby be a central structure for the reward modulation of context-guided visual search.
Collapse
|
231
|
van den Bos R, Flik G. Editorial: Decision-making under stress: the importance of cortico-limbic circuits. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:203. [PMID: 26347623 PMCID: PMC4539523 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud van den Bos
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
232
|
Computational Modeling of Teaching and Learning through Application of Evolutionary Algorithms. COMPUTATION 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/computation3030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Within the mind, there are a myriad of ideas that make sense within the bounds of everyday experience, but are not reflective of how the world actually exists; this is particularly true in the domain of science. Classroom learning with teacher explanation are a bridge through which these naive understandings can be brought in line with scientific reality. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the application of a Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) can work in concert with an existing computational-model to effectively model critical-thinking in the science classroom. An evolutionary algorithm is an algorithm that iteratively optimizes machine learning based computational models. The research question is, does the application of an evolutionary algorithm provide a means to optimize the Student Task and Cognition Model (STAC-M) and does the optimized model sufficiently represent and predict teaching and learning outcomes in the science classroom? Within this computational study, the authors outline and simulate the effect of teaching on the ability of a “virtual” student to solve a Piagetian task. Using the Student Task and Cognition Model (STAC-M) a computational model of student cognitive processing in science class developed in 2013, the authors complete a computational experiment which examines the role of cognitive retraining on student learning. Comparison of the STAC-M and the STAC-M with inclusion of the Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm shows greater success in solving the Piagetian science-tasks post cognitive retraining with the Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm. This illustrates the potential uses of cognitive and neuropsychological computational modeling in educational research. The authors also outline the limitations and assumptions of computational modeling.
Collapse
|
233
|
Aging and performance on laboratory and naturalistic prospective memory tasks: The mediating role of executive flexibility and retrospective memory. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
234
|
Structural Image Analysis of the Brain in Neuropsychology Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Techniques. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:224-49. [PMID: 26280751 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain provides exceptional image quality for visualization and neuroanatomical classification of brain structure. A variety of image analysis techniques provide both qualitative as well as quantitative methods to relate brain structure with neuropsychological outcome and are reviewed herein. Of particular importance are more automated methods that permit analysis of a broad spectrum of anatomical measures including volume, thickness and shape. The challenge for neuropsychology is which metric to use, for which disorder and the timing of when image analysis methods are applied to assess brain structure and pathology. A basic overview is provided as to the anatomical and pathoanatomical relations of different MRI sequences in assessing normal and abnormal findings. Some interpretive guidelines are offered including factors related to similarity and symmetry of typical brain development along with size-normalcy features of brain anatomy related to function. The review concludes with a detailed example of various quantitative techniques applied to analyzing brain structure for neuropsychological outcome studies in traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
|
235
|
Price JS, McQueeny T, Shollenbarger S, Browning EL, Wieser J, Lisdahl KM. Effects of marijuana use on prefrontal and parietal volumes and cognition in emerging adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2939-50. [PMID: 25921032 PMCID: PMC4533900 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic marijuana (MJ) use among adolescents has been associated with structural and functional abnormalities, particularly in developing regions responsible for higher order cognition. OBJECTIVES This study investigated prefrontal (PFC) and parietal volumes and executive function in emerging adult MJ users and explored potential gender differences. METHODS Participants (ages 18-25) were 27 MJ users and 32 controls without neurologic or psychiatric disorders or heavy other drug use. A series of multiple regressions examined whether group status, past year MJ use, and their interactions with gender predicted ROI volumes. Post hoc analyses consisted of brain-behavior correlations between volumes and cognitive variables and Fisher's z tests to assess group differences. RESULTS MJ users demonstrated significantly smaller medial orbitofrontal (mOFC; p = 0.004, FDR p = 0.024) and inferior parietal volumes (p = 0.04, FDR p = 0.12); follow-up regressions found that increased past year MJ use did not significantly dose-dependently predict smaller mOFC volume in a sub-sample of individuals with at least one past year MJ use. There were no significant gender interactions. There was a significant brain-behavior difference by group, such that smaller mOFC volumes were associated with poorer complex attention for MJ users (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Smaller mOFC volumes among MJ users suggest disruption of typical neurodevelopmental processes associated with regular MJ use for both genders. These results highlight the need for longitudinal, multi-modal imaging studies providing clearer information on timing of neurodevelopmental processes and neurocognitive impacts of youth MJ initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa S. Price
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School – McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Tim McQueeny
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Skyler Shollenbarger
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Erin L. Browning
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jon Wieser
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Krista M. Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
236
|
van Noordt SJ, Desjardins JA, Segalowitz SJ. Watch out! Medial frontal cortex is activated by cues signaling potential changes in response demands. Neuroimage 2015; 114:356-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
237
|
Theta-gamma coordination between anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex indexes correct attention shifts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8457-62. [PMID: 26100868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500438112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex (ACC/PFC) are believed to coordinate activity to flexibly prioritize the processing of goal-relevant over irrelevant information. This between-area coordination may be realized by common low-frequency excitability changes synchronizing segregated high-frequency activations. We tested this coordination hypothesis by recording in macaque ACC/PFC during the covert utilization of attention cues. We found robust increases of 5-10 Hz (theta) to 35-55 Hz (gamma) phase-amplitude correlation between ACC and PFC during successful attention shifts but not before errors. Cortical sites providing theta phases (i) showed a prominent cue-induced phase reset, (ii) were more likely in ACC than PFC, and (iii) hosted neurons with burst firing events that synchronized to distant gamma activity. These findings suggest that interareal theta-gamma correlations could follow mechanistically from a cue-triggered reactivation of rule memory that synchronizes theta across ACC/PFC.
Collapse
|
238
|
Besnard J, Allain P, Aubin G, Chauviré V, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Le Gall D. Decision-making of Prefrontal Patients with the Iowa Gambling Task: Unexpected Spared Performances and Preliminary Evidence for the Need of Alternative Measures. Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 29:509-21. [PMID: 26053240 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human decision-making is a growing area of research most commonly associated with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which was first developed to assess patients with prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage. The IGT is now considered an appropriate task to predict behavioral disorders in various clinical populations. However, several studies have questioned the validity and reliability of the task, arguing that its particular payoff scheme may influence the decision-making process in terms of sensitivity to gain-loss frequency (GLF) rather than long-term outcome (the basic assumption of IGT). Despite the potential significance of this assertion for the diagnosis of decision-making deficits, few studies have addressed the influence of GLF on IGT performances in clinical populations, and there is no study to date that involves patients with prefrontal lobe damage. METHOD We tested 17 patients with PFC damage and 17 matched healthy controls with the IGT to analyze influence in choice behavior of both long-term outcomes and GLF. RESULTS There was a difference between groups in the GLF score, but none between groups in the long-term outcome variable (the traditional measure). Our findings demonstrate that only control subjects seemed able to consider both long-term outcome and GLF. CONCLUSIONS The discussion focuses on the contribution of empirical data, which may have implications for the clinical assessment of decision-making ability with the IGT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Besnard
- a Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université , University of Angers , Angers , France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Bähner F, Demanuele C, Schweiger J, Gerchen MF, Zamoscik V, Ueltzhöffer K, Hahn T, Meyer P, Flor H, Durstewitz D, Tost H, Kirsch P, Plichta MM, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Hippocampal-dorsolateral prefrontal coupling as a species-conserved cognitive mechanism: a human translational imaging study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1674-81. [PMID: 25578799 PMCID: PMC4915249 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal-prefrontal cortex (HC-PFC) interactions are implicated in working memory (WM) and altered in psychiatric conditions with cognitive impairment such as schizophrenia. While coupling between both structures is crucial for WM performance in rodents, evidence from human studies is conflicting and translation of findings is complicated by the use of differing paradigms across species. We therefore used functional magnetic resonance imaging together with a spatial WM paradigm adapted from rodent research to examine HC-PFC coupling in humans. A PFC-parietal network was functionally connected to hippocampus (HC) during task stages requiring high levels of executive control but not during a matched control condition. The magnitude of coupling in a network comprising HC, bilateral dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), and right supramarginal gyrus explained one-fourth of the variability in an independent spatial WM task but was unrelated to visual WM performance. HC-DLPFC coupling may thus represent a systems-level mechanism specific to spatial WM that is conserved across species, suggesting its utility for modeling cognitive dysfunction in translational neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bähner
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Charmaine Demanuele
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janina Schweiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin F Gerchen
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vera Zamoscik
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kai Ueltzhöffer
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patric Meyer
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg-Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, Mannheim 68159, Germany, Tel: +49 621 1703 2001, Fax: +49 621 1703 2005, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
240
|
Wang Y, Liu S, Fan X, Li S, Wang R, Wang L, Ma J, Jiang T, Ma W. Age-associated brain regions in gliomas: a volumetric analysis. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:299-306. [PMID: 25981802 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Both age of patients and tumor location are associated with tumor origin, genetic characteristics, and prognosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between tumor location and age at diagnosis in a large cohort of patients with a primary diagnosis of glioma. We consecutively enrolled a cohort of 200 adults with glioblastoma and another cohort of 200 adults with diffuse low-grade gliomas. The magnetic resonance images of all tumors were manually segmented and then registered to a standard brain space. By using voxel-by-voxel regression analysis, specific brains regions associated with advanced age at tumor diagnosis were localized. In the low-grade gliomas cohort, the brain regions associated with advanced age at tumor diagnosis were mainly located in the right middle frontal region, while a region in the left temporal lobe, particularly at the subgranular zone, was associated with lower age at tumor diagnosis. In the glioblastoma cohort, the brain regions associated with advanced age at tumor diagnosis were mainly located in the temporal lobe, particularly at the posterior region of the subventricular zones. A region in the left inferior frontal region was associated with lower age at tumor diagnosis. Significant differences in the age of patients were found between tumors located in the identified regions and those located elsewhere in both cohorts. The current study demonstrated the correlation between tumor location and age at diagnosis, which implies differences in the origin of gliomas in young and older patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
241
|
Kumaran D, Warren DE, Tranel D. Damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Learning from Observed Outcomes. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4504-18. [PMID: 25911415 PMCID: PMC4810001 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals learn both from the outcomes of their own internally generated actions (“experiential learning”) and from the observation of the consequences of externally generated actions (“observational learning”). While neuroscience research has focused principally on the neural mechanisms by which brain structures such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) support experiential learning, relatively less is known regarding how learning proceeds through passive observation. We explored the necessity of the vmPFC for observational learning by testing a group of patients with damage to the vmPFC as well as demographically matched normal comparison and brain-damaged comparison groups—and a single patient with bilateral dorsal prefrontal damage—using several value-learning tasks that required learning from direct experience, observational learning, or both. We found a specific impairment in observational learning in patients with vmPFC damage manifest in the reduced influence of previously observed rewards on current choices, despite a relatively intact capacity for experiential learning. The current study provides evidence that the vmPFC plays a critical role in observational learning, suggests that there are dissociable neural circuits for experiential and observational learning, and offers an important new extension of how the vmPFC contributes to learning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharshan Kumaran
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Daniel Tranel
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Christidi F, Kararizou E, Triantafyllou N, Anagnostouli M, Zalonis I. Derived Trail Making Test indices: demographics and cognitive background variables across the adult life span. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2015; 22:667-78. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1027650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
243
|
Assessing impairment of executive function and psychomotor speed in premanifest and manifest Huntington's disease gene-expansion carriers. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:193-202. [PMID: 25850430 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions (EF) and psychomotor speed (PMS) has been widely studied in Huntington's disease (HD). Most studies have focused on finding markers of disease progression by comparing group means at different disease stages. Our aim was to investigate performances on nine measures of EF and PMS in a group of premanifest and manifest HD-gene expansion carriers and to investigate which measures were most sensitive for assessment of individual patients by analyzing frequencies of impaired performances relative to healthy controls. We recruited HD gene-expansion carriers, 48 manifest and 50 premanifest and as controls 39 healthy gene-expansion negative individuals. All participants underwent neurological examination and neuropsychological testing with nine cognitive measures. The frequency of impairment was investigated using cutoff scores. In group comparisons the manifest HD gene-expansion carriers scored significantly worse than controls on all tests and in classification of individual scores the majority of scores were classified as probably impaired (10th percentile) or impaired (5th percentile) with Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) being the most frequently impaired. Group comparisons of premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers and healthy controls showed significant differences on SDMT and Alternating fluency tests. Nevertheless the frequencies of probably impaired and impaired scores on individual tests were markedly higher for Alternating and Lexical fluency tests than for SDMT. We found distinct group differences in frequency of impairment on measures of EF and PMS in manifest and premanifest HD gene-expansion carriers. Our results indicate to what degree these measures can be expected to be clinically impaired.
Collapse
|
244
|
Richard-Devantoy S, Szanto K, Butters MA, Kalkus J, Dombrovski AY. Cognitive inhibition in older high-lethality suicide attempters. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:274-83. [PMID: 24816626 PMCID: PMC4229451 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who attempt suicide often display cognitive impairments, particularly poor cognitive control. Could poor cognitive control contribute to high suicide rates in old age? A component of cognitive control, cognitive inhibition-active suppression of task-irrelevant processing-is very sensitive to aging and has been linked to attempted suicide. We investigated cognitive inhibition in older high-lethality suicide attempters, closely resembling suicide victims, as well as low-lethality attempters, and control groups with and without depression and suicidal ideation. METHODS A total of 102 participants aged 60 years and older (17 psychiatrically healthy control subjects, 38 depressed control subjects, 16 suicide ideators, 14 low-lethality suicide attempters, and 17 high-lethality suicide attempters) underwent comprehensive clinical and cognitive assessments. They completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Interference Test, a validated modification of the Stroop test. RESULTS High-lethality suicide attempters demonstrated a distinct pattern of cognitive inhibition deficits. Compared with psychiatrically healthy control subjects and suicide ideators, high-lethality attempters took longer to complete inhibition trials, even after accounting for potential confounding factors (age, education, Mini mental state examination score, information processing speed, and accuracy). Compared with non-suicidal depressed and healthy control subjects, low-lethality suicide attempters committed more uncorrected errors; however, this difference was not specific to the inhibition condition. CONCLUSIONS Older suicide attempters are a cognitively heterogeneous group. Poor cognitive control in high-lethality attempters may undermine their ability to solve real-life problems, precipitating a catastrophic accumulation of stressors. Meanwhile, low-lethality attempters' poor performance may reflect a careless approach to the task or faulty monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Richard-Devantoy
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry & Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Montréal (Québec), Canada,Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire EA 4638, Université de Nantes et Angers, France
| | - Katalin Szanto
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, BT 754, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Meryl A. Butters
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, BT 754, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Jan Kalkus
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, BT 754, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Alexandre Y. Dombrovski
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, BT 754, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Durning SJ, Costanzo ME, Artino AR, Graner J, van der Vleuten C, Beckman TJ, Wittich CM, Roy MJ, Holmboe ES, Schuwirth L. Neural basis of nonanalytical reasoning expertise during clinical evaluation. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00309. [PMID: 25798328 PMCID: PMC4356847 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding clinical reasoning is essential for patient care and medical education. Dual-processing theory suggests that nonanalytic reasoning is an essential aspect of expertise; however, assessing nonanalytic reasoning is challenging because it is believed to occur on the subconscious level. This assumption makes concurrent verbal protocols less reliable assessment tools. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to explore the neural basis of nonanalytic reasoning in internal medicine interns (novices) and board-certified staff internists (experts) while completing United States Medical Licensing Examination and American Board of Internal Medicine multiple-choice questions. RESULTS The results demonstrated that novices and experts share a common neural network in addition to nonoverlapping neural resources. However, experts manifested greater neural processing efficiency in regions such as the prefrontal cortex during nonanalytical reasoning. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a multinetwork system that supports the dual-process mode of expert clinical reasoning during medical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Durning
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814
| | - Michelle E Costanzo
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814
| | - Anthony R Artino
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814
| | - John Graner
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bldg 51, Bethesda, Maryland, 20889
| | - Cees van der Vleuten
- Department of Educational Development and Research, Maastricht University 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Beckman
- Mayo Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Christopher M Wittich
- Mayo Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Michael J Roy
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814
| | - Eric S Holmboe
- American Board of Internal Medicine 510 Walnut Street, Suite 1700, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19106-3699, USA
| | - Lambert Schuwirth
- Flinders University, School of Medicine GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
246
|
|
247
|
Lyvers M, Mathieson N, Edwards MS. Blood alcohol concentration is negatively associated with gambling money won on the Iowa gambling task in naturalistic settings after controlling for trait impulsivity and alcohol tolerance. Addict Behav 2015; 41:129-35. [PMID: 25452056 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute alcohol intoxication has been found to increase perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, a well known neuropsychological index of prefrontal cortical functioning, in both laboratory and naturalistic settings. METHOD The present study examined the relationship between levels of alcohol consumption at campus drinking venues and performance of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), another neuropsychological test designed to assess prefrontal cortex dysfunction, after controlling for potential confounding variables including habitual alcohol intake (as a proxy for alcohol tolerance), trait impulsivity, and everyday executive functioning. RESULTS The 49 participants of both genders aged 18 to 30years were recruited at the relevant venues and showed a broad range of blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) from virtually zero (.002%) to .19%. After controlling for demographic variables, habitual use of alcohol and illicit drugs, and frontal lobe related behavioural traits including impulsivity and disinhibition, BAC negatively predicted gambling money won on the last two trial blocks of the IGT. CONCLUSIONS Trait impulsivity and habitual alcohol use were also significant predictors. Results are discussed in terms of acute effects of alcohol on brain systems and the behavioural consequences of such effects on decision making.
Collapse
|
248
|
Potvin S, Tikàsz A, Dinh-Williams LLA, Bourque J, Mendrek A. Cigarette Cravings, Impulsivity, and the Brain. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:125. [PMID: 26441686 PMCID: PMC4562259 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Craving is a core feature of tobacco use disorder as well as a significant predictor of smoking relapse. Studies have shown that appetitive smoking-related stimuli (e.g., someone smoking) trigger significant cravings in smokers impede their self-control capacities and promote drug seeking behavior. In this review, we begin by an overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the neural correlates of smokers to appetitive smoking cues. The literature reveals a complex and vastly distributed neuronal network underlying smokers' craving response that recruits regions involved in self-referential processing, planning/regulatory processes, emotional responding, attentional biases, and automatic conducts. We then selectively review important factors contributing to the heterogeneity of results that significantly limit the implications of these findings, namely between- (abstinence, smoking expectancies, and self-regulation) and within-studies factors (severity of smoking dependence, sex-differences, motivation to quit, and genetic factors). Remarkably, we found that little to no attention has been devoted to examine the influence of personality traits on the neural correlates of cigarette cravings in fMRI studies. Impulsivity has been linked with craving and relapse in substance and tobacco use, which prompted our research team to examine the influence of impulsivity on cigarette cravings in an fMRI study. We found that the influence of impulsivity on cigarette cravings was mediated by fronto-cingulate mechanisms. Given the high prevalence of cigarette smoking in several psychiatric disorders that are characterized by significant levels of impulsivity, we conclude by identifying psychiatric patients as a target population whose tobacco-smoking habits deserve further behavioral and neuro-imaging investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Andràs Tikàsz
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | | | - Josiane Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Adrianna Mendrek
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada ; Department of Psychology, Bishop's University , Lennoxville, QC , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
|
250
|
The essential role of primate orbitofrontal cortex in conflict-induced executive control adjustment. J Neurosci 2014; 34:11016-31. [PMID: 25122901 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1637-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conflict in information processing evokes trial-by-trial behavioral modulations. Influential models suggest that adaptive tuning of executive control, mediated by mid-dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (mdlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), underlies these modulations. However, mdlPFC and ACC are parts of distributed brain networks including orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and superior-dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (sdlPFC). Contributions of these latter areas in adaptive tuning of executive control are unknown. We trained monkeys to perform a matching task in which they had to resolve the conflict between two behavior-guiding rules. Here, we report that bilateral lesions in OFC, but not in PCC or sdlPFC, impaired selection between these competing rules. In addition, the behavioral adaptation that is normally induced by experiencing conflict disappeared in OFC-lesioned, but remained normal in PCC-lesioned or sdlPFC-lesioned monkeys. Exploring underlying neuronal processes, we found that the activity of neurons in OFC represented the conflict between behavioral options independent from the other aspects of the task. Responses of OFC neurons to rewards also conveyed information of the conflict level that the monkey had experienced along the course to obtain the reward. Our findings indicate dissociable functions for five closely interconnected cortical areas suggesting that OFC and mdlPFC, but not PCC or sdlPFC or ACC, play indispensable roles in conflict-dependent executive control of on-going behavior. Both mdlPFC and OFC support detection of conflict and its integration with the task goal, but in contrast to mdlPFC, OFC does not retain the necessary information for conflict-induced modulation of future decisions.
Collapse
|